KE. 1 .

E

1
JJJG
K AB
JJJG
. JJJ

AB
G
AB .
JJJG
AB ,
:

JJJG
JJJG AB
AB .
JJJG
AB ,
JJJ

G
AB .

JJJG
JJJG
AB ( AB )
.

JJJG
JJJG
AB AB .
1 . (

JG
O ) .

G G
G
G
a , b ( a = b ) :

,
,
.

,
,
.

G
G
G
a , a a .

G G
G G
a , b ( a / / b )
.

 ,
.
G G
a, b . :

( )

GmG
0 a, b 1800 .

G G
JG
G
a , b . b1 = b
G
JG
G JJJG JG JJJG
a b1 . a = AB , b1 = ,
G G
G G
a + b a , b :
G G
JJJJG
a + b = .

JJJG
G JJJG
G
, A = a , = b O ,
G G
a + b :
G G JJJG
a + b = ,
JJJG

G
G
a b .

G G
G G
a b a , b :
G G
G
G
a b = a + b .

( )

G G

1: a b

G
a
G
a :

G
G
a > 0
() a =
G
a < 0
()

G
G
a = a .

3 -
1
JJJJG
,
.
2 x x .
JJG G
O I = i . x x
.

1-1
:
JJJJG
G
, x \ : O M = x i x
JJJJG
G
x x : O M = x i , :

(x

G JG
x ) i = O x = x .

(x)
JJJJG
x.
3 2
G .
G
. i j
:

 . x , y \ :
JJJJG
JJJG JJJJG
JJJG JJJG
G
G
= OA + AM = OA + OB = x i + y j ,

JJJJG
G G
( x, y ) , ( x, y) : = x i + y j

(x x )

G
i =

(y

G
y ) j ,

G
G
, i j ,
. 1-1 :

M =

(x, y )

( x , y ) ,

JJJJG ,
OM .

3 \
( x , y ) : x , y .
\

{( x , y ) :

x, y \ }.

n > 2:
\

{( x

, ... x n ) : x i \ , i = 1, 2 , .... n } .

4 \

n 2 \ n .
\ n :

= ( a 1 , a 2 , ..., a n ) , B = ( b1 , b 2 , ..., b n

\ , :

( a 1 , a 2 , ..., a n ) + ( b1 , b 2 , ..., b n ) = ( a 1

+ b1 , ..., a n + b n

).

:
A+ B = B + A

(A

+ B )+ = A +

(B

A + O = A , O = ( 0 , 0 , ..., 0 )
B
\

: A+ B = O

A =

( a 1 , ..., a n

( a 1 , ..., a n ) :

) = ( a 1 , ..., a n ) .

( ) A = ( A )
( + ) A = A + A
.
(A + B ) = A + B
1 A = A , 1 = (1 ,...,1 )

.
4 \ n
.

A = ( a1 , a2 ,..., an ) \ n , :
A =

( a 1 , a 2 ..., a n ) = ( a 1 , 0 , ..., 0 ) + ( 0 , a 2 , 0 , ..., 0 ) + ... + ( 0 , ..., 0 , a n )

= a 1 (1, 0 , ..., 0 ) + a 2 ( 0 , 1, 0 , ..., 0 ) + .... + a n ( 0 , ..., 0 , 1 )

JG
JJG
JJG
= a 1 e 1 + a 2 e 2 + .... + a n e n ,

JG
JG JJG

e i = 0 , ...0 , 1 0 , ..., 0 . e1 ,..., en

, :
JG

JJG

JG

1 e 1 + ... + n e n = O 1 = ... = n = 0
\n,

JG
JJG
E = e 1 , ..., e n

JJJG
n
O A = ( a 1 , ..., a n ) \

JJJG
JG
JJG
JJG
O A = a 1 e 1 + a 2 e 2 + .... + a n e n

a 1 , ..., a n \ / .

JG
JJG
E = e 1 , ..., e n

\ n .
, n- \ n
\ n .

1.
2.

O \ 2
\ 2 .
JJJG
JJJG
O A = ( a 1 , a 2 ) , O B = ( b1 , b 2 ) \ 2 ,
JJJG JJJG
a1
O A // O B
b1

a2
= 0 .
b2

JJJG JJJG
, O A , O B (
\ 2 )
a1
b1

a2
0.
b2

JJJG
O X \ 2

JJJG
JJJG
JJJG
OX = x OA + y OB

( x, y ) /
JJJG JJJG
O A , O B \ 2 .

3.

O \ 2
, .

1.

\3:

O \ 3
( \ 3 ).
JJJG
JJJG
O A = ( a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) , O B = ( b1 , b 2 , b 3 )

\ 3 ,
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
JG
O A / / O B O A O B = O ( . ).

JJJG JJJG
, O A , O B

JJJG JJJG
JG
OA OB O .

2.

\ 3
( \ 3 ).
JJJG
JJJG
O B = ( b1 , b 2 , b 3 ) O = ( 1 , 2 , 3 )

JJJ
G
JJJ
G
JJJ
G
\ 3 O A , O B , O

O

JJJG
O A = ( a1 , a 2 , a 3 ),

JJJG JJJG JJJG

( A, OB, O \ 3 )

a1 a2
b1 b2

a3
b3 0 .

1 2 3
JJJG
O X \ 3

JJJG
JJJG
JJJG
JJJG
OX = x OA + y OB + z O

 ( x, y, z ) /
JJJG JJJG JJJG
O A , O B , O \ 3 .

3.

O \ 3
,
.

G
O 5 a =

( a 1 , a 2 , ..., a n ) , b

= ( b1 , b 2 , ..., b n

G G
G G
a b = b a
G G G
a + b c =
G G
G
a b = a
G2
G G
a = a a

G G G G
a c + b c
G
G G
b = a b

G
G
G G
\ n . f : \ n \ n \ : f a, b = a b
G
G
a b o :

)
)

( )

( ) ( )
0.

:
G G G G n
(a, b) = a b = ai bi .
k =1

G2
a 0 ,

G2
a =

G G
a a =

:
G
O 6 a =

( a 1 , a 2 , ..., a n ) , :
G
G2
. : \ n \ + : a = a = a12 + ... + an2

G
( ) a .

:
G
a
G
a
G
a

0 ,

G
=
a ,
G
G G
G
G
b a + b a + b .

a 12 + a 22 + ... + a n2 ,

 .
G
G
a a .

:
B = ( b1 , b 2 , ..., b n ) oG
G
\ n a b ,
:

O 7 A =

d :\

( a 1 , a 2 , ..., a n ) ,

: d

( A, B ) =

G G
b a =

(bi

a i ) + .... + ( b n a n
2

O d(,)
:
d
d
d

( A, B ) =
( A, B ) =
( A, B )

0 A = B
d
d

(B , A )
(A, )+

.
d

(B , )

O 8 \ n
.
G G
1 a b :

G JG G G
G G
n
ab = a b a, b .

( )

:
1.

G G
G
G
a b = 0 a b

2.

G G
G
a b = a

G
G G
b a // b
JG

JJG

{e ,..., e }

\ n
JG
JG JJG
, ei = 1 i ei e j i j .

3. H

5 .

G G
9 a , b ,
G
G
a b ,
G
JJJG
bG a OK :

JJJG

2: bG a = O K

G G
2 bG a = a

G
b

G G G

(n)

a, b b .
JJJJG

JJJG

: A c \ : = c O B , :

G G
JJJG
a b = OA

JJJG
G G
n
OB a,b

JJJG

JJJG G
JJJG
+ b = OA

JJJG
G G
n
OB a,b

JJJG G
b = 0 :

JJJG G
JJJG
b = OA
JJJG
c OB

JJJG
G G
JG G
JJJG
n
OB a,b c b b = OA

JJJG
= OA

JJJJG

JJJG
G G
n
OB a,b

JJJG
G G
JJJG
JJJG
G G
n
n
OB a,b c OB = OA a,b ,

JJJG

= c O B , c .

G
JG
JJG
G
a = a 1 e 1 + .... + a n e n a

\ n , :
G JG
a ei = a i

G
JG
G JG
G JG
a
n
n
a e i a , e i = a i a , e i = Gi .
a

G JG
G
n
a, ei a
JG
ei , :

( )

G JG

G JJG

n
a , e ) + ... + ( a , e ) = 1
(n
2

10

G
c =

G
a
G
a

( a 1 , ..., a n )
G
a

G JG
G JJG
n
n
= a , e 1 , ..., a , e n

G
: 1 = c =

G JG

a,e ).
(n
i

i =1

6 \ 3
\ 3 .
JG JJG JG
10
e 1 , e 2 , e 3 \ 3 (.
JG
JJG
JG
e 1 e 2 e 3
G
G
). a = ( a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) , b = ( b1 , b 2 , b 3 )

\ 3 , :
JG
e1

JJG
e2

G G
a b = a1

JG
e3

a2 a3 ,

b1

b2

b3

,
.
:
G G
G G
a b = b a
G G
G
G
G
G
ab = a b = a b
G
G G
G G G G
a b + c = ab + ac
G G
G
G G G
G G G
a b c = a c b c b a
G G 2
G 2 G
G G 2
ab = a
b a b

) (

JG G G
G G G
a b c - a, b, c .

G G G
G JG G G G G
a b c = ac b a b c .

) ( ) ( )

G G
G
\ 3 a b = 0 .

11

G G
a , b \ 3 ,
G G
a b
G
G
a b .
G
, a
G
\ 3 a ,

G
, b
G G G
b , a b \ 3 .

G G
G
G
G G
n
a b = a b a , b .

G G
a b
G
G
a b .

11
G
G
G
a = ( a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) , b = ( b1 , b 2 , b 3 ) , c = ( c 1 , c 2 , c 3 )
a1 a 2 a 3
G G G
G G G
[ a , b , c ] = a b c = b1 b 2 b 3 .

c1

G
4 a =

( a1 , a 2 , a 3 ) ,

c3

G
G
b = ( b1 , b 2 , b 3 ) , c =

( c 1 , c 2 , c 3 ) , :

G G G
a , b , c
G G G
G G G
G G G
a , b , c = b , c , a = c , a , b . I
G G G
G G G
G G G
a bc = b ca = c ab .

c2

G G G
G G G
, : a b c = a b c .

) (

G G G
G G G
a , b , c a , b , c = 0 .
G G G
G G G
a , b , c \ 3 a , b , c 0 .
G G G
G G G
a , b , c > 0 a , b , c
\ 3 .

G G G
a,b, c

G G G
a , b , c .

12

6
(x,y,z) ,
1-1:

( x, y , z ) ( , , z ) ,
:
JJJG
OA =
(x,y,z) x, y.

-
x
JJJG
OA (
x).

H z .

( , , z ) .
= z ,
z .
,
:
x =
y = .
z=z

A ,
:

x2 + y2
y .

=
x

13

 (x,y,z) ,
1-1:

( x, y , z ) ( r , , ) ,
:

JJJG
r OP = (x,y,z).

-
x
JJJG
OA ,
x, y.

0
JJJG
O z O P .

( r , , ) .
r=
.

:
z
z = r
r
JJJG
OA
JJJG
OA = r
=
r

JJJG
x
x, y, :
x

JJJG

= JJJG x = = r

JJJG

= JJJG y = = r

:
x = r
y = r
z = r

.
A,
:

14

r =

x2 + y2 + z2

( ) =

y
x

( ) =

.
z
=
r

z
x + y2 + z2
2

7
1. \ 2 :
()

Ax + By + = 0, A2 + B 2 0, A, B, \ .
A
.
B
(1) (2)
A1 x + B1 y + 1 = 0
A2 x + B2 y + 2 = 0 , (1) (2)

E B 0

A1
A2

B1
0,
B2

A1
A2

B1
= 0.
B2

, B1 0 B2 0 (1) (2)

( 1 = 2 ),
(1) (2)

12 = 1.

A=(x1,y1) =(x2,y2)

y y2 =

y2 y1
( x x2 ) .
x2 x1

=(x0,y0) () Ax + By + = 0

15

d=

Ax0 + By0 +
A +B
2

13
.
,
.

A1 x + B1 y + 1 = 0 A2 x + B2 y + 2 = 0
(1) (2)

A1 x + B1 y + 1 + ( A2 x + B2 y + 2 ) = 0, \ .
2. \ 3 :
\ 3
\ n , n > 3 .

A
G
b .

A =

( a1 , a 2 , a 3 )

G
\ 3 b = ( b1 , b2 , b3 )

. A
G
b X = ( x1 , x2 , x3 )
:
JJJG JJJG JJJG
OX = OA + AX

JJJG
G
AX b
JJJG JJJG
G
OX = O + t b, t \ ( ).

16

( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = ( a1 , a2 , a3 ) + t ( b1 , b2 , b3 )
:
x 1 = a 1 + t b1

x 2 = a 2 + t b2 , t \
x = a + t b
3
3
3

( ).

b i 0 i , t
:
x a3
x1 a 1
x a2
= 2
= 3
.
b1
b2
b3

A =

( a1 , a 2 , a 3 )

B = ( b1 , b 2 , b 3 ) .

A = ( a 1 , a 2 , a 3 )
JJJG
AB .
:
JJJG
JJJG
JJJG
OX = O + t B, t \ ,

:
x 1 = a 1 + t ( b1 a 1 )

x 2 = a 2 + t (b 2 a 2 ) , t \ .

x 3 = a 3 + t (b3 a 3 )

O 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )
G G
a , b ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .

:
G G
a b
= G G
a b

17

() A = ( a 1 , a 2 , a 3 )
G
b = ( b1 , b2 , b3 ) . =(x,y,z) ().

()
JJJG
JJJJG
JJJG
G
A M A = b ( A /)
d () :

E AM

JJJJG G
AM b
JJJJG G
G
= AM b = b d d =
.
G
b

JJJG JJJG
G
OX = OA + t a
JJJG JJJG
G , t \
OX = OB + t b

a b .
:

() ( ),
() .
,
.
:

JJJG G G

AB, a, b 0 ( ), .

AB, a, b = 0 .

JJJG G G

G G JG
a b O
G G JG
a b = O .

JJJG G G
AB, a, b

d=
G G
ab

18

P0 =

( x0 , y0 , z0 )

JJJG
O N =

( A, B ,C )

N . P0
JJJG
O N X = ( x , y , z )
JJJG JJJG
P0 P ON = 0 . ( )

:
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJJG JJJG
P0 P ON = 0 OP OP0 ON = 0

( x x0 ) A + ( y y0 ) B + ( z z0 ) = 0

Ax + By + z = Ax0 + By0 + z0
 

Ax + By + z = D . ( )
JJJG
O N .

P0G =(x0,y0,z0)
a = ( a 1 , a 2 , a 3 )
G
b = ( b1 , b 2 , b 3 ) .

G
G
a b
G G
G
G
a b a b ,
JJJG G G
ON = a b .

JJJJG G G
P0 X a b = 0 ,

19


:
x x0 y y0 z z0

a1

a2

a3

b1

b2

b3

= 0.

A = ( a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) , B = ( b1 , b 2 , b 3 ) = ( c 1 , c 2 , c 3 ) .

=(x,y,z) .
:
x

a1

a2

a3

b1

b2

b3

c1

c2

c3

= 0 .

G
G
a b .
JJJG
G G G G
a, b, a b \ 3 P0 P

,0 :
JJJG
G
G
G G
P0 P = c1 a + c2 b + c3 a b , ci \ i = 1, 2,3

o
JJJG G G
G G2
0 = P0 P a b = 0 + 0 + c3 a b c3 = 0 ,

JJJG
G
G
JJJG
JJJJG
G
G
P0 P = c 1 a + c 2 b = O P0 + c 1 a + c 2 b

O 14 1 2,
JJJJG
JJJJG
O N 1 O N 2 .
:
JJJJG JJJJG
ON1 ON 2
= JJJJG JJJJG
ON1 ON 2

20

E1 E2

A1 x + B1 y + 1 z + 1 = 0
. T:
A2 x + B2 y + 2 z + 2 = 0
A1 B1 1 1
=
=

.
A2 B2 2 2

E1 E2

E1 E2

E1 E2

A1 B1 1 1
=
=
=
.
A2 B2 2 2

JJJJG JJJJG
JJJJG JJJJG JG
N1 N 2 O , N1, N 2 E1

E2 .

JJJG

A1 x + B1 y + 1 z + 1 = 0 ON = ( A, B, )
. =(x0,y0,z0)

JJJJJJG

0=(x,y,z) . d = M 0 M
.

JJJJJJG
JJJG
d = M 0 M = t ON = t A2 + B 2 + 2 .
:

JJJJJJG
JJJG
M 0 M = t ON ( x0 x, y0 y, z0 z ) = t ( A, B, )
x = x0 tA
y = y0 tB .
z = z0 t

()

E 0=(x,y,z) , 0
, /
. ()

t=

Ax0 + By0 + z0 +
A2 + B 2 + 2

21

Ax0 + By0 + z0 +

d = t A2 + B 2 + 2 d =

A2 + B 2 + 2

14
.
A1 x + B1 y + 1 z + 1 = 0 A2 x + B2 y + 2 z + 2 = 0
(1) (2) ,

A1 x + B1 y + 1 z + 1 + ( A2 x + B2 y + 2 z + 2 ) = 0, \ .
15
.

A1 x + B1 y + 1 z + 1 = 0 ,
A2 x + B2 y + 2 z + 2 = 0

A3 x + B3 y + 3 z + 3 = 0 (1), (2) (3)

,
A1 x + B1 y + 1 z + 1 + ( A2 x + B2 y + 2 z + 2 ) + ( A3 x + B3 y + 3 z + 3 ) = 0, , \ .

1.

JJJG
JJJG
PQ AB ;

() P = (1, 1) , Q = ( 4,3) , = ( 1,5 ) , = ( 7,1)

() P = (1, 4 ) , Q = ( 3,5 ) , = ( 5, 7 ) , = ( 9,1)

JJJG JJJG
PQ , AB;
;

JJJG
JJJJG
JJJG
JJJJG
: () PQ = ( 4 1,3 ( 1) ) , = ( 7 ( 1) ,1 5 ) PQ = ( 3, 4 ) , = ( 8, 4 ) .
JJJG JJJJG
PQ // /
3

JJJG JJJG
. PQ , AB .

22

JJJG JJJJG
PQ .

JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
PQ PQ = 0. PQ = 3 8 + 4 (4) = 24 16 = 8 0

JJJG JJJG
PQ , AB . ().

2.

= ( 2 , 1, 1 ) , = (1, 3, 5 ) , = ( 3, 4 , 4 )

JJJG
: = (1 2, 3 ( 1) , 5 1) = ( 1, 2, 6 ) .
JJJG
= ( 3 2, 4 ( 1) , 4 1) = (1, 3, 5 ) ,
:
JJJG JJJG
1 1 2 ( 3 ) 6 ( 5 )

1 + 6 + 30
=
=
1 = JJJG JJJG =
2
2
2
2
41 35

(1) 2 + ( 2 ) + ( 6 ) 12 + ( 3) + ( 5 )

3.

G G
a , b \ n . :

G G
a +b
G G
a +b
G G2
G G
: () a + b = a + b

G 2
G 2
G G
= a + b + 2 a b
G G 2
G 2
G
+ a b = 2 a + 2 b
G G

G G

) = (a + b) (a + b)
2

G2 G G G G G2 G 2 G 2
G G
= a + a b + b a + b = a + b + 2 a b .

() () :

23

35
35
=
41
41 35

G G2 G2 G2
G G
a b = a + b 2 a b.

T:
G G2 G G2
G 2
G2
a +b + a b = 2 a + 2 b .

4.

G
G
G
N a + c b a

G G
c \ a b .

G
G
: A a b . :
0 G G
G
G2 G2
G2
G2
G2 G2
a + c b = a + c2 b + 2 c a b = a + c2 b a ,

G G
G
: a + cb a .
G G
G
G G
a + cb a c \ a b > 0 . :
G
G2 G2
G2
G2
G G G 2
G2
G G
a + c b a a + c 2 b + 2c a b a c 2 b + 2c a b 0 .

c \ .
c 0 , c < 0
G G
2 a b
c G 2 .
b

G G
G
G G
a + cb a c \ . a b < 0
. :

G
G
G
a + cb a

5.

G G
G
G
c \ a b = 0 a b.

= (1, 1, 1 ) , ( 2 , 1, 3 ) .

JJJG
: AB = ( 3, 0, 4 ) , o
JJJG
AB
:
JJJG JJJG
JJJG
OX = OA + t AB, t \ .

24

( x, y, z ) = (1,1, 1) + t ( 3, 0, 4 )
x = 1 3t
y =1

, t \ .

z = 1 + 4 t

6.

\ 2 P
A, A = (1, 1 ) , P = ( 5 , 3 ) .

JJJG
G
: E A = (1, 1) . a = ( a1 , a2 )
:
G JJJG
G JJJG
a a = 0 a1 a2 = 0 a1 = a2 .

E a1 = a2 = 1 ,

P (1,1)

JJJG JJJG
X = + t (1,1) ( x, y ) = (5,3) + t (1,1)
:

x = 5 + t
, t \
y = 3+t
t y = x + 8 .

7.

P =
JJJG
O N = (1, 1, 3 ) .

(4 , 2 , 1)

JJJG JJJJG
JJJG JJJG JJJG
: PX = 0 X P ON = 0 ( x 4 ) 1 + ( y 2 ) ( 1) + ( z + 1) 3 = 0

x 4 y + 2 + 3z + 3 = 0

8.

x y + 3z = 1 .

N :

( 2 , 1, 1 ) , ( 3 , 1, 1 ) , ( 4 , 1, 1 ) .
: :

25

x
2
3
4

9.

G
b = ( 2 , 1, 3 ) .

y
1
1
1

z
1
1
1

1
1
= 0.
1
1

G
a = (1, 2 , 3 )

: :
JG
e1

JJG
e2

G G
ab = 1
2

2
1

JG
e3

JG 2
3 = e1
1
3

JJG 1
3
e2
3
2

JG 1
3
+ e3
3
2

2
1

JG
JJG
JG
= 3 e1 9 e 2 5 e 3 = ( 3 , 9 , 5 ) .

10.

= (1, 2 , 3 , 4 ) , Q =

(4 , 3, 2 ,1),

G
a = (1, 1, 1, 1 ) . L

P
G
a .

JJJG
Q X

.
JJJJG
Q X 0 L.

t .

JJJJG
QX 0

: K L. H
P
G
a , X = ( x, y, z, w) L,
x(t ) = 1 + t
y (t ) = 2 + t
, t\
z (t ) = 3 + t
w(t ) = 4 + t
L, :

JJJG
QX =

( x(t ) 4 ) + ( y(t ) 3) + ( z (t ) 2 ) + ( w(t ) 1)

(1 + t 4 ) + ( 2 + t 3) + ( 3 + t 2 ) + ( 4 + t 1)

26

= 2 t2 + 5 .

O f ( t ) = 2 t 2 + 5 , :

f (t ) =

t
t2 + 5

t = 0 .
JJJJG
0 = (1,2,3,4) QX 0 = 2 5
Q L.

JJJJG
QX 0 = (1, 2,3, 4 ) ( 4,3, 2,1) = ( 3, 1,1,3) , :
JJJJG G
JJJJG
QX 0 a = 0 QX 0 (L) .

11.

:
2x y + z =1
3x + y + z = 2

: x = c , :
y + z =1 2c
y + z = 2 3c

3 5
2z = 35c z = c ,
2 2

3 5
1 1
: y = z 1+ 2c = c + 2c 1= c .
2 2
2 2
:

(x, y, z ) =

1 3
1
5
1 c 3 5c

,
c,
= 0 , , + c 1, ,
2
2
2 2
2
2

1
5

1, ,
2
2

12.

x + y + z = 1, x y z = 5 .

27

: H
JJG JJG
N1 , N 2 . :
JJG
JJG
N1 = (1,1,1) , N 2 = (1, 1, 1) ,

13.

JJG JJG
N1 N 2
JJG JJG
N1 N 2

111
3

P = (1, 3 , 5 ) A =

1
1
= .
3
3

( 2 , 1, 1 ) .

2 x + 3 y z = 1 .
: O :
x = 1 2t
y = 3+ t , t \ .
z = 5+ t

, :
2 (1 2 t ) + 3 ( 3 + t ) ( 5 + t ) = 1 t = 5

( x ( t 0 ) , y ( t 0 ) , z ( t 0 ) ) = (1

14.

2 t0 , 3 + t0 , 5 + t0

() E = (1, 3 , 5 ) , Q =

( 1, 1, 7 )

)=

11 15

,
4,
.
2 2

N =

( 1, 1, 1 ) .

JJJG
Q
JJJG
, .
() :
JJJG JJJG
Q ON
=
.
JJJG
ON

: () ,
.

28

(i)
JJJG
:

( x, y, z ) = (1 t ,3 + t ,5 t ) , t \ .
JJJG
(ii) Q :

x + y z = 1 ( 1) + 1 (1) + 7 ( 1) x y + z = 5 .

(iii) : O
, :

x y + z = 5 1 t 3 t + 5 t = 5 3t = 2 t0 = 2

:
5 7 17
= (1 t0 ,3 + t0 ,5 t0 ) = , , ,
3 3 3
o:
JJJG
= =

17

5
1 + 3 +
3

2
.
3

()
.
JJJG JJJG

JJJG

JJJG
JJJG
( X P ) = t ( JJJGX JJJPG )
= t
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG JJJG

=
Q
0
X
X Q = 0
(
)

JJJG JJJG
JJJG
X = + t

JJJG JJJG

QX = 0

JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG JJJG
JJJG 2 JJJG JJJG
JJJG 2
PQ
Q = t PQ = t t = JJJG 2 .

T:
JJJG
JJJG JJJG
JJJG
JJJG
JJJG
= = t = t .
JJJG JJJG
Q
=
JJJG 2

JJJG JJJG
Q
JJJG
.
=
JJJG

29

15.

1 1

2 , ,
2 3

x = + 2 t , y = 2 + 5 t , z = 9 t .
:
y +1
z 5
x 1
3 = 2 = 4
.

+
3

4
x
y
z

=
=

3
2
4

: () A
G
a = (2,5,9) ,
G
a :

( x 2 ) 2 + y

1
1
19

5 + z 9 = 0 2x + 5 y + 9z = .
2
3
2

() 1 P1 = (1, 1,5 ) .

2 .. P2 = ( 3, 4, 0 ) P3 ( 6,10,12 ) .

JG JJG JG
e1 e2 e3
JJG JJJJG JJJJG
JG
JJG
JG
N = P1 P2 P1 P3 = 4 5 5 = ( 35 + 55 ) e1 ( 28 + 25 ) e2 + ( 44 25 ) e3
5 11 7
JG JJG
JG
= 90e1 + 3e2 69e3 = ( 90,3, 69 ) ,

o :
90 (x 1) + 3 ( y + 1) 69 (z 5 ) = 0 .

16.

(1 , 4 , 2 ) , ( 4 , 3 , 5 ) , ( 5 , 1 0 , 8 )
;

: K
:
1

10

2
5 =
8

10

30

+ 2

10

(3 2

= 24 50 4

25

)+

( 4 0

15

0 ,

\ 3 .

17.

:
3x 4 y + 5 z = 2.

JJG
: N = ( 3 , 4 , 5 ) .

y 2
x 1

, z = 5
=
N
12
3

0 = ( 5 , 7 , 9 ) 1 = ( 4 , 1 1, 9 ) .

18.

G
: A a = ( 3,12, 0 )

1 ,
JJJJG
0 1 = ( 4,11,9 ) ( 5, 7,9 ) = ( 1, 4, 0 )

2 . :
G JJJJG JG
a 0 1 = O

.
JG
JG
L 1 L .
JG
d 1 L
:

19.

d =

JG JJJJG
L 01
,
JG
L

JG
0 L .

31

JG
JJJJG JG
n
: 0 L . E = 0 1 , L , :

JG JJJJG
JG JJJJG
L 0 1 = L 0 1

:
JJJJG
d = 0 1 =

JG JJJJG
L 01
.
JG
L

20.

xx
.

:
xx . xx
P0 ( x, 0, 0 ) , P ( x, y, z ) , :

JJJG
JJJG
P0 P = ( 0, y, z ) P0 P =

y2 + z2 ,

:
y2 + z2 = 2 .

21.

x 1 y + 3
P0 = ( 3, 1, 2 )
=
=z.
4
2

: A 2 ( 4, 2,1) ,

:
JJJG JJJJG
OX = OP0 + t ( 4, 2,1) , t \
:
x1 = 3 + 4t

x2 = 1 + 2t , t \ .
x = 2+t
3

22.

(1, 7,5 ) ( 3, 2, 1)

( 2, 2,5) .

32

( 2,8,17 )

: :

G
a = ( 3, 2, 1) (1, 7,5 ) = ( 2, 5, 6 )
.
G
b = ( 2, 2,5 ) ( 2,8,17 ) = ( 4, 10, 12 )
G G JG
, a b = O :

JG JJG
JG
e1 e2
e3
JG JJG JG JG
5 6 JG 2 6 JJG 2 5 JG
e1
e2 +
e3 = 0e1 0e2 + 0e3 = O .
2 5 6 =
10 12
4 12
4 10
4 10 12

P = (1, 1) , Q = ( 4,3) , = ( 1,5 ) , = ( 7,1) .
JJJG
JJJG
PQ AB (i) , (ii) , (iii) ;
JJJG
JJJG
PQ AB ; A
=(1,1) .
. , k=3/11, =1/44

1.1.

G
G
a = (1,1, 3) b = (2,1, 0) .
G
G G G
c a, b, c \ 3 .

1.2.

G G
a, b .

G
A. c = ( 3, 6, 1) ,

3
55

JG JJG JG
e1 , e2 , e3 \ 3
G
JG JJG JG G JG JJG
G JG JJG JG
a = 3e1 2e2 e3 , b = e1 3e2 c = e1 + e2 2e3
. . .

1.3.

= 84 / 2
JG JJG JG
e1 , e2 , e3 \ 3
G
JG JJG JG G JG JJG JG
5
.
a = 2e1 + e2 3e3 , b = e1 2e2 + e3 5.
(1,1,1)
3

1.4.

G G G G
N a + b, a b
G G
a , b .

1.5.

1.6. .
G

1.7. a = (1, 2). b = ( x, y )

G G
G
b a b = 5 .

33

G
. b = (2,1)

1.8.
G
G
a = (2, 6, 3), b = (4,3, 1) .

1.9.

G 3 2 6
G
3 2 6
. c = ( , , ) c = ( , , )
7 7 7
7 7 7

G G G G G G G G G G
a b c + b c a + c a b = 0 .

G
G
G
a = (1,1, 3), b = (2,1, 0), c = (0,1, 2) .
G G G
a, b, c .
G G G
a, b, c ;
(. V = 4)
G
G G
G G G G
1.11. r r = a + b r , a, b

1.10.

G G G
G a + ba
A. r =
G2
1+ b

G G
G G
G G
G G G
JG
b c JG
c a JG
ab
1.12. a, b, c a = G G G , b = G G G , c = G G G ,
[a, b, c]
[a, b, c]
[a, b, c]

G JG G JG G JG
(i) a a = b b = c c = 1
G G G JG JG JG
(ii) [a, b, c][a, b, c] = 1 .
JJJG G JJJG G
( O A B ) OA = a , O = b
B = a / 2 . ,
G
JJJJG 2 G a
OM = b + .
3
2

1.13.

JJJG G

G G G
a, b, c \ 3
G G G G G G
a b, b c, c a \ 3 .

1.14.
1.15.

=(1,3,-2)
. (1,/3,/4)
/ / .

1.16.

\ 2

JG 1
JJG 1
(1,1) , e2 =
(1, 1) /4.
e1 =
2
2

1.17.
= ( 2 , 0 , 3 ) , ( 2 , 5 , 9 ) .
34

1.18.

Y
JJG
= ( 0 , 1, 3 ) N = ( 2 , 1, 4 ) .

1.19. :
( 2 , 1, 1 ) , ( 3 , 1, 1 ) , ( 4 , 1, 1 ) .

1.20.

G
a =

G
b = ( 0 , 1, 3 ) .

( 1, 2 , 3 )

1.21.

:
x +3y z =1
2x + y 3z = 4

1.22. Y :
2 x + 3 y + z = 0, x 3 y = 2 .

1.23.

( 0 , 1, 1 )

2 x + y 3z = 4 .

1.24. ()

E =

(2 , 0 , 3 ) .

( 0 , 1, 2 ) , Q

= (1, 1, 3 ) N =

( 0 , 1, 2 ) .

JJJG
Q
JJJG
, .

1.25. :

( 2 , 2 , 3 )

x = 1 3 t , y = 2 + 3 t , z = 5 t .

:
y 2
z + 2
x +1
2 = 2 =
3
.

x +1 = y = z +1
4
4
6

35

1.26.

( 1 , 0 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 3 , 1 ) , ( 0 , 4 , 2 ) ;

JG
L = (2,1, 0) 1 = (3, 4,9)
JG
L . D 1
JG
L .

1.27.

1.28.

= (1, 1, 2 )

3 x + y 5 z = 2 .

1.29. N 1=(1,2,3)

2=(2,3,1) 4 x y + 2 z 7 = 0 .
. 5 y + z = 13 .

1.30.
=(1,1,1) {3 x 5 y + 2 = 0, 2 x + 3 z + 1 = 0} .

1.31.
: x 1 =

y +1
=z
2

: 3 x + y 5 z + 1 = 0 .

() .
. 11x 8 y + 5 z = 19 .

1.32. N =(1,2,3)
2 x + y + z + 5 = 0, x y + z + 3 = 0 .
. d =

171
7

1.33. 1 :

x-1 y 5 z 6
y 1 z 6
2 : x-1 =
.
=
=
=
3
4
7
2
3

.
. d =

1.34. 1 : x + 1 = y 1 = z

2 : x-1 =

y +1 z 1
.
=

.
36

4 3
3

E. 2
1 V, W .
L : V W

) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

L v1 + v2 = L v1 + L v2 , v1 , v2 V

,
,
L
kv
kL
v
k
\
v
V

1
1
1
:

( )

( )

L v1 + v2 = L v1 + L v2 , , \, v1 , v2 V .
V,W
v1 , v2 V .

: () L : \ 2 \ 2 , L( x, y ) = ( 2 x + y, x y ) .
() L : \3 \ 2 : L( x, y, z ) = ( x, x y + z ) .
() L : \ 3 \ 3 : L( x, y, z ) = ( x + y, y + 2 z , x y z ) .

37

 2 L : V \ .
3 E L : V W . L

R( L) = {w W : w = L(v ) v V }
L

Ker ( L) = {v V : L(v ) = 0}
0 V .
Ker ( L) V
R(L) W.
dim V = dim( Ker ( L)) + dim( R( L)) .
L : V W

L(v1 ) = L(v2 ) v1 = v2 .

1 L : V W
Ker ( L) = {0} . L
v1 ,..., vn V
L ( v1 ) ,..., L ( vn ) W.
4 L : V W
1
L : R ( L) V
.

2 V n
E = {e1 ,..., en } V .
L : V W L ( e1 ) ,..., L ( en )

vV.
vi \, i = 1,..., n ( / v )
v = v1e1 + ... + vn en .
L(v ) = L ( v1e1 + ... + vn en ) = v1L ( e1 ) + ... + vn L ( en )

38

 L L ( e1 ) ,..., L ( en )
. .
V W n m
E = {e1 ,..., en } E = {e1,..., em } L : V W
.
aij , i = 1,..., n, j = 1,..., m :

L ( e1 ) = a11e1 + ... + a1mem

.
"

L ( en ) = an1e1 + ... + anmem

(1)

5 O m n
a11
a
A = 12
#

a1m

a21 " an1

a22 " an 2

# % #

a2 m " anm mn

/ L ( e1 ) ,..., L ( en )

E W L
E ,

AE E .
5, 2 (1)

AE E

L ( e1 ) ,..., L ( en ) ,

AE E

L.

!!!
. AE E

.

v = (v1 ,..., vn ) , vi \, i = 1,..., n / v V

V . w=L(v)
w=(w1,,wm) / w W
W . T (1)

39

w = L(v ) = L ( v1e1 + ... + vnen ) = v1L ( e1 ) + ... + vn L ( en )

w = v1 ( a11e1 + ... + a1m em ) + ... + vn ( an1e1 + ... + anmem )

w1e1 + ... + wmem = ( a11v1 + ... + an1vn ) e1 + ... + ( a1mv1 + ... + anmvn ) em ,
:

w1 = a11v1 + a21v2 + ... + an1vn

,
"

w = a v + a v ... + a v
1m 1
2m 2
nm n
m

a11
w1

# = a12

#
wm m1
a1m

a21 " an1

v1
a22 " an 2
# ,

# % #
v

a2 m " anm mn n n1

w1
v1
# =A
.
E E #

wm m1
vn n1
v = ( v1 ,..., vn ) w = ( w1 ,..., wm ) -
,

L : V W : w = L(v ) = AE E v

L : V W AE E
V W

L(v ) = AE E v

v = ( v1 ,...vn ) / v

40

 !!!

L : V W , L (v ) = A v

V W.

6 L : V V .

AE E . = E

AE

AE E .

L : V V , L (v ) = A v
= e1=(1,0,,0),, en=(0,,0,1).

3 nn

L : V V , L(v ) = A v . L ( )

, . E

L1 : V V , L1 (v ) = A1 v .
O

L : V V , L (v ) = A v

vV

L (v ) = v .
To v L.

L (v ) = A v = v ,

L ( ).

O 8 L : \ n \ n

L(v ) = v , v \ n .
:

41

v u = L(v ) L(u), u, v \ n ,
() .
V L : V V
L ( v ) = v V.

AE E .
4 L : V V n-
V. AE AE n n L
,

AE = S E1 E AE S E E .

S E E .

9 V, W .
:V W \

( v1 + v 2 , w ) = ( v1 , w ) + ( v2 , w ) , , \, v1 , v 2 V , w W
.

( v , w1 + w2 ) = ( v , w1 ) + ( v , w2 ) , , \, v V , w1 , w2 W
V=W .
nn
:V V \

v1
(u, v ) = uT Ann v = ( u1 ,..., un ) A # .
v
n

(2)

u = (u1 ,..., un ) v = (v1 ,..., vn ) , ui , vi \, i = 1,..., n

/ u,v V E = {e1 ,..., en } V

(u, v ) ,

(u, v ) =

ue ,
v e = i , j =1 ui v j ( ei , e j ) .
i =1 i i j =1 j j
n

nn

42

A = ( ei , e j ) : i, j = 1,..., n

(3)

(2).

( ei , e j )

(3).

10 :V V \

(u, v ) = (v,u) .

(v,u) =

n
j =1

v j e j , i =1 ui ei = i , j =1 ui v j ( e j , ei ) ,

(u, v ) = (v,u)

(ei , e j ) = (e j , ei ) i, j = 1,..., n (3) :

5 :V V \
.

11 :V V \

f : V \, f (v ) = (v,v )
.

f (v ) = (v,v ) = i , j =1 vi v j aij
n

= a11v12 + a22v22 + ... + ann vn2 + 2 i =1 j =1, j i vi v j aij .

n

= {aij} :

f (v ) = a11v12 + a22v22 + ... + ann vn2 .

43

g : \ n \, g (v1 ,..., vn ) = a11v12 + a22v22 + ... + ann vn2 + 2 i =1 j =1, j i vi v j aij

n

v1 ,..., vn :

v
v1
1

1
.
# = A #
2

vn n1

vn

1.
L : \ 3 \ 2 , L ( x, y , z ) = ( x, x 2 y + 3 z ) .

2
3
\ \ .
L.

v = ( v1 , v2 , v3 ) w = ( w1 , w2 , w3 ) \ 3 .

L ( v + w ) = L ( v1 + w1 , v2 + w2 , v3 + w3 )
= ( v1 + w1 , v1 + w1 2 ( v2 + w2 ) + 3 ( v3 + w3 ) )
= ( v1 , v1 2 v2 + 3 v3 ) + ( w1 , w1 2 w2 + 3 w3 )
= ( v1 , v1 2v2 + 3v3 ) + ( w1 , w1 2 w2 + 3w3 )
= L ( v1 , v2 , v3 ) + L ( w1 , w2 , w3 ) = L ( v ) + L ( w ) .
L .

Ker ( L) = v \ : L(v ) = 0 .

L(v ) = 0 ( x, x 2 y + 3 z ) = ( 0,0 )

44

x=0
x 2 y + 3z = 0

x=0
x=0

3 .
2 y + 3 z = 0
y= z
2
z = c, c \ , o L(v ) = 0

( x, y, z ) = 0,

3
3
c, c = c 0, ,1 .
2
2

Ker ( L) = c 0, ,1 : c \ ,
2

3
2

0, ,1 .

R ( L) = L(v ) : v \

} .

L(v ) = ( x, x 2 y + 3 z ) = x (1,1) + y ( 0, 2 ) + z ( 0,3) = x (1,1) + y z ( 0, 2 )

2

 
= r\

= x (1,1) + r ( 0, 2 ) , x, r \ .

(1,1) (0,-2)
2
2
( \ ), R ( L) = \ .

2.
L : \ 2 \ 3 , L ( x , y ) = ( x + 2 y , 2x 3 y , x y ) .

(4)

\
3
\ .

A
L (1,0 ) = (1, 2, 1) L ( 0,1) = ( 2, 3, 1) .

45

1 2
A = 2 3 .

1 1 32
, x y
(4).

3.

L : \ \
2

1
1
1

E = {(1,1) , ( 2,1)} E = (1,1,0 ) , (1, 2,1) , ( 0,1,1)

4
4
4

2
3
\ \ . L(1,1)=(3,5,2) L(2,1)=(1,2,1),
AE E L L ( 2,3) .
AE E L(1,1)

L(2,1) , :

L (1,1) = a11

1
1
1
(1,1,0 ) + a12 (1, 2,1) + a13 ( 0,1,1)
4
4
4

1
1
1

( 3,5,2 ) = ( a11 + a12 ) , ( a11 2a12 + a13 ) , ( a12 + a13 ) .

4
4
4

11=12, 12=0, 13=8. :

L (1,1) = (12,0,8 ) (/ ).

L ( 2,1) = a21

1
1
1
(1,1,0 ) + a22 (1, 2,1) + a23 ( 0,1,1)
4
4
4

1
1
1

(1,2,1) = ( a21 + a22 ) , ( a21 2a22 + a23 ) , ( a22 + a23 ) .

4
4
4

21=4, 22=0, 23=4. :

L ( 2,1) = ( 4,0,4 ) (/ ).
:

46

AE E

12 4
= 0 0 .

8 4

12 4
12 x + 4 y
x
x

,
L ( x, y ) = AE E = 0 0 =
0

y 8 4 y 8 x + 4 y

=(x,y) \ . :

12 2 + 4 3 36
= 0 (/ ).
L ( 2,3) =
0

8 2 + 4 3 28

36(1,1,0)+0(1,-2,1)+28(0,0,1)=(64,36,28)
/ L ( 2,3)
3

\ .

4. Y
L ( x, y ) = ( x + 4 y , 2 x + 3 y )

\ 2

1 4
A=
.
2 3
(
).

4
1
p ( ) = Det ( A I 22 ) =
= 2 4 5 .

3
2
O

47

2 4 5

Det ( A I 22 ) = 0 2 4 5 = 0 = 1 , = 5 .

= 1 , = 5

A u = u
. :

= 1

2 4 u1 0
A u = u ( A + 1 I 22 ) u = O
u = 0
2
4

2u1 + 4u2 = 0
u = 2u2
,
1
2u1 + 4u2 = 0
u1 = 2u2

u = ( u1 , u2 ) -.

u1 = 2u2 .
u2 = c = ,
u = ( u1 , u2 )

u1 = 2c, u2 = c

u = ( u1 , u2 ) = ( 2c, c ) = c ( 2,1) .
c ( 2,1)
=-1 ( ) (-2,1).
(-2,1)
=-1.

= 5

4 4 u1 0
A u = u ( A 5 I 22 ) u = O
u = 0
2
2

4u1 + 4u2 = 0
u = u2
,
1
2u1 2u2 = 0
u1 = u2

48

 u = ( u1 , u2 ) -.

u1 = u2 .
u2 = c = ,
u = ( u1 , u2 )

u1 = c, u2 = c

u = ( u1 , u2 ) = ( c, c ) = c (1,1) .
c (1,1) =5
( ) (1,1).
(1,1)
=1.

= 1
=5

( 2,1)
.
(1,1)

5.
L : \3 \3 , L ( x, y, z ) = ( 2 x 3 y + 4 z,5 x y + 2 z, 4 x + 7 y ) .
. L ; A
;

2 3 4
A = 5 1 2 .

4 7 0
L .
Det ( A) = 104 L

49

x
L1 : \ 3 \ 3 , L1 ( x, y, z ) = A1 y .

z

6.

E =

{(1,1) , (1, 3)}

E =

{( 2,1) , (1, 1)}

\ . AE E . (x,y) (x,y)
/
.

3
L(v ) = v . AE E

C = D AE E ,
C /
D
/ .
1 1 2 1
C = D AE E
=
AE E
1 3 1 1
1

AE E

2 1 1 1 1 2 2
=

=
.
1 1 1 3 3 1 7

x 1 2 2 x
y = 3 1 7 y .

7. ( x, y) = x 2 + 3xy 6 y 2 .
.

( x, y ) = x 2 + 3xy 6 y 2 .
1
3
= x+ y
2 x
2 .
1 3
= x 6y
2 y 2

x,y
:

50

 1 3 / 2
A=
.
3 / 2 6
E
x

( x, y ) = x 2 + 3xy 6 y 2 = ( x, y ) A .
y

8.

( x, y, z ) = x 2 4 xy + 3 y 2 + z 2 + 2 yz + 3xz .
.

( x, y, z ) .
1
3
= x 2y + z
2 x
2
.
1
= 2 x + 3 y + z
2 y
1 3
= x+ y+z
2 z 2

x,y,z :
1 2 3 / 2
1 .
A = 2 3
3 / 2 1
1

E
x
( x, y, z ) = ( x, y, z ) A y .
z

1.
L : \ 2 \3 , L( x, y ) = ( x, x + y,2 x 3 y ) .
L
2
3
\ \ .
L.

51

2.
L : \ 3 \ 3 , L ( x, y , z ) = ( x + 2 y + z , 3 y z , x + y ) .

\ 2 \ 3 .

3.

L : \ \
2

E = {(1,1) , (1, 1)} E = {(1,1,1) , (1,1, 2 ) , (1,-1,0 )} \ 2

3

\ . L(1,1)=(1,1,0) L(1,-1)=(0,1,1)
AE E L L (1,3) .

4.

L : \ 2 \ 2 , L ( x, y ) = ( x + y , x y ) .
. L ; A
;

5.. E = {(1,0 ) , ( 3,1)} E = {(1, 1) , ( 0,1)}

\ 2 . AE E .

6.

L : \ \ : L( x, y ) = ( x + y , x 2 y ) .
2

AT T =

{(1, 1) , (1,4 )} .

7.
8.

L : \ \ : L( x, y ) = ( x 3 y , 3 x + y )
.
2

( x, y ) = 3 x 2 2 xy

( x, y, z ) = 2 xy + y 2 z + 3 xz . .
2

52

. 3 KAI
TAINOMHH
()
=(x,y)
>0 ( )
=(,) ( ).

JJJJG

= M = ( x, y ) : OM = .

JJJJG
OM =

( x a)

+ ( y b) = ( x a) + ( y b) = 2 .
2

53

(1)

x 2 + y 2 2ax 2by + ( a 2 + b 2 2 ) = 0

x 2 + y 2 + Ax + By + = 0

(2)

=-2, =-2b, = a + b .
2

(2) ,
2
\ . (2)

2

A
B
A 2 + B 2 4

.
x + y + Ax + By + = 0 x + + y + =
2
2
4

(3)

A + B 4 > 0 (2) (-/2,-/2)

2

A2 + B 2 4
=
,
2
2
2
A + B 4 = 0 (3) 0=(-/2,-/2)

A + B 4 < 0 (3) \ (
2
^
).
2

0=(x0,y0) f ( x, y ) = 0

1 c: f ( x, y ) = 0 .
0=(x0,y0)

f ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 )
f ( x0 , y0 ) =
,

x
y

(grad) f 0=(x0,y0), =(x,y)

. c
0

JJJJJJG
f ( x0 , y0 ) M 0 M = 0 .
(1)

54

(4)

f : \ 2 \ : f ( x, y ) = ( x a ) + ( y b ) 2 ,
2

f f
f ( x, y ) = , = ( 2 ( x a ) ,2 ( y b ) ) .
x y
(x,y)
0=(x0,y0) , (4)

JJJJJJG
f ( x0 , y0 ) M 0 M = 0 2 ( x0 a )( x x0 ) + 2 ( y0 b )( y y0 ) = 0 .
0=(x0,y0)
:

( x0 a )( x a + a x0 ) + ( y0 b )( y b + b y0 ) = 0
( x0 a ) ( x a ) + ( y0 b ) ( y b ) ( x0 a ) ( y0 b ) = 0
 

= 2

( x0 a ) ( x a ) + ( y0 b ) ( y b ) = 2 .
A

( x0 a ) ( x a ) + ( y0 b ) ( y b ) = 2 .

(5)

(5) 0=(x0,y0)
(5)
(1).

O =(,)
:

x(t ) = a + t ,

y (t ) = + t , t [0, 2 ).
()

=(x,y)
(
) .

55

 >0. / =(-,0)
=(,0) (>0 )

JJJJG
JJJJG
AM + BM = 2a .

= M = ( x, y ) :

JJJJG
JJJJG
AM + BM = 2a

(x + )

+ y2 +

(x )

+ y 2 = 2a

( )

x2
y2
+
= 1,
a2 a2 2

x2 y2
+
= 1,
a2 2

(6)

= a 2 2 .
JJJG

JJJJG

JJJG

AB AM + MB 2 2a . (
) , ,
< a ( ).
(6)
xx yy |x| |y| .
.

JJJG

AB =2

<1

( ,
=0).
0=(x0,y0)
(6) 1 . 55.
,

56

f : \ 2 \ : f ( x, y ) =

2x 2 y
x2 y2
f
+

1
,
o

=
a2 , 2 .
a2 2

(x,y)
0=(x0,y0) (6). (4)

JJJJJJG
2x
2y
f ( x0 , y0 ) M 0 M = 0 20 ( x x0 ) + 20 ( y y0 ) = 0

x0 x y0 y x02 y02
2 + 2 = 2 + 2 = 1.
a
a

0=(x0,y0) (6)

x0 x y0 y
+ 2 = 1.

a2
O (6)

x(t ) = a t ,

y (t ) = t , t [0,2 ).

()
=(x,y)

( ) .
>0. / =(-,0)
=(,0) (>0 ).

JJJJG
JJJJG
AM BM

= M = ( x, y ) :

= 2a .

JJJJG
JJJJG
AM BM

= 2a

( x + ) + y2
2

( x ) + y2
2

) = 4a
2

(o )

57

x2
y2
+
= 1,
a2 a2 2

x2 y2

= 1,
a2 2

(7)

= 2 a 2 .

JJJJG
JJJG
AM MB

JJJG
AB 2a 2 .

, ,
a < .
(7)
xx yy |x| > .
.
(7) y

y=

x
a

a2
1 2
x

y=

x
a

JJJG

AB =2

>1

.
0=(x0,y0)
(7) 1 . 55.

2 x 2 y
x2 y 2
f : \ \ : f ( x, y ) = 2 2 1 , o f = 2 , 2 .
a

a
2

58

 (x,y)
0=(x0,y0) (7). (4)
:

JJJJJJG
2x
2y
f ( x0 , y0 ) M 0 M = 0 20 ( x x0 ) 20 ( y y0 ) = 0
a

x0 x y0 y x02 y02
2 2 = 2 2 = 1.
a
a

0=(x0,y0)
:

x0 x y0 y
2 = 1.
a2

(7)
=. . E

JG JG

{ JJG }JJG = 45
/ {e ' , e ' }
D

e1 , e2
1

{ x, y} { X ,Y }
JG JG
JJG JJG
/ M / e1 , e2 e '1 , e '2
y = x.

{ } {

, /

x 45D 45D X
y =

D
D
45 45 Y
(7),
/

a2 2
XY = 2
.
a + 2
O (7)

x(t ) = a cosh t ,

y (t ) = sinh t , t \

cosht, sinht .

59

 .

.

()
=(x,y)
( )
( ).
E p>0. /
=(p/2,0) (): x = -p/2.

= M = ( x, y ) :

JJJJG
AM = d ( M , ) ,

d ( M , ) (). :
2
2
JJJJG
p
p

2
AM = d ( M , ) x + y = x + + 02 ,
2
2

y 2 = 2 px .

(8)

(8)
xx x 0 p>0 x 0
p<0 . .
0=(x0,y0)
(8) 1
. 55.

f : \ 2 \ : f ( x, y ) = y 2 2 px , o f = ( 2 p,2 y ) .
(x,y)
0=(x0,y0) (8). (4)
:

JJJJJJG
f ( x0 , y0 ) M 0 M = 0 2 p ( x x0 ) + 2 y0 ( y y0 ) = 0

60

 px + px0 + y0 y y02 = 0 px + px0 + y0 y 2 px0 = 0 .

0=(x0,y0)
:

y0 y = p ( x + x0 ).
.
xx.
.

Ax 2 + Bxy + y 2 + x + Ey + Z = 0, (A, B, ,..., Z \) .

(9)

(9) ,

(9):
, , , , , (9)
2
\ .

?
E :
1

(9)

( x, y ) = Ax 2 + Bxy + y 2 .
p11
p21

22 P =

p12
p22

( P = P pij = p ji i, j = 1, 2 ):
T

p11
p21

( x, y ) = ( x, y )12

61

p12
x
.

p22 22 y 21

(10)

 P (10)
( x, y ) .

1
B
= Ax + y
2 x
2
1 B
= x + y
2 y 2

(11)

A B / 2
P=

B/2
x,y (11).

( x, y ) = Ax 2 + Bxy + y 2 = ( x, y ) P .
y

(12)

( . 2
).
2

P 1

P = U D U T ,

(13)

0
D= 1
22
0 2

1 , 2 P

U U1 ,U 2

.

(13), (12) :

62

1 , 2

 x
X
Ax 2 + Bxy + y 2 = ( x, y ) U D U T = ( X , Y ) D ,

 

Y

 
( X ,Y )
X

Y

( X , Y )12 = ( x, y )12 U 22 .

(14)

0 X
X
Ax 2 + Bxy + y 2 = ( X , Y ) D = ( X , Y ) 1

0

2 Y
Ax 2 + Bxy + y 2 = 1 X 2 + 2Y 2 .
3

Ax 2 + Bxy + y 2 = 1 X 2 + 2Y 2
.

( X , Y ) = ( x, y )12 U 22

(x,y) ( U
UT=U-1)

Ax 2 + Bxy + y 2 = 1 X 2 + 2Y 2

( X , Y ) U 2T2 = ( x, y )12

2
(9) . (9)

1 X 2 + 2Y 2 + DX + FY + G = 0

(15)

D, F , G \ . (15)

1 ( X K1 ) + 2 (Y K 2 ) = L
2

63

 K1 , K 2 , L \

12 + 22 0 .

X K1 = V

Y K 2 = W

1V 2 + 2W 2 + L = 0 ,

(16)

L=

12

( 10 20),

A B/2 /2
D = B/2
/2 .
/2 /2
/ ( 2) (x,y)(X,Y)
/ ( 3)
(,)(V,W) (16).
(16) :

A 1 , 2 P
.

D
1 , 2 (

1 = 2 ),

D
1 , 2 ,

D = 0.

A 1 , 2 P
.

D 0

64

D = 0.

A .. 2 = 0
. (15)

1V 2 + W = 0

=2

D 0

D = 0.

Ax 2 + Bxy + y 2 + x + Ey + Z = 0, (A, B, ,..., Z \)

:
E

A B / 2
P=

B/2
Ax + Bxy + y
2

1 , 2 P
2
P = 12 = A
.
4

Ax + Bxy + y
2

= A B2 / 4

= A B 2 / 4 = 12
:

65

> 0 ,
< 0 .
= 0

A B/2 /2
D = B/2
E/2
/2 E/2

A = 1 + 2 ,
A D < 0

A D > 0 ( \ 2 )
D = 0 ( \ 2 )

>0

< 0

= 0

D 0
D = 0

D 0


D = 0 .  . 

1.

x + y 6 x + 8 y + 20 = 0 .
,
=(x0,y0).
2

: x 2 + y 2 6 x + 8 y + 20 = 0
( x 2 2 3 x + 32 ) + ( y 2 + 2 4 y + 42 ) 32 42 + 20 = 0
( x 3) + ( y + 4 ) = 5 .
2

(3,-4)

66

5 . H

( x0 3) ( x 3) + ( y0 + 4 ) ( y + 4 ) = 5 (. (5)).
2.

x + y + 4 x 2 y = 20 .
=(-2,-4).
2

1 . 55

f : \ 2 \ : f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 4 x 2 y 20 ,
o

f ( x, y ) = ( 2 x + 4, 2 y 2 ) .
=(-2,-4), f ( 2, 4) = ( 2(2) + 4,2(4) 2 ) = ( 0, 10 ) ,

JJJJJJG
f (2, 4) M 0 M = 0 0 ( x + 2 ) 10 ( y + 4 ) = 0 y = 4.

3.

x + y 8 x + 13 = 0 .
.

y = x
y = x

.
2
2
2
2
x + y 8 x + 13 = 0 (1 + ) x 8 x + 13 = 0

= 64 4 13 (1 + 2 ) = 52 2 + 12 .

=0 =

y =

3
x.
13

67

3
.
13

4. : (i) 10
2/5, (ii) 6 4 (iii)

( 2 +

) (

8, 3 , 2 8, 3 4.

(i) 2= 10 =5

2
= = 2 ,
5 5

= a = 5 2 = 21 . T:
2

x2 y 2
+
= 1.
25 21
(ii) 2 = 6 = 3 2=4 =2,
2 = a 2 2 a 2 = 2 + 2 = 22 + 32 = 13 . :

x2 y 2
+
= 1.
13 4
(iii) 2 = 2 8 = 8 . E 2=4 =2,

2 = a 2 2 a 2 = 2 + 2 = 22 + 8 = 12 . /

X=

( 2 + 8 ) + ( 2 8 ) = 2,
2

Y=

( 3 ) + ( 3 ) = 3 ,
2

( x + 2)
12

( y + 3)
+
4

= 1.

5. 16 x 2 + 25 y 2 = 400

y = -x.

y = -x y = -x+.
(
).

16 x 2 + 25( x + ) 2 = 400 41x 2 50 x + ( 25 2 400 ) = 0 .

68

 = 2500 2 4 41 ( 25 2 400 ) = 0 2 = 41 = 41 .
y = x

6.

41 .

2x+3y-5=0

(1,1) x + 5 y = 9
(2,1) .
2

(1,1)

3
( x 1) .
2
(2,1) 2 x + 5 y = 9 .
2x+3y-5=0 y 1 =

y 1 = ( x 1)
2

2 x + 5 y = 9
23 25
, .
19 19

2x+3y-5=0
2x+3y-5=0,

ax0 + by0 +
a 2 + b2

2
=

23
25
+ 3 5
19
19
22 + 32

26 13
.
247

:
2

2
2
23
25 26 13

.
x + y =
19
19 247

7. (i) 4
, (ii) 8 3/2.

(i) 2 = 4 = 2 /=1 =.

= a 2 2a 2 = 2 = 22 a 2 = 2 . :
2

x2 y 2

= 1.
2
2

69

(ii)

2=8

=4

3
= = 6 ,
2 4

= a = 6 4 = 20 . :
2

x2 y 2

= 1.
16 20

y 2 x2
8. = 1 .
20 4

y=2x.

2 = 2 a 2 2 = 20 + 4 = 24 ,

) ( 0, 2 6 )

/ 0, 2 6 ,

y=2x

y 2 6 = 2 x
.

y
2
6
2
x
+
=

y 2 6 = 2x
2
y
x2
=1

20 4

y + 2 6 = 2x
2
.
y
x2

=
1

20 4

9.
=(8,0)
x=2.

=(x,y) ():
x=2. :

JJJG
JJJG 2
2
2
MA = 2d ( M , ) MA = 4d 2 ( M , ) ( x 8 ) + y 2 = 4 ( x 2 )

x2 y 2

= 1.
16 48

70

10. =(-1,1)
x+3y+3=0.

=(x,y) ,

2
JJJJG
x + 3y + 3
2
2
AM = d ( M , ) ( x + 1) + ( y 1) =
2
2
2
1 +3

9 x 2 6 xy + y 2 + 14 x 38 y + 11 = 0 .

11. , , p
y=x+ y2=2px.

y = x +

y2=2x.
2

y = x +

2
y = 2 px

( x + )

= 2 px

( x + )

= 2 px .
= 4 ( p ) 4 2 2 = 0 p = 2 .
2

y = x +

. =
=
2
2
2 = 2

y = x +

=,
2

y2=2x.
2

12. y2=2px
.

=(x0,y0)
yy0 = p ( x + x0 ) ,

71

p
2
y0 = 2 px0
y0

(): y = x +

y0
.
2

=(p/2,0)

d (E, ) =

p y0
+
2 2
12 + 2

p
y0

p+

1 p + y0
1

=
2 12 + 2
2 12 + 2

(1 + )

1+ 2

1+ 2 .

13. 2 3x 2 + 6 y 2 4 xy x + 2 y = 0
/.

( x, y ) = 3x 2 4 xy + 6 y 2 .

1
= 3x 2 y
2 x
1
= 2 x + 6 y
2 y
22 x y P
( x, y ) .

3 2
P=
.

2
6

72

Det ( P I 22 ) = 0

3 2
= 0 ( 3 )( 6 ) 4 = 0
2 6

=2, =7 .

:

= 2:
x 0
= 0
y

( P I 22 )

3 2 x 0 3 2 2 x 0

=
=
2 6 y 0 2 6 2 y 0

x 2y = 0
x = 2y .
2 x + 4 y = 0

()

(B)

( x, y ) = ( 2 y, y ) = y ( 2,1)
( 2,1)

= 2 .

( 2,1)
22 + 12

( 2,1) =
5

2 1
,

.
5
5

1 2
,
.
5
5

= 7

2 1
,

5 5
.
1
2

=7 ,
5 5

=2

73


U ( )
1,

U =

2
5
1
5

1
5
.
2
5

x
y =

2
5
1
5

1
1
x
=
(2X Y )
5
5 X

1
2 Y
y
=
( X + 2Y )
5
5

3 x + 6 y 4 xy x + 2 y = 0
2

2 X 2 + 7Y 2

1
1
( 2 X Y ) + 2 ( X + 2Y ) = 0
5
5

2 X 2 + 7Y 2

2X Y
2 X 4Y
+
+
+
=0
5
5
5
5

2
2

5
Y
5
Y
5
5
2
2
2X 2 + 7Y 2 +
+
= 0 2X + 7Y +
= 7

7
14
14
7

5
5
2X + 7Y +
= .
14 28

/ :

X =V
Y+

5
=W
14

74

2V 2 + 7W 2 =

5
28
28
2 V 2 + 7 W 2 =1
28
5
5

5
5
V2 W2
, b=
+ 2 = 1 , a =
.
2
56
196
a
b

{(1,0), (0,1)}

2 1 1 2
,
,
,

5 5 5 5

/ (,)

0,

5
/ (V,W).
14
2

H

.
:

( 1).

A
D = B/2

B/2 /2

1 = 2, 2 = 7 P

2 1/ 2

E / 2 = 2

/2 E/2

1/ 2

(16),

1Z + 2W +
2

12

= 0 2 Z + 7W +
2

2 =0
27

5
5
Z2 W 2
2 + 2 = 1 , a =
, b=
.
a
b
56
196

75

5
2

 \ y ( x y ) = 1 x 2

14.

x 2 + xy y 2 1 = 0 .
 

( x, y ) = x 2 + xy y 2 .

= 2 / 4

1
/2 0
1
/2
2
.
D = B/2
E / 2 = / 2 0 = 1
=+
/ 2
4
/2 E/2

1
0
0
A

B/2 /2

(. . 51-52)

= / 4 < 0 D = +
2

0,

( , 4 ) ( 0, + ) .

2.1. (-1,2)
4x+3y+12=0.

2.2.

x + y + 4 x + 2 y = 0
=(-1,2).
( ). 0
0.
2

2.3. ( )
(-1,1), (2,3), (3,-1).

76

2.4.

4 x + 4 y 24 x + 20 y 12 = 0
=(-1,-1).
.
2

x2 y 2
2.5. 2 + 2 = 1
a
b
=(x0,y0)

d=

ab
a 2 2 x02

2.6. y = x +

x2 y 2
+ 2 = 1 . (. b 2 + a 2 2 = 2 )
2
a
b

2.7. N
x + y = 1,
2

( x-2 )

+ y2 = 4 .

2.8. 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 = 6

M=(2,-3) .

, , .

2.9.

16 x + 25 y 2 = 400
2

2.10. 5 x 2 2 y 2 = 3 .
2.11.
= (-1,-1) = (1,1) 2.
2.12.

E 1 2

12 + 22 = 12 22 .

2.13.

(i) (2,3)
x=5, (ii) (-1,2)
y=-2.

77

2.14. o x2=4y (2,1).

2.15. y2=2px
x . (A. y = x + p/2
).

2.16. \

; A .

y ( x y ) + y 2 = + x 2

2.17.

2 ( ):

() 2 x + 4 x + 1 = y 4 y

() 2 xy + 3 x = y 1

() x + y + 4 x 1 = 2 xy

() 2 xy = 3 x 2

() x x + 4 y + 1 = 0
2

. 4

\ 3 M = ( x, y, z )
/

f ( x, y , z ) = 0 .

A1 x 2 + A2 y 2 + A3 z 2 + A4 xy + A5 xz + A6 yz + A7 x + A8 y + A9 z + A10 = 0, Ai \
2 .

78

(1)

(1) ..
y z.

A1 x 2 + A7 x + A10 = 0, y, z \ .
,
, . 1 , 2
( ).

{( , y, z ) , y, z \}
0

{( , y, z ) , y, z \} ,
1

(1) ..

z ( A3 = A5 = A6 = A9 = 0 ).

A1 x 2 + A2 y 2 + A4 xy + A7 x + A8 y + A10 = 0, z \ .

(2)

z \ xy
,
.
(2)
zz
(2).

x,y,z
(1). (1)
(1) .

(1).

.

.
, y=f(x), x I
.
xx S. E M = ( x, y, z )
, =(x,0,0)
x P = ( x, y,0 ) = ( x, f ( x),0 ) xy

79

JJJJG
JJJG JJJJG JJJG
MN = NP ( MN , NP N = ( x,0,0 ) ).

y=f(x)

y 2 + z 2 = f 2 ( x) .

(3)

y = ax + b

x2

b 1 2 (| x | a ) ,
a

b
a2

f ( x) = x 1 2 (| x | a ) ,
x
a

2 px ( p, x > 0),

xOx ( yOy)
.

xOx

x2
f ( x) = b 1 2
a

(| x | a )

(3)

x2 y2 z 2
+
+ =1
a 2 b2 b2
( xOx).
yOy.

M xOx

b
a2
f ( x) = x 1 2
a
x

(| x | a )

x2 y 2 z 2

=1
a 2 b2 b2

80

(3)

 ( xOx).
yOy (

y2
x: x = a 1 +
b

( y \)

(3) (

x + z = f ( y ) )

x2 y 2 z 2

+
=1
a 2 b2 a 2
( yOy).

M xOx

2 px ( p, x > 0) (3)

y 2 + z 2 = 2 px
( xOx).
yOy.

M xOx
y = ax (3)

y2 + z 2 = a2 x2
(0,0,0).

. :

1.

x2 y2 z 2
+
+ =1
a 2 b2 c2
.
.

2.

( x a, y b, z c )

xy, Oyz, Oxz

81

x2 y 2 z 2
+
= 1 ( a , b, c > 0 )
a 2 b2 c2
. Oxz, Oyz
, xy .

3.

x2 y2 z 2

=1
a 2 b2 c2

( x a , y , z \ , a , b, c > 0 )

. Oxy, Oxz
. yz.

4.

x2 y2 z 2
+
=0
a 2 b2 c2

( a, b, c > 0 )

5.

x2 y 2
+
= cz
a 2 b2

( a, b > 0, c \ )
*

.
z=c ( cz 0 ). xy
(0,0,0),
Oxz, Oyz .

6.

x2 y 2

= cz
a 2 b2

( a, b > 0, c \ )
*

.
z=c . xy
(0,0,0), Oxz, Oyz
.

7.

82

f ( x, y ) = 0, z \
f(x,y)
, f(x,y)=0
, .
(1)
xy, yz, xz
/.

2x2 3 y2 + 2x + z 2 = 0
x + 2y z + x y = 0
2

:
2x2 3 y 2 + 2 x + z 2 = 0 2 ( x2 + x ) 3 y 2 + z 2 = 0

1
1 1

2 x2 + 2 x + 3 y 2 + z 2 = 0
2
4 4

1
1
1
9

2 x2 + 3 y 2 + z 2 = 0 2 x + 3 y 2 + z = 0 .
2
4
2
4

o x+1/2=X, y=Y, z-9/4=Z, (

/ ( 1/ 2,0, 9 / 4 ) )

2 X 2 3Y 2 + Z = 0 2 X 2 + 3Y 2 = Z
.

x2 + 2 y 2 z 2 + x y = 0 ( x2 + x ) + ( 2 y 2 y ) z 2 = 0
1
y 1
1 1

x2 + x + + 2 y 2 + z 2 = 0
4
4 16
4 16

1
1
5

x + + 2 y z2 =
2
4
16

83

16
1 32
1 16
x + + y z2 = 1.
5
2
5
4
5
o x+1/2=X, y-1/4=Y, z=Z, (
/ ( 1/ 2,1/ 4,0 ) )

16 2 32 2 16 2
X + Y Z = 1.
5
5
5
.

IE
E .
1

(1)

( x, y, z ) = A1 x 2 + A2 y 2 + A3 z 2 + A4 xy + A5 xz + A6 yz .

( x, y, z )
x
( x, y, z ) = ( x, y, z )13 P33 y
z
31

P
( x, y , z ) :

1
A
A
= A1 x + 4 y + 5 z
2 x
2
2
1 A4
A
=
x + A2 y + 6 z .
2 y 2
2
1 A5
A
= x + 6 y + A3 z
2 z 2
2
T

84

 A1
P = A4 / 2
A /2
5

A4 / 2
A2
A6 / 2

A5 / 2
A6 / 2
A3

x,y,z .
2

P 1 ,
()

P = U D U T ,
( ),

1 0
D = 0 2
0 0

0
0 33
3

1 , 2 , 3 P
T

U U1 ,U 2

.

1 , 2 , 3

x
X

( x, y, z ) = ( x, y, z ) U D U T y = ( X , Y , Z ) D Y ,
 

z
Z
( X ,Y , Z )

X

Y
Z

( X , Y , Z )13 = ( x, y, z )13 U 33 .

1 0
X

( x, y, z ) = ( X , Y , Z ) D Y = ( X , Y , Z ) 0 2
Z
0 0

85

0 X
0 Y
3 Z

 ( x, y, z ) = 1 X 2 + 2Y 2 + 3 Z 2 .
3

(1)

1 X 2 + 2Y 2 + 3 Z 2 + K X + L Y + M Z + N = 0 ( K , L, M , N \ ) .
( 1)

1U 2 + 2V 2 + 3W 2 + H = 0 ( H \ ) .
(
) P.
(x,y,z)

S f(x,y,z)=0 0=(x0,y0,z0)
S. T S 0
=(x,y,z)

JJJJJJG
f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) M 0 M = 0
( 1 . 2).

1.

x + ( y 1) + ( z 1) 2 = 25 0=(4,4,1)
z.
2

E f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + ( y 1)2 + ( z 1)2 25 . :
f f f
f ( x, y, z ) = , , = ( 2 x, 2 ( y 1) , 2 ( z 1) ) .
x y z

A: f ( 4, 4,1) = 2 4, 2 ( 4 1) , 2 (1 1) = ( 8,6,0 ) .
E =(x,y,z)

86

JJJJJJG
f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) M 0 M = 0 ( 8,6,0 ) ( x 4, y 4, z 1) = 0
8 x + 6 y = 56 .
JJG

N = ( 8,6,0 ) .

JJG
JJG
N e3 = ( 8,6,0 ) ( 0,0,1) = 0 N e3
.

2.

i) ( 2 x + y z ) + ( y z ) + z = 2
2

iii) 4 ( x + y z ) 9 ( y z ) = 0
2

ii) 2 ( x 3 z ) + 3 ( x z ) = 1
2

iv) ( 3 x + 4 z ) + ( y 2 ) + 2 z = 3 .
2

i) 2x+y-z=X, y-z=Y, z=Z.

2 1 1
0 1 1 = 2 1 1 = 2 0
0 0 1
.

X 2 +Y2 + Z2 = 2
(,,)=(0,0,0)

2.

ii) x-3z=X, y=Y, x-z=Z.

.
/

2 X 2 + 3Z 2 = 1
.
iii) E

(x + y z)

9
3
3
3
3
2
( y z ) = 0 x + y z y + z
x + y z + y z = 0
4
2
2
2
2

87

y z
5
5
+ = 0 x + y z = 0.
2 2
2
2

.
iv) E

( 3x + 4 z )

+ ( y 2 ) + 2 z = 3 ( 3x + 4 z ) + ( y 2 ) + 2 z 3 = 0 .
2

3x+4z=X, y=Y, 2z=Z =U, Y-2=V, 3-Z=W. T

U 2 +V 2 =W ,
.

3.

1: x + 2 y + z = 10

2: x + 2 y + z = 12 ()

{2 x y + 1 = 0, 3 x z 7 = 0} .

O=(,,) R. A

R = d (O, 1 ) = d (O, 2 )

A + 2 B + 10
1+ 4 +1

A + 2 B + 12
1+ 4 +1

A + 2 B + 10 = ( A + 2 B + 12 ) A + 2 B + = 11 .
E {2 x y + 1 = 0, 3 x z 7 = 0}
()

7 17 1 2
( X , Y , Z ) = , ,0 + c , ,1 , c \ .
3 3 3 3

88

7 c
+
3 3
17 2c
7 17 1 2
( A, B, ) = , ,0 + c , ,1 B = +
3
3
3 3 3 3
=c
A=

A + 2 B + = 11

7+c
17 + 2c
8
+ 2
+ c = 11 c = .
3
3
7
41 103 8
,
,
21 21 7

( A, B, ) =

41
101 8
+ 2
10
11
21
21 7
.
R=
=
1+ 4 +1
21 6
2

41
103
8
121

.
: x
+ y
+z+ =
21
21
7 2646

4.

N
y = 2 x 2 , z = 1 ():

{ x + y 2 z + 10 = 0,

2 x y z = 8} .

{ x + y 2 z + 10 = 0, 2 x y z = 8}

():

2 28
( X , Y , Z ) = , ,0 + c (1,1,1) , c \ .
3 3
E =(x0,y0,1) =(x,y,z) .

JJJJG
MN // (1,1,1) x x0 = y y0 = z 1 ,
x0,y0

x0 = 1 + x z, y0 = 1 + y z .

89

 y0 = 2 x0 1 + y z = 2 (1 + x z ) .
2

5. N
x2 z 2
= 1 z.
9
4
z2
z x = f ( z ) = 3 1 + . =(x,y,z)
4
.

x2 y 2 z 2
x + y = f ( z)
+
=1
9
9
4
2

6.

3 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 3 z 2 2 xy 2 zy = 36
/.

( x, y, z ) = 3x 2 + 2 y 2 + 3 z 2 2 xy 2 yz .

1
= 3x y
2 x
1
= x + 2 y z
2 y
1
= y + 3z
2 z
33 x, y z P
( x, y, z ) .

90

 3 1 0
P = 1 2 1

0 1 3
P

Det ( P I 33 ) = 0 1

1 = 0 = 4 = 3 = 1 .
3

0
2

= 4:

x 0
( P I33 ) y = 0
z 0

3
1

0 x 0 1 1 0 x 0
2
1 y = 0 1 2 1 y = 0


1 3 z 0 0 1 1 z 0

x y = 0

x = y

x 2 y z = 0 y 2 y z = 0
y+z=0

y+z=0

x = y
z = y

z = c. T

( x, y, z ) = ( c, c, c ) = c (1, 1,1)
(1, 1,1)

= 4 .

(1, 1,1)
12 + (1) 2 + 12

(1, 1,1) =
3

91

1 1
1

,
,

.
3 3
3


= 3 = 1 .

1
1
,0,

2
2
.
1
2
1

,
,
=1

6 6 6

=3

U ( ,
U 1),

U =

1
6
2
6
1
6

1
2

0
1
2

1
3
1

3

1
3

x
y =

z

1
2
0
1
2

1
3 X

1
Y .
3
Z
1
3

3 x + 2 y + 3 z 2 xy 2 zy = 36
2

1
6
2
6
1
6

4 X 2 + 3Y 2 + Z 2 36 = 0 , .

3.1.

(i)

( x 2)

+ ( y + 3) 2 + ( z 1) 2 = 5 0=(2,-4,3).

(ii) =(4,1,-6)
2 x 3 y + 2 z 10 = 0 .

92

(iii) N 1=(2,-1,6)
2
2
2
2=(1,0,5) x + y + z = 6 .

3.2.

2 (i)
=(1,2,3)

a = ( 2, 1,3) (ii)
x + y + z 6 x 4 y 2 z 5 = 0 (.
).
2

3.3.

xy
=(0,0,0) 7 (8,15,10).
(. x + y + ( z 17 ) = 338 )
2

3.4.

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2 x + 2 y 4 z + 2 = 0
3x 2 y + z = 5 .

3.5.

2
(. z 4 xy 2 yz + 2 zx + 1 = 0 ).
{4 xy = 1, z = 0}

3.6.

{z

= x, x 2 = y}
G
G
a = (1,1,1) a = ( 2,3,2 )
3

(. x + z

3.7.

y = 0 ).

=(1,1,1)

3.8.

{ x + y + z = 0,

y 2 + z 2 = 1} .

x + y + z = 0

x2 y 2 z 2

+
+ = 1
a 2 b2 c2
d 2 = a 2 2 + b 2 2 + c 2 2 .

3.9.

C : y = 2 pz , x = 0 .
C z.
2

3.10.

93

i) 3 ( x z ) + 2 ( x y z ) 2 z = 2
2

iii) 2 ( x z ) 3 ( x z 1) = 1
2

3.11.

iv)

ii) 2 ( x y 3 z ) ( x z ) = 0
2

x 3 + ( y + 2z ) + ( y 2) = 3 .
2

4 x 2 2 y 2 8 xy 4 x + 2 y + 1 = 0
/.

3.12.

xy yz + zx 2 x + y = 1
/.

c \ E = e1 ,..., en
n

} \ .
n

\
.

94

ci , i = 1,..., n c

c = c1 e1 + ... + cn en .
ci , i = 1,..., n / c

c = ( c1 ,..., cn ) ( c ).

(A1)

c
(1) 1 n (
n1).

c = ( c1 ,..., cn )1n
-

c1
cT = #
c
n n1
T

, A
.

a11 " a1n

A= # % #

am1 " amn

mn ,
/
n
\ .
n
m \

{a ,..., a }
m

95

 a1 = ( a11 ,..., a1n ) ,...,am = ( am1 ,..., amn ) / .

/
m
\ ,
m
n \

{b ,..., b }
n

b1 = ( a11 ,..., am1 ) ,...,bn = ( a1n ,..., amn ) / .

1
1 0
I =

0 1
( )
2
\ .

2 /

A B =

1
3
1
3

1
3
1

1
1 6

3 1

6
0
2
3

1
3
1 0 0 .
=
0 1
3

- - .

1
a1 =
3
1
a2 =
3

1
3

1
3

6
1
b1 =
,
6

96

1
3

1
b2 =
3

a b
A B = 1 1
a1 b2

a2 b1 0 0
=
,
0
1
a2 b2

a1 b1 , a1 b2 , a2 b1 , a2 // b2 .

U nn . U
( )

U 1 = U T ,
U U
T
U .
nn
U ( )
n
\ .
a1 = ( a11 ,..., a1n ) ,...,an = ( an1 ,..., ann ) -
o U,

I nn

1
0
=
#

a1 a1 a1 a2
0 " 0

1 " 0
= U U 1 = U U T = a2 a1 a2 a2
#
# % #
#

0 " 1
an a1 an a1

" a1 an

" a2 an
,
%
#

" an an

ai a j = 0 i j ai ai = ai
ai a j i j ai

= 1, i = 1,..., n

= 1 i = 1,..., n ,

{a ,..., a }
1

\ .
.

97

a1 = ( a11 ,..., a1n ) ,...,an = ( an1 ,..., ann ) -

U U o

a1 ,..., an \ .

a1 = ( a11 ,..., a1n ) ,...,an = ( an1 ,..., ann ) -

U U ( U-1)

a1 ,..., an \ .
2

nn ,

^ ( ^

) u = (u1 ,..., un ) -
n

\ ( ^ ).
u u

Au = u.

4 nn .

a11
a21
p ( ) = Det ( A I nn ) =
#
an1

a12
a22
#
an 2

"
a1n
"
a2 n
, ^ .
%
#
" ann

3 nn n
.

Det ( A I nn ) = 0 .
. A u = u

( I ) u = .

Det ( A I nn ) = 0.
p ( ) = Det ( A I nn ) n
n ^ .

98

1 3 3
A = 3 5 3 .

6 6 4

1
p ( ) = Det ( A I 33 ) = 3

3
5
6

3
3 = 3 + 12 + 16 .

O + 12 + 16
3

Det ( A I 33 ) = 0 3 + 12 + 16 = 0 = 2 ( ) , = 4
( Horner).

= 2 ( ) , = 4

A u = u
. :

= 2

3 3 3 u1 0
A u = u ( A + 2 I 33 ) u = O 3 3 3 u2 = 0

6 6 6 u3 0

(2)

3u1 3u2 3u3 = 0

u1 u2 u3 = 0
3u1 3u2 + 3u3 = 0 u1 u2 + u3 = 0 .
6u1 3u2 + 6u3 = 0
u1 u2 + u3 = 0
u = ( u1 , u2 , u3 ) -.
2 3

u1 u2 u3 = 0
.
u1 u2 + u3 = 0

99

 u1 = c = ,

c u2 u3 = 0
u +u =c
u =0
2 3
2
.
c u2 + u3 = 0
u2 u3 = c
u3 = c
(2) u = ( u1 , u2 , u3 )

u1 = c, u2 = 0, u3 = c

u = ( u1 , u2 , u3 ) = ( c,0, c ) = c (1,0,1) .

(3)

(3) =-2

(1,0,1).
(1,0,1) =-2.

= 4

3 3 3 u1 0
A u = u ( A 4 I 33 ) u = O 3 9 3 u2 = 0

6 6 0 u3 0
3u1 + 3u2 + 3u3 = 0
u1 + u2 + u3 = 0
u1 + u2 + u3 = 0
3u1 9u2 + 3u3 = 0 u1 3u2 + u3 = 0 u1 3u2 + u3 = 0 ,
6u1 6u2 = 0
u1 u2 = 0
u1 = u2
u = ( u1 , u2 , u3 ) -.
u1

u2 + u2 + u3 = 0
u3 = 2u2
u =0
u2 3u2 + u3 = 0 u3 = 2u2 3
.
u1 = u2
u1 = u2
u1 = u2
u = ( u1 , u2 , u3 )

u1 = c, u2 = c, u3 = 0

100

u = ( u1 , u2 , u3 ) = ( c, c,0 ) = c (1,1,0 ) .

(4)

(4) =4
(1,1,0).
(1,1,0)
=4.

= 2
= 2
=4

(1,0,1)
(1,0,1)
(1,1,0 )

4 ( )

u1 ,..., un

- nn
1,,n

A = U D U 1 ,
U nn /
u1 ,..., un U D
1,n
U.

4 1.
(-2,1) (1,1)
1=-1 2=5 .

2 1
U =

1 1
U

1/ 3 1/ 3
U 1 =
.
1/ 3 2 / 3

101

 1 0
D=
.
0
5

2 1 1 0 1/ 3 1/ 3 1 4
U D U 1 =

=
= A.
1 1 0 5 1/ 3 2 / 3 2 3

1,,n nn
u1 ,..., un . A ,

i j i j u1 ,..., un

nn . :

() 1,,n.
() u1 ,..., un .
( .1 .4 ) U

A = U D U T .
a11 " a1n
7 A = # % # nn
an1 " ann
1,,n . :

Det ( A) = 1 " n
a11 + a22 + ... + ann = 1 + 2 + ... + n .

102