J Images in weather forecasting A practical guide for interpreting satellite and radar imagery M.J. Bader, G.S. Forbes, J.R. Grant, R.B.E. Lilley and A.J. Waters“The sm of hie mum o present the matory sant snd optional recs with curenecigues frie cing slit and adr images of weather systems in ide Taitdes. The focus of the book isthe ge umber of istration Images are mated with concept model ed ater chars. Wan ina image ted moe. ater han i the ste of standard eto on melon th reser ‘ow alls the we Toei an interpret paterson the images 35 easly sd quickly ax posible, Pars served in sarlite apd rar images fave bee explained in terms of. Isic avteypal arfows. Examples ae presente showing variations onthe hase archetypes for many regions. Materia forthe bok has ben provided expen rom Nowth America stl aope, anaes Py poops rom wera ring sablshmens of mecoolgical services an pertionl foresters,mages weather forecastingImages in weather forecasting AA practical guide for interpreting satellite and radar imagery Edited by M.J. Bader, Meteorological Office, UK G.S. Forbes, Pennsylvania State University, USA LLR Grant, Meteorological Office, UK R.B.E Lilley, Meteorological Office, UK A.J, Waters, Meteorological Office, UK Foreword by K.A. Browning, Joint Centre for Mesoscale Meteorology, University of Reading, UK CAMBRIDGEone ra yi te Uy of Came Mivansoagier see ee NiO Sa {0S aah, ibe eA oss Cove cape 95) Fitted 95 Acwulope eed shikai ote Bh ay tts ony cede ede asin ecg MDa sghaSratitnornemshie SoContents List of combats Forevord ator Acknowledgments Syne fears KA Ineodtion: The se of imagery in foreesting Lead authors: A. Woodroffe, PG. Wietham 1 Overview 2 Subjective weather analysis 21 Syopticscae analyse 2.2 Mevouale analyse ‘3 Nemeical mdelaalaes 3.1 The ole of aan intervention 5.2 Meal model data ssiniation Imagery and weater| S21 Siete mage 412 Raduriagery 5 lmaery nthe freesting process 51 Use of aniration 5.2 Imeratve nowcasting systems 53 Moniterng the perfomance of a mami forecast 1 Satelite imagery 1.1 Basie principles Lead authors: R Brown, .G. Wika 1-1 Bundarental eas satelite remit sensing {LLL Physical principles 1.11.2 atte Imagery 1.1.2 Types of meteoroogicl sate 1.121 Polaron sates 1122.Geosationay satelite, 1.1.3 Swit characteristics 1.14 Disemination of selite imagery 1.141 Digital an analogue transmissions 1.142 Data rom plaromiing and geostationary satliten 11.5 Base imerretaton of VIS imagery 1.1.1 General piss 15152 Problem ares im iterpcting VIS imagery (a) Distinguishing clouds rom sow-eovered sound (©) Smal clouds (@ Thin clouds 1.16 Basic imerpretation of imagery a Cnr! pinches, 1.1.62 Problem ares i iterpcing IR imagery 1.17 asc interpretation of WY imagery LUT. Principles of operation LL72 ierprctation of WW imagery LL Base interpretation of 37 um (chanel) imagery LL General pricks 1.182 tnerrettion of ighsime 3.7m imagery [L183 Use of combined 37am and TR dst fr fog ‘enicaton 1184 erection of daytime 3.7 pn imagery 1.2 Simple identifieaton 0 Lead authors: B.S. Seurer, PG. Wickham 1.2.1 Inaction 122 Cloud sper 122.1 Convective clouds (a) Oceanic convective clouds (Continental eowvecive sms 1.222 Frontal nyer cows 12.23 Statue nd fog 12.24 Anoyeonie suaocomuls (a) Oceanic anyon omer ()A continental niyclone 1.23 Cloud pers 1.23.1 Linear patersvii Conzens (oes tn i of corncine 21.38 Cts sho er 214 Adolesc (i ns andor od ‘anon an (Oops austen sana prt ha ni (Sea vai 2182 Appt Dopp ann oating Dent ie 21.83 mrp Dg Fe oe 22 in initenon o oe {ead tr P.6 Wetam Corton from DZ (im Seton 22.4) 221 Inodscton 222 Rain from tye hus 22221 Warn rot sands 2.2.2.2 Warm sector raibands 222.3Col from nba 223 Rainfall from convective coats 22.3.1 Seated showers 22.3.2 Lines of showers 244 Severe tonne 2241 Squl lines and thunderstorms 2242 Rotating thanrsorms and trnadoes 1.24 The Eas surace 124.1 Land snc fests (a) Snow cover (by Deserts and vegetated areas 1242 Seasurtacefeatres (a) Sun ine () Sea temperature graions 25 Aumospheie plants 1251 Dost and haze 1.2.2 alrrat condemation als (omtras) 1253 Ship tls 2 Radar imagery 0 2.1 Basic principles 8) 3 Symoptieseale cloud and moisture patterns 70 ead authors: G-1_ Austin, PG, Wickham 211 The hse adar-rinfal ltonshp 2.12 Radar data presentation 21.24 Plan position indica (PPD) 2.12.2 Constant aiade pan poston indicator (CAPPI) 2.12.3 Range- ei indicator (RH) 21.3 Problems in dar mogery ierpretation 2.13.1 Spasous echoes 2.1.3.2 Anomalous propagation (anapmop) 21133 Seconday ear echoes (@) Second. echoes (©) Sidelobe ecoes (e) Fare echoes 2134 Screening of precipitation by hill 2.1.35 Growth and evaporation of precipitation bal the bem | 1.36 Drop-size eects 1.3. Snow and ie: bight bands ‘Lead authors: R.K- Anderson, FCs, JR Great Contributions from MJ. Bader fin Seriow 3.) and KB. Katsras a Sesion 31,52) 3.11 Panorama 5.111 Ces fom the satelite pita 3.1.12 Pls and yn! process 3.15 Inerpretaton of sell and radar pte 312 Kinesis 3121 Relaive maton 3.12.2 Defomation zanes 41.23 Vor and vorticity advection 1.8 Conveyor ble aeoiated with roms nd W893 3.1.1 Inston othe conveyor bel conceptual model 3182 Warm conveyor belt WCB) 313 3Cold conveyor bet (CCB) BIB The dy sisteamContents ie ‘32 Interpreting large-scale patterns of ceriform cloud sand moisture 4 Lead ator: R.K. Anderson 3.211 fnrction 32.2 cloud hands 32.21 Locating polar et steams 3222 Locating the ubstopical jt ream 3223 Lanai tees sce wh teas 423 Cis shields 32.41 Locating themal and upper ries 32.32 Locating thermal patients 32.33 Locating turbulence ‘3.24 Deformation 2ane cir and moisture 32.4.1 Locating upper atieslonss 32.42 Locating turbulence in deformation rones (a) entcaton with irs (©) Kdemineation wih WY 33 Interpreting patterns of cumuliform clouds [Lead author: RK. Anderson 3. Inroduction| 3.32 Locating thermal woughs 3.33 Locating uper shor-vave tough 3.34 Locating jetsam anes 3.35 Locating surace ies 4 Ioterpreting features sociated wth baroeinie troughs Lead author: RK Anderson, Contributions from ‘RB. Weldon (i Sects 34.2 and 343) 3.4 Iuuction 342 Leaf 34.24 Characters of lat 3422 Relationship w aalyais 3.423 Lea ariatons 53.424 Lea to eomma transition 34.3 Comma 343.1 Chracernic appearance 3.43.2 Comm cloud infos zones 3.43.3 Comma clouds in cod sit 3.43.4 The comma and tubulence (a) Inthe cusp region (b) Inthe dys ofthe comma (6) Near the comma tai, (4) Near the poleward eg ofthe ol cloud shies 10 SA 1 Characters of shape 3442 Relationship o aalyis 3:44. The vores and arblence References i 4 roms and waves 138 4.1 Classical eld from 8 Lead author: GA. Monk. Contribution from M. Kure (in Sevions 4124-412 3) and V. ate Meie in Section 41.1 Differences between cassie and spit rts 412 Development of cold fom cloud hands 4.12.1 Characterisinon satelite imiges 4.1.2.2 Upper air analysis 4.123 Surace analysis and precipitation ert 4.1.24 Fromogenesis using Qvectoes 4.1.3 Conceptual model 4.1-4Gaiance om analysis rom imagery 14.1 A well developed ool rot 44142 Weakening foms| 4.1.5 Surace weather ~ 4415.1 Line convection 441.52 Precipitation ahead of he surface ron £153 Precipitation behind the surface ot 4.1.6 Saul ne development 417 Interaction with jt seeks 42 Spit cold fronts st Lead author: G. A, Monk 442. Features on satelite images 4423 Surface and upper sir analyses 42:4 Coneepmal mode and sulace weather 424.1 The sallow mois zone 42.42 Relewe of pote insabity 142.43 The sara rom 43 Warm frais 162 ead author: V. Zxat-Meise Contribution from JR Grant (in Section 4.3.5) 431 trdiction 43.2 The clad band 45.3 Cloud devel indie waa econ= Conens 434 ‘Doached! warm font lou 4.34.1 Characters 4342 Examples 435 Pecipiaiondsvibaion 4 Instant (pseudo eelsions 176 ead author: M. Kurz Esrat from papers by MeGinnigl, Mit in Scion 483) 441 Inrouction 4642 Synopic scale 144.21 Ely inthe cvoaton (@) Clow characteris an frontal analysis (Diagnosis 44.22 Laterin the evolution (@) Cloud characteris and frontal analysis (©) Diagnosis (6) Aieiow mod 4423 Final age (a) Cloud characteristics and fons analysis (©) Dignosice (6) Aicow mode 4A3 Mesoscale 4.631 Alemative surface analysis 44432 Movement of precipi areas 4.5 Synoptioscale waves 187 Lead author: M. Kure Contribution from V. vate Meise lin Secon 45.49) 45. Inrodetion 452 Basic dynamical concep 43.21 Stuble waves 445.3 Fears on sate images 454 Examples 454.1 A cold font wane 45.42 A sable warm fom ave 4543 Anunsuble wave References 205 5. Depressions in mid-attdes 2006, 5.1 Cloud signatures preceding cyclogenesis 206 ‘Lead authors: MV. Young and J.R. Grant ‘3.11 Inrodeton $1.2 Idemtitying key components 5.13 Uppertow parters fom satelite images 511.31 Frontal band and separate comma cloud 5.1.32 Fromal hand lone 511.33 Frontal band with emerging loud inly tinted in extent 5.1.3.4 Foot! hand with emerging cloud elongted slong the Now S2 Types eyclogenesis an Lead anor: MV. Young. Contributions fom RA, Bosworth (in Section 5221) 6.5. Forbes (in Secon $2.81) and L-Neif (in Sections 8221.52.32 52.1 Inodetion 5.2.2 Evolutions from enhanced cumulus ocomna 52.2.1 Cold aireycogenesis 5.2.22 Imcrastion with fora ld (a) stan occasion cyclogensss {Spi ow egctopenesi ‘52.3 Bvoltons fom the main onal cloud 52.1 Menonal wough eelogeness ‘5232 Flat eouph diluent Now eylopenesis 5.2.33 Induced wave eyelogenesis 5.2.4 Flat wough, comer ow yslogenesis (cloud bead) $3.24. Since of loud head 5242 Conceptual model 5.243 Surtace weather 525 Summary 5.251 Locating the surface low centre (@) Developing low within roma cloud (@) Developing low poleward of foal loud (6) Mature ts 52.5.2 Ovensow of seven ypes of eyclogenesis 5.25.3 Decision te for dterminingeyclogenesis ‘ope 3 Midstattde eytonenessassoiated with Lead author: M.V. Young. Contibutions from RJ. Graham (i Section 533.2) and V. Pichor (in Section $3.3.) 5.3.1 Inradton 5.32 Tropical storm regeneration 5.32.1 Tropical storm eens 5.3.22 Tropic stor Fei