1963 - MA PHT N M MU CHNH O

LI TC GI: Cuc tranh u ca Pht gio nm 1963 l mt ti cn gy nhiu xc ng v tranh ci. Tuy nhin, cho ti hin nay vn cha c mt nghin cu s ch thc no v ti ny. Mt trong nhng l do quan trng l thiu s liu. Ti liu vn kh cha c hon ton gii mt. a s cc tc gi u ng v phe ny hay phe kia, xp t v din gii cc d kin vn b gii hn v thiu st theo s yu ght hay khuynh hng chnh tr, tn gio ca h. Tc nhn lch s b t ln nhng chic ging ca tn tng cp, tha cht bt, ngn ko di ra cho va khun thc thnh kin tin thin ca mnh. Khng t ngi cn ba t ra nhng chi tit khng thc b cong lch s. Trong cun Tn Gio & Chnh Tr: Pht gio, 1963 -1967, do nh Vn Ha xut bn nm 1994, ti dnh mt chng kh di cho cuc tranh u nm 1963 ca Pht gio min Nam. Gn 10 nm qua, nhiu ti liu vn kh M, Php v Lin Hip Quc c gii mt thm, nn tc gi hiu nh chng ny sau mi ln nghin cu cc vn kh. Tuy nhin, trn i th, nhng nt chnh vn khng thay i bao lm. Xin c thm Ci cht ca mt hng tng: DNG VN MINH, 1916-2001 trong Nguyn V, Ngn Nm Soi Mt (Houston: Vn Ha, 2002). I. T C N MU LA:

Ngy 6/5, ng l Vn phng Ph Tng Thng, Quch Tng c, gi i khp ni lnh cm treo c tn gio, theo "khu lnh" ca Tng thng NG NH DIM (1955-1963). (1) Lnh ny c ban hnh khng y 48 ting ng h trc L Pht n 2507 (15/4 Qu Mo, tc 8/5/1963), v ti cc a phng ngy hm sau, 7/5, khi cc t gia, cha chin treo c ng sc Pht gio, cng biu ng v cng cho. Theo li khai ca cc vin chc chnh ph vi phi on Lin Hip Quc [LHQ] vo thng 10/1963, Dim bit r rng lnh cm treo c trn s nh hng n ngy Pht n sp tingy l quan trng nht ca Pht gionhng bt chp hu qu. (2) Lp lun ca chnh ph bin minh cho lnh cm treo c ngy Pht n l Dim thy rng quc k (c vng ba sc ) phi c tn trng hn c tn gio. Hm l dn chng ch c php treo quc k, cn c tn gio ch c php treo trong cc ngy l, ti cc ni th t hay t gia, vi s chp thun ca chnh quyn a phng. l tinh thn Ngh nh 189/BNV/NA/P5, hiu lc t ngy 12/5/1958 ca B Ngi V. (3) C Pht gio ng sc c chnh thc cng nhn ti i Hi Pht gio Th Gii [World Fellowship of Buddhists, hay Hi Bng Hu Pht gio Th Gii] ti Colombo (Sri Lanka, hay Tch Lan), t ngy 26/5 ti 7/6/1950. Thng ta T Lin i din cho Vit Nam ti i Hi ny. Cha Qun S H Ni l ni l c ng sc ca Pht gio c trng ln trc tin trn ton th t nc Vit Nam. Trong thp nin 1950, l c Pht gio ngy cng tr thnh quen thuc v s pht trin kh mnh ca cc h phi Pht gio ti pha Nam v tuyn 17. S pht trin c bit ny, tng cn nhn mnh, khng do s khuyn khch ca tam u ch Ng nh Thc - Ng nh Dim - Ng nh Nhu. S gip bt c tn gio khng Ki-t no ch c tnh cch tng trng, do cc cp vin chc a phng (nh khng kht khe p dng lut s 10 v cc hip hi, hay cho m s s gy qu, v.v...). Nhn hiu r rng rng Pht t chim a s dn chng trong nc, trong nhng nm u ch Thc-Dim-Nhu quay mt lm ng trc s pht trin mnh m ca cc khun hi, on Pht t, v.v... Nhng ngi gp cng ln trong vic pht trin ny ca Pht gio l s tng ni di c min Bc v mt s kh ng Pht t chng Cng. Xy dng cha chin, t chc cc ban i din, pht ng phong tro Pht t, pht huy v hong dng o php l mt phng thc chng Cng ha bnh v hu hiu nht: Ly tn gio chng li Cng Sn v thn (nhng ngi tng v von tn gio nh thuc phin). Ngoi ra, vic pht trin cc cha chin, khun hi cn phn nh mt giai on mi ca cuc chin tranh lnh gia Pht gio v Ki-t gio, ko di hn bn th k, v ln cao di thi Php thuc (1858-1945, 1945-1955). Trong giai on Php xm chim Vit Nam, Ki-t gio ngy mt vt thng v l tn gio ca giai tng chim ng (Bo h Php) v a s giai tng trung gian bn x trung kin. Rt nhiu danh t ca i Nam bin thnh nh th H Ni, Si Gn, Nam nh hay Qung Tr. Mc d t thp nin 1910 cc vin chc Php quyt nh on tuyt vi chnh sch ng ha v Ki-t ha ca Hi truyn gio, chuyn sang chnh sch hp tc hay Php-Vit hu, mi ti thp nin 1920 Pht gio v cc t chc tn gio bn x khc mi bt u c "duy tn" v khuyn khch on ng ha. Nhng thi gian ny, cc cng ng Ki-t bn x tr thnh nhng quc gia trong mt quc gia, v cung cp cho giai tng trung gian bn x cng nh th dn mt nhn s quan trng. Chnh v th Ng nh Dim (1897-1963)vi thnh tch ht hp tc vi Php ti Nht, v b nh gi l "a Catholic mystic"vn c chn lm lnh t min Nam chng Cng. Ngn v gn, s cha chin, tu vin, hay khun hi Pht gio gia tng t 1954 ti 1963 khng ch do nh hng ca quc sch chng Cng, m cn bc l s chng i va tiu cc va tch cc ca cc lnh t Pht gio vi ch gio phit Ki-t DimThc-Nhu. (4) Tng Gim Mc Thc (1897-1984), ngi cai qun a phn Hu t nm 1961, d nhin chng mun thy s hin hu ca bt c l c Pht gio no ti Hu hay min Trung, ni chi s pht trin vng mnh ca Tng Gio Hi Pht gio. Thc, theo Tng L Vn Nghim, tng tuyn b vi nhng ngi tn cn rng "cn phi h Pht gio bng mi phng tin, nu khng Pht gio s mnh hn Ki-t," v "ngay c i sng gio dn s b e da." (5) Ma Xun 1963 Thc cn c thm l do khc "ra tay" vi Pht gio. Ngy l k nim 25 nm th phong Gim mc sp n. Thctheo li mt nhn chng ngoi quc, vit bng M ng ngy 12/6/1963, v Linh mc Cao Vn Lun, Vin trung i hc Hu - xin vi Vatican ln chc Hng Y v "80% dn chng trong gio phn Hu l gio dn Ki-t." (6)

Vatican bn gi mt phi on iu tra ti min Trung vo u thng 5/1963. Mc d c Ki-t gio ging mc khp ni trong thi gian phi on Vit Nam, i biu Vatican cng ghi nhn l Pht t ang chun b c ng sc Pht gio, biu ng v cng cho mng n Pht n 2507. Bi th phi on Vatican kt lun s khi rng ch c 20% dn min Trung theo o Ki-t m khng phi 80% nh Thc bo co. che du s thc, Thc ngm cho lnh cc vin chc a phng cm treo c hay tun hnh rc l Pht n. D Thc c p lc Dim ban hnh lnh cm treo c Pht gio trong ngy Pht n 2507 hay chng, vn th nhc nh lnh cm ngy 6/5/1963 l mt s nhc ln lao vi Pht t. V, cho ti ngy 5/5, c Ki-t gio na vng, na trng cn pht phi khp min Nam, trong khi tng s gio dn Ki-t khng qu 10% dn s. Sng ngy 7/5 (tc 14 thng 4 Qu Mo), Tnh trng Tha Thin kim Th trng Hu l Nguyn Vn ng bo co vi C vn ch o min Trung Ng nh Cn (1911-1964) v lnh cm treo c. Theo mt ngun tin, Cn bo ng ng can thip v c giao tnh vi Tng Hi Pht gio Vit Nam v bi v cha m Ng nh Kh cn t ti cha Diu . (7) Cn cng sai H c Khng, i biu Chnh ph ti Trung Phn, nh in tn xin Si Gn hon thi hnh lnh trn. Tuy nhin, mt s nhn vin Cnh St, Cng An st sng tho g c Pht gio bt k s phn i ca dn chng. Mt V ca H c Vang cng n cc t gia yu cu h h c Pht gio. (8) Cn cn mi Thng ta Tr Quang ti t dinh, d mt cuc hp vi B trng Ni v Bi Vn Lng v Th trng ng. Theo li khai ca Lng vi Phi on Lin Hip Quc ngy 30/10/1963, ch thn Lng cho lnh tm hon thi hnh lnh cm treo c, v cc lnh o Pht gio rt mn nguyn. (9) Ti Nng, cch Hu khong 100 cy s v pha ng Nam, Cnh st cng ti cc c s thng mi, ra lnh cm treo c mng Pht n; bng khng s b rt giy php. Chng hiu vic lm ny lin h g n Th trng H Thc Luyn hay chng. Cch no i na, ngy 8/5, T lnh Qun on I l Thiu tng L Vn Nghim vn cho php qun nhn Pht t t chc l Pht n. (10) Ti Nng, qun nhn Pht t dng mt khn i ti gc ung Thng Nht v b sng Bch ng (sng Hn), v t chc din hnh xe hoa. Ti Hu, Pht t cng dng khn i v kt c Pht gio. Nhng khng kh tranh u c hm nng bng bi din vn ny la ca Thng ta Tr Quang trong bui l sng 8/5 ti cha T m, vi s tham d ca nhiu vin chc cao cp a phng. Ti , mt bin c m mu t ngt xy ra. Gia lc hng ngn Pht t t hp trc i pht thanh Hu vo khong 8 gi ti nghe chng trnh pht thanh c bit Pht n, mt nhm thanh nin Ki-t git c Pht gio ti mt cng cho, ri xng ti p ph l i. Bo ng bng n. Gim c i pht thanh Hu cng t chi pht li cun bng bui l Pht n ti cha T m, kha tri ca " bo v my mc" trc s e da ca mt s Pht t hung hn. Thiu t ng S, Ph Tnh trng Ni An, dn Cnh St, v lc lng an ninh (Bit i Ng nh Khi) gm 8 tun thm xa [blinder] ca a Phng Qun, 1 i i PQ, 1 i i tr B Binh, n ti lp trt t. Sau khi m ng khng chu gii tn, S cho lnh dng vi rng phun nc, v ri n sng. a s binh s khng tun lnh, ch c n v ring ca S thng tay n p. Dn Trong chng s hong ngi ht tranh c nhau 2 b tr chy t pha. b 9 tun ngi thm cht, xa 14 b cn thng. cht. (11) (12)

cht,

em

y l mt ti c chin tranh [war crime] v ti c chng li nhn quyn [crime against Human rights] ca ng S; v cc cp ch huy, k c Dim, phi lin i trch nhim. che y s thc, thot tin chnh ph loan tin mt qu lu n ca qun khng b n, v lc lng chnh ph c lnh ch bn ch thin hoc n m t. Sau khi m ng b gii tn, vin chc chnh ph mang 9 xc cht ti bnh vin th x Hu. Y s L Khc Quyn, Gim c Y t min Trung, c lnh phi ghi vo giy chng t l cc nn nhn "cht v lu n do khng b Vit Cng nm." Quyn khng chu k. (13) Dim bn cch chc Quyn, gi vo Si Gn i lnh. Th trng ng cng cch chc S, v vit th phn i ln chnh ph. Nhng ngy k tip, tnh hnh Hu cc k si ng. Sut m mng 8 rng 9/5, thanh thiu nin ko nhau i quanh cc ng ph, h to khu hiu o Dim. Khong 11G00 sng, chng 800 Pht t t hp biu tnh. Tnh trng ng yu cu h gii tn trnh b "phn lon" li dng. Ngy 9/5, Dim sai B trng Ni v tr li Hu gii quyt. Lng tip xc gii lnh o Pht gio, k c Thng ta Tr Quang. Lng p lc Tr Quang phi i theo xe phng thanh ku gi mi ngi ra v. Tr Quang ch ha thun b ngoi, cha chu li bc. (14) Th trng ng cng ban hnh tinh, ln n Cng Sn ph hoi, on D gc Nng c iu ti lc lng an ninh c lnh gii nghim t 9 gi ti. Chiu 9/5, Phong tro Cch Mng Quc Gia t chc mtkhng b trong m 8/5. Rt t ngi tham d, v khng ai ln din n. Mt s tiu Hu "bo v trt t." Mt v ca Cn cng bt u lng bt cc lnh t Pht t, v lp hng ngn ngi biu tnh trong vng ro km gai. (15)

Ngy 10/5, trong cuc biu tnh qui t khong 5,000-6,000 Pht t, tng ni ti cha T m, Tr Quang c din vn, ku gi bt bo ng v Pht t tip tc treo c. Sau , i din y ban tranh u trao cho Th trng ng mt Thng Bch [Manifesto], i hi 5 iu tng i n ho: ? t do treo c;

? Pht gio c hng ? ? ? bi thng cho ngng t

quyn dnh cho Ki-t gio nh bt gi do nhn ngy 8/5 v v

qui nh trong D s khng tn b

10 [ngy 6/8/1950]; Pht t; ngng;

nn

trng

tr

nhng

ngi

trch

nhim.

Nm ngi ng k tn l Thng ta Tng Vn, Mt Nguyn, Mt Hin, Tr Quang, v Thin Siu (16) Vi i a s Pht t, "D s 10" nu trong Thng Bch ngy 10/5/1963 c v xa l. D ny do Bo i ban hnh ngy 6/8/1950 lin quan n qui ch cc hip hi, ng phi. Gm 5 chng, 45 iu. iu th 44 ghi nhn: "Ch c bit cho cc hi truyn gio Thin cha v Gia t, v cc Hoa kiu l s hi s n nh sau." (17) iu ny c ngha cc t chc tn gio nh Pht gio, Ho Ho, Cao i, Islam v.v... u ch c php hot ng nu c s ng ca chnh ph. Th trng ng, con nui tinh thn ca Ha thng Tnh Khit, Hi ch Tng hi Pht gio, ln din n xin li v tai nn xy ra, v ha s bi thng cho cc nn nhn v gia nh. Trong khi Cn p lc Tr Quang v cc lnh o Pht gio phi ngng tranh u, tm cch gii quyt. Hm sau, 11/5, Tr Quang triu tp mt bui hp vi cc Gio s v sinh vin, hc sinh gii thch 5 nguyn vng ca Pht gio. (18) T ngy 13/5, Tr Quang cng gp i biu chnh ph tho lun v 5 i hi ca Pht gio. Mc d cho rng nhng yu sch ca Pht gio l "v cn" [groundless], vin chc ny tuyn b chnh ph s cu xt. i biu ca chnh ph thm rng i hi ca Pht gio mang tch cch mt "ti hu th," v y l mt sai lm. (19) C l tha mn vi nhng nhn nhng ca chnh quyn, Tr Quang nh Tnh trng Tha Thin chuyn th cho Cn, ha khng tranh u na. (20) Ti Si Gn, d cha l trung tm ca mt bo, Pht t cng biu tnh lin tip trong hai ngy 7 v 8/5 chng lnh cm treo c v i bnh quyn tn gio. Ngy 9/5, Thng ta Tm Chu, Ph Hi ch Tng Hi Pht gio Vit Nam, thnh lp y Ban Lin Phi Bo V Pht gioquyt "T V o." y ban ny qui t 11 Hi on. ( 21) Tm Chu c c lm Ch tch; vi Mai Th Truyn, Tng th k. Vn phng t ti cha X Li trn ng B Huyn Thanh Quan. B Ngoi Giao M c bit quan tm n cuc n p Pht t Hu. Mc d tuyn b trung lp trong cuc u tranh ca Pht gio, cc vin chc cao cp ti Bch Cung c thin cm vi phe Pht gio. T Oat-shinh-tn, chiu ngy 9/5 [04G24 sng ngy 10/5 VN], Ngoi trng Dean Rusk ch th i s Frederick Nolting yu cu Dim: (1) (2) (3) (4) by s to t dng tinh Khng cm tnh nn vi bin thn gia php i nh thch gia n nn nghi cc nhn p v vn nhm gip hi gio Pht tin trt dn. an t, t, tng, v (22)

nhng thn

Trong khi , c quan CIA ghi nhn c tin i din Cao i v Ho Ho ang tho lun vic phi hp hnh ng vi Pht gio. Li cng c tin tuyt thc bt u ti Hu t ngy 12/5. Theo trung t Thuong (?), Gim c Cnh St Cng An Trung nguyn Trung Phn, Pht t d nh biu tnh khp ng bng min Trung ngy 21/5. Ti Si Gn cng c tin s biu tnh ngy 21/5. (23) Do s dn xp khn kho ca Nolting, ngy 15/5, Dim tip kin i din Pht gio ti Si Gn. Phi on Pht gio u tin ny gm c Thng ta Thch Thin Ha (Tr s trng Gio Hi Tng Gi Ton quc); Thch Thin Hoa (Tr s trng Gio Hi Vit Nam); Thch Thin Thi (Tr s trng Gio Hi Bc Vit), Thng ta Lm Em (Tr s trng Cha Chanterasey), Thch Dng Ch (i din Pht gio Nguyn Thy), cng hai c s Mai Th Truyn (Hi trng Hi Pht hc Nam Vit), v V Bo Vinh (Hi trng Hi Pht hc Bc Vit). Phe chnh ph c Bi Vn Lng (Ni v) v Paul Ng Trng Hiu (Cng dn v). (24) Theo Vit Tn X ngy 17/5, v i hi s 1 (rt li lnh cm treo c Pht gio), Dim cho rng c Ki-t ln Pht gio c li v vic treo c; ch c treo c trong cc thnh ng hay cha. V i hi th hai (D s 10), Dim ni s cu xt li. im 3, v vic bt gi Pht t v tng ni, Paul Hiu khng nh khng h c "khng b." Lng tuyn b "khng h c vic qun i nm lu n, xe thit gip bn trng pho hay cn vo m ng... S tht ch c hai tri plastic do Vit Cng tha lc ln xn m git, v Qun i khng c plastic v cn c vo vt tch cn li." Dim ni nhng ngi b bt c hnh ng bt an cho dn chng v chnh quyn, nu tha ra, phn t xu s li dng. im 4, v t do tn ngng, Dim ni l quyn hin nh. im 5, v bi thng, Dim ch ha s nghin cu vic tr cp. i din Pht gio a thm hai ngh: ra Hu thm ving nhng ngi b bt gi v t chc cu siu cho nn nhn. Dim ni s cu xt i hi th nht, v ng i hi th hai, vi iu kin ch t chc trong khun vin cc cha. Nhng i din Pht gio, qua bui hp ny, kt lun rng Dim cha c quyt nh no r rt. (25) ng ghi nhn l t ngy 15/5/1963 ny, Lng bt u thay "lu n" bng hai tri mn t lc ca Cng Sn m qun

i khng c cp pht. y l n lc "sa sai" ca ch chi b ti li (trong khi mi ti ngy 25/5, Dim mi th nhn l cp di bo co sai lc v mt hay nhiu tri lu n). (26) V sp ri Vit Nam qua Greece [Hy Lp] ngh thng nin, Nolting khuyn khch Dim nn ra mt tuyn co chnh thc v vn Pht gio. Nolting cng tip xc Khm s Vatican l Salvatore dAsta v Linh mc Cao Vn Lun thuyt phc Dim. Theo B trng Nguyn nh Thun, thng thuyt vi Pht gio tin trin tt p, nhng ch cht l chnh ph mun trnh trch nhim. (27) Ngy 18/5, khi cng XLTV i s William C. Trueheart qua cho tm bit Dim, Nolting c thuyt phc Dim p ng nguyn vng ca Pht gio. Nolting mun Dim phi tuyn b chu trch nhim v bin c Hu, bi thng cho nn nhn, v ti khng nh chnh sch bnh quyn tn gio v khng k th. (28) Dim khng ha iu g. Dim vn tin, hoc mun din gii rng bin c Hu l do cc lnh t Pht gio khch ng; nhng ngi cht Hu l do mt hay nhiu tri lu n, do Cng sn hay nhng ngi chng i ch nm, khng phi vin chc chnh ph; v mt s lnh o Pht gio li dng bin c Hu cng c th lc trong ni b Gio hi. Di mt Dim, vn Pht gio khng qu nghim trng nh M tng ngh. (29) D c xem nhng khc phim v cuc n p - chng minh qun lnh ca S bn vo Pht t - Dim khng thay i lp trng. (30) Dim ch quyt nh cch chc ng, a Nguyn Vn H ra Hu. ng thi, b nhim Nguyn Xun Khng, ng kim Tng Gim c in a, thay H c Khng lm i biu Trung Phn, hiu lc t ngy 1/6/1963. Cho rng chnh ph k th Pht gio, cc tng ni quyt tranh u n cng. Ngy 21/5/1963, ti Si Gn, 600 tu s biu tnh, ri din hnh t cha n Quang n cha X Li. Mc d t ngy 24/5 cc chuyn vin y khoa khng nh rng thng tch nn nhn Hu m 8/5 khng do mnh lu n gy nn Dim vn chng t mt thi ha gii no. (31) Mi ti ngy 29/5sau khi tun bo Newsweek ngy 27/5/1963 cp n s lng hnh ca tp on cai tr Ki-t ca Thc cng cc "quan" Hu (32)- bo ch bn chnh thc ca chnh ph mi ng mt tuyn co ca Dim, khng nh quyn t do v bnh ng tn ngng c qui nh trong iu 17 ca Hin Php; nhng vn bo v lnh treo c, v quc k phi c a v ti thng. Ngy ny, ti M, bo New York Times [New York Thi Bo] loan tin Pht t rt bt mn v cch i x ca Dim, v ang chun b u tranh tuyt thc, ng thi t chc cu siu trong vng 4 tun l. David Halberstammt trong nhng k gi lp nn s nghip nh chin tranh Vit Nam v ch trng nh Ng phi ra i thut li l trong bui hp ngy 15/5, Dim ln n cc tng s l "bn khng" [damn fools] khi i hi bnh ng tn gio, v quyn ny c iu 17 ca Hin php (mt b tiu thuyt lut php v nhn quyn) bo m. B Ngoi Giao M vi thng bo cho Trueheart v ni dung bi bo trn, ng thi ch th Trueheart phi ch thn gp Dim, thuyt phc Dim tha mn nguyn vng ca Pht gio. (33) Hm sau, B Ngoi Giao ng cho Trueheart gp Khm s Vatican, nh khuyn bo Dim v vn Pht gio. (34) Trueheart cha kp gp Dim, Pht gio hnh ng. Ha thng Tnh Khitng hn nhm lnh o tranh uch th cho cc tng s tuyt thc 48 ting ng h k t 2 gi chiu ngy 30/5/1963. Ngy ny, ti Si Gn, 350 tng ni biu tnh trc Quc Hi, ri tuyt thc. Ti Hu, d cha T m b c lp, cc cp lnh o Pht gio vn tuyt thc. Khong 3,000 Pht t b vy hm trong vng ro km gai. Ti Qung-Tr, Pht t biu tnh trong trt t. Ngy Th By, 1/6, ng ngy Tnh trng ng, Ph Ni an ng S v i biu Trung phn b thay th, nhiu on Pht t Hu t hp ti mt s a im trong thnh ph, k c vn phng tnh trng v i biu chnh ph ti min Trung. Khong 10,000 ngi t hp trc cha T m. Sau gii tn do yu cu ca cc tng s. Cao Tr iu Nhy D v M-113 t Qung-tr vo Hu phng bt trc. (35) Ti Nng, Pht t cng t chc tun hnh khng bo ng vo ngy 1/6, do cc tng ni dn u. Ti hm trc, 31/5, i t Lm Vn Pht, T lnh S on 2 BBmt gio dn Ki-t tn tng, thng t chng t l rt trung thnh vi ch cho lnh cc n v di quyn chun b chng biu tnh. Chiu 1/6, mt xe vn ti hai tn ri (GMC) ca qun i ch y n bng dng b h my mt ng t cch To Th chnh mt khu ph v pha Bc. Cp ch huy bn phi mt xe GMC khc ti tho r n, di s bo v an ninh ca mt n v tc chin. Qun Cnh, Cnh St v Cng An cng chn ng t pha Nam ln To Th chnh. K hoch ca Pht khng ngn cn Pht t biu tnh trong trt t. Cc tng ni dn u mt on ph n v thiu nin din hnh qua ng ph, vi khu hiu i t do tn ngng v bnh quyn tn gio. Ti trc ca To Th chnh, 7 nh s ri m ng, biu tnh ngi; trong khi Pht t tip tc cuc din hnh, ri gii tn. Gia lc Pht t ang biu tnh, Pht vo gp Th trng Nng l H Thc Luyn, cho lnh phi di 7 nh s ang ngi trc To Th chnh, v gii tn cuc din hnh, cho du "ch thn Th trng phi nm lu n vo m ng." Luyn, mc d l mt cn b Cn Lao cao cp thn tn ca Cn, t chi. Trong m 2/6, Pht iu thm mt s n v khc vo thnh ph. Mt i i cng tng cng cho Ty Cng An Nng (i din khch sn). Phn cc qun nhn Pht t b cm tri. Trong m, 7 nh s b bt i mt tch. Qua ngy hm sau, 3/6, Luyn b ct chc Th trng; gi vo Si Gn trnh din. Trung t Trn Ngc Chu, Tnh trng Kin-ho, mt Pht t gc min Trung, ra thay. Trong khi Nng ang si ng, ngy 2/6, Pht t Qung-Tr li biu tnh. Chnh quyn n p bng lu n cay. Giao thng vi Hu b ct t. Chiu hm sau, 3/6, ti Hu, khong 500 thanh nin t hp trc Ta i Biu Trung Phn. Qun i "dn cho" bng li l v lu n cay. Cc no ng dn n cha b phong ta bng km gai. Pht t biu tnh ngi. Binh s dng lu n cay gii tn. Trong khi , Tr Quang tuyt thc nhiu ngy, sc kho suy gim. Cao Tr ra lnh gii nghim. Khong 18G30, qun i li tn cng mnh Pht t biu tnh ti ch Bn Ng. Dng c cht ha hc (blister gas), khin 67 nn nhn b nn ma, lu li vt bng trn da. (36)

c bo co, ngy 3/6 [sng 4/6 Vit Nam] B Ngoi Giao M hai ln ch th Trueheart phi yu cu Dim ho gii vi Pht gio v bo co r hn v khi ha hc s dng n p Pht t. (37) Trueheart vi n gp B trng Thun vo khong 11G45 ngy 4/6. Khc vi Nolting, Trueheart tr li thi cng khai p lc m cu i s Elbridge Durbrow p dng. Trueheart cnh co Dim rng M c th ngng ym tr nu cn n p Pht gio. Thun tit l Hi ng chnh ph ngh thnh lp mt y Ban Lin B cu xt cc i hi ca Pht gio nh Trueheart yu cu t ngy 1/6, v Dim chp thun. Nhu cng ha s tip xc vi lnh t Pht gio. Ngay chiu , Thun cn mi Trueheart ti t dinh, ni thnh lp mt y ban iu tra v v kh hi c Hu, do Trn Vn An, v trung t Y s Lim cm u. Dim cng s tuyn b thnh lp y Ban Lin B [UBLB], gm Ph Tng Thng Nguyn Ngc Th, B trng Ni V Lng v, Thun. Nhng khong 17G00, MACV li xin kin Trueheart v vic B Tng Tham Mu yu cu MACV khng vn 300 Cnh st t Vng Tu ra Hu. Trueheart khng chp thun. (38) II. TUYN CO CHUNG 16/6/1963:

Do p lc ca M, t gia thng 5/1963, Dim gp cc lnh t Pht gio tho lun v 5 i hi ngy 10/5. Tuy nhin, ch Dim ch mun ko di thi gian v hiu ha dn cuc tranh u. H khng mun nhn nhn trch nhim v cho l nhc im. Dim cng khng mun tha mn cc nguyn vng ca Pht gio v s rng Pht gio s tip tc i hi nhiu hn. p lc ca M khuyn Dim ha hon th c gii thch theo mt ngha khcthc ra, ch Dim ang ri vo mt cuc khng hong nim tin vi M, v Nhu ang b mt ve vn Cng Sn vi s tip tay ca Php v India. (39) Trong khi , cc lnh t Pht gio kho lo phi hp gia biu tnh v ngoi giao, k c vic s dng cc c quan truyn thng quc t, t mc tiu. Nhng bin c gy xc ng nht l cuc t thiu ca Thng ta Qung c Si Gn ngy 11/6/1963. C th ni y l ln u tin c mt mt trn u tranh chnh tr tinh xo n th. Trong khi , chnh ph M khng ngng p lc Dim phi gii quyt cuc khng hong. Nh vy, ngy 16/6, Dim v Ha thng Thch Tnh Khit ra mt Thng co chung. Nhng Dim khng thc tm thi hnh nhng iu k kt. c bit, Thc v v chng Nhu-L Xun tm mi cch ngn chn vic thc thi tuyn co ngy 16/6/1963. Pht gio cng khng li bc. A. THNG THUYT:

Ngy 5/6/1963, y Ban Lin B [UBLB] cng cc Thng Ta Thin Minh v Thin Hoa ngi vo bn thng thuyt. Ngay sau bui hp u, c hai bn u tht vng v s thiu thnh khn ca nhau. Du vy, Thun cng Thin Minh, ph t ca Tr Quang, b mt t c nhng tha thun s khi trn 5 i hi ca Pht gio, vi iu kin phi gp Dim c ph chun. (40) Hm sau, 6/6, Dim c mt din vn truyn thanh ngn, ku gi mi ngi hy bnh tnh v chnh ph cn thi gian gii quyt cuc khng hong. (41) Ngy ny, UBLB cng Thin Minh v Thin Hoa cng ng d tho tha c: Chnh ph s trt cc n v qun i v an ninh khi vng ln cn cc cha chin, Cao Tr phi ngng ngay nhng cuc biu dng v lc. Ngc li, phe Pht gio ngng cc chin dch tuyn truyn chng chnh ph. Thin Minh lp tc ln ng ra Hu tng trnh v nhng iu tha thun vi UBLB, mang theo mt c s quen bit Thun bo m rng nhng phn t "qu khch" [extremits elements] khng ph hoi kt qu thng thuyt. Theo d tr, Ho thng Tnh Khit, ang tuyt thc ngoi Hu, cng s vo Si Gn k tuyn co chung. (42) Nhng ti Hu, tnh hnh thm cng thng. Trong ngy 5/6, bo ng li din ra khin 4 Pht t cht, hn 100 b thng v hn 1,000 ngi b bt. Hai sinh vin b mt tch. 3 y s Germany [c] v 2 y s M ang phc v ti Hu tch cc gip cc Pht t. Dim bn cho lnh hai y s Germany, Erich Wulff v Hans Holterscheidt, phi lp tc ri c . Sau , trc xut h khi Si Gn vi l do "khng c a chung" [Persona Non Grata]. (43) Chnh quyn Hu v cc a phng cn ngng tip t cho nhng ngi biu tnh b c lp. Lnh s John J. Helble bo co rng tnh trng thc phm v nc ung ti cha T m vo tnh trng bo ng . Phi c chnh ph th ri truyn n kch Tr Quang v i bt gi c Tnh Khit. (44) Ti Si Gn, thi h Ng cng t ngt cng rn hn. V chng Nhu-L Xun cng khai trch mng Thun l nhn nhng qu nhiu vi Pht gio. Ngy 7/6, Phong Tro Ph N Lin i [PTPNL] ca L Xun ra "quyt ngh" ln n nhng cuc biu tnh chng chnh ph l chng li ngi quc gia (anti-nationalist), b "Cng sn khai thc v li dng, dn n hn lon v trung lp." V yu cu chnh ph khng th tip tc im lng trc nhng mu toan chnh tr, lp tc trc xut nhng ngoi nhn chuyn ph hoi, d mc o thy tu hay khng, c bit l nhng k mu toan bin Vit Nam thnh ch hu ngoi bang. (45) Quyt ngh ny c trao cho bo ch ngy hm sau, 8/6/1963. Ngy ny, Trueheart gp Thun v quyt ngh ca PTPNL trn nhng Thun th nhn mnh khng gii quyt c g. Chiu , Truehart phi vo Dinh Gia Long gp Dim, ch thn phn i li tuyn b ca v Nhu, v da s cng khai khng ng h chnh sch Pht gio ca Dim. Dim ni khng th bc b quyt ngh ca PTPNL, v y l mt hi on t nhn, nhng s cho lnh B trng Ni v phi nhng ngi biu tnh ti cha T m c tip t lng thc v nc ung. Dim cng ni khng bit g v vic phi c chnh ph th truyn n s nhc lnh t Pht gio. Sau , Dim khng nh

lp S

trng thng thuyt

ca trong

chnh th

ph: mnh;

Pht gio vi phm li cam oan tm ngng chin dch tuyn truyn, tip tc pht ti liu cho bo ch ngoi quc (nh Thin Minh tit l v nhng iu khon tha thun); Pht gio thiu thnh tn (bad faith).

Ln u tin, Dim th nhn vi Trueheart rng chnh quyn a phng bt lc trong vic i x vi Pht gio; v mi n ngy 24/5tc hn hai tun l sau cuc thm st Huchuyn vin y khoa mi bo co l thng tch khng do mnh lu n gy nn. Nhng Dim nhn mnh s s dng cc bin php cn thit duy tr trt t nu hn lon tip tc. (46) Hm sau, 9/6, bo Times of Vietnam [Vit Nam Thi Bo] ng ngh quyt ngy 7/6 ca PTPNL. Bo ny nhn mnh vai tr ca cc tng s Nam tng (Nguyn thy hay Therevada) trong nhng cuc ri lon hin nay. Hm l cc tng s Nam tng c lin h vi chnh sch trung lp ho min Nam ca Tng thng Charles de Gaulle v Norodom Sihanouk. Cc bo Vit ng khng ng. Dim cng cho lnh i pht thanh khng c nhc n li L Xun kch Pht gio. Tuy nhin, lnh ny ch c ban hnh sau khi i Si Gn pht thanh vi ba ln. Ti Hu, s Pht t b phong ta 3 ngy khng c nc ung, thc phm v thuc men. Mt s t nhn mang tng thc phm, nc ung. Chnh ph cho chp hnh, loan bo l do chnh ph cung cp. Trong khi , in thoi vi Si Gn bng dng b "h." Lnh s Hu Helble khng th lin lc c vi Trueheart. Thun cng lm vo hon cnh tng t. Phi c chnh ph th tip tc ri truyn n, t co Tr Quang, Ph Ch tch Phong tro Pht t tranh u, l Cng Sn. y l bc u, chun b cho vic bt gi cc lnh t tranh uv ch cn "lin h vi phin Cng" (tc phin lon Cng Sn) l mt trng ti di ch Dim, c th b kt n t kh sai ti t hnh. Khng t ngi b tra tn n cht hay th tiu. (47) Ti Oat-shinh-tn, tra ngy 8/6 [m 8 rng 9/6 ti Vit Nam], Rusk ch th cho Trueheart yu cu Thun hay Dim bc b ngh quyt ca PTPNL, rt b Sc lut s 10, v cn xc nh li tuyn b ca L Xun c c chnh ph duyt trc hay chng. Li tuyn b ca L Xun, Rusk nhn mnh, lm suy gim v th ca VNCH, v lm tn hi uy tn ca M, c th gy kh khn cho vic tip tc ym tr VNCH ti Quc Hi cng nh d lun M. (48) Gp Thun ngy 9/6, Trueheart cho Thun bit ch th ca B Ngai giao M. Ri kch vic chnh ph ang chun b t chc phn biu tnh vo ngy 10 hay 11/6. K hoch phn biu tnh ca Paul Hiu ny gm c nhng th thut s dng "s gi" t cc tnh min Nam, Thanh Nin Cng Ho v bn t oan x hi Ch Ln gi lm s. Trueheart cnh co rng nu qu thc nh vy, cn phi ngng ngay. Trueheart cng nu ln vn gio dn Nng ang chun b ra ngh quyt cch chc thiu t Thit, Tnh trng Qung-Nam, nhn dp lm l cu hn cho Gio hong John XXIII (19581963) vo ngy 10/6. Nu ng s thc, cn chm dt ngay. Trueheart cn nu ln vn 4 k gi (Michaud ca AFP, Sheehan ca UPI, Browne ca AP v Parry ca bo NY Times) b bt gi 1 gi ng h ti Qun 3. Hnh ng ny, Trueheart bo thng Thun, l "khng" v bt li. (49) Mi ti 9 gi sng ngy Th Hai, 10/6, Thun mi gp Trueheart phc p. Theo Thun, Thun trnh by vi Dim v Nhu v nhng ngh ca M. V Sc lut s 10, Dim khng c quyn rt li. Quyt ngh ca PTPNL khng phi l "tuyn b ca b Nhu," m l ca "mt t chc i chng" (c Thun ln Trueheart u mm ci). Dim gi in thoi cho Hiu trc mt Thun v vn t chc phn biu tnh. Hiu chi khng c k hoch . Cng khng c k hoch ra ngh quyt i cch chc Tnh trng Qung Nam. ang dn xp cho nhng ngi trong cha T m Hu ra v khng gp tr ngi, ngoi tr cc cng chc. Chnh ph khng ng ra t chc l cu hn cho John XXIII. Dim khng nh vn mun thng thuyt, nhng cn c lp nhng thnh phn qu khch. UBLB ca PTT Th s hp lc 10G00 nghin cu l th mi nht ca UB Tranh u Pht gio. (50) B. NGN LA CNG DNG O PHP:

Bin c khin cuc tranh u ca Pht gio c d lun th gii ch nht l cuc t thiu ca Thng ta Qung c ti ng t Phan nh Phng-L Vn Duyt Si Gn (ngay trc Ta i s Cao Min). Qung c, tc danh Lm Vn Tc (1897-1963), ang tu ti cha Qun Th m trn ng Nguyn Hu, Gia nh. Lc 9G30 sng ngy 11/6 - gia lc Dim v hu ht nhn vin cao cp trong chnh ph ang tham d bui quc l cu hn cho Gio Hong John XXIII - chic xe Austin ca mt Pht t, di s dn ng ca mt on 400, 500 tng s, a Qung c ti ch ha thn. a im ny c cc tng ni lm hng ro cn khng cho Cnh st can thip. S khn gi t m ln ti khong 500 ngi, ngy cng ng. Mt s k gi nh Sheehan ca hng UPI cng c thng bo trc. T xe bc xung gia ng t, Thng ta Qung c ngi xung theo th thin nh, nh mt i c xng ln thn th mnh, ri t tay chm la bng dim (qut). Malcolm Browne, nhn vin hng AP, thu c tm hnh nybc hnh ri s gy chn ng d lun th gii. (51) Tra , khong 400 tng s a thi hi Qung c ti cha X Li. 2,000 Pht t cng l lt ko nhau ti cha. Khong 1,000 Cnh st ti "bo v an ninh," nhng cc tng ni c di chuyn t do trong khu vc ny. (52) Khong 12G30, qun i c lnh cm qun. By tiu on D c lnh ng chin. i t L Quang Tung tng cng 2 i i Lc Lng c Bit [LLB] cho Si Gn, tr qun trong phi trng Tn Sn Nht. Nhn vin M c ngh sm, v khuyn co khng nn n gn cc m biu tnh. (53) Trong khi , Trueheart ti gp Thun ti t dinh, bo thng Thun rng Dim phi c thi ngay chiu , bng khng B Ngoi Giao M s tuyn b khng lin h n chnh sch tn gio ca Dim. Khi Thun hi c th dn li

Trueheart

cho

Dim

Nhu

nghe

khng,

Trueheart

ng

(54)

Ph Tng thng Th v Ngoi trng V Vn Mu cng vo yt kin Dim yu cu phi c hnh ng tc khc, ng thi ch th UBLB xc tin nhanh vic thng thuyt vi y Ban Lin Phi Pht gio Tranh u. (55) Ngay ti 11/6 , Dim c din vn, long trng cam kt l "pha sau Pht gio cn c Hin Php, tc l c ti." (56) Hy vng ca Dim v cc c vn l din vn truyn thanh ca Dim s trn an d lun cho ti hm sau, khi UBLB s gp mt y Ban Lin Phi. Ti Oat-shinh-tn, gn na m 11/6 [gn tra 12/6 ti Vit Nam], Ngoi trng Rusk ch th cho Trueheart: "Nu Dim khng c nhng bc cp tc v hiu lc gii quyt cuc khng hong gy li nim tin ca Pht t, chng ta s phi ti duyt xt vic ng h ch Dim." (57) Ti ngy 12/6, Trueheart mi gp c Dim. Khng nhng thng bo cho Dim bit cuc t thiu ca Qung c ang gy si ni d lun th gii, Trueheart cn trao cho Dim mt vn bn cnh gic Dimtheo ng ch th ca Ruskl M c th s cng khai tuyn b khng ng h chnh sch Pht gio ca Dim. Trc khi kiu t, Trueheart nu ln 3 im: 1. Bo co ngy 11/6 cho bit chnh quyn Hu v Nng tip tc bt gi nhng ngi biu tnh. 2. Chnh ph khng th truy t nhng ngi "gip" Thng ta Qung c t thiu. (Dim ni c ngi gip Qung c xng ln mnh, v chm la. Trueheart nhn mnh rng hai nhn chng ch mt thy Qung c t mnh ti xng v chm la). 3. C tin chnh ph ang cm cc tng ni t cc tnh vo Si Gn. (C Dim ln Thun tr li l v l do an ninh. Dim thm rng Quc Hi ang thnh lp tiu ban nghin cu vic sa i Sc Lut s 10). (58) C. THNG CO CHUNG:

T sng ngy 12/6, Ho thng Tnh Khit, cng hai Thng ta Tr Quang v Thin Minh ri Hu vo Si Gn thng thuyt vi UBLB. Ba lnh t Pht gio ti phi trng Tn Sn Nht lc 13G15, v tm tr ti cha X Li. (59) Ph TT Th vit th yu cu hai bn hp ngay lc 18G00 hm gii quyt mau chng cc i hi ca Pht gio. Phe Pht gio mun tr hon t ngy bn bc vi cc i din min Nam, nn nu l do Tnh Khit cn yu sau 5 ngy tuyt thc, cn tnh dng t ngy na. Th li ngh gp nhau hm sau, gi v a im do phe Pht gio chn. Cui cng, Pht gio ngh hp ngy 14/6, vi iu kin chnh ph phi nhn nhng ton b 5 i hi ngy 10/5/1963. (60) Ngy Th Su, 14/6, phi on Pht gio do Thin Minh lm Trng ongm Thin Hoa, Tm Chu, Huyn Quang (Th k), v i c c Nghip (Ph Th k)bt u hp bn vi UBLB. Do p lc ca Trueheart, ngay sng hm , chnh ph Dim nhng b i hi th nht: ng cho Pht t treo c Pht gio. Trong phin hp chiu, ng sa li Sc lut s 10 ca Bo i. chng t thin ch, Tnh Khit ku gi Pht t tm ngng biu tnh. (61) Hm sau, khong 18G30, vic thng thuyt hon tt. Ngy Ch Nht, 16/6, hai bn ra thng co chung vi nhng iu khon sau: Tm ngng p dng D s 10; cu xt li nhng khiu ni ca Pht gio; xc nhn t do tn gio; s "tr cp" (khng phi "bi thng" nh Pht gio i hi) cho gia nh nn nhn Hu. (62) Sau , Tnh Khit v Dim cng k vo bn Tuyn Co trong Dinh Gia Long.

Trong khi thng thuyt ang din ra, Pht t v mt s lnh t Pht gio thin v bo ng hn. Ngy 13/6, Pht t khp ni treo c Pht gio, chng li lnh cm ca Dim (thc ra Dim b mt ng ). Bui l cu siu cho Qung c ngy Ch Nht, 16/6, ti cha X Li qui t hng chc vn ngi. Hn 500,000 thanh nin, hoc sinh v Pht t xung ng biu tnh. X xt Cnh St ko di 45 pht trc cha X Li. (63) Bui ti, Thit Gip phi n tng cng cho lc lng Cnh St. Mt thiu nin 15 tui b t thng v trng n u. 3 tng v 2 Pht t b thng. Hng ngn ngi b bt gi. (64) Ba ngy sau, 19/6, nh Cnh St, Cng An n lc ngn chn Pht t tham d, l an tng Qung c bt hn lon hn.

III 19/6

GIAI -

ON

"HU

CHIN," 20/8/1963:

Thng co chung 16/6/1963 l c hi tt nht cho chnh ph Dim gii quyt cuc khng hong Pht gio. Nhng v nhng nguyn do thm kn, gia nh h Ng quyt nh khng tn trng nhng iu cam kt. Pht gio cng chng phi khng phng. Cc lnh o Pht gio ch tm thi "ngng chin" trong vng 2 tun l, ch i thnh tm ca chnh ph. A. N LC PH HOI THNG CO CHUNG 16/6/1963:

C nhng du hiu cho thy v chng Nhu-L Xun mun ph hoi vic thc hin thng co chung vi Pht gio. Mt mt, Nhu vn ng cc hi Pht gio c lp chng li cuc tranh u. Ngy 20/6, Pht gio C Sn Mnmi

thnh lp ti cha Gic Lm, Ch Ln; do Hu Tm, Ho thng tr tr cha Trung Ngha, Sa c, th lnh Lc Ha Tng lm Tng thngtuyn b ng h chnh sch tn gio ca chnh ph, v ng ngoi chnh tr. (65) Nhu cn cho lnh ct b on phim thi s v cuc thng thuyt gia chnh ph v Pht gio.

Mt khc, Nhu sai cc tnh t chc mt-tinh ln n phong tro tranh u ca Pht gio v phong ta cc cha chin. on vin Thanh Nin Cng Ho [TNCH] mc ng phc xanh dng i ly ch k ra thnh nguyn th phn i bn thng co chung 16/6/1963, v chun b biu tnh i xt li thng co chung ny. Bn thng co s 3 ca TNCH trnh ln "Tng th lnh" Nhu ngy 25/6/1963 gm nhiu li kch Pht gio nng n nh "d oan cung tn," "phn lon, tay sai ca k th chung," v.v... ng thi, ln n Bn Tuyn co chung 16/6/1963 l "khng ph hp vi l tng ca Thanh Nin Cng Ha, c nhng c quyn v c quyn cho mt nhm, c nhng ch trng tri vi lut l hnh chnh." (66) Trc s phn khng ca Pht gio vi Thng co s 3, ngy 1/7/1963, TNCH li ra Tuyn co s 4, m ch cc lnh t Pht gio tranh u l lin h vi bn phn lon v phn quc, trong khi ch thn Tng th lnh "cnh gic khng cho php bn u c chnh tr v Cng Sn li dng Thng co chung [16/6/1963] hu lm sai lch n ra ngoi phm vi tn gio." (67) L Xun th cho PTPNL hp ti tr s trung ng ngy 16/6, cho loa phng thanh cng b Quyt ngh ngy 7/6. Ri ra mt Bc th [Sch trng], do v chng Gene v Ann Gregory, ch nhim bo Times of Vietnam son tho, ng trn chnh t Times of Vietnam s ra ngy 17/6, mit th cuc tranh u ca Pht gio, t co cuc tranh u ca Pht t khng v l do tn gio m ch v l do chnh tr. (68) Ri n vic thc hin k hoch n mng ln sut ba ngy, t 25 ti 27 thng 6/1963, k nim 25 nm Thc c phong chc Gim mc (L Ngn Khnh = Tea Deum). (69) C l anh em Dim-Nhu mun s dng ngy l ny vn ng s ng h ca khi gio dn Ki-t chng li Pht gio. Bi th, ngy 16/6, c l do li khuyn bo ca c s Vatican dAsta, Tng Gim Mc Paul [Nguyn Vn] Bnh ch th cc h o phi gi tn gio bit lp vi chnh quyn. "Mt gio dn Ki-t tt, v o hnh, l cng dn thng hng, rng buc vi t quc, trung thnh vi ch cm quyn, bt k s chnh thng ca chnh quyn y." l li gii thch ca Pie XI, trong Sc D ngy 31/12/1929." (70) H thng tuyn truyn ca ch cng bt u tm cch h gi tr ca cc lnh t Pht gio v mc tiu tranh u ca Pht t. Cn b ca chnh ph loan truyn tin n Cng Sn nhng tay vo mu khi nm lu n vo m ng m 8/5/1963 trc i Pht Thanh. Khi nhng cuc gii phu t thi khng tm thy mnh lu n, cu chuyn bin thnh Cng Sn dng hai tri mn t lc. t nm sau, li mc thm chi tit mt i y c vn M cht tng t nhn mnh l tay t cht n. Thng ta Tr Quang, linh hn ca cuc tranh u min Trung, b co buc l cn b Cng Sn cao cp, tng b Php bt gi, m mu lt chnh quyn t nm 1960. Ha thng Tnh Khit, theo nhng li tuyn truyn ny, khng bit ch quc ng, ch k vo nhng g m cc s tr, qu khch bt buc phi k. Cuc t thiu ca Qung c, vn theo cc l sn xut tin n ca chnh ph, khng do t nguyn, m l mt hnh ti st nhn. Qung c, theo lp lun ny, b chch thuc trc khi "st nhn" du v chm la t chy. Dim v Nhu c nh truy t ra ta nhng ngi tr gip thng ta ha thn. L Xun, v Nhu, th khng nh rng cuc t thiu cng dng cho o php ca Qung c ch l mt mn "nng tht s" [barbecue of a bonze] vi xng nhp cng. Bc s ring ca Dim th mt bo vi i s Nolting rng Qung c b mt s s tr thuyt phc nn t thiu; v t nm trc, Qung c tng ha vi mt ngi bn l s "ng t," v nay ngi bn cht, Qung c cn gi li th. Ni cch khc, theo vin y s m Nolting du tn, Qung c khng thch chnh tr, v khng t thiu chng chnh ph. (71) B. N LC HA GII CA M:

Kennedy v cc c vn cc k bi ri. Trong mt phin hp Hi ng An Ninh Quc Gia [ANQG], Kennedy t cu hi phi chng Qung c b "thuc" [drugged], nhng cc c vn khng nh c tin qu cho nhng hy sinh tng t. D l mt gio dn Ki-t, v ng h Dim t thp nin 1950, Kennedy sai to i s M Si Gn phi gy p lc bt Dim p ng ngay i hi ca Pht gio. Ngy 14/6 [11 gi sng 15/6/1963 VN], Rusk ch th Trueheart cu xt vic a Ph Tng thng Th ln thay Dim trong trng hp bt trc, v Trueheart phi tip xc Th cng nhng ngi khng ng h Dim. (72) Nhng hai ngy sau, Trueheart tr li l khng tin bn vi Th, v tnh hnh c v sng sa hnPht gio v UBLB t c thng co chung. Trueheart ch ha s thuyt phc Dim ho hon vi Pht gio, v nu Dim khng chu thi hnh nhng im ha hn trong thng co chung, s xc tin vic tm "mt gii php khc Dim." (73) Ngy Th Ba, 18/6, Trueheart bo Th rng ch nn coi nhng tha thun nh bc khi u m cha phi hi kt ca cuc khng hong. Dim cn thc hin nhng iu tha thun. Sng , khi gp Thun, Trueheart cng ni tng t nh trn, vi li l cng rn hn. Trueheart c bit nhc nh Thun v lun iu ca t Times of Vietnam ngy 17/6 khi tng thut v tuyn co chung, v nhng hnh ng khiu khch ca PTPNL. (74) Ti ngy 19/6 [8G28 ngy 20/6/1963 ti VN], Roger Hilsman ch th cho Trueheart nn lu cc vin chc Vit Nam l ng nn ng ho mt c nhn vi ch min Nam. Th d nh li tuyn b "Pht gio c th tin cy ni Hin php,

ngha l ti" ca Dim to nn nhng cm tng xu M. Vin chc Vit cng cn tip xc thng xuyn vi cc lnh t Pht gio v i x ng ng vi h. c bit, tha c 16/6/1963 phi c tn trng v nhanh chng thc hin gim thiu s nghi ng ca Pht t. (75) D lun th gii cng ch hn n cuc tranh u ca Pht gio. Ngy Th Su, 14/6, Norodom Sihanouk vit th cho Kennedy, phn i vic n p Pht gio ti min Nam VN. Sihanouk cng gi cho TTK/LHQ U Thant, Th tng Britn McMillan, TT Charles de Gaulle v TT India, Radhakrishnan mt thng ip tng t. Sihanouk cn trao cho i bin VNCH ti Phnom Penh mt cng hm v v tn st Pht t Hu. (76) Hm sau, 15/6, ln u tin tin tc v Pht gio Vit Nam c ln trang nht bo The New York Times [Nu c Thi Bo], t bo uy tn ca gii trung lu M. Tai hi hn na, Max Frankel, tc gi bi bo cho rng nhn vin ngoi giao M ni thng vi Dim bng mt ging iu gay gt rng VNCH phi tha mn cc i hi ca Pht gio, bng khng chnh ph M s tuyn b khng ym tr chnh sch Pht gio ca Dim. (77) Hu ht cc bo ln v cc lnh t M u ch trch ch Dim. Ngy 18/6, Th tng Ceylon l Bandaranaike cng gi th cho Kennedy, yu cu ha gii Pht t, vn gi a s ti Vit Nam, c quyn t do tn ngng. Mi ngy sau, 28/6, i biu Cambodia, Ceylon v Nepal ti LHQ cng gp i biu M by t s quan tm v tnh hnh Pht gio ti Nam Vit Nam. (78) Nhng Dim, c bit l Thc v v chng Nhu-L Xun, khng mun thc thi nhng iu tha thun. Tng s v Pht t vn b Mt V v Cng An m thm bt gi. ng lu l trong ba thng u u tranh ca Pht gio, c H Ni ln MT/GPMN u khng c mt phn ng r rng no. Ch c du hiu l cn b nm vng Cng sn xm nhp vo cc cuc tranh u, li ko thanh thiu nin nam n. C lc, an ninh M phi t cu hi thc chng Cng sn b vng thn qu, dn vo mt trn tnh th. C. THAY I I S M:

Gia thi gian ny, Oat-shinh-tn gi cng hm hi kin Dim v vic b nhim Henry Cabot Lodge lm i s thay Nolting. Ngy 20/6/1963, BNG M ch th cho Trueheart xin gp Dim yu cu chnh ph Dim chp nhn cho Lodge thay Nolting lm i s. (79) Lc 17 gi ngy 22/6, Trueheart gp Dim khong 1 ting ng h. Ba ngy sau, 25/6, Thun cho Truheart bit Dim rt bt mn vic thay i s M Si Gn. Dim cho rng M ang thay i chnh sch v ang c n lc bt Dim phi lm theo M hay s b loi b. [Diem thought a new American policy was involved and an effort to force him to do our bidding or to unseat him]. Dim tuyn b, v Thun c gng dn ng li Dim: "they can send ten Lodges, but I will not permit myself or my country to be humiliated, not if they train their artillery on this Palace". (80) Theo Thun, Dim s tr nn cng u hn. Truheart ni khng bit Lodge nhn c nhng ch th g, nhng cch tt nht trnh ng u vi M l chnh ph Dim nn bt u thay i cch lm vic. (81) Ngy 26/6, Th trng Ngoi giao George W. Ball ch th cho Trueheart gp Dim, gii thch rng chnh sch ca M khng thay i; l ym tr chnh ph chng Cng min Nam. Ring vic b nhim Lodge c quyt nh t thng 4/1963, trc khi xy ra cuc khng hong Pht gio, v i s Nolting Vit Nam hai nm. Mc ch ca M l cnh gic Dim v nhng him ha c th trnh, khng lm suy yu Dim. Nhng quyt nh v hnh ng l trch nhim ca ring Dim. (82) Hm sau, Dim tip Trueheart khong 2 ting ri ng h, tuyn b s thc hin vic dn ch ha t nng thn ln, nhng khng mun v chng Nhu b tch xa c nhn mnh. (83) Thun cng thng bo vi Trueheart l Chnh ph Vit Nam s ra ch th cho cc tnh thi hnh nghim chnh bn tuyn co chung 16/6/1963. C nhn Dim c th s ra Hu nghin cu v gii quyt mi s; Dim cng s c din vn v vic thc thi tuyn co chung. Nhng ngy 27/6, B trng Ni V Lng li tuyn b vi mt nhn vin CIA rng Cng sn xm nhp phong tro tranh u ca Pht gio, v trong vi ngy ti, s ra thng co v vic nhng ngi b bt gi. (84) Li co buc ca Lng bo hiu chnh sch mi ca h Ng vi Pht gio. Rt c th chnh sch ny c tho lun k cng hn trong dp anh em h Ng v Hu d l k nim 25 nm ngy th phong Gim mc ca Thc, trong cc cuc hp mt vo cui thng 6/1963. (85) C. T TRANH U TH HAI CA PHT GIO:

Phn Pht gio vn chun b tip tc tranh u, nu cn. Ngy 26/6, Thin Minh vit th phn i vi UBLB v vic thnh lp Pht gio C Sn Mn. Khng hi lng vi th tr li ngy 28/6 ca UBLB, nhm Pht gio tranh u quyt nh xung ng. Ngy 30/6, hng ngn tng ni Si Gn bt u tuyt thc. Qua u thng 7/1963, sinh vin, hc sinh Si Gn biu tnh trc Quc hi ym tr cuc tuyt thc ca cc tng ni. Ngay 1/7, t Times of Vietnam cho ng trn trang nht bn tin ta : "Mysterious Scotch Tape and End to Schizophrenia In Sight." [Bng keo Scotch b n v on kt chng hoang tng l dng]. Bi ny hm c s chia r gia Nhu v Th-Thun, co buc Qung c b "thuc" trc khi t thiu, v a ra nhn nh thi gian hu chin hai tun qua, nhng Si Gn vn yn tnh; ngoi tr c mt bin c c bit no, th d nh mt cuc t thiu khc, c th kt lun rng nhng i hi ca Pht gio c tha mn." (86) Hai ngy sau, 3/7, Ph TT Th tuyn b vo l, theo s iu tra ca chnh ph, chnh "Vit Cng" gy nn cuc thm

st

mu

Hu.

Ngy Th Hai, 1/7, Micheal Forrestal yu cu cho i s Nolting tr li Vit Nam v Pht gio c th biu tnh tr li sau thi gian "hu chin." Ti 1/7 , Ball chuyn cho Trueheart ch th ca Hilsman v Nolting l phi gp Dim ngay, bo thng Dim rng d lun M cho rng ngi thn ca Dim ang c tnh ph hoi s tha thun vi Pht gio. ng hay sai, d lun M cng cho rng ang c bch hi tn gio min Nam. Khi Trueheart gp Thun, Trueheart yu cu Thun c bi vit trn Times of Vietnam, v ngh M mun L Xun ng nn tuyn b g ht; bi bo trn Times of Vietnam hm thch thc Pht gio tip tc t thiu. Ri thm chng l Dim khng hiu rng ch cn mt v t thiu na l chnh ph M s tuyn b khng dnh lu g n chnh sch tn gio ca Dim? Thun tr li rng Dim khng bit iu , v ngh Trueheart nn ni thng vi Dim. (87) Trueheart xin ch th ca B Ngoi Giao v Ball cho gp Dim, ni thng vi Dim; v nu cn, gp c Nhu. (88) Bui gp mt gia Dim v Trueheart chiu ti ngy 3/7 khin lin h gia hai bn thm cng thng. Khi Trueheart ngh Dim ch thn gp cc lnh t tn gio gii quyt, Dim ni s cng vi cc cng s vin nghin cu li. Khi Trueheart cp n bi bo trn Times of Vietnam, Dim cng ch ni s nghin cu. (89) Hm sau, Thun cho Trueheart bit rng c l Dim khng hnh ng g v nhng ngh ca Trueheart v yu cu i s Nolting tr li Si Gn cng sm cng tt. (90) Cng trong ngy 4/7 ny L Xun vit bi "Who Is Spokeman of Whom?" [Ai l pht ngn vin ca ai?] trn Times of Vietnam, ph nhn t Times of Vietnam l c quan ngn lun ca mnh. Nu nhng bi vit trn Times of Vietnam c trng hp kin ca L Xun, cng khng phi l quan im ca chnh ph. Bi ny c pht cho bo ch ngy hm trc. L Xun cng khng nh khng i din cho chnh ph VNCH, v nhng k xuyn tc c th b li dng bi Cng Sn v tay sai [lackeys] ca chng. (91) Trong phin hp Hi ng An Ninh Quc Gia t 11G00-11G45 (khong na m ngy 4/7 ti Si Gn), kin chung ca cc vin chc M l Dim khng chu xa Nhu. Hilsman, Ph t Ngoi trng M, thng bo cho Kennedy bit s c o chnh trong vng 4 thng. (92) Hm sau, 5/7, t Greece v ti Oat-shinh-tn, Nolting c mi tham d phin hp ca Hi ng An Ninh Quc Gia, ri nhn lnh tr li Si Gn cng sm, cng tt, vi hy vng cho Dim c hi cht. Gia lc Nolting ang trn ng v nhim s, ngy Ch Nht, 7/7, ti Ch Ln, Cng an hnh hung mt nhm k gi ngoi quc ni danh ch trch ch nh Peter Arnett, gc New Zealand, Browne, Sheehan, Halberstam, v.v... (93) Ngy 10/7, bn c lng tnh bo c bit [SNIE 53-2-63] ca Hi ng ANQG M d on rng nu Dim khng thi hnh nghim chnh tuyn co chung 16/6, s c o chnh trong tng lai gn, vi hn 50% c hi thnh cng. (94) D. N LC V VNG CA NOLTING:

Nolting va v ti Si Gn ngy 11/7 c Dim mi vo Dinh Gia Long, trnh by tnh hnh. tr li cu tuyn b ca Nolting vi gii truyn thng khi va bc xung phi trng - l mong mun hai bn tip tc ni chuyn t tha thun -Dim ni kt qu thng thuyt ty thuc vo phe tranh u. (95) V nghi ng rng Pht gio b Cng Sn git giy, Nolting n lc ni li mi giao ho gia To i s v Dim. Ngy 15/7, Nolting khuyn Dim nn cng b mt s nhn nhng cn thit vi Pht gio. Dim ng , nhng cha c hnh ng no. Theo Nolting, chnh Dim cng ang trng thi mun t v o. (96) Nhng cuc din hnh ti trc t tht i s Nolting ngy 16/7, do Tm Chu dn u, phn i vic chnh ph tip tc n p, bt gi tng ni, Pht t, v khng nh Pht gio khng phi l Cng sn hay b Cng sn li dng, khin Dim cng rn hn. (97) Hm sau, 17/7, Trn Vn T sai Cnh st n p d di cuc biu tnh bt bo ng Si Gn v cha Gic Minh ti Ch Ln. Hng chc xe ch ngi b bt n cc tri tp trung vo An Dng a Ph Lm su tra l lch. Cc cha u b phong ta. Sau khi Kennedy tuyn b trong bui hp bo ngy 17/7 ti Oat-shinh-tn l hy vng cuc tranh chp tn gio s c gii quyt sm, t gi sau [ngy 18/7 ti Vit Nam], Dim tuyn b trn i thanh khng h n p Pht gio, yu cu mi ngi on kt sau lng chnh ph, ri kt lun bng cu "Xin n trn ban php lnh cho chng ta." Hm sau na, 19/7, Dim cho pht li bi din vn truyn thanh vn vn 2 pht k trn. Ngy ny, y Ban Lin Phi Tranh u Bo V Pht gio tn thnh li ku gi ca Dim; v yu cu c nhng bin php c th thc hin Tuyn co chung ngy 16/6/1963, nh phng thch nhng ngi b bt gi t ngy 8/5, trng pht nhng ngi gy nn ti c trong ngy 8/5, v bi thng thit hi cho cc nn nhn v gia nh. Hm sau, 20/7, ch thn Paul Hiu v Trn Vn T ti Ph Lm yu cu cc tng ni b bt gi c tr li cha X Li. (98) Ngy 22/7, cc lnh t tranh u t chc mt bui hp bo ti cha X Li, ln n chnh ph khng gi li ha. (99) iu , c l Nolting r hn ai ht. Chiu ngy 16/7/1963, khi Nolting vo Dinh Gia Long gp Nhu, Nhu tuyn b Pht gio khng c s e da no ng k. Nhng ti Oat-shinh-tn, cc c vn ca Kennedy nhn s vic mt cch khc. Ngy 23/7, Hilsman ch th cho Nolting l B Ngoi giao d tr s cn nhiu cuc biu tnh chng i ca Pht gio; nhng cuc biu tnh ny khch ng th dn, v c th s c o chnh trong vi thng, nu khng phi vi tun; v nhng cuc o chnh y c hy vng thnh cng. Bi th, Nolting c th ra tuyn co t cch bit vi chnh sch ca Dim; khuyn khch vic k v hp hin (Th ln thay); thuyt phc nhng ngi mun o chnh b nh; hoc, tip tc ch i, hy vng Dim ci cch. Hin ti, nn theo ui chnh sch ch i. (100)

Ngy Th T, 24/7, Paul Kattenburg, Gim c on Vit Nam, cn ngh gi ph t ca mnh l Lansdale qua Si Gn. Nhng Nolting vn ra cng bo v Dim. Theo Nolting, Dim l c hi tt nht ca min Nam. (101) Ngy 28/7, Nolting cn tuyn b vi hng UPI l khng h c vic n p Pht gio VNCH, v B trng Ni V Lng cho Nolting bit chnh ph s khng dng bin php mnh n p; v dn chng chn ngn cnh hn lon. Dim cn trc tip ch th cho i t Nguyn Vn Y, Gim c Mt v, v Gim c Cnh St Cng An thnh khng c dng v lc. Ph Tng thng Th cng ni i din Pht gio ng gp Th trn cn bn bn chnh thc t ngy 31/7/1963. Nhu v L Xun tip tc s dng cn b Cn Lao cng cc t chc ngoi vi nh Thanh Nin Cng Ho, Thanh N Cng Ho chng Pht gio. V qu hng say phc v lnh t v chuc ti thua trn Tua Hai (Ty Ninh) hn ba nm trc, ngy Ch Nht 23/7, trung t Trn Thanh Chiu, Gim c Nha Thanh Tra Dn V t tp khong 100 dn v, gia nh t s v thng ph binh trc cha X Li, yu cu "cc thy tr li vic tu hnh, ngng tip tc gy ri lon ch lm li cho Cng Sn." (102) L mng nht l L Xun. Khng nhng ch th cho t Times of Viet Nam kch Pht gio, m cn hm thch thc cc tng ni tip tc t thiu. (103) tr li L Xun, ngy 23/7, S b Diu Hu, m Gio s Bu Hi, hp bo tuyn b sn sng t thiu cng dng tam bo. Tuy nhin, cui cng Bu Hi thuyt phc c m mnh ngng t thiu. (104) Ngy 1/8, L Xun tuyn b vi phng vin i truyn hnh M CBS rng cc lnh t Pht gio ang m mu lt chnh ph; v tt c nhng g Pht t lm ch c mi vic "nng tht mt s" [barbecue a bonze] vi "sng nhp cng" [imported gas]. Hai ngy sau, Th By 3/8, L Xun tuyn b trc kho sinh kho III Ph N Bn Qun S rng nhng v tranh u ch c b ngoi tn gio, nhng mc ch l chnh tr, vi nhng th thut Cng Sn, cn phi b gy. Nm ngy sau na, 8/8, nh tr li cha rut l i s Trn Vn Chng -ngi cng khai trch mng L Xun l "thiu t cch v hn lo" [impertinent and disrespectful] trn i Ting Ni Hoa K [VOA] vo ngy 6/8 - L Xun tuyn b d c "thiu l " cng phi ni "s thc." L Xun cng bin h cho nhng li tuyn b trn i CBS ngy1/8/1963; khng nh cc lnh t Pht gio khng i din cho Pht gio hay i din cho dn tc Vit Nam. Hm sau na, 9/8, trong bi phng vn ca tun bo M Newsweek, L Xun cn hung hng hn. (105) Ngoi ra, cn c tin em trai L Xun, Trn Vn Khim, thay Trn Kim Tuyn lm Gim c Mt v, v Khim lp sn mt danh sch nhng ngi chng i ch qung li. chng t mnh l ngi quyn lc, Khim mang danh sch trn ra khoe vi c mt k gi Australia. (106) Nhu cng tip tay v trong chin dch kch M v Pht gio. Trong cuc phng vn dnh cho hng thng tn Reuters ngy 3/8/1963, Nhu tuyn b cha X Li ang tr thnh mt trung tm mu lt chnh ph, v nu khng gii quyt c vn Pht gio, s c mt cuc o chnh chng M v Pht gio. (107) Ngy 7/8, Nhu ni vi Nolting l hon ton ng h chnh sch ca Dim qua bn tuyn co ngy 18/7, nhng L Xun c quyn pht biu kin ring ca mt cng dn. Ngy 8/8, nht bo New York Times ng hai bi trn trang nht v Vit Nam. Bi th nht ca Halberstam, t Si Gn, vi ta "B Nhu T Co M Bt Cht Vit Nam" [Mrs. Nhu Denounces U.S. for "Blackmail" in Vietnam]. L Xun, heo Halberstam, tuyn b rng Dim khng c qun chng ng h, phi da vo v chng Nhu. Bi th hai ca Tad Szulc Oat-shinh-tn, tit l mi quan tm ngy mt gia tng ca chnh ph Kennedy v vic chnh ph Dim kh sng cn nu khng ha hon vi Pht gio. Tnh s chung vi nhng li tuyn b i rt s c vn M trong thng 5/1963, m thm ve vn Cng Sn Bc Vit v s dng Php gii ta p lc M, v chng Nhu mi ch thc tr thnh mt th Persona Non Grata vi Oat-shinh-tn. t mnh trc nhiu hn mt ln nv nht l b thuyt phc rng cuc tranh u ca Pht gio chng nhng khng c tnh cch thun ty tn gio m ch l mt m mu chnh tr, nhm lt chnh ph, do Cng Sn xi dc mi n lc cui cng ca Nolting Vit Nam hu nh ung ph. Ngy 30/7, Pht t t chc linh nh gi tht tun (49 ngy) Thng ta Qung c. Hm sau, 31/7, y Ban Tranh u Bo V Pht gio ra tuyn co phn i li tuyn b ngy 28/7 ca Nolting, v hm sau nua, Tm Chu gi th trch c Nolting. (108) Ngy 1/8, Tnh Khit cng gi th cho Kennedy, phn i li tuyn b ca Nolting rng khng c vic n p Pht gio VNCH. (109) Mt Nhm Ngi Yu Nc th ra tuyn ngn phn i Nolting l khng hiu bit g v tnh cnh Pht gio ti Vit Nam. Ba ngy sau, 4/8, i c Nguyn Hng (Hunh Vn L) t thiu trc dinh Tnh trng Phan Thit, v Pht t xung ng biu tnh i li xc b Cnh St ly i. Ngy 12/8, mt n sinh cht mt bn tay phn i chnh quyn v lun iu hn ho ca L Xun i vi cc tng ni. Ri, ngy 13/8, n lt i c Thanh Tu cng dng tam bo cha Phc Duyn, Hng Tr, Tha Thin. Hai ngy sau, ni c Diu Quang t thiu Ninh Ha. Hm sau na, 16/8/1963, Thng ta Tiu Diu t thiu ti cha T m, Hu. (110) B bng hn na l anh em h Ng cng bt u coi thng Nolting. Khi Nolting cho Dim xem bc cng in khng nh chnh ph M khng thay i chnh sch v Vit Nam, Dim ni: "Ti tin ng, nhng khng tin ni dung bc in ng nhn c." (111) Khi Nolting ngh Dim c bin php vi L Xun - ngi m theo Nolting vt ngoi s kim sot ca cha m v anh chng Dim ch ha "s cu xt."(112) Ngy 12/8, khi tip kin Nolting, Dim cho rng cc tng ni khng thnh thc, v th gii khng bit n vic cc s gi

mun lt ch . Sau d tic a tin Nolting ca Dim, ngy 13/8, Th hp bo, tuyn b s truy t mt s ngi tham d biu tnh ngy 8/5, v nhng ngi b bt sau ngy 16/6 c th khng c khoan hng. Trong phn hi p, Th so snh trng hp L Xun vi nhng li ch trch chnh ph VNCH ca Thng Ngh S Mansfield. Bui hp bo ca Th khin Ngoi trng Rusk phi gi in tn cho Nolting, hi liu Dim c mun i ngh mt chung vi v chng Nhu chng? (113) Sau nhiu ln xin li Si Gn nhng b t chi, ngy 14/8, Nolting n cho t bit Dim. n gn lc chia tay Dim mi ha s cng khai ph nhn nhng li l mng ca L Xun. Nhng li ha cho c. Ngy 15/8, t Times of Viet Nam ca ngi Nolting nh "ngi u tin xng ng vi tc hiu i s." (114) Do s dn xp ca Nolting, bo New York Herald Tribune [Din n Tin Phong New York] ng bi phng vn Dim ca Marguerite Higgins. Higgins trch li Dim l chnh ph vn theo ui chnh sch n ho vi Pht gio. Dim v gia nh cng rt vui lng v vic b nhim tn i s Lodge. (115) Thc ra, y ch l mn qu tin chn Nolting, v trn an d lun M, v Dim-Nhu ang c k hoch xung tay mnh vi Pht gio. (116) Ti Hu v cc tnh, vic bt gi, hnh hung, m st Pht t vn din ra hng ngy. Ngy 14/8, chng hn, mt th mc Pht t ph trch vic treo biu ng v c b bn cht Hu. Hm sau, 15/8, chnh quyn th ch n p hc sinh v sinh vin biu tnh. X xt d di. Mt s b bt. (117) i din sinh vin Pht t Hu phi gp Cao Vn Lun xin can thip tr t do cho nhng ngi b bt gi. (118) Nhng ngay chnh Lun cng ang b tht sng. Ngy 16/8, trong khi chnh quyn a phng ban hnh lnh thit qun lut t 6 gi sng, b tr xe tng n ng mt s ng t, km gai ko ra ngn chn d nh t thiu ca i c Tiu Diu cha T m, B trng Gio Dc Nguyn Quang Trnh cng Nguyn Hu Th, tn Vin trng i hc Hu, ti c lm l bn giao vi Linh mc Lun vo ngy hm sau. (119) Hm sau, 17/8, hu ht cc Gio s i hc Hu u xin t chc: L Khc Quyn, Khoa trng Y khoa; Bi Trn Hun, Lut khoa; Tn Tht Hanh, Khoa hc; Nguyn Vn Trng, Ban Khoa hc S phm; L Tuyn. Th phi b vo Si Gn bo co. Trong khi Lun ln ng vo -nng, cc gio s li k kin ngh phn i vic cch chc Lun. (120) Chiu , sinh vin Hu bt u biu tnh, cn ng Trnh khi ng s ra phi trng vo Nng. (121) IV. GIT NC LM TRN LY:

Ngay sau khi Nolting va ri Vit Nam, anh em Dim-Nhu quyt nh cho n Tn i s Lodge bng vi mn qu ngon mc. Hai mn qu ln nht l cuc tng tn cng cc cha trn ton quc v cng khai tip xc vi s gi H Ni. Nguyn c gn c l l bc in vn mt ngy 16/8/1963 ca i s Trn Vn Chng: Theo Chng, d lun th gii v c bit l ti M tin rng Dim khng th mang li chin thng Cng Sn. Cuc khng hong Pht gio vn d khng phi l nguyn nhn, m ch l hu qu, mt git nc lm trn ly. Bi th, Dim phi ngng tin dng cc c vn Nhu v Cn. (122) ng ngy16/8 ny, bo Life ng li li L Xun tuyn b l s ph tan Pht gio. Trong khi , Ha thng Tnh Khit vit th cho Dim, cc lc phn khng "s c c ca mt ch xem dn nh c rc," v "mong c cht an hn sng kh." (123) Ngy 17/8, Pht t t hp ng o cha X Li. Hm sau, hn 10,000 Pht t n cha X Li lm l cu siu. Sinh vin Hu cng chun b biu tnh, d tm thi hy b cuc biu tnh d tr vo ngy 19/8, v s b ch p m Cng Sn (ngy k nim Cch Mng thng 8/1945). Nhng ban ging hun ang ri vo tnh trng khng hong. Cc gio chc n t chc trong khi sinh vin yu cu tn Vin trng Th - ng kim i s Philippines, mi c Ng nh Thc c thay Linh mc Lun m khng h thng bo cho B Ngoi Giao - chuyn thnh nguyn mi Lun tr li. (124) Ngy A. 20/8, Th cho lnh nhng bui hi hp trong khun vin QUT trng phi xin php trc. (125)

CUC

TNG

CN

CHA

CHIN:

Ngy Ch Nht 18/8, mi Tng v T lnh n v - k c Hunh Vn Cao v Tn Tht nh - hp mt, ri ng yu cu Dim thit qun lut, bt buc cc tu s tr li cha. Hai ngy sau, 20/8, cc Tng trnh d tho Thit qun lut ln Nhu v Dim. Dim chp thun, cho lnh Andr n, mi c c lm Quyn Tng Tham Mu Trng thay i tng L Vn T, k tn v cng b ngay na m . nh c c lm Tng trn. Tin ny ch c cng b vo sng ngy 21/8. Tuy nhin, Dim khng h h mi v k hoch ny trong bui hp chnh ph sut chiu ngy 20/8. Khong na gi sau khi Thit Qun lut c hiu lc, Nhu cho lnh tn cng cc cha trn ton quc. Ti cha X Li Si Gn, ni t bn doanh y ban Tranh u, hai i i thuc Lin on 31 Lc Lng c Bit [LLB], i i 16 Bo An, v Cnh St mc gi qun phc nh chim mc tiu. Ha thng Tnh Khit, Thng ta Tm Chu, cng nhiu tng s b bt giam sau mt gi chng c. Khong 30 tng s b thng, v 2 ngi b mt tch. ch thn i t L Quang Tung, Ch huy trng LLB, v Gim c Cnh st thnh, Trn Vn T [ti liu Php ghi l C Tc?], ch huy, di s iu ng ca nh. Do mt bo t Dinh c Lp, mt s k gi ngoi quc bit trc tin ny v c mt ti cha X Li chng kin

cuc "vt cha" ca ch , v quyt tm bo v o php ca cc tng ni. Cc cha n Quang, Chantareansay (Si Gn) u b chim. Cc tng tr tr cha, Thch Thin Hoa v Lm Em, b bt gi. (126) ng thi, hai cha Linh M v T m (Hu), cng cc cha Nng, Nha Trang v.v... u b chm trong "nc l" bo lc. Ti Hu, khong 3 gi m ting m, ting chung, ting ku cu cu vang ln khp ni. ng bo quanh cha nh m, g thng thic bo nguy. t tn cng u, Cnh st b y lui. Sau , Cao Tr cho lnh n sng. Nhng gio s, sinh vin v hc sinh tranh u cng b bt gi. (127) Tng cng khong 1,400 ngi, a s l tng s, trn ton quc b bt giam. (128) Ch c hai nh s t cha X Li thot c ti tr s Phi B Kinh T [USOM] gn xin t nn. Qua ngy 23/8, Tr Quang cng trn c vo To i s M. (128) Ti Si Gn, Dim cho triu tp Hi ng chnh ph vo lc 5G30 sng. Dim ch gii thch rng phi thit qun lut theo iu 44 Hin php v Cng Sn xm nhp mt s tnh l, qun l gn th ; nhng tuyt nhin khng ng g n v tn cng cha X Li. V c mt nhn vin bo tin cuc tn cng cha X Li, Ngoi trng Mu phn i. Ph Tng thng Th cng ng theo Mu. (129) Na gi sau, i pht thanh bt ? ?