12.

MNG MY TNH
12.1. Khi nim v mng my tnh
Nhiu ng dng c bn cht phn tn v a l nhng li cn chia s cc ti nguyn chung. Ti nguyn c th l thit b (chng hn nhiu my tnh mun dng chung my in), cng c th l phn mm hay d liu. Mt cng ty a quc gia c cc chi nhnh nhiu nc v hng ngy tr s chnh ngi ta cn nm c thng tin kinh doanh tt c cc chi nhnh. C rt nhiu v d tng t. V vy, ngay t cui nhng nm 60, ngi ta c nhu cu kt ni my tnh vi nhau thnh mng c th chia s ti nguyn. Mng my tnh l mt tp hp cc my tnh ni vi nhau bng nhng knh truyn vt l, theo mt kin trc nht nh. Khi ni n mng my tnh, chng ta mun ni ti cc kha cnh sau: Cc thit b u -cui (end system) l cc thit b tham gia vo mng khai thc cc ti nguyn chung khng ch l my tnh, m c th l in thoi di ng (i vi mng in thoi), cc thit b cm tay nh PDA.... Ngi ta cng dng mt thut ng khc gi thit b u-cui trong mng : host. Trong mt s ti liu host c nh ngha l mt my tnh chy phn mm ca ngi s dng, t trong mng chia s ti nguyn trn mng. Mi host hnh thnh mt nt ca mng. Cc knh vt l, l mi trng truyn dn d liu (media), thng qua cc thit b u cui khai thc ti nguyn chung ca mng. Mi trng truyn dn c th l hu tuyn nh dy cp ng trc, cp xon, cp quang. Mi trng truyn dn c l v tuyn nh sng v tuyn in, hng ngoi. Cch u ni cc thit b u-cui v phng din hnh hc, c gi l t p ca mng (topology) hoc cng c th gi l s u ni. Giao thc ca mng (protocol): l cc quy c truyn thng cc my tnh trong mng c th lin lc, trao i thng tin vi nhau.

12.2. Mi trng truyn dn

Sau y, chng ta s nu mt s mi trng truyn dn d liu ph bin i vi mng my tnh. Cp ni. C nhiu loi cp c dng vi cc tnh nng rt khc nhau nh cp quang, cp xon, cp ng trc. Trong nhng mng khng dy c th khng cn cp ni nhng khi phi c cc thit b thu pht v tuyn.

12.2.1. Cp xon
Cp thng dng nht hin nay l cp xon khng bc kim UTP (Unshielded Twist Pair) . Cp ny c 4 i dy xon, c gic cm tng t nh gic cm dy in thoi dng ni my tnh vo mng. Gic cm ny c 8

u ni cho 4 i dy xon gi l gic RJ-45.

12.2.2. Cp ng trc
Cp ng trc c hai dy, mt dy l li ng, dy th hai l mt li kim loi cch in vi li bi mt lp cch in. Ngoi cng l mt lp v bo v. Cch b tr nh vy gip cp ng trc c kh nng chng nhiu tt. Cp ng trc cng c nhiu loi. Loi cp bo (thick cable) c v mu vng thng dng ni khong cch xa (khong 500m). Cp gy (thin cable) thng dng ni trong khong cch 200 m tr li s dng cc u cm ni ch T (T-connector). Trc y cp gy c dng nhiu thit lp cc mng theo kiu bus. T khi c cp xon, ngi ta t s dng cp gy.

12.2.3. Cp quang
Cc thnh tu ca cng ngh quang hc hin nay cho php truyn d liu bng cc xung nh sng. Mt xung nh sng c th dng biu din bit 1, s khng c xung c th biu bin bit 0. nh sng nhn thy c c tn s khong 108 MHz, v vy di thng ca h thng knh truyn quang hc l cc ln. Mt h thng knh truyn quang hc bao gm 3 thnh phn: mi trng truyn, ngun sng v b cm nhn nh sng. Mi trng truyn l si thu tinh cc mnh hoc si silica.

Hnh 12.2. a) Cu trc ca p ng trc b) u cm ni ch T ni my tnh vo mng c) lc ni

Ngun sng l LED (Light Emitting Diode) hoc i-t laser (Laser diode). C hai thit b ny pht ra xung nh sng khi truyn qua n mt xung dng in.

Hnh 12.3. Cp quang a mode, do thnh si cp quang phn x ton phn nn nh sng c th phn x nhiu ln gia cc thnh ng v c th truyn trn cp b un cong

B cm nhn nh sng (detector): l photodiode, n s pht ra xung dng in khi c xung nh sng chiu vo. C hai loi si quang: si quang a mode (multimode fiber) s dng nguyn l phn x ton phn, tia sng khi truyn b phn x trong thnh ng v c th i theo cc si quang b cong nh minh ho trong hnh 12.3. i vi cp quang a mode, ngi ta c th dng LED pht nh sng. Hin nay gia cc khu nh ca i hc Quc gia H Ni u ni vi nhau bng cp quang a mode. Thng cp quang a mode c nhiu si quang.

Cp quang n mode. Nu ng knh si quang nh bng ng 1 bc sng nh sng th si quang hot ng nh mt ng dn sng, khng c s phn x ti b mt m tia sng s i bn trong d cp c cong. Trong si quang loi ny ngun sng phi l i-t laser (t hn LED). Cp quang c th truyn tia laser 100 km m khng cn s dng cc thit b pht chuyn tip. Cp quang Bc-Nam chy dc theo ng quc l s 1 l cp quang n mode

12.2.4. Sng v tuyn

Sng v tuyn cng l mt mi trng truyn s liu. Nhng v d v mi trng ny c th k n nh: Mng v tinh. Cc v tinh c th pht ng thi cho rt nhiu thit b thu. Mng in thoi di ng c th ph sng trn mt khu vc rt ln nh lnh th mt quc gia. Mng khng dy trong phm vi hp. Ngi ta dng cc thit b thu pht sng (gi l access point). Loi thit b ny ch cho s dng trong phm vi khong 100 m v hin nay ang c dng rt ph bin cc c quan, trng hc, qun cafe Internet. Chun 802.11g hin cho truyn thng vi tc ti a l 54 Mbt/s. Cc my tnh mun thu pht vi thit b khng dy cng cn phi c thit b thu pht. Hnh 12.5. m t mt card mng khng dy. Mt s my xch tay (notebook) hin nay h tr cng ngh Centrino cho php truy nhp trc tip cc mng khng dy.

12.3. Card giao tip mng (Network Interface Card)

ni my tnh vo mng, my tnh phi c mt thit b giao tip vi mng thng c gi ngn l card mng. Mt s my tnh ngy nay tch hp sn thit b giao tip mng trn bn mch ch (mainboard). Mt s my khc th khng c sn, ngi dng phi mua thm cm vo my tnh.

12.3. T p ca mng.
Kt ni im - nhiu im, cn gi l pht tn (broadcast). T mt im, truyn d liu ng thi ti nhiu im thu, thng dng vi cc mng v tuyn, nh truyn t v tinh, truyn hnh cp trong cc mng thnh ph (metropolitain network). Kt ni im - im: ni trc tip t mt host ny ti mt host khc. C mt vi kiu kt ni im - im in hnh T p ni tip (Bus Topology): cc host ni vi nhau theo mt ng, host n u ni trc tip vi mt host k tip. y l kiu kt ni thng dng vi cp ng trc. Nhc im ca kiu kt ni ny l mt khi c s c 12.1 Hnh Cp

Hnh 12.6. T p bus

 mt im nt bt k u gy ra t lit mng T p hnh sao (Star Topology), cc my u chung vo mt u mi. u mi ny l mt b dn knh c cc cm sn gi l Hub. u im ca kiu ni ny l nu dy ni vi mt my no b t cng khng gy nh hng n cc my khc trong mng. T p vng ( Wired Ring Topology). Cc my tnh ni vo mt tuyn dy khp kn nh hnh v. D liu truyn t my ny ti my khc phi chuyn qua cc my trung gian. Trn y l 3 kiu ni c bn, thch hp cho cc mng cc b nh v n gin. Vi cc mng phc tp ngi ta c th s dng cch ni hn hp, chng hn dng cc b chuyn mch to cc kin trc phn cp hnh cy, ch ny c th dng tp kiu bus, ch khc c th dng tp hnh sao. m rng quy m mng cc b c th dng cc thit b chuyn tip ...

HUB

Hnh 12.7. T p hnh sao

12.4. Giao thc mng

cc thit b trn mng c th lin h c vi nhau, cn phi c cc quy c nh m cc host phi tun th trong truyn thng m chng c gi l cc giao thc (protocol) ca mng. Mt s cc quy c sau ny c th c Hnh 12.8. T p vng cng nhn di dng cc chun. C mt s chun c cc u ban tiu chun cng b nhng cng c mt s chun c hnh thnh do ngi s dng tha nhn rng ri m khng c mt u ban no thng qua. Xt v lnh vc c lin quan n truyn thng, c th k n mt s cc loi chun nh: Chun c, chng hn cc quy nh lin quan n hnh dng, kch thc, tnh cht vt liu ca cc gic cm Chun in, chng hn mc in p no c coi l ng vi bit 1, mc in p no c coi l ng vi bit 0. Chun th tc, y l cc chun quan trng nht quy nh logic trong truyn thng v c th hin c th bng cc phn mm lm nn tng cho giao tip. Chng hn cch nh a ch ca cc host trn mng Internet, cch t chc cc gi tin truyn i trn ng truyn v.v.

12.5. Mng cc b 12.5.1. Phn loi mng theo quy m v mng cc b

Quy m a l ca mng tu thuc vo chnh nhu cu cng vic v c nh hng gn nh quyt nh n kin trc mng. V quy m, ngi ta thng xt n 3 loi sau: mng cc b (Local Area Network vit tt l LAN), mng khu vc (Metropolitain Area Network, vit tt l MAN), mng rng (Wide Area Network, vit tt l WAN). Nu lin kt thc hin trong mt phm vi ng kt ni t vi mt n vi trm mt m khng cn phi dng cc trm chuyn tip, dn ng cho thng tin th ta c mt mng cc b. Mng cc b ca cc i hc ln c th c hng trm my ln v hng chc nghn my vi tnh. Nu kt ni cn n cc ng vin thng v thit b hng dn hng i cho cc lung tin th ta c mng rng. Mng rng ni chung uc thit lp t nhiu mng cc b qua cc ng truyn vin thng v cc thit b dn ng gia cc mng cc b. C nhng mng rng c quy m rt ln thm ch trn nhiu chu lc. Khi ta c mng ton cu (Global Area Network vit tt l GAN). Internet l mt mng ton cu. H thng t ch my bay hin nay cng l mt mng ton cu. Cc cng ty ln cng c th thit lp nhng mng ton cu ca mnh. Cn mng khu vc vn l mt loi mng c kin trc tng i c bit c dng vi nhng cng vic nh pht thanh v truyn hnh s.

12.5.2. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt LAN

Cc my tnh, trong c cc my lm vic, cn gi l my trm (workstation) v mt s my cung cp cc dch v mng gi l my ch cung cp dch v (server), thng c gi tt l my ch. Cc trm lm vic c th l cc trm cm (dump terminal) ch c kh nng giao tip m khng c kh nng x l, cng c th l cc trm thng minh theo ngha c kh nng x l c lp. Cn phn bit khi nim workstation ni y vi t cch mt im lm vic trong mng vi khi nim workstation hiu l mt my c lp c kh nng ha cng nh tnh ton s rt mnh thng chy trn h iu hnh UNIX. Cc my mun ni c vo mng cn c trang b thit b giao tip vi mng (Network Interface Card vit tt l NIC). Mi NIC u c mt a ch khc nhau gip nh v chnh xc cc my trong mng. Ta cng c th ni vo mng qua ng in thoi. Trong trng hp ny cn c mt modem. Cc thit b ghp ni mng. Ta s m t tnh nng ca mt s thit b ghp ni mng trong phn cui ca mc ny.

12.5.3. Cng ngh mng cc b

c trng cng ngh c bn trong mng cc b l vic s dng ng truyn chung. Tn hiu t mt trm a ln ng truyn s c tt c cc trm khc nghe thy. Mt vn khc l, nu nhiu trm cng gi tn hiu ln ng truyn ng thi th tn hiu s chng ln nhau v b hng. V vy cn phi c mt phng php t chc chia s ng truyn vic truyn thng c ng n. C hai phng php chia s ng truyn chung thng c dng trong cc mng cc b:

Truy nhp ng truyn mt cch ngu nhin, theo yu cu. ng nhin phi c tnh n vic s dng lun phin v nu trong trng hp do c nhiu trm cng truyn tin dn n tn hiu b chng ln nhau th phi truyn li. C c ch trng ti cp quyn truy nhp ng truyn sao cho khng xy ra xung t. Mng theo giao thc token ring ca IBM i vi topo ring thng dng mt c ch th bi (tocken) kim sot truy nhp ng truyn. My tnh no nhn c th mi c truyn thng. Cc th s lun phin i t my ny sang my khc. Sau y l giao thc CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) nhiu truy nhp ng thi c cm nhn sng mang c s dng rt ph bin trong cc mng cc b. Mi my tnh u s dng card mng nghe tn hiu trn ng truyn (tc l cm nhn sng mang). Trc khi truyn cn phi nghe bit ng truyn c ri khng. Nu ri thi mi c truyn tin. Phng php ny gi l LBT (Listening before talking). Nu pht hin ng truyn bn, my tnh s phi pht li. C mt s chin lc pht li nh sau: Khi pht hin ng truyn ri th truyn ngay. Do vy xc sut truyn khi knh ri l 1. Chnh v th m giao thc c tn l CSMA 1-kin tr (CSMA 1persistent) Giao thc CSMA 1- kin tr to ra mt nguy c l: khi c nhiu my tnh c nhu cu truyn tin th vic mng ri to ra mt s ng b tt c cc my ang c nhu cu u khi ng vic truyn tin. Do vic truyn tin s gy xung t trn ng truyn. V vy ngi ta ci tin i mt cht thnh giao thc CSMA khng kin tr khc mt cht. Trm nghe ng, nu ng truyn ri th truyn, nu khng ri th ngng nghe mt khong thi gian ngu nhin ri mi khi ng li th tc truyn tin. Cch ny c hiu sut dng ng truyn cao hn v gim c nguy c xung t. Giao thc CSMA p-kin tr. Khi sn sng truyn, my tnh nghe tn hiu trn ng, nu ng ri th thc hin vic truyn vi xc sut l p < 1 (tc l ngay c khi ng ri cng khng hn truyn, m ch truyn vi t l p no . V d vi p = 0,3 th c ngha l trong 100 ln ri th cng ch thc hin 30 ln truyn tin). y l mt c ch to cho cc my mt tnh trng bit kim ch nhu cu khi khng bit cc my khc c truyn hay khng. Khi mng c nhiu my, vic chn mt s p thch hp s gip cho mng b xung t. Nh vy d c p dng CSMA th vn c kh nng xung t. Hai my u thy ng ri v khng bit g v nhu cu pht tin ca nhau, ngu nhin cng pht tin th chc chn s gy xung t trn ng truyn. V th ngi ta tip tc ci tin CSMA l a vo c ch kim sot xung t. Khi gi tin ln mng, cc my vn tip tc nghe pht hin c xung t hay khng. Nu pht hin thy xung t, th n dng ngay tit kim c thi gian v ti ca ng truyn. Chnh v vy c ch truyn ny cn gi l LWT (Listening While

Hnh 12.9 Mt HUB 8 cng

Talking). Giao thc ny gi l CSMA c pht hin xung t (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection vit tt l CSMA/CD), dng rng ri trong LAN. T chc IEEE chun ho giao thc CSMA/CD v gi l chun IEEE 802.3. Hu ht cc card mng trn cc my tnh vi tnh hin nay l card theo chun IEEE 802.3. Trn mng cc b cn mt s giao thc truy nhp ng truyn khc c c ch trng ti trnh c xung t nh basic bitmap, token bus v token ring t ph bin hn .

12.5.4. Cc thit b ghp ni trong mng cc b v mt s loi my ch cung cp dch v truy cp mng
B tp trung (HUB) : l mt thit b c nhiu cm cho cp UTP (gi l cc cng). B tp trung chnh thit b ni cc my tnh theo t p hnh sao ni trn. Khi mt my tnh truyn tin ln mng qua mt cng , b tp trung s lm lan to tn hiu qua tt c cc cng khc. B chuyn mch (Switch). . Kiu ni hnh sao qua HUB s khng p dng c i vi mng c nhiu my v HUB pht tn tn hiu i tt c cc cng lm gia tng tnh trng ng trn ng truyn. n mt mc no mng hon ton bo ho v khng cn hot ng c. B chuyn mch (switch) c tnh nng l ti mi cng n gi thng tin v a ch ca cc my ni chung vo cng . Ch khi no bn tin ca mt my truyn i yu cu mt my c a ch mt cng khc switch mi ng mch ni thng hai cng. Sau khi truyn tin xong, mch ni thng hai cng li b ct. Nh vy Hnh 12.10. Mt switch chng c s lan to tn hiu switch v u cc trong trng hp khng cn thit v do switch vi nhau tng cng hiu qu ca mng. V thnh nhiu tng mt hnh thc switch rt ging vi HUB. Chng cng c nhiu cng RJ45 u cp UTP. Ngi ta thng u vo cng switch mt hub hoc mt switch khc. B lp (repeater): khi truyn xa, tn hiu b suy gim. khc phc tnh trng ny ngi ta dng cc thit b khi phc tn hiu gi l b lp (repeater). Nh vy b lp gip m rng quy m a l ca mng. Tuy nhin khng th m rng tu bng cch dng b lp v nh hng ti tr ca tn hiu. Cu (bridge): cu cng l mt phng tin m rng mng. Ti u cu, thng tin a ch ca cc my tnh ni vi u cu cng c ghi nh. Khc vi switch, nu thy bn tin t u cu yu cu mt my m a ch khng c u cu th n chuyn bn tin sang cu bn kia. Cn switch th n phi tm c my kia cng no th mi thc hin vic ni tm thi hai cng. Modem l thit b cho php ni my tnh ny vi my tnh khc qua ng in thoi Hnh 12.12. Mt modem

My ch cung cp dch v truy cp t xa (access server). Cc mng thng s dng cc my tnh c bit kim sot hng lot cc ng truy cp t xa qua in thoi. Ch c nhng ngi c cp quyn mi c kh nng truy cp qua modem vo mng. My ch u quyn (proxy server). Ngi trong mng mun truy cp ra ngoi mng rng c th c kim sot thng qua my ch u quyn. Mi giao dch vi mng bn ngoi u thc hin thng qua my ch cung cp dch v u quyn Ngoi ra cn nhiu loi my tnh cung cp cc dch v truy nhp mng khc.

12.6. Mng rng

Khi quy m a l ca cc my tnh cn kt ni kh rng th khng th dng mng cc b vi kt ni thng qua cc ng cp trc tip c na. Khi cp qu di, tn hiu s b suy gim, b nhiu. Mt khc mc d sng in t truyn rt nhanh, bao gi cng c mt tr m mt s k thut mng cc b phi tnh n. V th phi c mt cch kt ni mng rng vi cng ngh khc. C th xy dng mng rng bng cch lin kt cc mng cc b qua cc ng truyn vin thng (nh cp quang, cc ng truyn ring, v tinh ...) thng qua cc thit b kt ni. Cc thit b ny gi l b dn ng hay nh tuyn (router) c chc nng dn cc lung tin theo ng hng. Ngi ta s dng router kt ni cc LAN ( to nn nhng WAN) v kt ni cc WAN ( to nn cc WAN ln hn).

Router

Router

Router

HUB

Hnh 12.13. S mt WAN lin kt cc LAN qua cc b dn ng

12.7. Cc m hnh x l c cng tc

Nhiu h thng thng tin, v bn cht khng th x l ti mt ni, mt lc. V d mt ngn hng c nhiu chi nhnh, khch hng c th gi tin mt ni nhng rt mt ni. Ngay trong mt cng ty, cc s liu k ton c th a vo t mt my tnh ca mt nhn vin no nhng k ton trng cn tng hp s liu trn my ca mnh. Mt s h thng tnh ton quan trng khng c php ngng lm vic. V d trong h thng ngn hng hay cc my tnh trc chin trong qun i, mt my tnh b s c c th gy ri lon cc hot tc nghip nu khng c mt my tnh khc thay th tc th. C rt nhiu v d cho thy c nhu cu lm vic cng tc gia cc my tnh. Mun c hot ng cng tc nh vy, cc my tnh phi c ni vi nhau thnh mng. Trong mng, t mt my tnh ny ta c th s dng ti nguyn ca mt my tnh khc. C hai kiu x l cng tc: x l cng tc theo kiu tp trung v x l cng tc theo kiu phn tn. Ta quan tm n m hnh x l phn tn. Trong m hnh x l phn tn th trong mng c nhiu trung tm x l (nhiu my tnh). D liu c th phn tn hiu theo ngha, mt my tnh c th s dng cc thng tin nhiu my tnh trong mng. X l cng c th l phn tn hiu theo ngha mt phn ca qu trnh x l xy ra mt vi my tnh trong mng. Sau y l mt s m hnh phn tn ang c s dng hin nay.

12.6.1. M hnh kiu dng chung thit b (Shared Device)

Trong m hnh dng chung thit b cc my tnh c php s dng chung mt s thit b. Cc thit b dng chung ch yu l a v my in tng ng vi dch v file v dch v in n trong mng. My tnh cung cp cc dch v file gi l file server, cn my tnh cung cp dch v in n gi l print server. Theo m hnh ny, my tnh c quyn yu cu mt s dch v no t cc my khc c chc nng cung cp dch v gi l server. Phn x l hon ton xy ra ti my tnh ca ngi lm vic. Cc server ch cung cp ti nguyn m khng tham gia vo x l. Nh vy theo m hnh ny th d liu phn tn, nhng x l th tp trung. Mng Novell Netware Ver.3 l loi mng kiu ny

12.6.2. M hnh kiu khch-ch (Client - Server)

M hnh x l kiu khch_ch c xem nh l mt mc cao hn, mt s pht trin t nhin ca m hnh x l chia s thit b. Trong m hnh ny chnh x l cng phn tn. Trong mng s c mt s my l my ch (server) khng nhng ch cung cp cc dch v file hay in n m c cc dch v x l do cc my tnh khch (client) yu cu. lm r s khc nhau ca m hnh khch-ch v m hnh dng chung thit b ta xt v d v mt h thng tin qun l sinh vin. Gi s h s sinh vin ang t trn server v ta cn ly ra danh sch ca nhng sinh vin gii c im trung bnh trn 8. Trong m hnh chia s thit b (m a l thit b dng chung) ta phi c tt c cc h s sinh vin t a ca my ch v my lm vic lc ra danh sch cc sinh vin tho mn yu cu. Cn trong m hnh khch ch, chnh my ch c ci t sn cc chng trnh x l c th thc hin mt s x l do khch hng (client) yu cu. Khi t my lm vic ta ch cn gi yu cu tm cc sinh vin gii ln my ch. Chnh my ch s phi tnh ton v ch gi tr v kt qu. Nhng u im d thy ca m hnh ny l:

C th tn dng c kh nng x l ca my ch, thng l nhng my rt mnh. Cc my khch khng cn dng my mnh. Vic qun l d liu tp trung trn my ch s tt hn Do mt phn x l thc hin trn my ch nn khng nht thit phi ly nhiu thng tin t my ch v my khch. iu trnh c nguy c qu ti ng mng. M hnh khch - ch l mt m hnh x l quan trng trong cc h thng tnh ton cng tc ang c p dng rng ri trong nhng nm gn y.

12.6.3. M hnh kiu ngang hng (peer to peer)

Trong m hnh khch-ch, c s phn bit gia khch l ni pht sinh yu cu dch v v ch l ni thc hin cc yu cu ny. Cn trong m hnh x l ngang hng th tt cc cc my trong mng bnh ng vi nhau chng c th va l ni pht sinh yu cu dch v ti mt thnh phn khc hay va l ni x l yu tip nhn t mt nt khc trong h thng. y cng l mt m hnh x l phn tn cc ng dng. Mt my tnh trong h thng khi yu cu dch v t mt my khc s ng vai tr my khch, nhng khi cung cp dch v cho my khc li ng vai tr my ch Mng my tnh trong h iu hnh Windows l mt kiu m hnh cng tc ngang hng.