NHM 6 MN: M HC

TRANG 1

TM TT L THUYT
CHNG 4: S LAN TRUYN SNG M TRONG CC CHT
LU

I. PHNG TRNH LAN TRUYN SNG M
1. m, hin tng lan truyn, vn tc m
Cc sng m l nhng dao ng nh ca mi trng vt cht trong chng lan truyn vi
vn tc c
S
(vn tc m c
S
vo khong 340m/s i vi sng m truyn trong khng kh).
T thc nghim, ta c:
sng m
S
c
T
| |
=
|
\ .

2. Cc phng trnh lin kt
Gi thit nhit ng lc hc i vi cc chuyn ng ng entropi:
Gi s
0 0 0
, v P T l cc c trng ca cht lu trng thi ngh.
Ta k hiu:
0
= l bin thin mt khi lng cht lu,

0
p P P = l bin thin p sut d m hc ca n.
H s nn ng entropy
0
0
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ,
S S S
V
V P P P P

_

c c
= = ~
c c

bc nht:
0 S
p _ =
T bin lun cc gi thit on nhit trong cht kh ca Newton v Laplace ta rt ra c: S
truyn m trong cht lu c th c kho st bng cch coi nh cht lu thc hin chuyn
ng nh ng entropy (on nhit), v: tn s cc sng m l nh so vi
s
c
l
.
Cc phng trnh tuyn tnh ha m t s bin thin ca mt cht lu c sng m chy qua (
s bin thin l ng entropy)
|
|

() ( )

( )

( )




NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 2

Kh h s ta thu c h phng trnh lin kt gn p sut d vi vn tc ca cht lu:
|
|

()

Trong trng hp lan truyn sng m phng theo phng trc (Ox), h phng trnh lin kt
c n gin ha:
|
|

3. Phng trnh lan truyn
S lan truyn sng m trong mt cht lu c m t bi phng trnh lan truyn (phng trnh
dAlembert) c nghim ng bi th vn tc , trng vn tc v trng p sut d P.

Vi

Vn tc c trung ca s truyn m c biu t theo cc c trng ca cht lu bi :

Vn tc m trong cht kh:

NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 3

Vn tc m trong cht kh:

4. S lan truyn sng m phng
i vi mt sng phng truyn song song trc Ox ( ) ( )

( ) , ta c:
|
|
( )

( (

) (

))

( )

( (

) (

))

Sng phng chy n sc c tn s v vector sng

Th vn tc :

)

Ta c:

)

Th vo phng trnh lan truyn suy ra h thc tn sc:
2
2
2
s
k
c
e
=


II. KHA CNH NNG LNG
1. Mt nng lng khi ca mt sng m
Mt khi ca nng lng sng m l
S K P
e e e = + , trong
2
0
1
2
K
e v = v
2
1
2
P S
e p _ = l
mt ng nng khi v mt th nng khi gn vi sng.
2. S cn bng nng lng
Sau khi thc hin cc php bin i th ta c:
( , )
( )
N t
S
S
d
pv dS
dt

= =
}}
P

Thng lng ca vect pv H = xuyn qua mt phng S gii hn th tch V, bng cng sut
Pxuyn qua mt S, tc l bng gim ca nng lng m
S
ch trong th tch V trong 1 n
v thi gian.
S cn bng nng lng a phng gn vi mt sng m, c vit thnh:
div 0
S
e
t
c
H+ =
c


NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 4

Trong vect pv H = l vect mt mt cng sut (hay mt lu lng nng lng)
(n v: W.m
-2
)
3. Cng m
Xt sng m truyn song song vi trc Ox, theo chiu tng ca x. Cng m I ca sng
l cng sut trung bnh m sng m truyn ti qua 1 n v din tch vung gc vi pts.
cng chnh l thng lng trung bnh ca vect Hqua din tch :
2 2
0 0
S
S S
I pv c v c
x
t
c
f
| |
= = =
|
\ .

Mc m: Min tn s m tai ngi tip nhn c tri ra khong t 16Hz n 20kHz.
Ngng nghe ng vi mt cng m l
12 -2
0
10 W.m I

= cn ngng au nm
-2
1 W.m Mc m c xc nh bng cng thc:
12 -2
0
0
(dB) 10log , 10 W.m
I
L I
I

= =


III. S PHN X V TRUYN QUA CA SNG M
1. iu kin bin:

1
1
x
f t
c
| |

|
\ .
: sng ti truyn vung gc vi mt phn cch gia hai mi trng (1) v (2)

1
1
x
g t
c
| |
+
|
\ .
: sng phn x

2
2
x
f t
c
| |

|
\ .
: sng truyn qua

Ta c:
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 1
2 2
1
2 2
1
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
(
( , )
(
, ) (
)
, )
,
x x
f t g t
c c
x x
p x t c f t g t
c c
x
f t
c
x
p x t c f t
c
v x t f x t g x t
v x t f x t

| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
( | | | |
= +
( | |
\ . \ .
| |
= + =
= =
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .



NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 5

a) Tnh lin tc ca vn tc:
1 2 0
1 1 2
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
o
o o o
v x t v x t
f x t g x t f x t
=
+ =

b) Tnh lin tc ca p sut:
1 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2
( , ) ( , )
[ ( , ) ( , )] ( , )
o o
o o o
p x t p x t
c f x t g x t c f x t
=
=


2. H s phn x v h s truyn qua ca cc sng m:
H s phn x v truyn qua v bin :
i. H s phn x

()

()

ii. H s truyn qua:

()

()


H s phn x v truyn qua v nng lng :
|
()

()
| (

|
()

()
|

IV. SNG M DNG
1. To sng dng bng s phn x ca mt SPCS:
- / 4 : khong cch m cc nt v bng xen k nhau.
- Z=0: tr khng c u ng m vo khng kh t do
Z=:tr khng c u ng ng kn.

2. Cc kiu dao ng ring ca mt ci hc:
Cc kiu dao ng ring ca sng m trong ng tr chiu di L
a) Hai u ng cng loi:
Hai u ng bt kn : sng dng c 2 nt sng 2 u
NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 6

2 2 2
c c
L n n v n
L

v
= = =

Hai u ng t do: sng dng 2 bng sng 2 u
2 2 2
c c
L n n v n
L

v
= = =

Ta thy rng tn s dao ng ring ca mt ng dn c hai u ng cng loi ng vi cc tn
s l bi nguyn ca tn s c bn
2
c
L

b) Hai u khc loi : sng dng c 1 nt sng u bt kn, 1 bng sng u t do
( )
1
2 1
2 4 2 2 4
c c
L n n v n
L

v
| |
= = =
|
\ .

Ta thy rng tn s dao ng ring ca mt ng dn c hai u ng khc loi ng vi cc tn
s l bi nguyn l ca tn s c bn
4
c
L


NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 7

BI TP
p dng 2/104: Sng cu
V mt l thuyt, cc mt phng sng ca mt sng phng m rng ra v hn, nhng quan nim sng
phng ch c th c xt mt cch tin nghim trong nhng min m rng c gii hn v nng lng
ca mt sng khng th l v hn. Cc sng cu, c bin bin thin trong qu trnh lan truyn, cho
php m t cc sng pht ra bi, chng hn, mt ngun m c kch thc nh t ti mt im O.
1) Hy xc lp dng tng qut ca cc sng cu m bin ch ph thuc t v khong cch r =
OM ti im gc O:
( , , , ) ( , ) x y z t r t | | =
l cc nghim ca pt lan truyn dALEMBERT.
2) Hy gii thch hai s hng c mt trong biu thc .
3) Hy nu c trng ca cc mt sng v bnh lun s c mt ca mt h s gim dn theo 1/r
trong bin ca sng.
Cho bit: Laplacien trong ta cu ca mt hm
2
2
1
( ( ) ( )) r
r r
f r f r
c
c
A =

Li gii:
1/ Phng trnh DAlembert ba chiu:
2
2 2
1
0
s
c t
|
|
c
A =
c
, i vi sng cu, thay ( , ) r t | | = vo phng trnh ta c:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 ( , ) ( , )
( ( , )) 0 ( ( , )) 0
s s
r t r r t
r r t r r t
r r c t r c t
| |
| |
c c c c
= =
c c c c

t ( , ) ( , ) r r t F r t | = , phng trnh tr thnh phng trnh lan truyn mt chiu:
2 2
2 2 2
1
0
s
F F
r c t
c c
=
c c

Vy cc sng cu l nghim ca phng trnh lan truyn c dng:
( ) ( )
( , )
s s
r r
f t g t
c c
r t
r r
|
+
= +

2/ Hai s hng c th c gii thch nh l hai sng cu lan truyn xuyn tm vi vn tc Cs. Sng
th nht l mt sng cu phn k xut pht t im O. Sng th hai l mt sng cu hi t ti im
O.
NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 8

3/ Cc mt sng ca sng cu l cc mt cu ng tm ti O. Din tch ca chng tng t l vi bnh
phng khong cch r = OM. Cc i lng v nng lng gn vi sng th gn vi bin ca n
theo bc hai. Nn chng gim t l vi
2
1
r
, iu cho php bo ton nng lng do sng truyn ti
trn nhng mt tng t l vi
2
r .


p dng 3/107:
Cn bng nng lng a phng i vi mt song phng
i vi mt sng phng truyn song song vi trc (Ox), hy biu th cc mt ng nng, th nng
v nng lng sng cng nh vector mt lu lng nng lng. Hy kim tra li s cn bng nng
lng a phng trong trng hp ring ny.

Gii:
Gi sng phng ( ) ( ) , , , , x y z t x t | | = truyn song song vi trc Ox c dang tng qut l:
( ) ,
s s
x x
x t F t G t
c c
|
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .

K hiu: ;
s s
x F x G
f t g t
c x c x
| | | | c c
= + =
| |
c c
\ . \ .

Trng vn tc v p sut d ca sng ny c dng:
x
s s
x x
v f t g t e
c c
| | | | | |
= + +
| | |
|
\ . \ . \ .

( )
0
, .
s
s s
x x
p x t c f t g t
c c

| | | | | |
= +
| | |
|
\ . \ . \ .

Mt khi ca ng nng:
( )
2 2 2
0 0
1 1
2 ;
2 2
K
e v f fg g = = + +
Mt khi ca th nng:
( )
2 2 2
0
1 1
2 ;
2 2
P s
e p f fg g _ = = +
Mt khi ca nng lng m:
( )
2 2
0
;
s K P
e e e f g = + = +
Vec-t mt mt ca cng sut:
( )
2 2
0
;
x s x
pv e c f g e H = = H =

Kim tra s cn bng nng lng a phng trong trng hp ny:
NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 9

( )
( ) ( )
0 0
2 ' ' 2 ' ' 0
s s
s s
e e
div c ff gg c ff gg
t x t

c c cH
H + = + = + + + =
c c c

Vy sng phng cn bng nng lng a phng trong trng hp ring ny.


p dng 4/112:
S phn x v truyn qua ca cc sng m
ngang mc ch ni ca hai ng dn
Ta kho st s phn x v s truyn qua ca cc sng m phng ngang mc ch ni ca 2 ng dn
c tit din S
1
v S
2

1) Chng t rng c s lin tc p sut ti x=x
0
:
1 0 2 0
( , ) ( , ) p x t p x t =
2) Chng t rng c s lin tc lu lng khi ngang mc ch ni:
1 2
0 1 1 0 0 2 2 0
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
V V
D v D v x t S x t x t S x t = = =
Cho bit: tr khng m ca mt ng dn c tit din S c xc nh bi t s:
0 s
c
Z
S

=
3) Thit lp biu thc cc h s phn x v truyn qua v bin (i vi lu lng khi v p
sut d) ty theo cc tr khng m ca cc ng dn ni vi nhau.
4) T rt ra cc h s phn x v truyn qua v nng lng.
5) Gin c cc biu thc thu c khi cc ng dn cng cha mt cht lu, v ch khc nhau do
tit din ca chng. Bnh lun cc trng hp gii hn S
2
= v S
2
=0 bng cch ch ra cc
tng t in ca chng.

NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 10

Gii:

1. Xt mt pittong khi lng M, tit din S t ti ch ni 2 ng dn (x=x
0
) c tit din

N chu 2 p sut d

Chuyn ng ca pittong c m t bi phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 0 2 0
, , Ma t S p x t p x t = (


Khi khi lng M pittong dn ti 0 ta thu c tnh lin tc ca p sut :

).

2. B qua nhng bin i khi lng ca mt lp cht lu chuyn ng da vo nhiu lon trong
chiu di L. S lin tc ca lu lng khi mc ch ghp ni :

)
3. Cc tr khng m :

Cc iu kin bin ti

))

))

)
Ta c:
H s phn x v bin :
(

()

H s truyn qua v bin :
(

()


4. Thng lng nng lng:

NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 11

H s phn x v truyn qua v nng lng:
(

R rng:

5. Khi cc ng dn cha cng mt cht lu, suy ra

, ta c:

()

()

(

- Nu

)

()

u ng 1 ng vi mt nt p sut d. Tr khng

tng t nh trng hp mt ng dy
in b ng trn mt on mch.
- Nu

)

()

u ng 1 ng vi mt nt lu lng. Tr khng

bng v cng, tng t trng hp mt ng

dy in m u.



Bi tp gii sn:
Php o lu lng mu nh hiu ng Doppler
m hng k l mt phng php c th cho hnh nh cc c quan bn trong c th ngi. Mt
ming gm gi vai tr b bin i, n bin i mt kch thch in thnh mt sng siu m (cc siu
m c pht ra thnh cc on sng ni tip nhau, c thi gian ngn).
B bin i cng dng lm my d cc n hiu di (cc sng phn x trn cc c quan khc nhau).
Phng php ny cng cho php o lu lng mu dng hiu ng DOPPLER.
B bin i c nh pht ra mt sng siu m n sc c tn s
0
u , n phn x trn mt vt di ng
m vn tc l v .
Trong mt chu k ca sng, khong cch m vt i c l rt nh hn khong cch d gia ngun v
vt, v v c , vn tc m trong mi trng.
1/ Trong h quy chiu gn vi vt, khong thi gian gia cc ln thu c hai cc i lin tip nhau
ca sng, ph thuc th no vo
0
, , v c u v gc o gia chm do ngun pht ra v vn tc v ?
NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 12

2/ Cc hng cu trong ng mch c vn tc khong 30cm.s
-1
. Ngi ta dng mt sng c tn s
0
u = 3MHz. Cc php gn ng c l chnh ng khng ?
3/ Sng c pht li khng thay i tn s trong h quy chiu ca vt di ng. Khong thi gian
gia hai ln b bin i thu c hai cc i lin tip nhau ca sng l bao nhiu ? Tm h thc gia
0
u v
r
u , tn s ca sng phn x m b bin i thu c.
4/ pht hin mt s bt thng, ngi ta mong mun o c lu lng mu chy qua mt ng
mch. S quan st bng m hng k vi mt chm hi t, to thnh mt gc o vi ng mch, pht
ra di dng xung cho ta mt tn hiu l hm ca thi gian, v trn s di y.

a) Gii thch th no mt mt hai tn hiu vi bin ln, v mt khc tn hiu trung gian?
b) Nhng thng bo ny c xc nh lu lng mu khng ?
5/ Trong trng hp ng mch, v =30cm.s
-1
v ngi ta chn
0
10 o = .
Vn tc trung bnh ca s truyn m trong cc m sinh hc l 1500m.s
-1
.
Ngi ta c th ch i mt s bin i t i v tn s nh th no ?
Li gii:
1/
Sng do ngun S pht ra lc t
01
c ng t thu lc t
1
= t
01
+
d
c
,
Lc ny, ng t nm A, SA=d.
Sng pht ra lc t
02
=t
01
+T
0
c ng t thu vo lc t
2
=t
02
+
d
c
,
Lc ny, ng t nm B, SB=d.
Gi s
01 02 0
( ) ( 0) AB v t t vT d v = = > , khi
'
0
cos d d AH vT o ~ = v trong h quy chiu gn
vi vt :
'
2 1 02 01 0
( ) (1 cos ).
d d v
T t t t t T
c c
o

= = + ~
A B
H
d
d

NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 13

2/ Thc t
7
0
0
10
v
vT m
u

= = , rt nh so vi d (t nht l vi mm). Vy php gn ng trn l rt
chnh ng.
3/Trong h qui chiu gn vi vt, vt phn x mt sng c chu k T v pha b bin i ang chuyn
ng vi vn tc v .
T
r
l tn s b bin i o c, tng t ta tnh c : (1 cos )
r
v
T T
c
o = . Suy ra
0
(1 2 cos )
r
v
T T
c
o ~ v
0
(1 2 cos )
r
v
c
u u o ~ + .
4/ a. Gii thch :Khi thu sng, tn hiu c bin nh b cc hng cu phn x, tn hiu
c bin ln b cc thnh mch phn x.
b. *Vn tc hng cu :
0
0
0
(1 2 cos ) .
2cos
r
r
v c
v
c
u u
u u o
o u

~ + =
*o hiu thi gian t A gia hai gc ca hai tn hiu c bin ln m b bin i thu c :
.2 sin
2 sin
D
t D t c
c
o
o
A = = A (ng knh ca ng mch)
T tnh c lu lng mu :
2
4
D
G v
t
=
5/ p dng bng s :
S bin i t i ca tn s :
5 0
0
6, 9.10
r
u u
u

=


NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 14

Bi tp 3/ 123 :
Truyn sng qua vch ngn
Mt ng hnh tr rt di, c trc (xOx) v tit din khng i S, cha khng kh trong iu kin nhit
v p sut bnh thng. Trong nhng iu kin , vn tc c ca cc sng m trong khng kh v
mt khi lng
0
khng kh ln lt l c= 340m.s
-1
v
0
= 1,29kg.m
-3
. Ti x= 0 c t mt tm
rt mng (mt ci mng, mt tm knh thy tinh, mt ci thnh btng,) c mt khi lng mt
ng u o , c kh nng rung ln di tc dng ca cc sng m c to thnh trong ng.

Mt SPC dng sin, c tn s , lan truyn trong min (1) theo chiu dng, v pha ci vch. Khi ti
vch, n to ra mt sng phn x trong min (1) v mt sng truyn qua trong min (2).Di tc
dng ca cc sng , ci vch thu c mt chuyn ng tnh tin cng bc dng sin theo phng
(x,x), m ta t l (0, ) t = a
0
cos t .

1/ Bng cch vit cc iu kin truyn qua i vi sng m ton th ti x = 0, hy xc nh cc bin
phc
t
a ca sng (0, )
t
t truyn qua,
r
a ca sng (0, )
r
t phn x ti x = 0, ty theo bin phc
i
a ca sng ti (0, )
i
t ti x = 0, theo v theo cc hng s khc nhau a vo trn.
2/ Cc mng gi vai tr mt b lc tn s. Bn cht ca b lc l g, v mch s ct
0
ca n -
3dB l bao nhiu?
Kho st cc c im ca cc sng c mt khi nm trong gii tn truyn qua, v ngc li khi
cch rt xa gii tn truyn qua.
3/ Biu t bc sng ct
0
, ty theo , theo dy d v mt khi
0
ca vch. Ci vch bng b
tng (
d
= 2300kg.m
-3
). Tnh b dy d thu c mt gim 50dB 300Hz. Rt ra cc gi tr ca
tn s ct f
0
v ca
0
.
Cc gim 100Hz v 500Hz l bao nhiu dB?
Rt ra kt lun v gim ca m gia hai cn phng lin k, i vi mt m trm hoc 1 m cao.
NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 15

Hy ch r c th s dng y n mc no m hnh mt khi lng mt i vi ci vch.
Li gii:
1/ SPC dng sin, truyn song song vi trc Ox, ta c mi lin h gia p sut d p v vn tc :
theo chiu tng ca x:
0
p cv = v theo chiu gim ca x:
0
p cv =
+ Ti x = 0, c s lin tc ca cc dch chuyn, tc l vn tc cht lu hai bn mng bng nhau:
.
(0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, ),
i r t
t v t v t v t = + =
+ p dng h thc c bn ca ng lc hc cho mng:
..
(0, ) ( (0, ) (0, ) (0, ))
i r t
S t S p t p t p t o = +
T (1) v (2),thay p bi v, ta c:
0 i r t
a a a a = + = v
0 0
( )
i r t
j a c a a a o e = . Suy ra:
0
0
2
1
2
r i
j
c
a a
j
c
o
e

o
e

=
+
v
0
0
1
.
1 .
2
t i
a a a
j
c
o
e

= =
+

2/ Bin sng truyn qua c dng:
0
0
1
t i
H
a a
j
e
e
=
+
vi H
0
= 1 v
0
0
2 c
e
o
=
Vy mng gi vai tr mt b lc ly tn s thp bc 1, c tn s ct
0
0
2 c
e
o
= (-3dB).
+ i vi <<
0
, sng ti c truyn qua hu nh khng b gim, khng lch pha: a
t
a
i
, sng
phn x c bin rt nh v tr mt phn t chu k so vi sng ti :
0
r i
a j a
e
e
~
+ i vi >>
0
, sng ti hu nh phn x hon ton a
r
- a
i
, sng truyn qua c bin rt nh v
tr mt phn t chu k so vi sng ti :
0
t i
a j a
e
e
~
3/
NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 16

+i vi tn s f = 300Hz:
2
0
1
20lg 50 6.4
1 (2 )
2
d
d cm
d
f
c

= =
+

+ Tn s ct f
0
v bc sng ct
0
ln lt l:
0
0
2 1
0.95 1
2
d
d
f Hz Hz
c

t
= = ~ v
0
0 0
358
d
d c
m
f

= = =
+i vi f = 100HZ, ta thy mt s gim bt bng -40dB, v i vi f = 500Hz l mt s gim bt
bng -54dB. S gim bt gia hai cn phng lin k l rt mnh, v hi mnh hn i vi cc m
cao.
+Trong cc vch c b dy d, thc ra c cc sng phn x v sng truyn qua m ta khng tnh n
y. Cc kt qu thu c vn chp nhn c, v b dy d ca ci vch l ht sc nh so vi cc bc
sng ca sng m trong btng.


Bi tp 4/124: Hp th m bng s dn nhit
Gii:
1. Ta p dng nguyn l th nht cho mt ht cht lu ( kh l tng) c khi lng n v, lc ngh
nm gia cc honh x v x+dx.
2 2
0
' ' '
v
P P
dU c dT Q PdV Q d Q d o o o

= = = + ~ +
Do , trong n v thi gian, vi
0
1
' Q Q o o

= :
2
0
0 2
0
[ ]
v
P T T
Q c t K t
t t x

o o o

c c c
= =
c c c

2. S dng phng trnh trng thi ca mt kh l tng
RT
P
M
= ,ta c trng thi cn bng:
0
0 0
RT
P
M
=
V khi ly o hm :
dP d dT
P T

= + , tc l
0 0
0
0 0
p
P T

= + .
NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 17

Trong phm vi s gn ng m hc (
0 0 0 0 0 0
, , p P T u ) v i vi mt SPCS, h s
P

c
c

bng:
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
(1 ).
p
P P P
T
u

c
= = = +
c

Trong trng hp mt SPCS, h thc thu c cu 1) cho ta:
2 0
0 0 0 0
0
v
P
j c j Kk e u e u

= ,
Do
2 0
0 0 2
0
( )
v
P
c jk W u

= .
Phi hp hai phng trnh trn, v vi
0 0
0
P TR
M
= v
p v
R
c c
M
= + ,
Cui cng ta rt ra:
2
0
2
0
( )
p
v
c jk W
P P
c jk W

c
=
c

3. SPCS
( )
0
j t kx
p p e
e
= nghim ng phng trnh lan truyn:
2 2
2 2
( )
p p
P
t x
c c
c
=
c c c

Nu k v e gn vi nhau bng h thc tn sc:
2
2 2 0
2
0
( )
p
v
c jk W
P
k
c jk W
e

, tc l, khi t
1
k k jo = :
2 2
1 1 2 2 0
2 2
0 1 1
2 ( )
( )
2 ( )
p
v
c k W jW k
P
k j
c k W jW k
o o
e o
o o

=


Sng
1
( )
0
j t k x x
p p e e
e o
= gim dn trong qu trnh lan truyn, v bin ca n gim theo hm m.
- Khi khng c truyn nhit th W=0. Ta thy li mt s lan truyn khng gim dn : 0 o = v
vn tc m
0
0
1 0 0
p
s
v
Pc
P
c
k k c
e e

= = = = cho mt kh l tng.
- Nu truyn nhit l nh,
1 v
Wk c o v
2
1 v
Wk c , vy
1
k o , ta c:
2 2 2 0
1 1 1
0
1 1
2 [1 ( )]
v p
k j k jWk
P c c

o e

~ ,
Do :
2
2 2 0
1 2
0 s
k
P c
e
e

~ =
V
2
2 0 1
3
0 0
1 1 1
( )
2 2
v p p
Wk K
P c c c c
e
o e

~ =
NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 18

p dng bng s :
1
346 .
s
c ms

=
- i vi
1
1 1
100 : 1,82 f Hz k m

= = v
8 1
4,18.10 m o

= ;
- i vi
1
2 2
40 : 726, 4 f kHz k m

= = v
3 1
6, 69.10 m o

= ;
Ch rng nu 100Hz hin tng dn nhit l b qua c (o vo bc
8 1
10 m

), nhng n khng
cn ng 40000Hz, v sau mt qung ng 10 x m = bin sng siu m gim theo mt h s
0, 94
x
e
o
= .



Bi tp 5/124 S dng glixerin cho siu m truyn qua
Gii:
1. Gi R v T l cc h s phn x v truyn qua v nng lng ng vi giao din nhm khng
kh
R v T l cc h s phn x v truyn qua v nng lng ng vi giao din khng kh b d.
Ta c : (

V c nhng thng ging dy ca lp khng kh, cc sng khc nhau truyn trong b d khng
giao thoa v chng c cc pha ngu nhin. Cng tng hp khi bng tng cc cng

ca
mi sng truyn i :

()

V h s RR < 1 , nn ta c:

)

M

, ta n gin I
d
:

2. p dng s ta c :
NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 19

3. t gia ming nhm v b d mt lp glixerin c m tr sut r
g
. Lm tng t ,
Gi tr mi ca cng m trong b d :

)

4. p dng s ta c :

Nh vy glixerin lm nng cao r rt s truyn qua ca sng m trong b d.



Bi tp 6: Ci cng hng Helmholtz
Ci cng hng l mt ci hc, khi c kch thch bi m ca mt nhc c, n cho php tng cng
mt trong nhng ha ba to thnh m . Ci cng hng HELMHOLTZ gm mt ci hc hnh cu,
th tch Vo, thng ra ngoi bng mt ng rt ngn, di d, tit din s, cha khng kh (c th coi
nh mt cht kh l tng) c mt khi lng
o

, c p sut Po. Tnh th tch Vo c gi nh l

rt ln so vi th tch ng.
Mt sng m lan truyn gn l h lm khng kh trong hc
dao ng, bng cch t p sut ngoi:
cos
e o o
P P p t e = +

Ta gi nh rng bc sng ca sng m l kh ln so vi
kch thc ca ci cng hng vo mi lc u c th
coi nh p sut l ng u trong ci hc. Khi p sut
ny l:
( )
o
P P y t = +

Dao ng ca khng kh trong ci hc c gi nh l on nhit v thun nghch. Ngi ta cho:
p
v
c
c
=

NHM 6 MN: M HC
TRANG 20

1/ Vit phng trnh vi phn m p sut d y(t) nghim ng.
2/ Tm cho y(t) mt nghim iu ha c tn s, v chng t rng bin y
o
ca n tr nn rt
ln i vi mt gi tr
0
ca mch s
3/ Tnh tn s ring
2
o
o
f
e
t
= ca mt ci cng hng HELMHOLTZ gm mt qu cu bn knh
7cm v mt ng hnh tr di d=1cm v bn knh r=1cm.
Trong iukin th nghim, vn tc m thanh trong khng kh l c
s
=346m/s.
Gii:
1) p dng h thc c bn ca ng lc hc cho khi lng khng kh nm trong ci ng,gi
thit khng khi rung ng vi vn tc v(t), ta c:
os ) ( c
o
dv
ds y p t s
dt
e =

Do y l qu trnh on nhit v thun nghch nn:
const
( )
o o
o
PV
P y t P

=
+
=

t: ,
o o
= +
o hm,ta c:
o
o
P
y

=
Khng kh trong cng hng s l:
o o
dm d
V sv
dt dt

= =
T ba phng trnh trn,suy ra:
2
2 2
1
cos
o
o
d y
y t
dt
e
e
+ =
vi
2 o
o
o o
P s
dV

=
2) Ta c nghim sin y l:
2
2
0
1
cos
1
o
y t e
e
e
=

Nn: y rt ln nu =
0

3) Vi
o
s
o
P
c

=
, ta c:
0
258 (Hz)
2
s
o
c s
f
dV t
= =