Professional Documents
Culture Documents
system of public administration. Military officers were the first public administrators.
wealth and power to those with professional expertise first happened in the Roman army. The power of technical expertise would not be seen again until Napoleon.
were first found in the Roman Empire. Depersonalization, separation of public and private funds, hierarchy, functional specialization. The virtue of military service (as training in administration).
and fall of public administrative institutions. Rome was effective because the armys organizational doctrine made it superior to its competitors and because it was backed up by a sophisticated administrative system of supply backed by taxes.
degenerated into corps of mercenaries and when its supply and tax bases were corrupted. Both victorious soldiers and successful managers tend to be inordinately admired and rewarded as risk takers.
classical model of military governance applied to civilian purposes. Managers under an authoritarian doctrine value order, precision, consistency, and obedience. This authoritarian model has been gradually been replaced with less centralized, more participatory models. Why? Because they work better with sophisticated workers.
management.
Policy should be defined and imparted to those who are responsible for its achievement. Work should be subdivided, systematically planned, and programmed. Tasks and responsibilities should be specifically assigned and understood.
management.
Appropriate methods and procedures should be developed and utilized by those responsible for policy achievement. Appropriate resources in terms of availability and priority should be equitably allocated. Authority commensurate with responsibility should be delegated and located as close as possible to the point where operations occur and decisions need to be made.
management.
Adequate structural relationships through which to operate should be established. Effective and qualified leadership should head each organization and each subdivision of the organization. Unity of command and purpose should permeate the organization.
management.
Continuous accountability for utilization of resources and for the production of results should be required. Effective coordination of all individual and group efforts within the organization should be achieved. Continuous reconsideration of all matters pertaining to the organization should be a part of regular operations.
leadership directed, than the civilian list. The military approach underlies the reinventing government movement.
and economic goals. There is one best way to organize for production, and that way can be found through systematic, scientific inquiry. Production is maximized through specialization and division of labor. People and organizations act in accordance with rational economic principles.
between decision-making and execution. Administration was a science with discoverable principles.
Planning (outline and methods). Organizing (structure). Staffing (personnel). Directing (decision-making). Coordinating (task management). Reporting (communication and record-keeping). Budgeting (fiscal planning, accounting, and control).
Sole occupation.
Advancement by merit or seniority. Non-proprietary rights in position. Strict controls.
Herbert Simon.
Bounded rationality and satisficing. Programmed and unprogrammed decision-making. Management information systems.
purpose is to accomplish established objectives through control and coordination. There is a best structure for any organization in light of objectives, environment, products or services, and the technology of the production process. Specialization and division of labor increase the quality and quantity of production. Most problems result from structural flaws.
Organic less rigidity, more participation, and more reliance on workers, best in dynamic conditions.
Systems Theory
Systems theory views an organization as a complex set of dynamically intertwined and interconnected elements, including inputs, processes, outputs, feedback loops, and the environment. Any change in one element causes changes in other elements.
Systems Theory
Cybernetics Norbert Wiener (1948).
Systems Theory
The learning organization.
Built on the doctrines of participation Maslows hierarchy of needs.