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Chng 8 Mt s linh kin in t khc

8.1. SCR (Thyristor). a. Cu to v hot ng SCR c cu to bi 4 lp bn dn PNPN (c 3 ni PN). Nh tn gi ta thy SCR l mt diode chnh lu c kim sot bi cng silicium. Cc tip xc kim loi c to ra cc cc Anod A, Catot K v cng G.

Hnh 8.1 Nu ta mc mt ngun in mt chiu VAA vo SCR nh hnh sau. mt dng in nh IG kch vo cc cng G s lm ni PN gia cc cng G v catot K dn pht khi dng in anod IA qua SCR ln hn nhiu. Nu ta i chiu ngun VAA (cc dng ni vi catod, cc m ni vi anod) s khng c dng in qua SCR cho d c dng
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in kch IG. Nh vy ta c th hiu SCR nh mt diode nhng c thm cc cng G v SCR dn in phi c dng in kch IG vo cc cng.

Hnh 8.2 Ta thy SCR c th coi nh tng ng vi hai transistor PNP v NPN lin kt nhau qua ng nn v thu. Khi c mt dng in nh IG kch vo cc nn ca Transistor NPN T1 tc cng G ca SCR. Dng in IG s to ra dng cc thu IC1 ln hn, m IC1 li chnh l dng nn IB2 ca transistor PNP T2 nn to ra dng thu IC2 li ln hn trc Hin tng ny c tip tc nn c hai transistor nhanh chng tr nn bo ha. Dng bo ha qua hai transistor chnh l dng anod ca SCR. Dng in ny ty thuc vo VAA v in tr ti RA. C ch hot ng nh trn ca SCR cho thy dng IG khng cn ln v ch cn tn ti trong thi gian ngn. Khi SCR dn in, nu ta ngt b IG th SCR vn tip tc dn in, ngha l ta khng th ngt SCR bng cc cng, y cng l mt nhc im ca SCR so vi transistor. Ngi ta ch c th ngt SCR bng cch ct ngun VAA hoc gim VAA sao cho dng in qua SCR nh hn mt tr s no (ty thuc vo tng SCR) gi l dng in duy tr IH (hodding current).

Hnh 8.3: c tuyn V-A ca SCR

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b. c tuyn Volt-Ampere ca SCR. c tuyn ny trnh by s bin thin ca dng in anod IA theo in th anodcatod VAK vi dng cng IG coi nh thng s. - Khi SCR c phn cc nghch (in th anod m hn in th catod), ch c mt dng in r rt nh chy qua SCR. - Khi SCR c phn cc thun (in th anod dng hn in th catod), nu ta ni tt (hoc h) ngun VGG (IG=0), khi VAK cn nh, ch c mt dng in rt nh chy qua SCR (trong thc t ngi ta xem nh SCR khng dn in), nhng khi VAK t n mt tr s no (ty thuc vo tng SCR) gi l in th quay v VBO th in th VAK t ng st xung khong 0,7V nh diode thng. Dng in tng ng by gi chnh l dng in duy tr IH. T by gi, SCR chuyn sang trng thi dn in v c c tuyn gn ging nh diode thng. Nu ta tng ngun VGG to dng kch IG, ta thy in th quay v nh hn v khi dng kch IG cng ln, in th quay v VBO cng nh. 8.2. Triac. Triac thng c coi nh mt SCR lng hng v c th dn in theo hai chiu. Hnh 8.4 cho thy cu to, m hnh tng ng v cu to ca Triac.

Hnh 8.4: Cu to Triac Nh vy, ta thy Triac nh gm bi mt SCR PNPN dn in theo chiu t trn xung di, kch bi dng cng dng v mt SCR NPNP dn in theo chiu t di ln kch bi dng cng m. Hai cc cn li gi l hai u cui chnh (main terminal).
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- Do u T2 dng hn u T1, Triac dn in ta c th kch dng cng dng v khi u T2 m hn T1ta c th kch dng cng m.

Hnh 8.5: c tuyn V-A ca Triac - Tht ra, do s tng tc ca vng bn dn, Triac c ny theo 4 cch khc nhau, c trnh bng hnh v sau y:

Cch (1) v cch (3) nhy nht, k n l cch (2) v cch (4). Do tnh cht dn in c hai chiu, Triac dng trong mng in xoay chiu thun li hn SCR. Th d sau y cho thy ng dng ca Triac trong mng in xoay chiu. 8.4. Relay Cu to:

Cc dng tiu chun tip im ca relay:

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SPST - Single Pole Single Throw SPDT - Single Pole Double Throw DPST - Double Pole Single Throw DPDT - Double Pole Double Throw

Hnh dng tht:

8.4. Quang in tr (Photoresistance). L in tr c tr s cng gim khi c chiu sng cng mnh. in tr ti (khi khng c chiu sng - trong bng ti) thng trn 1M, tr s ny gim rt nh c th di 100 khi c chiu sng mnh

a) b) Hnh 8.6: Hnh dng ca quang in tr; a) Hnh dng tht, b) K hiu. Nguyn l lm vic ca quang in tr l khi nh sng chiu vo cht bn dn (c th l Cadmium sulfide CdS, Cadmium selenide CdSe) lm pht sinh cc in t t do, tc s dn in tng ln v lm gim in tr ca cht bn dn. Cc c tnh in v nhy ca quang in tr d nhin ty thuc vo vt liu dng trong ch to.

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Hnh 8.7: Mi quan h gia cng nh sng v gi tr in tr. V phng din nng lng, ta ni nh sng cung cp mt nng lng E=h.f cc in t nhy t di ha tr ln di dn in. Nh vy nng lng cn thit h.f phi ln hn nng lng ca di cm. Vi ng dng ca quang in tr: a) Mch bo ng.

Khi quang in tr c chiu sng (trng thi thng trc) c in tr nh, in th cng ca SCR gim nh khng dng kch nn SCR ngng. Khi ngun sng b chn, R tng nhanh, in th cng SCR tng lm SCR dn in, dng in qua ti lm cho mch bo ng hot ng. Ngi ta cng c th dng mch nh trn, vi ti l mt bng n c th chy sng v m v tt vo ban ngy. Hoc c th ti l mt relais iu khin mt mch bo ng c cng sut ln hn. b) Mch m in t ng v m dng in AC.

Ban ngy, tr s ca quang in tr nh. in th im A khng m Diac nn Triac khng hot ng, n tt. v m, quang tr tng tr s, lm tng in th im A, thng Diac v kch Triac dn in, bng n sng ln.
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8.5. Quang diode (Photodiode). Ta bit rng khi mt ni P-N c phn cc thun th vng him hp v dng thun ln v do ht ti in a s (in t cht bn dn loi N v l trng cht bn dn loi P) di chuyn to nn. Khi phn cc nghch, vng him rng v ch c dng in r nh (dng bo ha nghch I0) chy qua.

Hnh 8.8: Hnh dng, k hiu v phn cc ca quang diode. By gi ta xem mt ni P-N c phn cc nghch. Th nghim cho thy khi chiu sng nh sng vo mi ni (gi s diod c ch to trong sut), ta thy dng in nghch tng ln gn nh t l vi quang thng trong lc dng in thun khng tng. Hin tng ny c dng ch to quang diod. Khi nh sng chiu vo ni P-N c nng lng lm pht sinh cc cp in t l trng st hai bn mi ni lm mt ht ti in thiu s tng ln. Cc ht ti in thiu s ny khuch tn qua mi ni to nn dng in ng k cng thm vo dng in bo ha nghch I0 t nhin ca diod, thng l di vi trm nA vi quang diod Si v di vi chc A vi quang diod Ge. nhy ca quang diod ty thuc vo cht bn dn l Si, Ge hay Selenium Hnh v sau y cho thy nhy theo tn s ca nh sng chiu vo cc cht bn dn ny:

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Hnh 8.9: c tuyn ca quang diode. c tuyn V-I ca quang diod vi quang thng l thng s cho thy quang thng nh khi in th phn cc nghch nh, dng in tng theo in th phn cc, nhng khi in th phn cc ln hn vi volt, dng in gn nh bo ha (khng i khi in th phn cc nghch tng). khi quang thng ln, dng in thay i theo in th phn cc nghch. Tn s hot ng ca quang diod c th ln n hnh MHz. Quang diod cng nh quang in tr thng c dng trong cc mch iu khin ng - m mch in (dn in khi c nh sng chiu vo v ngng khi ti). 8.6. Quang transistor (Photo Transistor). Quang transistor l ni rng ng nhin ca quang diod. V mt cu to, quang transistor cng ging nh transistor thng nhng cc nn h. Quang transistor c mt thu knh trong sut tp trung nh sng vo ni P-N gia thu v nn. Khi cc nn h, ni nn-pht c phn cc thuncht t do cc dng in r (in th VBE lc khong vi chc mV transistor Si) v ni thu-nn c phn cc nghch nn transistor vng tc ng. V ni thu-nn c phn cc nghch nn c dng r IC0 chy gia cc thu v cc nn. V cc nn b trng, ni nn-pht c phn cc thun cht t nn dng in cc thu l IC0 (1+). y l dng ti ca quang transistor.

Hnh 8.10: K hiu, cu to v c tuyn ca quang transistor.

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Khi c nh sng chiu vo mi ni thu nn th s xut hin ca cc cp in t v l trng nh trong quang diod lm pht sinh mt dng in IC do nh sng nn dng in thu tr thnh: IC=(+1)(IC0+I) Nh vy, trong quang transistor, c dng ti ln dng chiu sng u c nhn ln (+1) ln so vi quang diod nn d dng s dng hn. Hnh trn trnh by c tnh V-I ca quang transistor vi quang thng l mt thng s. Ta thy c tuyn ny ging nh c tuyn ca transistor thng mc theo kiu cc pht chung. C nhiu loi quang transistor nh loi mt transistor dng chuyn mch dng trong cc mch iu khin, mch m loi quang transistor Darlington c nhy rt cao. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn ch to cc quang SCR, quang triac

Hnh 8.11: Mt s loi quang bn dn khc. Vi ng dng ca quang transistor: a) Quang k: y l mch n gin o cng nh sng, bin tr 5K dng chun my nh mt quang k mu. Khi nh sng chiu vo cng mch, quang transistor cng dn mnh, kim in k lch cng nhiu. D nhin mch trn ta cng c th dng quang in tr hay quang diod nhng km nhy hn.

b) ng hay tt Relay: Trong mch ng relay, khi quang transistor c chiu sng n dn in lm T1 thng, Relay hot ng. Ngc li trong mch tt relay, trng thi thng trc quang transistor khng c chiu sng nn quang transistor ngng v T1 lun thng, Relay trng thi ng. Khi c chiu sng, quang transistor dn mnh lm T1 ngng, Relay khng hot ng ( trng thi tt).

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8.7. Ni quang (Opto Coupler Photocoupler-Optoisolator). Mt n LED v mt linh kin quang in t nh quang transistor, quang SCR, quang Triac, quang transistor Darlington c th to nn s truyn tn hiu m khng cn ng mch chung.

Hnh 8.12: Mt s ghp ni quang. Cc ni quang thng c ch to di dng IC cho php cch ly phn in cng sut m thng l cao th khi mch iu khin tinh vi pha LED. y l mt u im rt ln ca ni quang. Hnh 8.12 sau y gii thiu mt s ni quang in hnh. Hnh sau y gii thiu mt p dng ca ni quang:

Q1: Bo v ni quang khi in th ngun ln (chia bt dng in qua LED). - Khi LED sng, ni quang hot ng kch hai SCR hot ng (mi SCR hot ng mt bn k khi c xung kch t ni quang) cp dng cho ti. - Khi LED tt, ni quang ngng, 2 SCR ngng, ngt dng qua ti. - Mch ny l mt v d v mch SSR (Solid State Relay).

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