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16

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tajccHynmausmif;om;rsm; jrefrmpm wwfuRrf;rItm;enf;

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Ekdifatmifydkifu okH;oyfonf/ jrefrmjynfzGm; rGefwkdif;&if;om; trsm;pk aexkdifMuNyD; 0if;u&Gm tv,fwef;ausmif;wGif ausmif;om; tdrfajc wpfaxmihfig;&mausmf &Sdonf/1 OD;a& wpfaxmihfig;&mausmf &Sdonf/ tqdkyg aus;&GmwGif (10 pufwifbm 2010) xkdif;EkdifiH w&m;0ifaexkdifcGihf rSwfykHwifvwfrSwf&Sdol

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18

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19

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20

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21

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22

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23

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24

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25

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26

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27

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40

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English Essay for High School students Herbal medicine Threat

Experts on climate change have recently suggested that around a quarter of the world's land plants and animals may be wiped out in 50 years' time if something is not done to constrain the damaging effect of global warming. This is perturbing news, but climate change, with the resultant change to habitats, is not the only threat to their survival that animals and plants face. In some cases, the behaviour of human beings is imperilling their existence. We are probably more aware of the damage done to animals than to plants. Even the very earliest of human beins were hunters, relying on animals for food and clothing. Later, some animals were hunted for commercial gain, as elephants for ivory. In time, the scale of this hunting got out of hand and there began to be a number of endangered species. Legislation is often in place now to delimit or proscribe such hunting, but it is difficult to implement this effectively. Less attention has been paid to the effect of human activity on plants. Yet, for many years people have been plundering and raiding woods, fields and river banks for wild flowers, such as snowdrops and daffodils, to take home and transplant to their gardens. A boost in popularity in gardening has seen as corresponding increase in wild-flower gathering, roots and all. Most viewers rush to garden centres for material for their instant garden, but some rush to the countryside. It is not only gardeners who pose a threat to plants. According to environmentalists, thousands of species of wild plants are being wiped out because of an increase in the popularity of herbal medicine. The plants are being over-harvested. The statistics are alarming and many proponents of herbal medicine will be shocked to hear that their favoured form of healing is having such a devastating effect on the world's flora. It has been reported that up to one-fifth of the species which are used in the herbal medicine industry are being harvested to the point of extinction. Two-thirds of the plants used in herbal medicine are still harvested in the wild, rather than being specially cultivated. The problem is likely to get worse unless mass cultivation of some of these plants begins. More and more people are turning to herbal medicine as an alternative to conventional medicine, partly because of the side effects associated with some of the treatments involved. But our plant life is paying a terrible price for this. Constrain uefYowfonf? csKyfcs,fonf/ This is a formal word meaning to limit or restrict. Either of these simpler words or a synonym for them can be used instead of the formal word: The architect's design for the new building is bound to be constrained by the tightness of the building budget. The architect's design for the new building is bound to limited by the tightness of the building budget. It is important that format art lessons do not constrain the natural creativity or imagination of the children.

It is important that formal art lessons do not

restrict the natural creativity or imagination of the children.

delimit abmifcwf uefYowfxm;onf/ This is a formal word meaning to fix the limits of something: Residents feel that the polices should take more vigorous action against the teenage thugs, but the law delimits the power of the police in such circumstances. Residents feel that the police should take more vigorous action against the teenage thugs, but the law establishes the limits of police power in such circustances.

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flora a'ocHopfyifrsm; This is a formal or technical word meaning plants and it can be replaced by the simpler word, or by the phrase plant life, in non-technical contexts: Mike is interested in botany and is looking for a book on the flora of Australia. Mike is interested in botany and is looking for a book on the plant life of Australia.

pdwftaESmihft,Sufjzpfaom perturbing This is a formal word meaning giving rise to worry or concern. It can be replaced by a simpler word such as worrying, disturbing or alarming. It is perturbing that there is still no news of the missing climber. It is worrying that there is still no news of the missing climber.
proponent axmufcHtm;ay;ol This is a formal word meaning someone who supports an idea or course of action. It can be replaced by a simpler word, such as supporter, backer, advocate or promoter, or the sentence can be reworded using a verb: The MP is proponent of free further education for all. The MP is a supporter of free further education for all. The MP promotes free further education for all. proscribe w&m;0if ydwfyifwm;jrpfonf/ This is a formal word meaning to forbid something. It can be replaced by a simpler word such as forbid or ban: This is a list of the drugs which have been proscribed by the Athletics Federation. This is a list of the drugs which have been banned by the Athletics Federation. This dictator has proscribed all political meetings. The dictator has forbidden all political meetings.

hand, get out of hand xdef;rEkdif? odrf;r&tajctae This is cliche which indicates that a situation is no longer manageable. The cliche can be replaced by an expression such as get out of control or become unmanageable: Some of the marchers were using violence and police were concerned that the protest was getting out of hand. Some of the marchers were using violence and police were concerned that the protest was getting our of control. imperil tE&m,fjzpfaponf/ This is a formal word meaning to put in danger. It can be replaced by an expression such as endanger, put in danger or put at risk: People who drink and drive imperil other people's lives. People who drink and put at risk other people's lives. Implement taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufonf/ This is a formal word meaning to put something into effect or action: The school authorities have drawn up a bullying strategy, but it has yet to be implemented. The school quthorities have drawn up a bullying strategy, but it has yet to be put into effect. We do not plan to implement the suggested changes to the timetable until next term. We do not plan to put the suggested changes to the timetable into operation until next term.

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48

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49

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50

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51

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52

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56

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57

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Mary Louise Kearney (Director of the UNESCO)

60

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61

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62

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63

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tEk&oynma&;

Special Feature

art education

A*sDatmifpdk; ormorwf odef;Edkif acsmtdEG,f 0ifhxef; tEkynmbmom oif&dk;nTef;wrf; tifwmAsL; - q&mra'g0f pwl'D,dkZif; olYtjrif? olYtawGY
64

kd;&myef;csD
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65

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Art)ESihf (Magic)wdkYonf a&S;vlwkdY\ yef;csDrS tpkjyKvm

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Ekd;olwdkYonf tao;i,fqkH;aom vlwdkif;okH;pJGaeonfh yef;uefcGufa,mufrsm;rStp? tBuD;us,fqkH;aom t aqmuftODrsm;txd jyKvkyfzefwD;Mu&m ESvkH;om;u tEkynmapwem tjynfht0 cGeftm;&&Sdygonf/ bm omw&m; udk;uG,f,kHMunfrI apwemxufoefoljzpf NyD;? bmomw&m;\ wefcdk;awmf teE (Spritual and the power of divine) pdwfydkif;qkdif&m ,kHMunfrIrsm;jzihf tvkyfvkyfoGm;Mu&ygonf/ xkdYtwGuf ESvkH;om;u apwemaMumifh Pf qef;Mu,f&ygonf/ Pfqef;Mu,fojzihfvnf; uHqef; Mu,fonf[k dk;&morm;wkdY qkddk;&Sdygonf/ dk;&myef;csDonf urmOD;tp a&S;ya0oPD ESpf aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm *latmif; vlrsdK;&SdpOfuyif vufqifh urf;vmaom oabmudk aqmifygonf/ (Primitive Man) a&S;ausmufeH&Hrsm;ay:wGif a&;qJGcJhaom yef;csDrsm;? xkdvlrsm; xkvkyfcJhaom yef;yk rsm;udk avhvmygu dk;&m\oabmudk awGU&SdEkdifayrnf/ 4if;wkdY ,kHMunfudk;uG,f&mtaejzihf wef;cdk; awmf&Sifrsm;? ewfrsm; ponfwkdY\ ykHyef;oPmefudk oauFw trsdK;rsdK; xkvkyfudk;uG,fxm;Muonfudkvnf; aumif;? odkYwnf;r[kwf 4if;wkdYaeYpOf zrf;qD;pm;aomuf Muaom om;kdif;wd&pmefwdkY\ ykHyef;oPmef trsdK;rsdK;udk ,ckacwf aq;pD&ifonfhoabmrsdK;jzifh ,Mwmacs "mwf dkufbdouJhokdY ausmufeH&Hrsm;ay:wGif a&;qJGxm;cJhMu onfrsm;udk awGU jrifjcif;tm;jzihfvnf;aumif;? (Traditional Art) kd;&myef;csDonfvnf;aumif;? (Primitive
66

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&yfwefYraebJ tjcm;aom jzpfEdkifacsawGudk wGufq rdvdrfhr,f/ olrsm;awG&JU aqG;aEG;wifjycsufawGudk em;axmifjcif;[m rdrd&JU avhvmrIudk ydkrdk tm;aumif;apEkdifjyD; ...

}}

pl;prf;jcif;ESifh t"dyg,f zGifhqkdjcif;wdkYudk ausmif;om;rsm; udk,fwdkif xJxJ0if0if yg0ifjcif;? pOf;pm;awG;awmjcif;? wifjy aqG;aEG;jcif;wdkYjzifh oifcef;pmudk wnfaqmuf jcif; jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; pl;prf;avhvmrI pGrf;&nf? usKd;aMumif; oufao&SmazGvdkpdwfESifh rSef;qtajz xkwfEkdifpGrf;wdkYudk wdk;wuf zHGU NzdK;aponf/ IyfaxG; cufcJonfh jyemrsm;twGuf jzpf Ekdifacs tajztrsKd;rsKd;udk &SmazGvdkpdwfESifh pGrf;&nfudk ysKd;axmif ay;onf/ tjyeftvSef av;pm;rI &dSaom? 'Drdkua&pD enf;usaom? pkaygif;0dkif;0ef; jyemwdkYudk ajz&Sif;wwfaom tavhtusifhrsm;udk pmoifcef;rsm; twGif; avhusifh ay;&mvnf; a&mufonf/ xdkrSwqifh pmoifcef;rsm;udk ausmfvGefNyD;

ausmif;ESifh &yf&Gm vlYtzJGUtpnf;rsm;twGif; a&&Snf tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;ESifh vdkvm;tyfaom 'Drdkua&pD pHwefzdk;rsm;udk &&dSaprnf/ EIwfajympGrf;&nf ysKd;axmif avhusifhrI? pOf;pOf; pm;pm; ajymqdkwwfrI? wuf<upGm yg0ifvkyfaqmif rIESihf ajymqdk wifjyrIrsm;udk pDukH;a&;om;jcif;jzifh EIwf ajymrSwqifh ta&;pGrf;&nfodkY ul;ajymif; avhusifh ay;Ekdifonf/ ausmif;okH; bmompum;rSm rdcifbmompum; r[kwfaom uav;i,frsm;ESifh oif,l avhvmrI txl; tcuftcJ&dSolrsm; twGufvnf; atmifjrif EkdifpGrf;udk arQmfrSef;Ekdifonf/ ausmif;om; vli,frsm;\ b0ESifh jycef;? jy wdkufrsm;ESifh tEkynm vuf&mypnf;wdkYudk qufpyf EkdifpGrf;? tav;xm;vdkpdwf? tokH;jyK vdkpdwfrsm; &&dSapNyD; olwdkY\ &SifoefrIwGif ydkrdkt"dyg,f &dSvmaponf/

aemufqufwGJ tokH;csEkdifrIrsm;
tjriftm&kHjzifh pOf;pm;awG;awmrIpGrf;&nfwdkYudk avh usifhoifMum;jcif; (ADGwDtufpf)rSm tEkynm bmom&yfudk oif Mum;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) jywdkufwpfckck (odkYr[kwf) tEkynmjycef; wpfckckodkY vnfywfjcif;wdkY jzifhomvQif abmifcwf rxm;oifhyg/ q&mq&mrrsm;taejzifh tjcm;aom bmom&yf toD;oD;wGifvnf; tcGifhtcg oifhovdk aygif;pyf xnfhoGif; tokH;jyK Ekdifygonf/ odyH? vlrla&;? bmompum; ponfh ausmif;oif&kd; bmom&yf
Isamu Noguchi (Japanese)

toD;oD;wGifvnf; oifMum;enf; wpfck taejzifh tokH;jyKoifhonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh &moDOwk ajrykHydkpwm? av`yGefxJwGif ESHaumif\ awmifyH cwfaeonfh "gwfykH? awmifukef;av;ay:wGif wnfxm;udk;uG,faom apwD jzLjzLav;rsm; ponfwdkYjzifh ADGwDtufpf VTS oifMum;enf;udk aygif;pyf tokH;jyKEkdifonf r[kwfyg avm/ txufyg tEkynmjycef;wGif ar;jref;cJhonfh ar;cGef; 3 ckudk ar;jref;jcif;jzifh wpfwef;vkH; yg0ifaqG;aEG; Ekdifygrnf/ uAsmwpfyk'f? odkYr[kwf tjcm;aom zwfpm wpfckckudk zwfIMuNyD;onfh aemufwGifvnf; txufyg enf;vrf;wdkYudk toHk;jyK oifMum;Ekdifyg onf/ csKyfqdk&aomf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tEk ynmvuf&m? ypnf;wpfckckudk MunfhIapNyD; tEkynm ykHpH? pwkdif? tokH;jyKonfhenf; (wufued)? ESifh acwfou&mZf? tcsdefumv ponfwdkYudk ar;jref;jcif; tjyif tjriftm&kH cHpm;rIjzifh pOf;pm; awG;awmrI enf;vrf; VTS udk tokH;jyKNyD; oifMum;jcif;yif jzpf onf/ &ocHpm;rIESifh tEkynm ordkif;aMumif;tjyif ydkif;jcm;a0zef pOf;pm;awG;awmrIpGrf;&nf? qufqHa&; pGrf;&nf? tjriftm&kHqkdif&m cHpm;wwf odEkdifpGrf; wdkYudk vnf; zHGU NzdK;apEkdifygonf/ odkYqdkvQif jrefrmEkdifiH ausmif;ynma&; oif&dk;Gef;wrf;rsm;wGif tEk&o ynma&;bmom&yf\ tcef;u@ ydkrdkxif&Sm;? xda&muf ay:vGif vmEkdifrnf [kvnf; arQmfvifh rdygownf;/ / odef;Ekdif

81

xdkif;

,Ofaus;rI 0daoo wefzdk;rsm;ESifh

tEk&o ynma&;
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onfh pufrIvkyfief;ESifh enf;ynmwdkY tay:wGif txl; jyKxm;onf/ xdkvrf;vJGaeaom zHGY NzdK;a&;ykHpHu cRwf acsmfaom NrdKU jyjzpfxGef;rIESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif ysuf qD;rIwdkYuJhodkY BuD;rm;aom jyemrsm;udk tusKd; quf jzpfvmapNyD; vlxk&JUb0 t&nftaoG;udkyg xd ckdufvmcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh ,cktcg xdkif;wdkY\ udk,fydkif 'e? udk,fydkif ,Ofaus;rIESifh yifudk,fa'ocH tody nmudk jyefvnf apmaMumMunfhzdkY tcsdefusaeNyD jzpf onf/ ,Ofaus;rIwpfckonf tjrJ tvIyftcwfrsm; ESifh 'dkif;erpf jzpfaeNyD;? ordkif;qdkif&m vkdtyfcsuf tajct aeopfrsm; ay:xGufvmwdkif; jyefvnf teufzGifhqdkMu zdkY vkdtyfygonf/ tajctaeopfwdkYtay: rlwnf vl om;wdkYonf ,Ofaus;rI &if;jrpfwdkYudk jyefvnfzGifhqdkjy o ae&ygrnf/ &dk;&mtpOftvm ,Ofaus;rIwdkYudk wD xGifzefwD; tokH;csEkdif&rSm jzpfovdk? wpfzufuvnf; pdefac:rI topfrsm;ESihf &ifqkdif&wJh tcgwdkif; ,Ofaus;rI wdkYudk qufvuf &Sifoefatmif BudK;pm;&rnf jzpfonf/ ordkif;wavQmuf jyifyMoZmvTrf;rdk;cH&rI? Ncdrf;ajcmufcH&rI rnfrQyif &dSapumrl rddrdwdkY&JU yifudk p &dkufoGifjyif vuP&yfrsm;udk xkdif;trsKd;om; 0daoo tjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;jrJ jzpfonf/ 1880 rS 1925 txd tkyfpkd;cJhonfh bk&if 0csd&m0wfu trsKd;om; wefzdk;t wGuf tajccH a'gufwkdiftjzpf ] EkdifiHESifYvlrsKd;? bmom a&;? oufOD;qHydkifbk&ifpepf } qdkonfh tifpwD usL;&Sif; oHk;ckudk csay;cJhonf/ xdktifpwDusL;&Sif; okH;ck atmuf wGif acwftqufquf xdkif;EkdifiH\ pnf;vkH;rI? vkHjcHKrI? wm0ef,lrIESifh zHGHYNzdK;rIrsm; txdkuftoifh &&dScJhNyD;?

,ck aqmif;yg;rSm csLvmavmifaumif; w uodkvfrS ygarmu trf;zdkif; wD;&efpef (Ampal Tiran asar) u tm&Sydpdzdwf tEk&o ynma&; nDvmcHwpfck wGif xdkif;&dk;&m tEkynm? xdkif;vlxk\ vl aerIb0? tjyKtrl p&kdufvuPrsm;? xdkif;tEkynma&;ESifh xkdif;,Ofaus;rI wefzdk;rsm;taMumif; wifjyrSIrS xkwf ESIwfcsuf jzpfonf/ aemufcH xdkif;EkdifiH&JU pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIzHGY NzdK;rIwdkYrSm taemufwkdif; todynmay: trsm;BuD; wnfrSDxm;
82

,ckaemufydkif;wGif 'Drdku&ufwpf tpdk;&pepfudkyg pwk wajrmuf tifpwDusL;&Sif;tjzpf aygif;xnfhcJhonf/ acwfNydKif xdkif;trsKd;om; Oy"d&kyf jrifhwifa&; twGuf 1976 ckESpfwGif 0efBuD;csKyf ygarmu xm;eifu vdkif;0dcsrf;u xkdif;,Ofaus;rI tarGESihf *kPfodumudk u av;ESifh vli,fvl&G,frsm; wef;zdkod&dSatmif IdentityProject wpfckjzifh pwifcJhonf/ ya&m*suf&JU t"du vkyfief;rSm twdwf ESifh vuf&dS awmf0if bk&ifh rdefYcGef;rsm; jyefYESHapzdkY? vlrI a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh zHGYH NzdK; a&; vkyfief;rsm; us,fjyefY apzdkY? ] ,lY,efxdkif;} vdkYac:aom xkdif;vlrsKd;wdkY b0aeenf;xdkifenf; tpD tpOfrsm; jyefYESHapzdkYyif jzpf onf/ 1977 ckESpfwGif National Identity Board tzJGYu awmf0ifbk&ifh zHGYNzdK;a&; vkyfief;rsm;taMumif;? xdkif;EkdifiHESifh xdkif;vlxk\ tjyKoabmaqmifNyD; aumif;rGefonfh oGifjyifvuP&yfrsm;taMumif;? vlrI zHGYNzdK;a&; vkyfief;rsm; twGuf bmoma&;rS tjyKoabm aqmif tusKd;jyKEkdifrnfh tcsufrsm;taMumif; jynfoludk w&m;0if xkwfjyefay;cJhonf/ xdkif;,Ofaus;rI udprsm;twGuf ta&;ygqkH; tzJGY rSm ynma&;0efBuD;Xme jzpfvmNyD;aemuf jynfwGif; ESifh EkdifiHwum tqifhrsm;wGif tpdk;&? yk*vdu yl;aygif; NyD; ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; zHGY NzdK;a&;ESifY jrifhwif a&;rsm; qufwkdufvkyfvmcJhonf/ xdkif;trsKd;om; ynma&; rl0g' csrSwfonfh The Office of the National Education Commission (ONEC)

(a medium for growing things) tjzpf

uvnf; xdkif; vlrsKd;wdkY&JU todynmudk okawoe vkyf NyD;? ynma&;pepfwGif xkdif;tawG;tac: tjrJ&Sifoef aeapzdkY oifwef;rsm;? tpdk;& taxmuftyHhrsm; ay;vmcJhonf/ ,Ofaus;rI trSwf0daoo zGifhqdkcsuf ,Ofaus;rI (culture) qdkwJh a0g[m&tay: tjrifIaxmifh trsKd;rsKd;jzifh zGifhqdkcsufrsm; &dSaomfvnf; ynma&;wGifrl rEkoaA'ESihf ZD0aA' tjrifESpfcku ae zGifhqdkMuonf/ rEkaA' t"dyg,ft& ,Ofaus;rI qkdonfrSm ] b0aexdkifrIudk rQa0jcif;} (a shared way of life) jzpfonf/ ZD0aA'qkdif&mt& ,Of aus;rIudk ] BuD;xGm;ap aomt&mrsm; twGuf Mum;cH}

&nfGef;xm;ygonf/ tJ'D zGifhqdkcsuf abmifrsm;t&qdkvQif ,Of aus;rI udk owfrSwfxm;aom vltkyfpk (okdY) vlxkt Mum;&dS &SifoefaexdkifrI ykHp(the pattern of living) H tjzpf jrifMunhf Ekdif ygonf/ xdk&SifoefaexdkifrI ykHpH twGuf oufqkdif&m vltkyfpkrS tarGtjzpf vufcHxm;aom pHwefzdk;rsm;? ,kHMunfcsufrsm;? tjrif rsm;? t,ltqrsm;jzifh &S,f,mvkyfNyD; zHGYNzdK;vmaponf/ ,ck avhvmcsufwGif wpfEkdifiHvkH;&dS vltrsm;pku twkdif;twm wpfcktxd vufcHxm;onfh wefzdk;rsm;ESifh ,kHMunfcsufrsm; tygt0if trsKd;om;a&; tqifh&dS ,Of aus;rIudk zGifYqdk wifjy oGm;ygrnf/ wqufxJyif nation qkdaom pum;&yfrSm t"dyg,fqdkvdk&if; 'dG[ jzpfaeonf/ ,Ofaus;rI? &dk;&mt pOftvm? ordkif; ponfhwdkYESifh qufpyfxm;onfh ] vlrsKd;} udk qdkvdkwm jzpfovdk? wpfzufwGifvnf; EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ppfa&; tiftm;wkdYESifh wnfaqmufxm; onfh ]trsKd;om; EkdifiH} (nation- state) twGuf okH; EIef;wm jzpfaejyefonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh 'kwd,t"dyg,fwGif ] vlrsKd;} oabmu ygNyD;om;vnf; jzpfaewwfjyefonf/ tvm;wl ] trsKd;om;a&;0g'} (nation lism) onfvnf; vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;\ Zmwdykn *kPfrme udk ajymwmjzpfovdk? trsKd;om;EkdifiH wpfEkdifiH\ tif tm; *kPfj'yfBuD;jrifhrIudk trTef;wifjcif; jzpfaejyefonf/ owdxm;zdkY&mrSm taemufESifh ta&SU rS EkdifiHawmftif tm; jrifhwifvdkaom armf'ef trsKd;om;a&;0g'onf t pOftvm &dk;&m,Ofaus;rIrsm; twGuf tE&m,f &dSae onfqdkaom tcsufyif/ ] &dk;&mtpOftvm} [laom tokH;EIef;onf vnf; ] armf'efEkdifaZ;&Sif;} [laom pum;ESihf tjrJajzmifhajzmifh qefYusif aewwfonf/ &dk;&mtpOftvmudk ta[mif;tjrif;oabm ? t EIwfoabm jrifNyD;? armf 'efEkdifaZ;&Sif; twGuf &dk;&mtpOftvm 0ifpGufp&m r&dS[k xifrSwfMuonf/ trSefu &dk;&mtpOftvmESifh armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;tMum; qufEG,frIudk [mrdkeD jzpfap &rSm jzpfNyD;? 'dkif,m vufwpfusus a0zefqef;ppf tokH; cs&rSm jzpfonf/ ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m trSwf0daoo
83

(cultual identity) udk xdef;odrf;zdkYtwGuf azmfjyyg

qkdvkdcsuf tm;vkH;rS b0ykHpHudk t[wfnDnD Munfh jrifzdkY vdkygrnf/ b0aexkdifrIESifh p&dkufobm0 xkdif;vlrsKd;wdkY&JU b0rSm arG;zGm;onfrS aoqkH; onftxd Ak'bmomu xdkif;,Ofaus;rIESifh vlrIzJGYpnf; rSItwGuf trsm;BuD; xnfh0ifay;xm;NyD;? xkdif;vlrsKd;\ identity ESifh ,Ofaus;rIudk qufvuf o,faqmifzdkY jzpfaponf/

xkdif;vlrIqufqHa&;wGif wnfNidrfat;aq;rI udk *kjyKonf/ tjyifyef;tm;jzihf a'go? rESpfNrdKUrI?taESmuft,Sufay;rI azmfjyjcif;udk r,Ofaus;? r&ifhusufrItjzpf jrifwwfMuonf/ pdwfcHpm;csufudk csufjcif; zGihfrcsbJ xdef;csKyfNyD; tNyKH;jzifh azmfjyEkdifzkdY oGefoifxm;onf ...

tm;enf; csufvnf; jzpfay: apwwfonf/ txl;ojzifh EkdifiHa&; vlrIa&; pD;yGm;a&; vIyf&Sm;rIwGif rdrdESifhrqdkifovdk zmod zmom pdwf"gwfukd jzp fay: aponf/ odkYESifhwkdif ,Ofaus;rIESihf &kd;&mtpOftvmudk ,kH, kHMunfMunf jrwfjrwfEkd;Ekd; udkifpJGxm;onfh xkdif;vl rsKd;wkdYrSm xdkif;0g' (Thai-ism) jzpfvmNyD; EkdifiHa&; t usyftwnf;ESifh obm0ab;rsm; usa&mufonfh t cgwkdif; tcsif;csif; &dkif;yif;ulnDpdwfrsm; jywwf Muonf/ xdkYaemuf xkdif;vlrsKd;wdkY\ vlrIb0 oGifjyifrsm; xJwGif eufeufIdif;Idif; pJGepfaeonfh vuP&yf wpf ckuawmh wkywwfaom tavhtusifhyif/ txl;ojzifh xdkif;&kd;&m tEkynmrsm;wGif taemufwkdif; vuf&m wkrSD;xm;rIudk trsm;BuD; awGY&dSEkdifonf/ ynma&; taemufynma&;pepf rusifhokH;rDtxd xdkif; ynma&;rSm ] tdrfoifynma&;? bkef;BuD;ausmif; ynm a&;ESifh eef;wGif;ynma&;} qdkonfh tifpwD&Sif;okH;ck ykHpH jzpfonf/ rdbawGu uav;rsm;ukd tdrftvkyf? vlrI wefzdk;ESifh &dk;&mtpOftvmrsm; oifay;onf/ bkef;BuD; rsm;u pma&;pmzwf? usifh0wfeDwdESifh Ak'bmomukd oif Mum;ay;onf/ eef;wGif;wGifrl trsKd;om; *E0iftEkynm bmom&yfrsm;tm;vkH; zHGYNzdK;apzdkY? xdef;odrf;zdkY enf;em aygif;pkHudk oifMum;ay;onf/ rsufarSmufumv xdkif;EkdifiH&JU ta&;BuD;wJh ynma&;vIyf&Sm;rI wpfckudkawmh 1999 ckESpfwGif pwif cJhonf/ Zlvkdifv 1&ufaeYwGif atmufvTwfawmfrS t wnfjyKcsuf rlMurf;udk Mo*kwfv 19 &ufaeYwGif xkdif; bk&ifrif;jrwf blrdabmvfrS eef;wGif; trdefYxkwfjyef csuftjzpf tcrJh roifrae& udk;ESpfoif ynma&;udk aMujimcJhonf/ trsKd;om;ynma&;pepf Oya'\ ta&;BuD; aom tcsufrsm;xJrS wpfckrSm tydk'f 17 &Sd? udk;ESpfwm roifrae& ynma&;wGif tEk&o (Art) udk t"du t odynm e,fy,fBuD; ig;ckxJrS wpfcktjzpf xnfhoGif; xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ Art todynmacgif;pOf atmuf wGif yef;csD *Dw paom tEkynmrsm;? bmoma&;? ,Of aus;rI? tm;upm;? xkdif;todPfynmESifh xdkt odPfynm

xkdif;vlrIb0 vlrIqufqHa&;wGif wnfNidrf at;csrf;rIukd *&kjyKonf/ tjyifyef;tm;jzifh a'go? rESpf NrdKUrl? taESmuft,Sufay;rI azmfjyjcif;wdkYudk r,Ofaus; rI? r&ifhusufrItjzpf jrifwwfMuonf/ pdwfcHpm;csufwdkY udk csufcsif;zGifhrcsbJ xdef;csKyfNyD; tjyHK;jzifh azmfjyEkdifzdkY xdkif;,Ofaus;rIu oGefoifxm;onf/ yk*dKvfa&; wkduf &dkuf y#dyu jzpfrI? t&Suf&aprIwdkYudk a&Smif&Sm;NyD; Ekdifvkd rif;xuf jyKrlrIESifh &kefY&if;Murf;wrf;pGm qufqHrIudk t xiftjrif ao;wwfonf/ txufatmuf qufqHaom bk&ifpepfykHpH jzpfaomfvnf; wpfOD;csif; vGwfvyfpGm aexdkifawG;ac: rI individualism p&kdufvuPrsm;udk xdkif;wdkYwGif trsm;BuD; jrifawGYEdkif onf/ xdkwpfOD;csif; 0g'ykHpHu vlYtzJGYtpnf; tiftm; MuHckdif BuD;rm;apzdkYtwGuf
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rsm;udk pdwful;jzifh ajc&mcHMunfhaom jzpfpOf jzpfonf/ r wljcm;em;aom qdk'ft&G,ftpm;? tokH;jyK ypnf;rsm;? wJ cedrsm; pwmawGudk a&G;cs,fNyD; rdrdcHpm;csufESihf tvkyf udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; wifjyEkdifzdkY &SmazGMunfhjcif; jzpf onf/ xdkYtjyif tEk&o q&mrsm; taejzifh ausmif; ol ausmif;om;ESifh q&mtMum; qufEG,fcsufudkvnf; pOf;pm;oifhonf/ q&mrsm;a&m ausmif;om;yg olwdkY &dSaewJh ynma&; ywf0ef;usifudk ndEIdif;qufpyf ,lwwf zdkYvdkrnf/ wcsKdU q&mrsm;u xdkif;vlrI obm0,Ofaus; rIrsm;udk tuJay;vGef;aomtcg tEkynma&; yef;wdkif jzpfonhf avmu obm0&orsm; cHpm;wwfzdkY twGuf t[efYtwm; jzpfap wwfonf/ 'Dae&mwGif owdxm;zdkY wpfckrSm txuf atmuf tpOftvm ykHpH&dSaom xdkif;q&mwynfh quf qHa&;udk jyefvnf okH;oyfzdkY jzpfonf/ tay:,H q&m wynfh vkyf&dk;vkyfpOf 0wfaus wef;aus trlt,m jy&kH ESihf r&/ wynfhrsm;u q&mudk &kyfykdif; pdwfydkif; av;pm;rI jy&rSm jzpfovdk? q&muvnf; olwdkYtjyKtrlwkdif;twGuf av;pm; wm0ef,lrI &dSae& ygrnf/ wynfhrsm;&JU av;pm;rI&&dSzdkYtwGuf q&mrsm;&JU aumif;jrwfaom t&nftcsif; (merit) rsm;u ta&; ygvSonf/ tEk&o oifMum;a&;wGif q&mwynfh tjyeftvSef av;pm;rIu tEkynmopf ,Ofaus;rI opfrsm; zefwD;ay:xGef;apzdkY tc&m usaeonf/ aemuf xkdif;,Ofaus;rI&JU tm;omcsuf t rSwf wpfckrSm ] at;jraom ESvkH;om;} (cool heart) p&dkufobm0 &dSrIjzpfonf/ xdktcsufonf oifhwifh avsmufywfaom tajctae zefwD;zdkY tjrJtokH;us onf/ tEkynm vkyfief;wpfckwGif ppfrSefaom cHpm; csuf azmfjyEdkifzkdYtwGuf? jyify aexdkifrIwGif rdrd&JU t vG,fwul pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk csKd;ESdrfzkH;zd orm"dxm;Ekdif&rnf/ 'gaMumifh q&mawGu olwdkY ausmif;om;awGudk tEkky nm tvkyfrsm;rSmawmh cHpm;csufESifh tdkif'D,mawG vGwf bala nace between total objectivity and tatal vGwfvyfvyf azmfxkwfzdkY tm;ay;&rnf/ subjectivity) xdef;nd xm;&rnf/ ] jidrfoufaom ESvkH;om; } xm;&dSrI t,ltq (4) rSef;qjcif; (speculating)/ /tjriftm onf tEk&o oifcef;pmtwGuf ta&;BuD; vSonf/ &kHykHpH&JU ta&;ygrIudk aumif;aumif; ykHazmfEkdifzdkY oJvGefp pmoifcef;twGif; tkyfpkzJGY vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif ausmif;
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om;rsm;tMum; oifhwifhavsmufywfaom tjyeft vSef vlrIqufqHa&; &&dSzkdY ta&;BuD;onf/ rdrdt,lt qESifh tdkif'D,mrsm;udk wnfwnfNidrfNidrf azmfjyEkdifpGrf;&dSzdkY vdk tyfovdk? tjcm;olrsm;&JU tjrift,ltqrsm;udk vnf; av;av;pm;pm; oif,lzdkY vdkrnf/ jidrfoufaom ESvkH;om; xm;&dSaom? xdyfwdkufwdk;vmrnfh vlrIa&; jyemrsm; twGuf pdk;&drfylyefrIr&dSaom? tvG,fwul a'goxGufjcif; r&dSaom wefzdk;BuD; tEkynmESihf ,Ofaus;rI vkyfief;opf rsm; ay:xGuf vmrnf jzpfonf/ jidrfoufaom ESvkH;om; p&dkufvuPmESifh twl xkdif;vlxk&JU wpfOD;csif; todpdwf (individua listic sence) rsm;udkvnf; tEk&o ynma&;xJ tusKd;&dS&dS xnfhoGif; EkdifzdkYvkdrnf/ wpfOD;csif;&JU vGwfvyfaom pdwf0dnmOfonf 'Drdkua&pD vlYtzJGYt pnf;twGuf aumif;rGefaom tajccH tkwfjrpf jzpfonf/ xdkY aMumifhyif tEk&o q&mq&mrrsm; taejzifh ausmif; om;rsm;&JU wdk;wufrIudk jrifhwif&mrSm xkdif;,Ofaus;rI trSwfvuPrsm; (traits) rS oifhavsmfrI rSeforQudk a&G; cs,f tokH;jyK&rnf jzpfonf/ xdkif;&JU ajrmufrsm;pGmaom tEkynmrsm; t

euf eH&Haq;yef;csDonf ta&;ygvSonf/ cEmudk,f t jyKtrl [efyeftaetxm;? &dk;&m"avhxkH;pHESihf t0wf tpm;? &dk;&mtu paomo@efawGrS eH&Haq;yef;csDudk ajymifajrmufpGm a&;qJGazmfjyMuonf/ eH&Haq;yef;csD&JU xl;jcm;csufwpfckrSm [efyeftrlt&mudk azmfjyjcif;jzifh pdwfcHpm;csuf p&kdufobm0 wdkYudkyg wifjyEkdifpGrf; jzpf onf/ cEudk,f vuf[efajc[ef bmompum;onf bJav;urS pddwfcHpm;csuf tajctae azmfjyrIrsKd;ESifh wlvSonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif xkdif;,Ofaus;rI tEkynmtrsKd; rsKd; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY ydkrdkIjrifEkdifrIudk OD;wnfapzdkYESifh trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rI identity jrifhrm; ckdifrmvmapzdkY twGuf tEk&oynma&;udk t&dSeft[kefjrifh aqmif&Guf zdkY vdktyfaMumif; wifjyvdkuf&ygonf/ rl&if;pmwrf; &nfnGef; Cultural Identity and Art
Education in Thailand by Ampai Tiransar , Ph.D

acwfa[mif;acwfopf ynma&;pepf
acwfa[mif;ynma&;pepf\ tBuD;rm;qkH;aom qkd;usdK;wpfckrSm vlwkdif;twGuf udkufnDrI&Sdjcif;? r&Sdjcif;udk rpOf;pm;bJ tm;vkH;twGuf wajy;nD owfrSwfxm;jcif;yif jzpfavonf/ acwfopfynma&; pepf rsm;onf xkdtm;enf;csufudk jyKjyifzdkY trsdK;rsdK; BudK;pm;Muygonf/ acwfopfudkom OD;pm;ay;aom ynma&;pepfwGifvnf; qkd;usdK;rsm;&Sdygonf/ txif&Sm;qkH; qkd;usdK; wpfckrSm tjrifusOf;ajrmif;NyD; ta0;odkY rjrifjcif;jzpfonf/ ynma&;\ &nf&G,fcsufwpfckrSm ypKyefumvwpf ckwnf;ay:wGifom pdwftmkHudk xm;&Sdjcif;tm; y,fzsufypf&ef jzpfonf/ acwfopf\ 0g'jzefYrIrsm;udkom ,kHMunfNyD; udk,fhudk,fukd txifBuD;pdwfrsm;? wukd,faumif;pdwf rsm; jzpfvmMuonf/ udk,fhacwfudk tjcm;acwfrsm;ESihf EdIif;,SOfavhvmcGifh r&&Sdojzihf udk,fhacwfudk a0zefEkdif pGrf; r&SdMuyg/ qm &pfcsufvpfAif;pwkef; t*Fvdyf tEkokckrynm&Sif

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tEkynma&; oifdk;nTef;wrf;
tEkynm bmom&yf
The Arts
tEkynmbmom&yfqkdonfrSm tEkynmbmom&yf The Arts wGif oif,lavhvm&rnfhe,fy,frsm;rSm atmufygwkdYjzpfMuonf/ (1) *Dw (2) tu (3) yef; (10)rsdK;ESifh 'DZkdif;ynm (4) tdrfwGif;rI? b0wGufwmuRrf;usifp&m (5) pmMunfhwkduf tokH;jyKjcif; (6) rD'D,m ta&;BuD;ykH tEkynmbmom&yf\ tcsdKUaom oif,lavhvm&rnfhe,fy,frsm; (acgif;pOfBuD;rsm;) udk ,cifumvrsm; wGif wJGzufoifdk;taejzihf xnhfoGif; avhusihfoifMum;jcif;rsm; &SdcJhonf/ okdYaomf jrefrmEkdifiH\ tajccHynma&; wGif xda&mufatmifjrifpGm vkyfaqmifEkdifjcif; r&Sdonfudk avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/ bmom&yfrSm tjcm;aom bm om&yfrsm;ESihf oif,lavhvmrIe,fy,frsm;enf;wl ynm&yfwefzkd;rsm;ESihf vufawGUtokH;0ifjcif;rsm; rsm;jym;vSay onf/ oufarG;0rf;ausmif; tvkyftudkifrsm;txdvnf; ykHazmfxm;&Sdonfudk avhvmawGU&SdEkdifonf/ txl;ojzihf ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;\ pGefYOD;wDxGifzefwD;vkdpdwf (Creativity)ESihf a0zefydkif;jcm; pOf;pm;awG;ac:jcif; (Critical Thinking)\ pGrf;&nfrsm;udk bmom&yfe,fy,fwGif rsm;pGmavhusihfysdK;axmif ay;Ekdifygonf/ odkYjzpfyg bmom&yfudk txifu& bmom&yfBuD;wpfck (t"duoif,l avhvm&rnfh e,fy,fwpf&yf)t aejzihf oifdk;Tef;wrf;zJGUpnf;rIwGif xnhfoGif;xm;&Sdonf/ rlvwef;atmufqihfrsm;wGif tcsdefrsm;rsm;jzihf avhusihf oifMum;ay;oihfygonf/ rlvwef;txufqifhESihf txufwef;atmufqifhwkdYwGif ykHrSefyif&if;bmom&yf tqifht wef;jzihf tcsdefZ,m;wGif txifu& xnhfoGif; oufqkdif&m txl;jyKq&m q&mrrsm;jzihf avhusihfoifMum;ay;& rnf/ tcsdKUaom ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf txufwef;txufqifhwGif bmomwJGrsm;jzihf txl;jyKaom oifwef;rsm;? oufarG;0rf;ausmif; aumvdyfrsm;wGif 0goemESihf pdwfyg0ifpm;rIt& qufvufavhvmqnf;yl;EkdifMu rnfjzpfonf/
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ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm; oif,lavhvm&rnfh e,fy,frsm; (1) *Dw ed'gef; *Dw[lonf toHjzifhvnf;aumif; (odkYr[kwf) wl&d,m oHpOfrsm;jzihfvnf;aumif;? pdwfcHpm;rIrsm;udk ,SOfwGJ aygif;pyfvQuf oHpkHrsm;? ykHo@mefrsm;jzifh azmfjyaom vSyonfh tEkynmwpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ &nfrSef;csuf *DwtEkynmoifMum;&jcif;jzihf uav;rsm;onf *DwtEkynmESihf aeYpOfvlrIb0&SifoefrItMum; qufpyfrI udk odem;vnfNyD; wkdif;&if;om;wkdY\ dk;&m*DwESihf EkdifiHwum*DwwkdYudk xdawGUcHpm;jrwfEkd;wwfvmap&ef &nf&G,fjcif; jzpfonf/ xkdrSwpfqifh uav;wdkY\ *Dwqkdif&mtjrifESihf wDxGifzefwD;rIwkdY us,fjyefYvmap&rnf jzpfonf/ &nf&G,fcsuf *DwzefwD; wDxGifrI pGrf;&nf&&Sdvmap&ef/ 1 *DwtEkynm\ wefzkd;udk od&Sdem;vnf jrwfEkd;wwfvmap&ef/ 1 wpfOD;csif;pD\ cHpm;csufudk azmfxkwfwifjywwf&ef/ 1 *DwtEkynmudk tzJGUvdkuftwlwuG pkaygif;zefwD; wDxGifwwf&ef/ 1 EdkifiHwumtqihfrD *Dwtjzpf pepfwus zefwD;Ekdif&ef/ 1 wkdif;&if;om;tvkduf dk;&m,Ofaus;rIrsm;rS qif;oufvmaom aw;*Dw ykHo@mef trsdK;rsdK;udk od&Sdem;vnf NyD; udk,fwkdifujy oDqkdwifqufwwf&ef/ 1 *Dwt*Fg&yfrsm;\ tajccHa0g[m&rsm;ESihf *DwoHpOftrsdK;rsdK;udk A[kokwtjzpf od&Sdap&ef/ 1 tajccH*DwoauFwrsm;udk em;vnfNyD; a&;wwf? zwfwwf&ef/ 1 wkdif;&if;om;dk;&m wl&d,mrsm;ESihf EkdifiHwumokH; wl&d,mrsm;udk tjrif? tMum;jzihf cJGjcm;od&Sd&ef/ 1 dk;&mtpOftvm aw;*Dw\ aemufcHorkdif;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIudk odjrifNyD; tjcm;aom *DwykHpH Style rsm;jzihf qufEG,faerIudk pl;prf;&SmazGwwf&ef/ 1 oDcsif;qkdjcif;? wl&d,mwD;rIwfjcif;ESihf uckefvIyf&Sm;jcif;rsm;twGuf tajccHenf;emrsm;udk wwfajrmuf&ef/ 1 *DwoHpOfrsm;udk pepfwus cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmNyD; em;axmifwwf&ef/ 1 *DwwifqufrIrsm;udk tao;pdwf okH;oyfwwf&ef/ 1 vlrIb0twGif; *Dwukd ESpfoufjrwfEkd;wwfNyD; cHpm;aysmf&Tifwwf&ef/ 1 uGJjym;jcm;em;aom ,Ofaus;rItoD;oD;&Sd aw;*Dwrsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;? us,fus,fjyefYjyefY em;vnf cHpm; wwfvmap&ef/ 1 q&m q&mrwkdY\ uGyfuJrIjzihf *DwoHpOfrsm;udk tcsufusus zefwD;zJGUqkdwwf&ef/
1

(c) tu pnf;csufudkufnDaom udk,fum,vIyf&Sm;rIjzihf t"dyg,fwpfrsdK;rsdK;udk azmfaqmifNyD; ykHoPmeftrsdK;rsdK;ESihf

91

ujywifqufjcif;jzpfonf/ vlrIa&; yJGvrf;obifrsm;? Zmwfobif? vlrsdK;pkrsm;ESihf oufqkdif&m bmoma&; yJG awmfrsm; wGif ,Ofaus;rItvdkuf tuya'omrsm;jzihf wifqufMuavh&Sdygonf/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm; onf tuudk wDxGefzefwD;csufrsm;? qef;opfcsufrsm;? wifqufcsufrsm;? jyefvSefavhvmcsufrsm;jzihf rdrd\ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;? tjcm;olrsm;? tjcm;aom (wkdif;&if;om;ESihf EkdifiHwum) ,Ofaus;rIrsm;\ tursm;udk pkHpkHnDnD avhvmMuyg onf/ (C) yef;q,frsdK;ESihf 'DZkdif;ynm yef; 10 rsdK; twwfynmoifMum;jcif; yef; 10 rsKd;rSm jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdY\ kd;&mtpOf tvmt& ,Ofaus;rItwGif; wnf&SdaecJhonfrSm ESpf aygif;axmifESihfcsD MumjrifhcJhNyDjzpfonf/ EkdifiHawmf\ a'otoD;oD;wGif ynm&yfrsm;jzifh ,Ofaus;rIudk xdef;odrf;jcif;ESihf b0toufarG;0rf;ausmif; tvkyft udkiftrsdK;rsdK; vkyfudkifaeMujcif;rsm;udk txift&Sm; awGU jrifEkdifonf/ ausmif;ynma&;\ tEkynmbmom&yf wGif yef;q,frsdK;udk oifMum;oihfonfh e,fy,f &yfrsm;taejzihf xnhfoGif;jcif;rSm rsm;pGmoifhavsmfvS ayonf/ rlvwef;tqifhrSp tqifhwkdif;wGif oifh awmfudkufnDrnfh oifcef;pmrsm;udk zefwD;Ekdifygonf/ xkdYtjyif e,fajra'otvdkuf xif&Sm;onfh tvkyf tudkifrsm;\ tajccHtaejzihfvnf;aumif;? dk;&m,Of aus;rIudk xdef;odrf;jcif;taejzihfvnf;aumif;? pGefYOD; wDxGif zefwD;vdkpdwfudk ysdK;axmifjcif;taejzihfvnf; aumif;? tajccHynma&;wGif xnhfoGif;jcif; jzpfyg onf/ obm0xGufukefypnf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKNyD; qef;opf wDxGif &onfjzpf&m o,HZmwrsm;\ tokH;0ifrIESifh twwfynm&yfrsm;tvkduf aygif;pyf vlrItodkif; t0dkif;\ tajccHvkdtyfcsufrsm;udk jznhfqnf;ay;jcif; oabmobm0udk xJxJ0if0if odjrifcHpm;em;vnfEkdif ap&efvnf; jzpfonf/ zefwD;rI tEkynm\ tpdwftydkif;jzpfaom yef; 10 rsdK;twwfynmonf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wkdY\ 0daoodk;&m twwf ynm jzpfonf/ 4if;wkdYrSm 92

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

yef;csD- ykHqJG? aq;a&; twwfynm yef;yk- kyfvkH;azmf? tajymufxk twwf ynm yef;yJ - oHxnfvkyf twwfynm yef;wdrf- a&Txnf? aiGxnfvkyf twwfynm yef;&H - tkwfpD twwfynm yef;awmh- t*Faw twwfynm yef;warmh- ausmufqpf twwfynm yef;yGwf- yGwfcH twwfynm yef;wOf;- aMu;oGef;? aMu;cuftwwfynm yef;,Gef;- ,Gef;ajymufxkd; twwfynm

yef; 10 rsdK; (odkYr[kwf) zefwD;rI tEkynm bmom&yfrsm;\ ta&;ygrI ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tm; todynm? uRrf; usifrI? pm&dwESihf &ocHpm;wwfrI? wefzkd;xm;wwfrI wdkYtwGuf jyKpkysdK;axmif&mwGif zefwD;rI tEkynm\ tcef;u@rSm txl;ta&;BuD;ygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;\ rddk;zvm zefwD;rItEkynm vkyfief;jzpfaom yef; 10 rsdK; twwfynmudk wynfh ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oifMum;ay;jcif;? 'DZdkif; ykHpHtrsdK;rsdK;udk udk,fwkdif wDxGifzefwD;apjcif;jzihf ausmif;om;rsm;onf wDxGifBuHqrI t&nftaoG; wkd;wufjrihfrm;apNyD; twwfynmrsm;ESihf &if;ESD;uRrf; 0ifrIudk &&Sdapygonf/ Oyrm - wynfhausmif;om;rsm; onf yef;csDynmoifMum;ay;jcif;jzihf pdwful;Pfudk

&ifhoefapNyD; rSwfPfudkvnf; ydkrdkzHGU NzdK;apygonf/ zefwD;rI tEkynmoifMum;jcif;jzihf odrIe,fy,fwGif yg0ifaom taMumif;tusdK;qyfpyf pOf;pm;EkdifrIESihf &oe,fy,fwGif yg 0ifaom &ocHpm;rIrsm; jynfhpkHaom tcg uRrf;usifrIe,fy,fwGif yg0ifaom ouf0ifvIyf&Sm; jcif;? OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyKvkyf jcif;? wDxGifzefwD;jcif; (creativity)? vkyfief;aqmif&Gufay;jcif;wkdYudk aqmif&Guf vmEkdifapygonf/ &nf&G,fcsufrsm; 1 ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm; bufpkHynm wwf ajrmufap&ef/ 1 tajccHypnf;rsm;jzpfaom opfom;? oHxnfESifh aMu;xnfypnf;rsm;jzihf tuRrf;0ifrI &Sdap&ef/ 1 omrmeftao;pm;pufESihf pufypnf;rsm;? vuf vkyfud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;udk udkifwG,ftokH; jyK&mwGifuRrf;usifrI pGrf;&nf&&Sdap&ef/ 1 ausmif;jyify&Sd &yf&Gma'oESifh aetdrwwGivuf f Ydk f awGUvkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaeonfh vlrIpD;yGm;a&; b0 wGif qufpyftokH;jyKoGm;Ekdif&ef/ (C) tdrfwGif;rI bmom&yf? b0wGufwm uRrf;usifp&m t"dyg,fzGihfqkdcsuf tdrfwGif;rIynm&yfonf ausmif;ol ausmif;om; rsm; (rdef;uav;rsm;ESihf a,musfm;av;tm;vkH;)twGuf wefzkd;&Sdonfh bmom&yfwpfckjzpfygonf/ twdwfum vrsm;wGif rdef;uav;rsm;ESihfom oufqkdifonf[l t,ltq rsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcgwGifrl rdef; uav;rsm;twGufomrubJ a,musfm;av;rsm;t wGufyg tm;vkH;twGuf oifMum;ay;oihfonf[l vufcHvmMuygonf/ bmom&yfonf uav;rsm;\ A[kokw? pGrf;&nfrsm;ESihf tjrif oabmxm;rsm; zHGU NzdK;wkd;wufap olwdkY\ b0&Sifoefa&;? rdom;pk b0&Sifoefa&;ESihf vlrItodkif;t0dkif;\ &Sifoefa&;wkdY twGuf taxmuftulrsm;pGm jzpfapygonf/ bmom&yfwGif 1 usef;rmaomb0twGuf tpm;tpmESihf tm[m& wefzkd;rsm;ESihf pDrHcefYcJGwwfrI/

aeYpOf0wfpm;qif,ifrIESihf tokH;taqmifrsm; t wGuf txnftvdyfESihf ukefMurf;rsm;/ 1 pm;? 0wf? aea&;twGuf vdktyfonfh tajccHvlokH; ukefypnf;rsm;\ tokH;0ifrIwefzkd;rsm;udk od&Sd em; vnf rdrdESihfrdom;pk\ vdktyfcsufrsm;ESihf aMumfjim rsm;\ 0g'jzefYcsDjcif;rsm;ukd od&Sdem;vnfap&ef/ rdom;pk0ifrsm; pkaygif;aexkdifMuaom tdrfwpf tdrftwGif; pm;0wfaea&;? ynmoifMum;a&;? usef; rma&;? oma&;ema&;paom vlrIudprsm;udk vlom;wdkif; rvJGraoG BuKHawGUMu&ygrnf/ rdrdwdkY\ b0&Sifoef &nfwnfa&;udk ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEkdif&eftwGuf tdrf wGif;rI bmom&yfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;&ayrnf/ om"u tm;jzihf rkefYrsdK;pkHjyKvkyfjcif;? [if;rsdK;pkH csufjyKwfjcif;? t0wftxnfrsm;csKyfvkyfjcif;? yef;tvSjyifjcif;? vuf rIxnfrsm;jyKvkyfjcif; ponfwkdYonf vufawGUb0 wGifvnf; tokH;0ifonfh oufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm&yf rsm;jzpfojzihf tdrfwGif;rIynmudk ausmif;wGif bmom&yf wpfcktaejzihf xnfhoGif;oifMum;jcif; jzpfonf/ xdkY tjyif bmom&yfonf uav;rsm;\ wDxGif zefwD; vdkpdwfESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufvkdpdwfwkdYudk ysdK;axmif ay;Ekdifavonf/
1

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93

(7) ausmif;ol ausmif;om;aumif; yDo wkdif; jynf\ tusdK;udk wwyfwtm; yg0ifulnDumurmh t qifhrD wufvSrf;Ekdif&ef/ xkd&nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzihf ausmif;rsm;wGif bmom &yfwpfcktaejzihf xnhfoGif;oifMum;Ekdif&ef vkdtyf onf/ oifMum;&jcif; OD;wnfcsufrsm; (1) rdom;pk0ifwkdif; usef;rma&;ESihf nDGwfpGm aexkdifpm;aomuf? 0wfpm;qif,if&ef vdktyfonfudk em;vnfoabmaygufap&ef/ (2) ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;onf wkdif;&if; om;tpm;tpmrsm;udk tm[m&jynfh0wpGmESihf odyHenf; usNyD;acwfrDwkd;wufaom tajccHcsufjyKwf enf;ynm rsm;udk em;vnf wwfajrmufuRrf;usif&ef/ (3) vlwpfa,muftwGuf aeYpOfvkdtyfaom tpm;tpmESihf tm[m&jynfhpGm csufjyKwfjcif;taMumif; od&Sd&ef/ (4) tajccHcsKyfdk;rsm;ESihf tvScsKyfdk;rsm;udk cJG jcm;csKyfvkyfwwf tcsdefrDcsKyftpkwfoufomykHudk em; vnf&ef/ (5) tdrfwGif;rIbmom&yfwGif yg0ifaom tcsuf tjyKwf? tcsKyftvkyf Zmxkd;yef;xkd; ynmrsm;rS 0goemyg onfudk OD;pm;ay;oifMum;wwfajrmufjcif;jzihf touf arG;0rf;ausmif;rI jyKEkdifap&ef/ (6) pufjzihf wDxGifjyKvkyfxm;aom vlokH;tdrf okH;ypnf;rsm;xuf vufjzifhwDxGifvkyfudkifxm;aom vufrItEkyynmypnf;rsm;\ wefzkd;udk ydkrdkod&Sdem; vnf uRrf;usifpGm aqmif&Gufvkyfudkifwwf&ef/ (7) td r f w G i f ; rI v uf r I y nm&yf r sm;onf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;\todPfzHGUNzdK;wkd;wufrI? wDxGifBuHqrI? jzwfxkd;Pfrsm;udk jzpfay:aponfh tjyif? rdrdywf0ef;usif wkd;wufrIudk jzpfap&ef/ (8) jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wdkY\ dk;&mtpm;tpm rsm;? tokH;taqmifrsm;ESihf tdrfwGif;rI ynm&yfrsm;udk avhvmcGifh&&Sdjcif;jzihf dk;&m,Ofaus;rIudk wefzkd;xm; rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfrsm; udef0yfaeap&ef/

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94

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95

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Ms. Dao Coordinator Studio Xang (AMCP)

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vkyfr,fhol? rdzk&m;vkyfr,fhol? ppfolMuD;vkyfr,fhol? oHwrefvkyfr,fhol? 0efMuD; vkyfr,fholawGudk a&G;cs,f jyD; tjzpftysuftwdkif; jyefvnf o&kyfaqmifMur,f/ ordkif;xJu pum;awGudk jyefajymMur,f/ tjzpftysuf aemufcHpum;ajymjyD; oifcef;pmudk rodrom rdwf qufvdkufwmygyJ/ [efygyg? rmefygygeJY uav;awG[m odyfudk vkyfcsifMuwm/ pmoifrSef;? ordkif;oifrSef; rodvdkufyJeJYudk olwdkY ordkif;tjrifawG? em;vnfrIawG & oGm;Mur,f/ ydkta&;MuD;wmu twdwforkdif;[molwdkY b0xJ? &ifbwfxJudk 0ifa&mufcGihf&&Sdjcif;yg/ odjrifcHpm; EkdifpGrf; &&Sdjcif;yg/ ]upm;&if;yif ynmoif} qdkwJh ynm a&; oabmw&m;vnf; &Sdw,fr[kwfvm;/ uav;awG [m tkyfpktvdkuf ordkif;tjzpftysufawGudk t&kyfawG zefwD;Edkifao;w,f/ &THUaysmhawGeJY yHkpHi,fawG zefwD; Ekdifjyefw,f/ 'Dvdkqdk&if orkdif;oifcef;pmawG[m ydkjyD; aysmf&TifzG,f&,f jzpfvmr,f/ tjcm;aom bmom&yfawGwdkif;udkvnf; tEk ynmtajccHjyD; oifMum;oifhygw,f/ bmompum;? ocsFm? odyHeJY vlrIa&;bmomawG tm;vHk;rSm tcgtm; avsmfpGm tEkynmenf;pepfeJY aygif;pyfjyD; oifMum;ay; Ekdifygw,f/ i,f&G,fwJh uav;i,fawGtwGuf pma&;& wmxuf yHkqGJ&wm ydkvG,fulwmudk ajymjycsifygw,f/ tJ'g uav;obm0jzpfw,f/ abstract qefwJh pma&; jcif;[m uav;twGuf rdrdukd,fukd azmfjy&mrSm tcuf tcJ&Sdygw,f/ 'gayr,fh yHka&;qGJjcif;? aumufaMumif; jcpfcsif;rSmawmh rdrdtawG;? pdwful;eJY odjrifrIudk vGwf vGwfvyfvyf azmfxkwfcGifhay;Edkifw,f/ tckvdkaqG;aEG;ay;wm q&mrudk aus;Zl;trsm;MuD; wifygw,f/

Isamu Noguchi, Humpty Dumpty, 1946. Ribbon slate, 59 21 1/2 19 1/2 in. (149.9 54.6 49.5 cm).

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Bangkok Post (25 October 2010)

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Indo-Asia News Service (29 August 2010)

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Learning Time Structure The Basic Education Core Curriculum prescribes the framework for learning time as follows Learning Time (in hours) Learning Areas/ Activities Primary Education Level Gr 1 Gr2 .learning Areas
Thai Language Mathematics Science Social Studies Religion and Culture History Religion, Morality and Ethics, Civics. Culture and Living in Society, Economic, Geography Health and Physical Education Art Occupations and Technology Foreign Languages Total Learning Time (Basic Level) . Learner Development Activities . Additional courses/ activities provided by schools, depending on their readiness and piorities Total Learning Time 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 (1 cr) 120 (3crs) 80 (2crs) 80 (2crs) 80 (2crs) 120 (3crs) 880 22crs 120 40 (1 cr) 40 (1 cr) 80 (2 crs) 240 (6 credits) 120 (3 credits) 120 (3 crs) 120 (3 crs) 240 (6 crs) 1640 (41 crs) 360 200 200 80 120 200 200 80 120 200 200 80 120 160 160 80 120 160 160 80 120 160 160 80 120 120 (3crs) 120 (3crs) 120 (3crs) 160 (4crs) 120 120 (3crs) (3crs) 120 120 (3crs) (3crs) 120 120 (3crs) (3crs) 160 160 (4crs) (4crs) 240 (6 crs) 240 (6 crs) 240 (6 crs) 320 (8 crs)

Gr 3

Gr 4 Gr 5

Gr 6

Lower Secondary Upper Secondary Education Level Education Level Gr 7 Gr 8 Gr 9 Gr 10-12

80

80

80

80

80

80

120 120 (3crs) (3crs) 80 80 (2crs) (2crs) 80 80 (2crs) (2crs) 80 80 (2crs) (2crs) 120 120 (3crs) (3crs) 880 880 22crs 22crs 120 120

80 80 40 40 840 120

80 80 40 40 840 120

80 80 40 40 840 120

80 80 80 80 840 120

80 80 80 80 840 120

80 80 80 80 840 120

Not more than 40 hours for each year.

Not more than 200 hours for each year. Not more than 1200 hours for each year

Not Less than 1600 hours Not less than 3600 hours for a total of 3 years

Not more than 1000 hours for each year

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Developmental Tasks For Childhood

Birth to 6 years 6 to 12 years

Learning to walk Learning to take solid foods Learning to talk Learning to control the elimination of body wastes estly

Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary games

Building wholesome attitudes toward oneself as a growing organism

Learning to get along with age-mates Learning sex differences and sexual mod- Learning an appropriate masculine or feminine sex role

Achieving physiological stability Forming simple Concepts of social and

physical reality

Developing fundamental skills in reading,

writing, and calculating.

Developing concepts necessary for everday living

Learning to relate oneself emotionally to

parents, siblings, and other people

Developing conscience, morality, and a

scale of values

Learning to distinguish rignt and wrong

and developing a conscience

Achieving personal independence

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