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CONTENTS
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26

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24 25 26 28 29 31 32 40 41

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14

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ajymjycJhonf/ OD;atmifpdefrSyif ausmif;taqmufttHkrsm; udk xdef;odrf;ay;&ef ar;jref;csufudkvnf; ynma&; 0efBuD;a'gufwm csrf;Nidrf;u y,fcscJhonf/ ynma&; okawoe avhvmcsufrsm;t& uav;i,f oHk;yHkwpfyHk rSm ausmif;pmoifcef;rsm; txJodkY r0ifbl;ao;yg/ xdkY tjyif aus;vufausmif;rsm;pGm\ tajctaerSm udk,fxl udk,fx ,dkifeJYeJYjzihf wnfaqmufxm;Mu&NyD; ausmif;vHkavmufrI rnfonhf jynfe,fwGifrS r&Sdao; aMumif; awGY&Sd&onf/ wkdif;&if;om; e,fajrrsm;ESihf aus; vufa'orsm;wGif ausmif; r&SdonhftwGuf tajccH ynma&; qHk;cef;wkdif wufa&muf&ef tcuftcJ rsm;pGm &SdaeqJyif/ ydkrdk qdk;0g;vSonfh vspfvsLjyKcsufrSmrl wdkif; &if;om; bmompum;udk ausmif;wGif oifMum;cGihf vHk;0 rjyKjcif;yifjzpfonf/ rdk;armufNrdKUe,ftrwf OD;aZmfxGef; u pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif jrefrmpmtjyif wkdif;&if;om; pmaywdkY oifMum;cGihfudk Oya'a&;qGJ taumiftxnf azmf&eftwGuf tpDtpOfudk ar;jref;cJhonf/ onfrSm wkdif;&if;om;ygwDrsm;\ tedrfhqHk;aom EkdifiHa&; arQmf vifhcsuf wpf&yf jzpfouJhodkY wkdif;&if;om; uav;i,f rsm;\ arG;&myg rdcifbmompum; oifMum; ydkifcGihfvnf; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif 0efBuD; a'gufwmcsrf;Nidrf;u oif&dk; nGef;wrf; NyD;jynfhpHkaeNyDjzpf rvdktyfaMumif;ESihf rjzpf Ekdfif aMumif;udkom ajzMum;oGm;ygonf/ q,fpkESpf 4 cktwGif; oif&dk;nGef;wrf;udk rnfonfh tcgurQ 'Drkdua&pD enf;vrf;wus a&;qGJ xm;jcif; r&Sdonfudk ajAmifvdrfjcif; jzpfaMumif;ESihf wkdif;&if;om; bmompum;rsm; &SifoefcGifh qHk;IH; aeOD; rnfjzpfaMumif;udk today;vdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf [k ynma&; okawoD q&mOD;odef;Ekdifu qdkonf/ ]vlOD;a&aum? vlrsKd;pk ta&twGufyg rsm;jym;vSwJh tdEd,vdk wkdif;jynfrsKd;rSm oHk;bmom oifMum;a&; pepf[m atmifjrifaewmyg/ tajccH Oya'uae wkdif; &if;om; uav;i,f tcGihfta&;tjzpf rdcifbmomp um; oifMum;cGihf jyKxm;w,f/ tckawmh vTwfawmfrSm ydwfyifvdkufMuwm tawmf qdk;0g;yg w,f/} 1974 ckESpf tajccHOya'wGif 'kwd,wef;

txd oifMum;cGihf ay;xm;cJhaomfvnf; vufawGYwGifrl pmoifMum;cGihfudk vHk;0 ydwfyifxm;cJhMuonf/ xdkYtjyif wkdif;&if;om; tzGJYtpnf;rsm;u udk,fxludk,fx pmay oifMum;jcif;rsm;rSmvnf; aESmuf,SufcHcJh&onf/ (16? rwfv? 2011)

yk*vduausmif;rsm; tpdk;&ausmif; rsm;ESifh twl ZGefvwGif jyefzGihfrnf

2010-2011 ynmoifESpfu zGihfcGihf&cJhaom yk*vdu ausmif;rsm;rSm tpdk;& ausmif;zGihf&ufrsm; twdkif; ZGefvtwGif; zGihfrnf[k od&Sd&onf/ ]yk*vduausmif;awG&JU tcef;u@u ,SOf NydKifrIrsm;vmwmeJYtrQ wm0ef,lrI tydkif;awGrSmvnf; ta&;ygvmygw,f} [k yk*vdu ausmif;wpfausmif;\ ynma&;wm0efcH ausmif;tkyf q&mBuD;u armuudk ajymjycJhonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif&Sdaom yk*vdu ausmif;rsm; onf tpdk;& oifdk;Gef;wrf;rsm;twdkif; oifMum;Mu& rnhftjyif ausmif;zGihfcsdefESihf pmar;yGJ ppfaq;rIrsm;rSm vnf; tpdk;&ausmif;rsm; enf;wlyif aqmif&GufMuonf/ tcsKUd yk*vduausmif;rsm; aEG&moDwGif t*Fvdyfpm? uGefysLwm wdkYudkvnf; oifMum;ay;vsuf&Sdonf/ ]yk*vduausmif;qdkwm [dk;t&ifu &SdcJhovdk rsKd; qif;&J? csrf;omra&G; wufEdkif&r,f/ aemifvmr,hf ESpfawGrSmvnf; yk*vdu ausmif;awGrSm ynm'ge tjzpf jyKvkyfay;oGm;zdkY pDpOfaeygw,f} [k xdkyk*vdu ausmif;tkyf q&mBuD;u ajymMum;cJhonf/ rdbrsm;uvnf; yk*vduausmif;rsm;tay: pdwf0ifpm;rI ydkvmcJhMujyD; ydkrdkaumif;rGefonhf ynma&; pepfwpfck jzpfvmzdkY tm;vHk;u arQmfvifhaeMuonf[k qdkonf/ odkYaomf yk*vdu ausmif;rsm;bufrSvnf; enf;pepf useNyD; ydkrdkaumif;rGefonhf ynma&; jzpfvm ap&ef yk*vdu ausmif;Oya' tjrefqHk; ay:xGufvmzdkY vdktyfaMumif; ynma&; wuodkvfrS tNidrf;pm; 'kwd, ygarmucsKyf wpfOD;u ajymjycJhonf/ ]1975 ckESpf
15

udk,fydkif bmom&yfoif oifwef;ausmif; Oya'[m International uGefawmf avhvmrdoavmuf Schools awGtjyif abmf'geJY aeYwuf txl; oifwef; ausmif;awG taeeJYyg tcktcsdefrSm udkufnDrI r&Sdawmhygbl;/ Oyrm oifwef;aMu; wpfv 10 usyf? oifwef;ausmif; wpfckrSm oHk;bmomxuf ydkroif&bl; qdkwmawG[m vuf&Sd tajctaeawGeJY vHk;0 uGm[ aeygao;w,f/ 'gaMumihf yk*vduausmif;eJY oufqdkif wJh Oya'jy|mef; xGuf&SdvmzdkY uGefawmfwkdY arQmfvihfygw,f} [k armuudk ajymMum;cJhonf/ 2011-2012 ynmoifESpftwGuf yk*vdu ausmif;rsm;onf tpdk;& ausmif; zGihf&ufrsm;twdkif; ZGefv pwif zGihfvSpfrnfjzpf&m yk*vdu ausmif;rsm; tm; ,refESpfrsm;u nGefMum;csuftwdkif; ig;wef;rS udk;wef; txd vufcH oifMum;&rnf[k od&onf/ (23 {NyD 2011)

*g*g&ifudk owd&aeqJ &k&Sm;eJY 0dZm ynma&;pepf qkH;IH;vdkuf&wJh jrefrm

vGefcJhaom tESpf 50? 'DaeY&ufrSmawmh armhpudk&JU owif; wpfyk'f[m urmwvTm;udk zHk;vGrf; oGm;cJhw,f/ qdkAD,uf&k&Sm;u tmumoxJudk vlom; wpfOD; ydkYvTwfEdkifcJhjyD; urmajrjyifay:udk tE&m,f uif;pGm jyefqif; oufEkdifcJhwJh owif;yg/ 1961 ckESpf {NyDv 12 &ufaeYrSm tmumo,mOfrSL; ,l&D*g*g&if[m yxrqHk;aom tmumo,mOfudk 108 rdepfMumom
16

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wdkYodyHeJY enf;ynm? wdkYawG&JU owd} rsm;&JU crf;em;BuD;us,fvSwJh atmifyGJqdkjyD; acgif;pD; a&;om; MucJhw,f/ jyefajymif;MunhfwJh tcgrSmawmh 'DysHoef;rI c&D;pOf[m qdkAD,uf&JU tmumoodyH atmifjrifrI txGwftxdyfjzpfcJhygw,f/ *g*g&if[m aemif 7 ESpf tMumrSmyJ ysHoef;a&; avhusihfrI rawmfwqjzpfcJhwJh twGuf aoqHk;oGm;cJh& jyD; &k&Sm;&JU vurmudk ajccszdkY tdyfrufuvnf; aysmuf uG,fcJh&ygw,f/ jrefrm tmPm&SifBuD;&JU tdyfruf &k&Sm;&JU atmifjrifrI[m *E0ifajrmuf jzpf aumif; jzpfEkdifygw,f/ qdkAD,uf&S&Sm;&JU 1960 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;rSm tmumo odyHatmifjrifrI tay:rSm jrefrmtmPm&Sif AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;eJY taygif;tyg rsm;[mvnf; tm;us NyD; pdwful;,Of arQmfvifhcJhyHk&w,f/

1974 ckESpf tajccHOay'&JU ynma&; tufOya'rSm ]EkdifiHawmfonf odyHynmudk txl; OD;pm;ay;rnf} qdkNyD;awmh vGJrSm;pGm xnhfoGif;cJhw,f/ tJ'D tusKd;qufuawmh 0dZmeJY vlrIa&; bmom&yfrsm;&JU wefzdk;awG tvGeftrif; arS;rSdef? usqif; cJh&jcif;yg/ vlxk&JU tjrif oabmxm;awGudkvnf; wqpfcsKd; ajymif;vJ apcJhw,f/ tJ'DrwkdifrD vGwfvyfa&; &NyD;aemuf 1960 jynfhvGef umvrsm;txd jrefrmh ynma&;rSm 0dZmESihf vlrIa&; bmom&yfrsm;&JU wefzdk; jrifhrm; cJhzl;ygw,f/ 1970? 1980 rsKd;qufrsm;eJY aemuf ydkif; rsKd;qufrsm;? uaeYacwftxd rsKd;qufrsm;[m odyH? 0dZmbmomwGJ a&G;cs,frI trSm;rsm;eJY &ifqdkif Mu&yg awmhw,f/ 'Drdkua&pD EkdifiHawmf? jidrf;csrf;a&;eJY vlom; qefpGm zGHYjzdK; wdk;wufrIrsm; twGuf tEkynm? 0dZmESihf vlrIodyH bmom&yfrsm;&JU tcef;u@udk ynma&;&JU tqihfwkdif;rSm wdk;jrihfzdkYtwGuf trsm;BuD; vdktyf aeao;aMumif; oHk;oyf wifjyvdkuf&ygw,f/ (12? {jyD? 2011)

t*Fvdyfpmtqifh xdyfwef;a&muf tm&SEkdifiHESihf jrefrmausmif;om;rsm; tcuftcJ

ausmif;om;rsm;\ t*Fvdyfpm wufajrmufrI qmaA; &v'frsm;t& tEd,ESihf w&kwf ausmif;om;rsm; rSm tqihfwlaMumif; awGY&Sd&onf/ rav;&Sm; ausmif; om;rsm;rSm tm&SwkdufwGif; yxrae&mwGif &SdjyD; wurmvHk; tqihfwGif eHygwf 9 ae&mwGif &Sdaeonf/ xdyfwef;tqihf a&mufaeonfh twGuf *kPf,l aMumif;udk rav;&Sm; 0efBuD;csKyf em*spf&mZufu ajymqdkvdkufonf/ w&kwfudk tdEd,ESihf wef;wl awGY& ojzihf tHhtm;oihfrdaMumif; the New Straits Times owif;pmu a&;om; xm;onf/ ]t*Fvdyfpum; ajymqdkwJh tdEd,vdk EkdifiHu aemufa&mufae& wm tHhMop&mygyJ/ NAdwdoQ udkvdkeDpepf atmufu wkdif;jynfjzpfcJhzl;jyD; vlOD;a& trsm;pkBuD;u t*Fvdyfpum; ajymqdk wJh EkdifiHtwGuf tHhMop&myg/ w&kwfeJY tqihfwljzpfae jyD/} t,f'Dwmh tmabmfwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ rav;&Sm;0efMuD;csKyfu odyHESihf ocsFm bmom &yf wdkYudk rdcif bmompum;tjyif t*FvdyfpmESihf vnf; oifMum;oGm;rnf[k tpdk;&\ tpDtpOfudk xkwfazmf ajymjycJhonf/

17

bm[mpmrav;&Sm;pum;rSm ausmif;wGif toHk;jyKrI usqif;vsuf&Sdaeonf/ t*Fvdyfpum;udk EkdifiHjcm; bmompum; wpfck taejzihfom oifMum;onfh puef'Dae;AD;,m; wkdif;jynfrsm; (aemfa0? qDG'if? 'def;rwf? e,fomvef) wdkYwGif yHkrSef tajctae&Sdonf/ ]wurmvHk;\ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf ukefoG,frIrSm t*FvdyfpmwwfrS jzpfr,fqdkwmudk Oa&myajrmuf ydkif;EkdifiHawGu em;vnf;NyD; pdwftm;xufoufrI &Sdae ovdkrsKd; rav;&Sm;vlrsKd; wkdif;[mvnf; BudKufonfjzpf ap? rBudKufonfjzpfap rsufarSmufurmMuD;rSm ,SOfjydKif EkdifzdkYtwGuf t*Fvdyfpmudk wdk;jrihf avhvmMu& ygvdrfh r,f} NST owif;pmu qdk\/ jrefrmausmif;om;rsm;taejzihf oli,fwef;rS pwifjyD; 10 wef;a&mufonftxd t*Fvdyfpmudk avhvmMu&onf/ a&;om;? ajymqdkrI pGrf;&nf 4 rsKd; qufqHa&;ydkif;ESihf toHk;cswwfrIydkif;wGif NydD;cJhonfh tESpf 20 ESihf EdIif;,SOfaomf wkd;wufrI tenf;i,f &SdaeaMumif;udk rGefjynfe,frS t*Fvdyfpm oifwef; ausmif; zGihfvSpfxm;onfh q&mwpfOD;u armuokdY ajymjycJhonf/ ]wu,fwrf;rSmawmh uRefawmfwdkY uav; awG rnhHMuygbl;Asm/ olwdkYrSm pdwftm; xufoefrIvnf; &SdMuygw,f/ ausmif;tm;vyf&ufawGqdk usaemfwdkY oif wef;awG vljynfhaewmudkyJ Munhfyg/ NrdKUawGtjyif e,f

zuf awGrSmvnf; t*Fvdyfpm oifwef;awG wdk;yGm; vm aewmyg/} oifwef;q&m OD;vSatmifu &Sif;jycJhonf/ ]'gayrJh ausmif;u jyifqifay;zdkY ydkvdk tyfyg ao;w,f/ 10 ESpfavmuf oifMum;NyD;wJh tcgrSm awmh pGrf;&nf 4 rsKd;pvHk;udk intermediate tqihf avmuf 0ifoihfygw,f/ temtMum;eJY ajymqdk? a&;om;&r,fh qufqHa&; pGrf;&nfawG zGHYjzdK;vmatmif trsm;MuD; tultnDay;oihfygw,f/ t"du jyem uawmh ausmif;q&mrsm;&JU pGrf;&nf? oifMum;enf; jyemeJY oifaxmuful &Sm;yg;aeqJyg/} t*Fvdyfbmomjzihfom avhvmMu&onfh EkdifiHjcm; wuodkvfrsm;wGif wufa&mufMu&onfh tcg jrefrmausmif;om; trsm;pkBuD;rSm tcuftcJ &SdaeqJ jzpfaMumif;udk od&ygonf/ EkdifiHjcm; ynmawmfoif ausmif;olwpfOD;jzpfol r[efeDpdk;u ,ckvdk &Sif;jy cJhonf/ ]orD;u tck wwd,ESpf vlrIpD;yGm;a&;eJY pDrH ar*smeJY xkdif;wuodkvfrSm wwfa&mufaewmyg/ t*Fvdyfpm tcuftcJ&Sdygw,f/ t*FvdyfpmtwGuf Toefl ajzcJhygw,f/ IELTS vnf; wufcJhzl;w,f/ 'gayrJh trSwf&zdkY t"du wufcJhwmav/ txufwef; ausmif;rSmuwnf;u tqihfwcka&mufatmif avhvm cGihf&cJh&if ydkaumif;r,f/ aemufNyD;awmh bmom &yfawGudk oifMum;wJh tcgrSm jrefrm q&mq&mrawGu t*Fvdyfvdk rajymMubl;} (19? {jyD? 2011)

pmoifcef;xJwGif qmavmifaeaom uav;i,frsm;pGm &Sdae

ynma&; okawoe qmaA;avhvmcsufwGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;aom uav;i,frsm;onf qmavmif rGwf odyfjcif;? yifyef;EGrf;e,fjcif;ESihf tm;r&Sdjcif;wdkYjzifh ausmif;wuf ae&aMumif; wifjyxm;onf/ csrf;omonfh EkdifiHrsm;tygt0if ydkrdkqif;&J EGrf;yg;onfh jrefrmESihf wwd, urmhEkdifiHrsm;rS uav; i,frsm;twGuf ausmif;ynma&;wGif tqifrajyrI rsm;pGm &SdaeaMumif;udk EkdifiHwum ynma&; or*rsm; tzGJYcsKyf EI \ tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ t*Fvef&Sd rl? v,f? xufausmif;rsm;ESihf
18

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19

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22

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23

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25

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a&;qGJMu&r,f/ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf a&;qGJEkdifMuw,f/ tJ'DtxJu taumif;qHk;? tBudKufqHk; yef;csDum; wpfcsyfudk a&G;cs,frSm jzpfw,f/} bk&ifBuD;u tckvdk rdefYMum;wJhtcg pka0; a&muf&SdaeMuwJh yef;csD ynm&Sif tausmftarmfrsm;[m rdrdwdkY&JU pdwful;? pdwfoef;awG tvdkuf ]Nidrf;csrf;a&;} yef;csDum;awGudk a&;qGJMuygawmhw,f/ a&;qGJMuwJh yef;csDum;awG teuf aemufqHk;rSmawmh tESpfoufqHk; yefcsDum; 2 csyfudk qefcgwif a&G;cs,fcJhygowJh/ uav;wdkYa&.... uav;wdkYqdk&ifaum b,fvdk b,fyef;csDum;rsKd;udk a&;qGJ rvJ[if/ Nidrf;csrf;wJh ae&mav;udk awGUzl;Mu &JUvm;/ bk&if[m ay;xm;wJh uwdtwkdif; taumif;qHk; wpfum;udkom a&G;cs,f&ygawmhr,f/ aemufqHk; a&G;cs,f xm;MuwJh yef;csDum; 2 csyfudk eef;wGif;rSm&SdaewJh rSL;BuD;rwf&mawG&,f? te,fe,ft&yf&yfu vma&mufMuwJh wkdif;ol jynfom; vltrsm;wdkY[m pdwf0ifwpm; Munhf&IaeMuygw,f/ yxryef;csDum;[m NidrfoufaewJh a&uefwpfuefyHkjzpfygw,f/ MunfvifoefYpifvSwJh MunfhrSefwpfcsyf vdkygyJ/ teD;tem;u opfyifyef;refawGeJY jynhfpHkNyD; jrifhrm;vSwJh awmifMuD;awG&JU yHk&dyfawG a&uefxJrSm t&dyfxif aeawmh wmaygY/ tay:rSm usjyefawmhvnf; aumif;uif jymjymMuD;&,f? qGwfqGwfjzLazG;NyD; El;nHhvSwJh wdrfwdkuf
26

av; awGeJYaygY/ awGYjrif&wJhvlwkdif;u 'Dyef;csDum;uawmhjzihf&if Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk wu,f azmfusL;xm;wJh vuf&mrGef yef;csDum; jzpfw,f qdkjyD;awmh csD;usL; Muw,fwJh/ uav;wdkYaum tJ'Dvdk jrif uGif;rsKd;udk awGUzl;Muyg&JUvm;/ 'kwd, yef;csDum;rSmvnf; awmifwef;BuD;awG &SdaecJhygw,f/ 'gayrJh bmtyifrSraygua&mufawmhwJhawmifuwk;H Bu;D awGjzpfaeowJ/Ny;D awmhvnf; f h tifrwefrS Murf;wrf;vGef;wJh yHkoPmef&Sdaejyefw,f/ rufapmufvSwJh acsmufurf;yg; awG&,f? ausmufaqmif ausmufwHk;awG&,feJY tjrif[m qdk;&Gm;vGef; vSygw,f/ cufxef &ufpufwJh awmifwef; Murf;Murf;BuD;awGaygYaemf/ yef;csDum;xJu aumif; uifudk Munhfjyefawmhvnf; a'grmef[kef jyif;xefwJh yHkpHeJY wdrfndKwdrfrJvdIif;awG[m rdk;ayguf Murf;Murf;awGudk &GmoGef;csaeygw,f/ wcsufwcsuf vif;vufaewJhyHk&SdwJh vQyfpD;aMumif; [mvnf; wu,fhudk aMumcsrf;p&myg/ ausmufawmif&dkif;BuD;&JU ab;eH&HrSmawmh tiftm;jyif;xefvSwJh aMumufp&m a&wHcGef[m tjrKyf wpDpD xNyD;awmh qlqlnHnHeJY a&awG oGefcsaew,f/ 'Dyef;csDum;&JU jrifuGif;uawmh b,fvdkrSudk Nidrf;csrf;w,fvdkY rqdkEkdifbl;/ uav;wdkYaum b,fvdk xifovJ[if.../ uav;wdkYa&.... 'gayrJh PfynmeJY jynfhpHkwJh bk&ifBuD;[m 'kwd, yef;csDum;udk Munfh&IwJh tcgrSm a&wHcGefBuD;&JU aemuf zuf ausmufwHk;eH&Hay:rSm csKHykwfav; wpfckudk awGYjrifrdowJh/ tJ'D csKHykwfav;xJrSm rdcif iSufrBuD;[m olr&JU aep&m todkufav;udk aqmufvkyfxm;NyD;NyD/ tJ'Dae&mav;rSmaygY.../ tE&m,frsm;vSwJh t&kdif;tpdkif; ausmuf awmifBuD;&,f? a'grmef jyif;xefvSwJh a&wHcGefBuD;&JU eH&HeJY uyfvsufae&m csKHykwfav;xJrSm.../ rdcifiSufrBuD;[m iSufi,f av;awGudk tpmcGHauR;vdkuf? uav;awGeJYtwl aw;oDcsif;awG oDqdkvdkuf? upm;vdkuf? tdyfvdkufeJY aBumifhMurJhpGm? Nidrf;Nidrf;csrf;csrf;? aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tifudk &SdaecJhygw,f/ tifrwefrSudk Nidrf;csrf;pGm &SdaewJh rdom;pkav;aygY/ uav;wdkYa&... bk&ifBuD;[m b,fyef;csDum;udk a&G;cs,fcJhw,fvdkY xifygovJ/ uJ.. tck yef;csDum; 2 csyfpvHk;taMumif;udk uav;wdkYvnf; odNyDqdkawmh... b,fyef;csDum;udk Nidrf;csrf;a&;edrdwfyHk yef;csDum;tjzpf a&G;rvJ[if.../ bmjzpfvdkY a&G;MurSmvJ.../ bk&ifBuD;uawmh 'kwd, yef;csDum;udk a&G;cs,fcJhygowJh../ olY&JU taMumif;jycsufu 'DvdkwJhuGJU/ ]rif;BuD;rsm;eJY yef;csDausmfrsm;? wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;wdkY ..... } bk&ifBuD;[m tm;& &Tifvef;pGmeJY &Sif;jyaecJhw,f/ ] Nidrf;csrf;a&; qdkwm[m qlnHoHawG? 'kuqif;&JawG? tvkyfMurf;awGeJY tcuftcJawG r&SdwJh ae&mrSmom &Sdaewmjzpfw,fvdkY ajymvdkY r&Ekdifygbl;/ b0 qdkwm[m tpOf ajzmihfjzL;om,mwJh c&D;r[kwfjyefbl;/ tJ'Dvdk tajc taeawG? tcuftcJawG tMum;rSmvnf;yJ oifwdkY[m wnfNidrf pGm? aysmf&TifpGm? pnf;vHk; nDnGwfpGm&,f? cspfjcif; arwm tjynfht0eJY &Sifoef aeEkdifjcif;onfomvQif ppfrSefaom ]Nidrf;csrf;a&;} jzpfayw,f/ } armfuGef;xkd;MuwJh eef;wGif; ynm&Sifrsm;[mvnf; bk&ifBuD;&JU 'etjrifudk aemifvmaemifom; taygif;wdkY odrSwfEkdifMuapzdkY ausmufpmwkdifrSm urnf;armfuGef; a&;xdk; vdkufygawmhowJh/ &Tifvef;csrf;ajrYMuygap/ uav;wdkY&JU q&marm&
27

f;xJrSm moifce wJh p &Sdao; fha&;cGihfr mrsm; xn csif;t& bmom&yf - jrefrrmpSwmf) Mumif;t (15 ta DpmuHk; - 45 rdepf pmp sdef usmif;} pmoifa jzqkdyg/ dkU f;a Refawmfw Of - ]u jrifudk &Sif;vi gif;p ac ftay: t f0ef;usi yKw,f/ w ajrmufj ,f/ Sifh ,if;y m; fE m;ay;t f0ef;usi Hk;csw pm;udk t spfPfeJY to w,f/ if;\ yw usm lwef; rdrdwdkY a vdrfu "e&Sif v cmufae Dae&mrSm ;eJY tmPmudk u &dk;om;rI crf;aj fqif;xm;whJ ' Sm e cGifhta& 'Dae&mr k&m;ocifu z m;Muw,f/ &mrSm t b 'Dae ufcHx f/ ya' udk mwGif;O vufeufvdkY v f toHk;jyKMuw, Sm aw GU w,f/ ozG, 'Dae&mr dkYudk eHom mifawG aysmfar ,f/ feHY w m;au &JU tyky wG&Sdw umoe m&Sifpepf&JU o JU axmufwdkifa pEdkifwJh kPfy Sm * f& P fa 'Dae&mr 'Dae&mrSm tm tmPm&Sifpep GefpGm vnfyw Sdw,f/ r G& Sm if; 'Dae&mr m&Sifpepf aum umif;w&m;aw eo M ta ufcHa tmP rsm;u v eMuw,f/ Dae&mrSm ' a rSm;udk t e&mrSm t fjzpfw,fvkdY ,lq wG eJY b0udk 'Da trSe f/ dPfa f;wJh to kdY BudK;pm;Muw, Hhzsi fn ao;Ekw wnfaqmufz jzpfaeMuw,f/ Dae&mrSm ' ,f/ zsufpD; dbmom f; 0g' xGef;um;w f/ dk rdr wefzdk;u dkMuw, faumi drd&JU yk*v e&mrSm wudk, dkY t"dyg,f zGifhq w,f/ Sm r 'Da 'Dae&mr ; Opmv fqHk;aeMu m aiGaMu dk,fudk aysmu fEdkifwJh 0dnmOf efzdk;qdkw G, rdrd u e&mrSm w vlawGtm;vHk; aiGU ysH raysmufu Sifoefaew,f/ 'Da Sm & 'Dae&mr uRefawmf[m t uf tjzpfeJYom Sm o 'Dae&mr taiGU t
Si armif& f;oefY

ajzqdkc

28

tE&m,f&SdwJh "gwfa&mifjcnf yrmPtaMumif; odaumif;p&m

oQif,E&m;

tm&Sypdzdwf a'owGif; tpdk;&awGudk ywf0ef; usifrSm a&'D,dk "gwfowKMuG ypnf; yg0ifrI yrmP radioactivity levels udk wkdif;wm ppfaq;rI jyKvkyfMu zdkY usef;rma&; qdkif&m uRrf;usifolrsm;u wkdufwGef; EdI;aqmfxm;ygw,f/ *syef ivsifaMumifh ysufpD;aewJh EsLuvD;,m; pGrf;tm;puf&Hk aygufuGJjyD; avxkxJudk "gwfa&mifjcnf awG xkwfvGifh cJhjyD;wJhaemuf tckvdk owday;xm; wmyg/ "gwfa&mifjcnf radiation udk sievert vdkYac: wJh twdkif;twmudk toHk;jyK wkdif;wmygw,f/ vlom; wpf&I;rQifrsm;u pkyf,lvdkufwJh "gwfa&mifjcnf yrmPudk wkdif;wmay;ygw,f/
1 sievert (mSv) jzpfjyD; 1

[m 1,000 milli-sieverts mSV rSm 1,000 micro-sieverts

&Sdyg w,f/ "gwfa&mifjcnf yrmP jrihfwJhtcgrSm pdk;&drf&wJh usef;rma&; tE&m,f taMumif;qdkif&m tcsuftvuf awGudk 'Dwywf odyHu@rSm pkpnf; wifjyvdkufygw,f/

*syef uwfbdewf twGif;a&;rSL; ,luDtdktD'efEkd u aygufuGJcJhwJh puf&Hkem;rSm "gwfa&mifjcnf ysHUESHrI yrmP 400 millli-sieverts (mSv) txd &SdcJh w,fvdkY ajymqdkygw,f/ 'g[m EsLuvD;,m; "gwf aygif;zdkeJY ,la&eD,Hrkdif;wGif; vkyfom;awG wpfESpf rSm pkaqmif; &&SdEkdifwJh yrmPxuf tq 20 ydkyg w,f/ omref vltrsm;pkuawmh wpfESpfudk obm0 ywf 0ef;usifu "gwfa&mifjcnf 2-3 mSv cH&ygw,f/ cEmudk,f"gwfrSef CT scan &dkufwJhtcgrSm &dkufcH& wJh udk,fcEm tpdwftydkif;[m vlBuD;rSm 15 mSv, arG;uif;p uav;qdk&if 30 mSv yrmP "gwf a&mifjcnfudk vufcH&&Sdygw,f/ yHkrSef &ifbwf x-r ay &dkufwJhtcgrSmawmh 0.02 mSv &SdjyD; oGm;awG udk "gwfrSef&dkufwJh tcgrSm 0.01 mSv &Sdygw,f/ "gwfa&mifjcnf wpfESpfudk yrmP 100 mSv xdrSef cH&jcif;[m uifqma&m*g jzpfapEkdifwJh tedrfhqHk; tqifhyg/ 1,000 mSv (1 sievert) yrmP avmuf pkaqmif; &&SdNyDqdk&ifawmh vl 100 rSm wpf OD; [m aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm MumwJhtcg uifqm a&m*geJY toufqHk;&HI; Ekdifygw,f/ CT scan 3 ckavmufrSmawmh uifqma&m*g jzpf apEkdifavmufwJh "gwfa&mifjcnf yrmP 90 mSv xdrSefcJhzl;wJh oufao taxmuftxm; &Sdygw,f/ 'Dtcsuft& vlBuD;awGvnf; jzpfEkdifovdk uav; awGu ydk jzpfEkdifacs rsm;ygw,f/ "gwfa&mifjcnf yrmP rsm;vGef;wJhtcg? 'grSr[kwf wkduf&dkuf xdrSef cH&wJhtcg A[dkOD;aESmuf tm&Hk aMumpepf? aoG;eDOeJY aoG;jzLOawGudk ysufpD;ap ygw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm cEmudk,f ckcHumuG,fwJhpepf immune system tvkyf rvkyfEkdifawmhbJ a&m*g ydk;rTm;awG&JU BuD;pdk; cs,fvS,frIudk cH&awmhw,f/
29

1 Sievert =100 mRem

Oyrm - "gwfa&mifjcnf radiation 1 qDAmh (1,000 mSv) yrmP udk xdrSef cH&wJhtcgrSm ysKdUwufvmr,f? tefr,f? aoG;,dkr,f? 'gayrJh toufrqHk;&HI; Ekdifao;ygbl;/ 5 qDAmh (5 sieverts) avmuf wBudrfwnf; xdrSef&&SdwJh vlw0uf avmuf[m wpfvtwGif; touf qHk;&HI;&Ekdif ygw,f/ csmEkdbdkif; EsLuvD;,m;aygufuGJrIwkef;u 350 rDvDqDAmh (350 mSv) yrmPudk vlawG a&TUajymif;& r,fh tqihfvdkY urmh EsLuvD;,m; toif;BuD;u owfrSwfxm;cJhw,f/

csmEkdbdkif;eJY *syefEsLuvD;,m; puf&HkawGrSm 0efxrf; awGudk xdckduf jzpfyGm;cJhwJh a&wdk "gwfa&mifjcnf xdcdkufrI very acute radiation uawmh jynfol vlxk trsm;pktwGuf rjzpfEkdifbl;vdkY a[mifaumif wuodkvfu "mwka&m*g uRrf;usifol vrfcsif; 0rfu &Sif;jyygw,f/
Source: the New England Journal of Medicine, World Nuclear Association and Taiwan's Atomic Energy Council

vlom;jzpfzdkY
awG;ac: qifjcifrIjzihfom rSefuefaom vlom; jzpf Ekdifw,fvdkY usKyfajymvdkygw,f/ yufpwmvdkZD (1746-1827)
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746 1827)

(qGpfvlrsKd; ynma&;orm;)

30

avhvmMunfhyg vufoauFwjy bmompum;

uRefawmfh&JU oli,fcsif; jzpfay;wJh twGuf aus;Zl;ygyJ/

31

jrdKUjy ,Ofaus;rIrsm; xGef;um;vmcJhjcif; a&S;a[mif; tdEd, ,Ofaus;rI

Civilization - India
r*Fvmyg uav;wdkYa&/ pOf;pm;Munfhprf;ygOD;/ urmay:rSm vlOD;a& 'kwd, trsm;qHk; EkdifiHBuD;taMumif;yg/ us,fvnf; us,f0ef;vSw,f/ txifu& bmomw&m;BuD; 2 ck jzpfwJh [dELbmomeJY Ak'bmomw&m;awG pwif ay:aygufvmcJh&m a'ovnf;jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmh'Drdkua&pD acgif;aqmif a':atmifqef; pkMunf[m rdcifjzpfol oHtrwfBuD;ESihf twl aexkdif cJhzl;NyD; tajccHynma&; ausmif;wufcJhzl;wJh EkdifiH vnf; jzpfw,f/ rsufarSmufacwfrSm urmhtBuD;qHk; 'Drdkua&pD EkdifiHvdkYvnf; wifpm;ac:a0: MuwJh wkdif; jynfBuD;yg/ b,fEkdifiHjzpfrvJ[if/ tif;... [kwfwm aygY/ tdEd,EdkifiHeJY ,Ofaus;rI ordkif;aMumif;udk 'DwywfrSm avhvmMuygpdkY&,f/ uJ uav;wdkYa&/ yxrqHk;taeeJY urmh ajryHkrSm tdEd,EdkifiHeJY tdELjrpf0Srf; a'oBuD;udk &SmazG MuygpdkY/
Burma India

q&mr*Fvmatmifrif;

32

tdELjrpf0Srf; wpfavQmufrSm ordkif;OD; vlom;awG [m ESpfaxmifeJY csDNyD;awmh aexdkifcJhMuygw,f/ &dk;&Sif;wJh b0awG[m trJvdkufjcif;? opfoD;opfO &SmazGjcif;awGeJY &Sifoef aexkdifcJhMu&muae aemufydkif;rSmawmh v,f,m xGef,ufjcif;eJY pdkufysKd;a&;awGudk vkyfwwf? udkifwwfvm cJhMuw,f/ wjznf;jznf; rdom;pkudk jyKpk ysKd;axmif vmwwfcJhMuw,f/ NrdKUjy,Ofaus;rI pnfyifvmcJhjyD; bmomw&m; rsKd;pHk[mvnf; xGef;um;vmygawmhw,f/ tJ'DvdkeJY c&pfawmf rzGm;rD ESpf 1500 avmufrSm awmh (bDpD 1500)rSm enf;ynm ydkNyD;awmh a&SUwef;a&muf xGef;um;aewJh vlrsKd;EG,fpkBuD; wpfpk[m tJ'D a'oqDudk a&TUajymif; a&muf&Sdvmygawmhw,f/ tm&d,ef Aryan vdkYac:wJh vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;yg/ tom;vwfwJh a&S;OD; tdEd, awG[m tdELjrpf0Srf; a'oMuD;udk olwdkY&JU wdkufckdufa&; enf;ynm toHk;jyKNyD; odrf;ydkuf tkyfpdk;cJhMuygw,f/

c&pfawmf rzGm;rlrD tESpf 2000 (bDpD 2000) cefYu xGef;um;cJhaom Harappa Civilization [m&y a&S;a[mif; NrdKU jy ,Ofaus;rIxGef;um;cJhaom ae&m - ,ckacwf ygupwefe,fedrdwfteD;)

33

orkdif; acwfumv tcsdefjyrsOf; - tdEd,

ordkif;rwifrD acwf tdELjrpf0Srf;ESihf oGm&0wD,Ofaus;rI? a0'acwf [dELbmomw&m; *sdef;pfESihf Ak' bmomxGef;um;jcif;? rm&D,efacwf

BC 20001500

BC 1000

BC 600 BC 272

a&S;a[mif;jrdKU&JU a&oG,fpepf a&S;*leH&Hyef;csD orif&JU 0rf;Adkufudk&Iyg/

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a&S;*leH&Hyef;csDa&S; rdom;pkESihf zrf;qD; rdaom taumifrsm;

[m&yefacwf a&S;ESpf ig;axmifrSm xGef;um;cJhwJh jrdKUjy,Ofaus;rIyg/ rsufarSmufacwf ygupwefEkdifiHxJrSmyg/ ausmufwHk;tdrfawGrSm aexkdifMuNyD; aMu;vufeuf? ud&d,m awGudk pwifoHk;MujyD/ pmayr&Sdao;/ t&kyfpm wDxGifcJhMuw,f/ &moDOwkajymif;vJ oGm;cJhvdkY jrdKUwpfck vHk; ysufpD; aysmufuG,fcJh &w,f/ '&mAD'D,ef vlrsKd;EG,fpk MuD;[m awmifydkif; tdEd,rSm &SdcJhw,f/ aemufydkif;rSm tm&d,ef rsKd;EG,fpkawG tdEd,udk a&TUajymif; vmcJhMuw,f/

[dELbk&m; r[mjA[myHkawmf c&pfawmf rzGm;rD tESpf 1000 rSm [dELbmomeJY a0'av;yHkxGef;um; cJhw,f/ r[mbm&w Zmwfawmf&SnfMuD;udk a&;zGJYcJhMuw,f/ ppfyGJ? tkyfcsKyfrI?tawG;tac:? ewfbk&m;? pGefYpm;cef;? &JpGrf;owdeJY opmazmufjcif;awG tpHktvifyg0ifw,f/ trsKd;av;yg; ykPm;rsKd; (jA[m) rif;? ppfolMuD; (cwd,rsKd;) ukefo,fvufrIrsKd; (a0) tvkyfMurf; (ok')

Ak'jrwfpGm 'ku&p&d, usihfawmfrlaeyHk bDpD (563-483) r[m0D& (bDpD 599) (*sdef;pfbmom) Adrdom&rif; rm*wwdkif;? (bDpD 542- 490) r[mtvufZjEm; tdEd,udk odrf;jcif; (bDpD 326) pjE*kwbk&if (bDpD 300 wGif tdEd,udk xlaxmifcJh) tmaomurif;BuD; (bDpD 272 wGif Ak' bmomudk jyefYyGm;cJhol)

34

rlqvif tifyg,m? r*dktifyg,m

NAdwdoQ udkvdkeDacwf

tdEd,vGwfajrmuf a&;BudK;yrf;rI

rsufarSmufacwf tdEd,

13001500 AD

1800 AD

1900 AD

1947 AD

rmudkydkvdk tdEd,a&muf (at'D 1288) rlqvif tifyg,m (at'D 1000- 1500) Ampudk '*g;rm; *dktmjrdKUodkYa&muf (1498)

vifa,musfm;ESihftwl wuG aoqHk;&jcif; "avhudk wm;jrpf (1829) jAdwdoQe,fcsJU udkvdkeD vufatmuf usa&muf (at'D 1800 cefY)

r[wr *ED (1869 - 1948) jidrf;csrf;a&;wdkufyGJ a&SUaqmifvrf;jy tmPmzDqefa&; vIyf&Sm;rI (1942)

*s0g[mvm ae&l; (1889 - 1964) vGwfvyfa&;&csdef 0efMuD;csKyf bufrvdkuf vIyf&Sm;rI wnfaxmifcJhol ygupwefcGJxGuf (1947) b*Fvm;a'h&SfcGJxGuf (1971) ae&l; - *EDrsKd;&dk;EkdifiHa&; &mxl;qufcHcJhMu/ tif'&m*ED vkyfMuHcH&/ (1984) c&pfu'ftm;upm;qk (1983) EsLuvD;,m; prf;oyfrI (1998) pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wuf/ (2005)

yxr vGwfajrmufa&; wkdufyGJ (1857) ('ef'D) qm;csDwufyGJ *EDMuD; OD;aqmifjyD; c&D;&Snfrkdif 241 rdkifudk 24 &ufMum csDwufcJh / qkbwfcsefj'mbdkYpfESihf trsKd;om;wyfrawmf

r*dk tubmbk&if (at'D 1543 - 1605) ta&SUtdEd,ukrPD (1600) w*sfr[m wnfaqmuf rdzk&m;tkwf*l (17 &mpk)

(19 &mpk tdEd,yHk) tdEd, trsKd;om; uGef*&uf (1855)

35

1/ a*gwrbk&m; tavmif;awmf zGm;jrif&m vkrdedO,smOf?

vGefcJhaom tESpf 2400 (bDpD 400) u Ak'jrwfpGm bk&m;\ &kyfwkawmf (tdEd,)

2/ oAnKwPfawmf &&Sdawmfrl&m r[maAm"d atmifajr?

3/ "rpMum w&m;OD; a[mawmfrl&m rd*'g0kefawm?

Z oHa0

ed,

X av;

me

4/ y&dedAmef pHawmfrl&m ukodemkH tifMuif;awm omoemjyKrif; tmaomu&mZmESihf ausmufpmwkdif (bDpD 3 &mpk -tdEd,) 9 wkdif; 9 XmeodkY omomjyK apvTwfcJhonfhtwGuf Ak'bmom jyefYyGm;cJhonf/
36

Mahatma Gandhi
(1869 - 1948)
tdEd,EkdifiH trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif? tawG; tac:ynm&Sif? tMurf;rzuf awmfvSef vIyf&Sm;rI a&SUaqmif? r[wr*EDudk 1869 atmufwdkbm 2 &ufaeY wGif zGm;jrifcJhonf/ udkvdkeD jAdwdoQwdkY vufatmufrS vGwf ajrmufa&;twGuf wkdufyGJ 0ifcJh&mwGif tEkenf;jzihf awmfvSef vIyf&Sm;jcif; ]t[o} usihfpOf enf;emrSm ol\ b0aeenf;yifjzpfonf/ tMurf;rzuf&Hkomr[kwfrlbJ ow0gtm;vHk; tay:wGif Muifemoem;jcif;? u&kPm xm;&Sdjcif;[kvnf; olurdefYqdkcJhonf/ cED ]onf;cHjcif; w&m;} ESihf tjcm;olrsm;tay: av;pm;jcif; wdkYjzihfom vQif ]trSefw&m;} udk odjrif em;vnf cHpm;Ekdifonf[k olu ,HkMunfonf/ ol\ urmausmf 'eudk [dEL bmom&Sd]b*0g*Dw} vuFmusrf;xJrS tjrifopf &&SdcJh onf/ jAdwdoQudk tEkenf;jzihf qefYusif&mwGif vlxk w&yfvHk;yg0if vmcJhjyD;aemuf axmifoGif; tusOf;cs cHcJh&onf/ touf 78 ESpft&G,f rlqvifESihf [dEL bmom0ifrsm; tMum;cGJa&; jyemudk tpmiwfcH qEjyjyD; 12 &uftMumwGif vkyfMuHcHcJh&onf/ wpfcgu..... *ED[m c&D; wpfckudk &xm;pD; oGm;zdkY &xm; blwm udk a&mufvmcJhygw,f/ ola&mufvmw,fqdk&if yJ &xm;u pwifNyD; xGufcGmzdkY bD;pvSdrfYaeNyD/ 'DawmY *EDBuD;vnf; &xm;ay: uref; uwef; wufvdkuf&w,f/ &xm; ajceif;cHkeJY olU&JU ajc axmufwpfzuf wdkufrdNyD; ol&JU zdeyf wpfzuf[m &xm; atmuf oHvrf;ay:odkY usoGm;cJhw,f/ a,muf awGUawmh ... ] bmvkyfwmvJAs../ bmjzpfvdkY usefaewJY zdeyfudk vTifYypfvdkuf&wmvJ/} vdkY ar;w,f/

tJ'DtcgrSm *EDMuD;u tckvdk jyefajzcJhowJh/ ]uRefawmfhqDrSm usefaewJY zdeyfu bmrSvkyf vdkY r&awmYbl;av/ 'Dawmh cke usoGm;wJY zdeyf ae&mem; a&mufatmif usefaewJY zdeyf wpfzufudk ypfxm;cJh vdkuf awmY awGUwJholu zdeyfwpf&H qdk&if pD;vdkY&wmaygYAsm/} ]wpfzufwnf;qdk&ifuRefawmfhtwGufvnf; w,f..toHk;r0ifvSbl;/ tjcm;olvnf; toHk;r0ifbl;av/ 'DawmY usefaewJY zdeyfwpfzufeJY *ED &xm; tckvdk wpf&HvHk;&awmY ol pD;vdkY&oGm;wmaygY/} vdkY jyef ay:udk aocsma&mufoGm;w,f qdk&ifyJ *EDu usefaecJh ajzcJYygw,f/ wJh zdeyfw zufudk uref;uwef; cRwfvdkufNyD; apmapm Source: Chicken Soup For The Soul u usoGm;wJY zdeyf&Sd ae&mudk rSef;jyD; usefaewJY zdeyfudk ypfcsvdkufygw,f/ ol 'Dvdkvkyfwmudk ab;rSm &SdaewJY vlwpf
37

.... trsKd;rsKd;aom okc? 'ku wdkYESihf jynfhaomt&yfwdkY ig\ *DwwdkYonf vSnfhvnfaejyD; ... w*dk; (*DwOvD 103)

uAsmpmqdkausmf &mbifj'mewfw*dk;\ &Sefwdedauwefausmif;awmfMuD;rSm pmay? *Dw? yef;csD tekynm&yfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;cJhonf/ vGwfvyfaom [if;vif;jyif aumif;uifjyifMuD;atmuf&Sd opfyifrsm;atmufwGif pmoifMum;ay;cJhonf/ pmMunhfwdkufMuD;udkvnf; wnfaxmifcJhonf/ jrefrmESihf urmausmfyk*Kdvfrsm;udk arG;xkwfay;cJhonhf ausmif;awmfMuD;jzpfonf/

&dk;&m[ef tu tEkynm

38

NrdKUawmf e,l;a'vD&Sd aumif;uif&xm;

c&pfu'f tm;upm; rSm tdEd,wGif tvGef vlMudKuf rsm;vSonf/ 2011 ckESpf urmhcsefyD,Hqk &&SdcJhonf/

39

a&TpGefndK
vl 5 a,mufrS 12 a,mufcefY txd yg0if upm;Edkifaom jrefrmh&dk;&m upm;enf; jzpfygonf/ tm; vHk;xJrS pGef(a&TpGefndK)? r,faxG;av;ESihf acgif;aqmif udk a&G;cs,fum acgif;aqmifESihf usefupm;olrsm;u r,faxG;av;udk pGefxHrS 0dkif; umuG,fMu&ygonf/ upm;enf; a&TpGefndKrS vGJ usefupm;olrsm;onf acgif; aqmifvkyfrnhfol aemufwGif wef;pD r,faxG;av;udk aemufqHk; xm;Mu&onf/ a&TpGefndK vkyfonhfolonf iSufo@mef tawmifcwf ysH0J&if; ]a&TpGefndK iSuf&J wdrfwdkufxJu 0JxGufcJhNyD} [l [pfatmfNyD; ajym&onf/ upm;yGJ rprD ajy;ol? vkdufol tcsdefudkufap&ef acgif;
40

jrefrmh&dk;&m upm;enf;

aqmifESihf a&TpGefndKu rsufESmcsif;qdkif&yfvsuf atmuf yg uAsmudk tjyeftvSef tar;tajz yHkpHjzihf qdkMuonf/ uAsmqHk;onfESihf tajy;ESihf tvdkuf pwifygawmhonf/ uAsm uav;rsm; = a&TpGefndK ... bmudk vdkvdkY 0Jygw,f/ a&TpGefndK = r,faxG;vdkvdkY 0Jygw,f/ uav;rsm; = r,faxG;ryg .. 'dkYcsnf;om/ a&TpGefndK = yg ygvsufom;... aemufuxm;/ uav;rsm; = r,faxG;tom; cg;vSw,f/ a&TpGefndK = wGif;i,fa&eJY aq;yghr,f/

uav;rsm; = wGif;i,fa& aEGrSmcrf;/ a&TpGefndK = acsmif;i,fa&eJY aq;yghr,f/ uav;rsm; = acsmif;i,fa& aEGrSmcrf;/ a&TpGefndK = jrpfi,fa&eJY aq;yghr,f/ uav;rsm; = jrpfi,fa& aEGrSmcrf;/ a&TpGefndK = yifv,fa&eJY aq;yghr,f/ uav;rsm; = yifv,fa& aEGrSmcrf;/ a&TpGefndK = yifv,fa& b,frcrf;... r,faxG; trdzrf;/ aemufqHk;tydk'fwGif a&TpGefndKonf a'go trsuf ajcmif;ajcmif; xGuf[efESihf ajrudk zaemihfESihf aqmihf qdkavonf/ yifv,fa& qdkonf aEG&moDwGif crf;ajcmufdk; r&SdcJhyg/ odkYvdrfvnf ajymqdk& aumif; vm;[l a&TpGefndK trsufxGuf[ef okyfazmf&ay onf/ a&TpGefndKiSufonf 0J,mckefvTm; ysHoef;&if; r,faxG;udk trd zrf;avawmhonf/ a&TpGefndKu r,faxG;av;udk vdkufaomtcg a&SUqHk;rS acgif;aqmifu a&TpGefndKudk xkyfqD;wdk; ovdk vdkufwm;jyD; usefolrsm;u acgif;aqmif aemufuae twGJrjyKwfatmif vdkufajy; Mu&onf/ aMumufvefYwMum; a&Smif&Sm;&if; wcgw&H vlwGJonf jyKwf oGm;wwfonf/ xdktcgwGif vQifjref pGm jyef quf&onf/ a&TpGefndKu r,faxG;av;udk zrf;rd oGm;aomtcg a&TpGefndKuEdkifjyD; upm;yJG jyD;qHk; onf/ r,faxG;av;uvGJ tjcm;upm;olrsm;udk rSm; zrf;rdvQif a&TpGefndKu HI;onf/ r,faxG;udk rdoGm;vQif a&TpGefndKESihf r,faxG;tjzpf okyfaqmif&rnhf uav; i,fudk jyefjyD; a&G;&avonf/ rSwfcsuf/ /

uav;wdkYa& jrefrmh&dk;&m pum;xm 0Sufwrf; upm;Mu&atmifaemf/ 'Dpum;xmuAsmav;udk zwfNyD; tajzudk awG;q azmfxkwfay;yguG,f/

pum;xmuAsm
ESma&mifaumufaumuf? tNrD;aumuf? oGm;rsm; wpf&mavmuf/ raomufrpm;? ukdufjzwfoGm;? jrufESifh aumufyifrsm;/

(wuodkvfawmom; tawG;vSvS aw;jrjr pum;xmuAsmrsm; yef;a&Tjynfpmtkyfwkduf)

tajz(wHpOf) (pyg;&dyf&dwf? jruf&dwf&mwGif okH;onf)

41

odrf;iSuf? pGefiSufwdkY\ twihf&JyHkESihf Murf; MuKwf&ufpufyHk toGifobm0udk uav;wdkY tm;upm; jcif;ESihf oifMum;jcif; jzpfayonf/ tMurf; upm;enf; jzpfaomfvnf; oufBuD;? oufvwf? oufi,f aygif;pyf upm;Edkifaom upm;enf;wpf&yf jzpfayonf/ (pHxGef;atmifa&; jynfaxmifpk aus;vuf aysmf&TifrIrsm;)

&Sifoefjcif;? rdcifbmompum;ESihf ausmif;ynma&;

odef;Ekdif
axmifpkESpfzGHYjzdK;a&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;onf xd a&mufaom urmvHk;qkdif&m qufoG,fa&;ESihf ,Ofaus; rI o[Zmwjzpfjcif; tay: wnfrSD aeonf/ odkY&mwGif bmompum;rsm; &SifoefrIrSm pdk;&drfzG,f&m jzpfaeayjyD/ urmhbmompum;aygif; 6000 (ajcmufaxmif) ausmfteuf w0ufcefY (50 &mcdkifEIef;) rSm aysmufuG,fvkeD;yg; &SdaeNyD; 40 &mckdifEIef;rSm Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif; cHae&onf/ 10 &mckdifEIef;omvQif &SifoefEdkifpGrf;&Sdae\/ jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;wdkY bmom pum;rsm;ESihf ,Ofaus;rI "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;rSm ydkyif pdk;&drfzG,f&m jzpfaeawmhonf/ bmompum; ajcmufaxmifteuf 96 &mcdkif EIef;udkurmhvlOD;a&4&mcdkifEIef;omajymqdkMuavonf/ &m*Pef; tenf;i,frQaom bmom pum;wdkYudk ynma&;pepfrsm; twGif;ESihf &Hk;oHk;taejzihf *kPfodum &SdpGm ae&m ay;xm;MuNyD; 'D*spfw,f urmwGif toHk; jyKrI wGifrl wpf&matmuf avsmhenf; avonf/ aysmufuG,fvkeD;yg; Ncdrf;ajcmufcHae&aom bmompum; trsm;pkudk vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om; rsKd;EG,fpk rsm;rS ajymqdkMuonf/ wpfpHkw&m vkyfaqmif jcif; r&Sdygrl rsm;rMumrD umvwGif bmom pum;rsm;ESihf ,Ofaus; rI rsm;rSm aysmufuG,f &ygawmhrnf/ odkYjzpfyg ,leufpudk taxGaxG nDvm cHMuD;rS ]EdkifiHwum rdcifbmompum;rsm;aeY}udk owfrSwf xm;&SdjyD; 2001 ckESpfrSpwif ESpfpOf azazmf0g&D v 21 &ufawG usif;y jyKvkyfygonf/ bmomaA'? ,Ofaus;rI rwl uGJjym;jcm;em;rIESihf bmompum; rsKd;EG,fpHk urmMuD; jzpfaeapa&;twGuf &nf&G,f&if; jzpfonf/ wdrfaum uG,faysmuf vmaeaom bmom pum;rsm; bmompum;wpfck uG,faysmuf? qHk;IH;jcif; ESihftwl uREkfyfwdkYvlom;rsKd;EG,f\ todA[kokw? awG;jrif odwwfrIESihf IjrifoHk;oyfrI wpfpdwfwpfydkif; wdkYudk vnf; tpm;rxdk;EdkifbJ qHk;IH;&awmh\/ zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf bmompum;rSm t a&;ygvSayonf/ axmifpkESpf zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&; &nfrSef; csufrsm;udk atmifjrifEkdifa&;twGuf bmompum; qdkif&m u@rSm AsL[majrmufwnf&Sdaeonf/ &nfrSef;csufrsm;wGif - qif;&JrJGawrIESihf iwfrGwfacgif;yg;rI uif;pifEdkifa&;? rlvwef; ynma&;
42

aqmif;yg;u@
qHk;cef;wdkifatmif ausmif;aecGifh&&Sda&;? vdifydkif;qdkif&m wef;wlnDrQrIESihf trsKd;orD; pGrf;aqmif&nf wdk;wufa&;? uav;aoqHk;rI avsmhyg;a&;? rdcifusef;rma&; wdk; wufa&;? tdyfcsftdkifADG? attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g? iSufzsm; a&m*gESihf tjcm;a&m*gwdkYudk wdkufzsufa&;? obm0 ywf0ef;usif a&&SnfwnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;ESihf zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrI twGuf urmhvHk;qkdif&m qufpyf vkyfaqmifEdkifa&;wdkY yg0ifonf/ axmifpkESpf zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&; &nfrSef;csuf &Spf&yfudk a'oMuD; 10 a'orS EdkifiH 190 yg0ifonfh EdkifiHwum todkif;t0kdif;rsm;rS zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufa&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;twGuf tnGef;abmif tae jzihfvnf; vufcH usihfoHk;vsuf &Sdaeonf/ axmifpkESpf &nfrSef;csufrsm;rS tvGeftrif; qif;&Jjcif;ESihf iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif; ab;'PfwdkYtwGuf bmompum;onf &Sifoef aexdkifEdkif&eftwGuf tvkyf tudkif &ydkifcGifh? vlrIa&;ESihf EdkifiHa&;b0wdkYwGif yg0if aqmif &GufcGihf? tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;ajymqdk qufqH Edkifa&; wdkYESihf eD;uyfpGm qufpyfvsuf &Sdaeavonf/ A[kokw todw&m;wdkYudk vufqihfurf; jzefYjzL;&mwGifvnf; bmompum;rSm t"du Mum;cHjzpf aejyefonf/ axmifpkESpf &nfrSef;csufrsm;jzpfonfh uav;tm;vHk; rlvwef; ynma&; qHk;cef;wdkifa&;? tdyfcsftkdifAGD? attdkif'Dtufa&m*g? iSufzsm;a&m*g wdkYudk wHkYjyef vkyfaqmif&mwGifvnf; r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfygonf/ bmompum;rSm tajccH &ydkifcGifhrsm;jzpfonfh vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfjyocGifh? ynma&;tcGifhta&;? ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m yg0if aqmif&GufEdkifcGifhESihf odyHESihf enf;ynm wdk;wufrI tusKd;w&m;rsm;udk ykdifqkdif &&Sda&;wdkYudk cHpm;Edkifap&eftwGufvnf; t"du usae onf/ tcsufrsm;tm;vHk;rSm bmomaA'qdkif&m t csuftvufrsm;ESihf qufpyfvsuf&Sdae\/ bmompum;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif; wkdif;&if;om; bmompum;rsm;rSm vlrIt odkif; t0dkif;twGif; ajymqdkolwdkY\ vlY *kPfodumudk jrihf wifay;Edkifjcif;? w&m;Oya'qdkif&m &ydkifcGifhrsm;udk wdk;jrihf Edkifjcif;? a&;om; rSwfwrf; wifEdkifjcif;ESihf tDvufxa&m epf enf;ynmwdkYudk toHk;jyKEdkifjcif;wdkY jyKvkyfEdkifygrl &Sif
43

oef EdkifpGrf;&Sdrnf/ ynma&;pepftwGif; cdkifcdkifrmrm wnf&Sd aeygu &SifoefrItwGuf rsm;pGm taxmuftyHh jzpfaponf/ bmompum;rsm; &yfwnf &SifoefEdkifpGrf; (odkYr[kwf) wdrfaum aysmufuG,fjcif;wdkY twGuf ynma&; pepfrSm ta&;BuD;onfh tydkif;wGif yg0ifvsuf &Sdaeonf/ jrefrmhynma&; pepfrSmrl wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pk rsKd;EG,frsm;ESihf olwdkY\ bmompum;rsm; twGuf oifhawmf udkufnDrI r&Sdonf omrubJ aysmufuG,f qHk;&HI;&rnfh tE&m,fyif &Sdaeavonf/ ynma&;qdkif&m atmifjrifrI &&SdEdkif&ef twGuf ESihf ,Ofaus;rIESihf bmompum;pnfyif zGHYjzdK;wdk; wufrIwdkY twGufyg rlMudK? rlvwef;ynma&;ESihf ta&;tzwftwGuf toHk;vHk; ynma&;wdkYrSm rdcif bmompum;jzihf avhusihf oif,lcGihf&&Sd&ef uav; rsm;ESifh vlMuD;rsm; twGufyg ta&;MuD;vSygonf/

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49

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50

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51

EkdifiHwum ynma7; owif;rsm ;

Ph.D pmwrf; ckd;ul;cJhonfh twGuf *smrPD umuG,fa&;0efMuD; EIwfxGuf
0efcHcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ol\ &Jwkdufjzpfaom bmAD,modkY a&TUajymif;jyD; tem*wf tpDtpOfwdkYudk csrSwf rnf[k qdkonf/ ]usaemfh twGufawmh temusif &qHk; a&TUuGufygyJ/} owif;pm &Sif;vif;yGJwGif *lwifbmhu ajymjycJhonf/ ]tNrJwrf;udk wkdufcdkufzdkY usaemfu jyifqif xm;cJhwmhyg/ tckawmh usaemhf&JU vkyfykdifcGihf uefYowfcsuf abmifudk ausmfoGm;wm/} NyD;cJhonfh tywfu ab;&D,Gwf wuodkvfu *lwifbmh\ yg&*l bGJYpmwrf;wGif tjcm;aom &if;jrpf rsm;rS wkduf&kduf ul;,lxm;onfudk 0efcHcJhNyD;aemuf xkwfy,fcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ tvkyf rsm;jym;vGef;vSonfh twGuf 2006 ckESpfwGif pmwrf; a&;om;pOf umv twGif; trwfwm0ef? orD; 2 OD;wm0efwdkYudk TV aMu nmol ZeD;ESihf twl jyKpkysKd;axmifae&jcif; wdkYaMumihf[k ajymcJhonf/ 0efBuD;csKyfu olYtm; umuG,fa&;0efBuD; wm0efudk ay;xm;jcif;jzpfjyD; ynm&Sif vufaxmuf &mxl;r[kwf[k qdkum *lwifbmhzufrS &yfwnf ay; vsuf&Sdonf/ avmavmq,fwGifrlum; ]jzwfnyfuyf trwf} [k trnfwGif aeawmhonf/
Source: Guardian

*smrPD umuG,fa&;0efBuD; um;vfoD,dk 'dkZl *lwifbmhonf ol\ PhD pmwrf; wpfpdwfwpfydkif;udk cdk;ul;cscJhonf[k 0efcHajymqdkvdkufjyD; vuf&Sd&mxl;rS EIwfxGufaMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ *smrPD csefq,fvm tef*svmrmu,fudk pdwfysufapcJhjyD; tawmfqHk; trwfwpfOD;udk qHk;IH; cH& awmhrnf jzpfonf/ touf 39 ESpf t&G,f&Sd *lwifbmhrSm uuf bdeuftwGuf vlBudKuftrsm;qHk; trwfwpfOD; jzpf onf/ aemifwcsdefwGif 0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvmEkdifzG,f&m &Sdol[kvnf; owfrSwf cHxm;&oljzpfonf/ EIwfxGuf onfh twGuf vuf&Sd tmPm& Christian Democratic Party CDU twGuf MuD;rm;onfh qHk;IH;rI jzpfonf[k 0efBuD;csKyf rmu,fu ajymqdkvdkufonf/ uxdursm;ESihf ygarmu tawmfrsm;rsm;u 0efBuD;csKyfxHwGif PhD pmwrf; cdk;ul;cscJhrIudk wdkifwef; cJhNyD;aemuf 2 ywf tMumwGif umuG,fa&;0efBuD;u
52

(rwfv 2 &uf 2011)

a,;vfwuodkvfu tcrJh tGefvkdif; oifwef;rsm; zGifhvSpf

tcrJh tGefvdkif; oifwef; 10 rsKd;udk emrnf ausmf a,;vf wuodkvfBuD;u zGihfvSpfvdkufonf/ jref rm tygt0if wurmvHk;rS tifwmeufuGef,uf qufoG,xm;&Sonfh ae&mwdi;f wGifoifwef;rsm;udk f d k wufa&muf avhvm EkdifMurnf jzpfonf/ tar&duefNyD;vQif oifwef;rsm;odkY w&kwf? ,lau? uae'g? awmifudk;&D;,m;? *smrPD? b&m;ZD;? tdEd,ESihf MoapMw;vswdkYrS ausmif;om;rsm; 0ifa&muf avhvmvsuf&SdMuonf/ tcrJh oifwef; 10 rsKd;rSm b@maiGaMu; oDtdk&DrSonf 'GefuDtkwftxd? obm0ywf0ef;usif EkdifiHa&;rSonf Oya'ESihf aumif;uifbHkopf txd rsKd; pHkpGm yg0ifaMumif; uGefewfwDuwftajcpdkuf wuodkvf u aMunmvdkufonf/ a,;vfaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;udk oifMum; ydkYcscJhonfh AD'D,dkrSwfwrf; wpfacGvHk;pDudk oifwef; wdkfif;wGif MunfhI avhvmEkdifMurnf jzpfonf/ xif&Sm;aom a,;vfygarmursm;\ oifMum;csuf rsm;vnf; jzpfonf/ t&nftaoG; aumif;rGefpGm &dkuful;xm;onfh ynma&; AD'D,dkrsm;? toHzdkifrsm;jzihf oifwef;rsm;udk tGefvdkif;wufa&muf avhvmEkdifygrnf/ trSefwu,f a,;vf pmoifcef;rsm;xJ 0ifa&mufoGm;onfh twkdif; cHpm; avhvmEkdifrnf[kvnf; qdk\/ oifwef;wkdif;twGuf tnGef;rsm;udk xm;&SdNyD; yHkESdyf&efzdkifrsm;? oif&dk;rmwdumrsm;? pmzwf&ef u@rsm;? jyem ykpmrsm;ESihf tjcm;aom oifaxmufulrsm;udk &SmazGEkdifrnfjzpfonf/ rdrdtm;vyfonfh tcsdefwGif MunfhI avhvm &eftwGuf pdwf0ifpm;onfh ynm&yfqkdif&m AD'D,dkzkdif? toHzkdifwdkYudkvnf; rdrd\uGefysLwmxJwGif a'gif;vkyf,l? odrf;qnf;xm;Ekdifygonf/ tkdifzkef;ESihf tdkifyufwdkY twGufvnf; oD;oefY u@ xm;&SdNyD; c&D;xGuf&if; vrf;ay:wGifvnf; tifwm eufrS wqifh oif,l avhvmEkdifao;onf/ oifwef; wufa&mufcGihf twGuf rSwfyHkwif &ef rvdktyf[k od&onf/ odkYaomf wuodkvfu &rSwfESifh

atmifvufrSwf xkwfay;rnf r[kwfovdk ygarmu rsm;ESihfvnf; qufoG,f ajymqdkcGihfawmh r&Sdyg/ 'DZifbm 2007 ckESpfu pwifcJh&mwGif ,aeYtcsdeftxd tGefvdkif; ausmif;om; 3 oef;ausmf avhvmcJhMuonf/ 2009 {NyDvrSpNyD; ,aeYtxd zwfIonfh pmrsufESmaygif; 26 oef; ausmf&Sdonf/ a,;vf ,lusLU YouTube ESihf tJyJvf tkdifuRef; iTunes csefe,frsm;rSvnf; 0ifa&muf avhvmEkdifMuonf/
http://oyc.yale.edu http://www.youtube.com/yalecourses http://itunes.yale.edu

vdyfpmrsm;rSm

vl 15 oef;ausmfcefY a,;vf csefe,frsm;rS wqifh ynmqnf;yl;aeaMumif; od&onf/ ]wurmvHk;u jynfolawG[m a,;vf tGefvdkif;oifwef;udk tcrJh 0ifa&muf avhvmEkdifMuwJh twGuf uRefawmfwdkY tifrwef 0rf;omyDwd jzpf&yg w,f/} wuodkvf OuXjzpfol &pfcs'fpDvJAifu qdk onf/ ]'DaeY xkwfvTifhr,fh oifwef;topfawGrSm awmh aemufqHk; enf;ynmudk tjynfht0 toHk;cs xm;ygw,f/ wuodkvf&JU txifu&XmeBuD; awG&JU oifMum;rIawGudk avhvmcsifMuwJh olawGqD a&mufEkdifzdkYyg/}
Source: Yale University

(20? {NyD? 2011)

53

zifvefEkdifiH ynma&;ESihf zifvef ausmif;q&mrsm;

ygNyD/ uav;awGrSm aysmf&TifzG,f b0 &Sd&r,fav? ausmif;pmawG twif;ay;jyD; uav;b0udk rzsufqD; oifhbl;} [k 6 wef; oifaom zifvef ausmif;q&m Katja Tuori u ajymonf/ zif v ef a usmif ; pnf ; urf;rSm avsmh&J&Jr[kwf/wif; usyf oifhaom pnf;urf;udk wif; usyfxm;onf/ pmoifcef;xJ qJvfzkef;awG? iPods awG o,frvm&/ pmoifcef;xJ OD;xkyf raqmif;&/ 'DavmufyJ jzpfonf/ uav;rsm;udk pmoifMum;rIrSmrl prwfusaom tdkif'D,m rsm; xm;&Sdonf/ Oyrm q&mwpfa,mufu ausmif;om; rsm; vufcHvQif yxrwef;uae qXr wef;txd vdkuf oifMum;Edkifonf/ OECD oHk;oyfcsuft& zifvef\ ynma&; atmifjrifrIrSm vQKdU0Sufcsuf BuD;BuD;r&Sd/ t&nftcsif; jynfh0aom q&mrsm;aMumifh ynma&; atmifjrifrI &&Sdaeonf[kqdk\/ tar&duef ausmif;q&mrsm;uJhodkY pD;yGm;a&;rqef? pufrIxkwfukefoabm rqef/ zifvef q&mrsm;u q&mtppfrsm;yif/ q&mpdwf"mwf tjynfh &Sdolrsm; jzpfonf/ tNrJ avhvm aeMuonf/ ausmif;om;udk nm0g;rnhf q&mrsm; r[kwf/ ausmif;om; ESihftwl ynm tjydKif&Smonfh q&mrsm; jzpfaeonf/ zifvefwGif ausmif;q&m tvkyfrSm *kPf&Sd onf/ xdkYaMumifh vlwdkif; ausmif;q&mq&mr jzpfcsif aeMuonf/2008 ckESpfrSm rlvwef;jyq&m tvkyf twGuf bGJY&jyD;ol 1258 OD; avQmufxm;cJhonf/ ig;ESpf oifMum;a&; pDrHudef;twGuf 123 OD;udk Zum wdkuf a&G;cs,fcJhonf/ zifvefrSm q&mwdkif; rmpwmbGJY &xm;zdkY vdkonf/ q&mwpfa,muf tvkyfcsdefu wpfESpf 190 &uf owfrSwfxm;onf/ wpfESpf vpmu a':vm 40000 eJY 60000 Mum; jzpfonf/

urmYynma&; jrifuGif;us,fwGif zifvefEkdif iHu a&mYcfpwm; ozG,fjzpfaeonf/ csrf;omaom OECD tzGJU\ 2009 ckESpf EdkifiHwum ausmif;om;rsm; ppfaq;tuJjzwfrI (PSIA) tpD&ifcHpm t& zifvef ausmif;om;rsm;u odyHwGif 'kwd, ae&mrSm &Sdonf/ ocFsmESihf pmzwfpGrf;&nfwGif wwd,ae&mrSm &Sdonf/ tar&duef ausmif;om;rsm;u ysrf;rQ tqifY 15 ae&mrSmom &Sdonf/ zifvef\ t"du NydKifbufrsm;rSm tm&SrS awmifudk&D;,m;eJY puFmylwdkY jzpfonf/ xdkESpfEdkifiH\ ynmoifMum;rIyHkpHudk qdkAD,uf yHkpHa[mif; oifMum;rI rsKd;twdkif; twif; acgif;xJ&dkufxnfh txyfxyf avY usifhrIrsKd;awGvdkY a0zefMuaomfvnf; olwdkY ausmif;om; rsm;onfvnf; xdyfqHk;odkY a&mufvmMuonf/ odkYaomf tm&S ynma&;u tcsdef t&rf; ,l vGef;onf/ ausmif;rSm em&Dtrsm;MuD; ,lxm;onf/ ausmif;qif;awmhvnf; ausmif;om;awG em&Dtrsm;MuD; ay;&onf/ zifvefrSm ausmif;wufcsdefu tar&durSm xufawmif ydkwdkawmif;onf/ zifvef\ ynmoif Mum;a&; yHkpHu ydkqGJaqmifrI &Sdonf[k PISA y&dk*&rf 'g&dkufwmu ajymonf/ ]zifvef ausmif;awGu tdrfpm tvkyfudk vnf; rsm;rsm; ray;bl;/ wpfaeY wpfem&Davmuf tdrfpm vkyfcdkif;&if atmifjrifwJh ausmif;om;jzpfzdkY vHkavmuf
54

zifvef vlYtzGJUtpnf;rSm ausmif;q&mawGudk tvGefYtvGef wefzdk;xm; qufqHMuonf/ jyify EdkifiHrsm;u tHhtm;oifh &onftxd/ zifvefudk ESpf&ufMum oGm;vnfcJhaom tar&duef bwfzJvdk;? e,l;a,mhcf wuodkvfrS Dan Mac Isaac u ] tar &durSm ausmif;q&mawGudk yDZmrkefY vdfkufa&mif;onfh uav;awGvdk oabmxm;wm? yDZmrkefY b,fvdk aumif;aumif; jzefY&ovJ qdkwm oifay;ovdk q&m awGudk x&defeifay;wm? 'Dae&mrSm zifvefeJY uGm oGm;wmyJ} [k qdkonf/ zifvefu vlrIzlvHka&;pepf usifhoHk;onfh wdkif;jynfjzpfonf/ t&if;&Sifvnf;rqef? w&m;ao qdk&S,fvpf yHkpHvnf; r[kwf/ nDrQrI (equity) udk tajccH aom vlYtzGJYtpnf; jzpfonf/ tcsufu *syef? udk&D;,m;wdkYESihf uGmoGm;onf/ *syefESihf udk&D;,m;u tar&duef yHkpHi,fav;jzpfonf/ jydKifqdkifrI odyfjyif; xefonf/ zifvefu olYvlxkudk oGm;okwfokwf? pm;okwfokwfjzifh t&if;&Sif aps;uGufpepf\ aus;uRef tjzpfrcH/ ausmif;om;rsm;rSm zdtm;r&Sd? vlxkrSm pdwfzdpD;rIESifh pdwfa&m*g r&Sd/ wdkufjrifhay:u ckefcsao aom ausmif;om;eJY acwfysuf olaX; r&Sd/ ynma&;u vlYtzGJYtpnf; wnfNidrfzdkY? ,Ofaus; zGYHNzdK;zdkY? aysmf&TifzkdY jzpf onf/ zifvef ynma&;u uav;wpfa,muf ausmif;rSm pmrvdkufEdkifvdkY jyifyrSm usL&Sifq&m iSm;oifzdkY rvdktyfaom pepfrsKd;jzpfonf/ pmrvdkufEdkifol twGuf ausmif;wGif;rSmyif q&mrsm;u tajz &Smay;Muonf/ uav;wpfa,muf pm rvdkufEdkifonfh twGuf jyify q&mESihf pmoif&NyD qdkvQif ausmif;ESihf ausmif;q&mrsm; odumusonf/ ,ck zifvefu olY ynma&;pepfudk jynfy wdkif;jynftcsKdU wifydkYzdkY vkyfvmonf/ Oyrm? xdkif;EdkifiH jzpfonf/ xdkif;ESihf ynma&; wdk;wufzGYjzdK;&ef vdkvm; aom zGHYjzdK;qJ EdkifiHtcsKdU u zifvef ynma&; armf',fudk tm;us twk,lvmMuonf/ b,favmuf twk,l usifhoHk;jyD; b,favmuf jrefjref atmifjrifrI &rnfqdkwm awmh apmifhMunfhMu&rnf/
Source: OECD (PSIA) (11 ? {jyD? 2011)

em;&Guf um;um; tdkbm;rm; uav;b0u &efp cHcJh&

BuD;rm;us,fjyefYwJh em;&Gufum;um;awG &Sd wm aMumihf&,f? olYemrnfaMumihf&,f tar&duef orw tdkbm;rm;[m ausmif;om;i,fav; t&G,fwkef; u &efvdk&efp cHcJh&aMumif;udk ajymjyygw,f/ ]usaemfrSm em;&Guf um;um;BuD;awG&SdjyD; xl;qef;wJh emrnfaMumihf usaemfvnf;yJ rvGwfcJhygbl;/ tyGef;tyJh? txdtckduf rcHcJh&bJ BuD;jyif;vmcJh&wm r[kwfygbl;/} tdrfjzLawmfrSmusif;yaom ausmif;wGif; &efvdk&efpjcif; umuG,f wm;qD;a&; nDvmcHudk wufa&mufvmMuwJh q&mq&mrrsm;? rdbrsm;ESihf tpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;udk tckvdk ajymvdkufwm jzpfygw,f/ tar&duef ausmif;awGrSm &efvdk&efpjcif; qeYfusifa&; tpDtpOf pwifr,fh ynma&;Xme&JU stopbullying.gov 0bfqdk'f vnf; yg0ifygw,f/ uav;rsm;? rdbrsm;eJY ausmif;rsm;taeeJY &efvdk&efprIudkjzpf&dk;jzpfpOfygqdkjyD;vspfvsLr&Ioihfbl;vdkY orwu ajymjycJhygw,f/ ]rMumcPqdkovdk jzpfaewm&,f? ae&mtESHY awGYae&wm&,faMumihf 'Djyemudk rsufuG,fjyKxm; wwfMuygw,f/usaemfwdkYu ajymavh&Sdw,f r[kwf vm;/ -uav;awGuawmh uav;awGygyJ- vdkY/ 'Dvdk eJYyJ &efvdk&efprIu b,favmuftxd xdckdufepfem w,fqdkwmudk usaemfwdkY tav;rxm;Muawmhbl;/} orw tdkbm;rm;u ajymjycJhwmyg/
Source: IANS: Big-eared Obama got bullied as kid

(18 rwfv 2011)

55

pma&;q&m bDaz;,l tm&S xdyfwef;pmayqk&&dS

a&G;cs,f cHxm;&aom tjcm; pma&;q&m rsm;jzpfMuonfh tdEd,ESihf *syefwdkYrS pma&;q&mrsm;udk ausmfNyD; qkudk qGwfcl;EkdifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf a&;om;aom (odkYr[kwf) t*FvdyfbmomodkY jyefqdkxm;&Sdaom tm&Swdkufom; pma&;q&mrsm;\ pmtkyfrsm;twGuf qkudk 2007 ckESpfu wnfaxmifcJhonf/ bDESihf aemufqHk;tqifh ,SOfNydKifcJhMu &olrsm;xJwGif Serious Men pmtkyfjzifh tdEd,rS 0wKa&;q&mtopf refEk*sKd;qufzf? The Changeling pmtkyfjzifh 1994 Ekdb,fpmayqk&Sif *syefrS uefZmbl&dkatG; wdkYjzpfonf/ tjcm;aom aemufqHk;tqihf a&G;cs,fcH pmtkyfrsm;rSm wmbpf&SfcJtm\ ]The Thing About Thugs} pmtkyfESihf *syefpma&;q&m ,dkudktkd*g0\ ]Hotel Iris} pmtkyfwdkY yg0ifMuonf/ aemufqHk;tqihf a&G;cs,fjcif;udk aMunm &mwGif ]Brick Lane} pma&;q&m armfeDumtvDu olrESihf tjcm;aom a&G;cs,fa&; w&m;olBuD; tzGJY0ifrsm; jzpfMuonfh [m;Awfynm&Sif [dkrDaubm[m? qk& pma&;q&m qlrifwDtdkwkdYu ]pnfyif a0qmaeonfh tm&S pmayjrifuGif;xJ} wGif txifu& acgif; pOfrsm; udk wnDwnGwfwnf; oabmwlcJhMuonf/ aemufqHk;tqihf a&G;cs,fxm;onfh pmtkyf rsm;rSm ]bmompum;jzihf vSyoyf&yfpGm} vlom; tawGYtMuHKwdkYudk azmfusL; oDuHk;xm;Muonf[k tvD u qdkonf/ tm&S 14 EkdifiHrS pmtkyfacgif;pOf 54 ckxJwGif tdEd,? *syef? w&kwfESihf zdvpfydkifwdkYrS 10 tkyfudk a&G;cs,fNyD; ,if;txJu aemufqHk; tqihfudk w&m;olBuD;rsm;u xyfrH a&G;cs,fcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/
Source: AFP/Is

w&kwf,Ofaus;rI awmfvSefa&; umv aemufcHudk cs,frIef;xm;aom ]Three sisters nDtr oHk;azmf } 0wKjzihf emrnfausmf pma&;q&m bDaz;,l Bi Feiyu onf tm&S xdyfwef;pmayqkudk qGwfcl;cJhonf/ Three sisters 0wKpmtkyfjzihf Man Asian Literary Prize qk&&Sdol bDaz;,l a':vm oHk;aomif; wefzdk;&Sdonfh Man Asian Literary Prize qktwGuf yPmr a&G;cs,fxm;ol tjcm; 4 OD;xJrS bDu &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ w&kwfjynf\ IwfaxG; ayGvDvSaom EkdifiHa&; umvrsm;twGif; ]rdrdwdkY uHMurm vrf;aMumif; udk ajymif;vJypf&ef BudK;yrf;cJhMuonfh} nDtr oHk;OD; 0wKjzpfonf/ ]yPmr tqihf usaemhfudk a&G;cs,fw,fvdkY od&awmh oli,fcsif;awGu ajymMuygw,f/ -rjzpf Ekdifbl;/ w&kwfwa,mufu 'Dqkudk &&SdzdkY rarQmfvihfeJYvdkY qdkMuw,f/} qk&&SdNyD;aemuf bDu ajymjycJhonf/ ]oluajymMuygao;w,f/ - rif; a[mif aumifudk bmjzpfvkdY oGm;rSmvJ/ oGm;p&m taMumif; r&Sdbl;/-- 'gayrJh usaemfuawmh vmcJhygw,f/} ],Ofaus;rI awmfvSefa&;udk rnfonfh tcsdef tcgwGifrS rarhaysmufoihfaMumif;} pmtkyfu azmf usL;ay;aernf[l bDu arQmfvihfxm;onf/ yPmr

(22? rwfv? 2011)

56

a':vm 800 ESifh ESvkH;cJGpdwfayr,fh tdED,orm;awmf

vlOD;a& 1 'or 2 bDvD,H&Sd tdEd,wGif t&nftaoG;rD txl;uk aq;cef;awGem; uyfEdkif olu vlenf;pk ao;zGJzGJ av;om jzpfonf/ tpdk;& aq;&HkawGusawmh npf ywfonf/ qufqHa&; nHhzsif;onf/ vmbfpm; vGef;onf/ wm0ef,lrI r&Sd/ ypnf;ud&d,meJY aq; 0g;u rjynfhpHk/ teHYqdk;u rsKd;pHk/ tck a'gufwm &SJwfwDu ESvHk;cGJpdwfrIudk atmufajcvlxkawG wwfEdkifatmif ukocEIef; avQmhcsypfvdkufonf/ ESvHk;cGJpdwfrIu vlukHxHrsm;twGuf oD;oefY rjzpfap&/ atmufajcvlxk tm;vHk; vufvSrf;rSDEdkifatmif pwif awmfvSefajymif;vJ ypf& rnf[k qdkonf/ &SJwfwDu rmomx&Dqm&JU orm;awmfjzpfNyD; olrqDrSm tvkyf vkyfcJhzl;onf/ ,ck bef*vdkNrdKUrSm uk wif 1000 qefY tqifhjrifh aq;&Hk udk,fydkifzGifhxm;onf/ bef*vdkNrdKU BuD;eJY tdEd, tjcm;NrdKU BuD;awGrSm aiGawmif; Murf;vGef;vSwJh txl;uk aq;cef;awG rIdvdkaygufae onf/ vlemawGxHu "g;jywdkufovdk aiGaMu; yuf yufpufpuf awmif;,ljyD; csrf;omaewJh q&m0efawG? aq;cef; axmifpm;olawG &SdaeMuonf/ orm;awmfBuD; &SJwfwDu ESvHk;cGJpdwfcukd a':vm 2000 txd pavQmhcscJhonf/ 'DEIef;u rnfonfh EkdifiHESihf,SOf,SOf trsm;BuD; oufomaeonf/ tar&durSm ESvHk;cGJpdwfzdkY a':vm wpfodef;ausmf ukefus rnf jzpfonf/ a'gufwm &SJwfwD&JU aq;&HkrSm cGJpdwfc twGuf vHk;ueJ ay;p&mrvdk? t&pfus ay;oGm;vdkY & onf/ vHk;0udk rwwfEdkifolrsm; twGuf &efyHkaiG xlaxmifxm;onf/ ysrf;rQ cGJpdwfcEIef; a':vm 800 txd csoGm;zdkY aqmif&Gufaeonf/ &SJwfwDu ]ESvHk;cGJpdwfrI ynmay:aygufNyD; ESpf

100 twGif;rSm urmh vlOD;a&&JU 8 &mcdkifEIef;atmufom cGJpdwfukozdkY wwfEdkifMuygw,f/ ESvHk;cGJpdwfrIqdkwm olaX;awGtwGufjzpfaew,f/'g[m&,fp&maumif;wJh aq;ynm jzpfaew,f/ wpfckckvkyfzdkY vdkaeNyD/ vkyfenf; uawmh bmrS r[kwfbl;? cGJpdwfc avQmhcsypfzdkY yJ/ urmay:u aq;&Hk aq;cef;wdkif;rSm wpfaeYudk vlem ESpfa,muf? oHk;a,mufyJ ESvHk;cGJpdwfw,f/ usaemfwdkY aq;&Hku wpfaeYudk 35 a,muf cGJpdwf ukoygw,f/ atmfya&;&Sif;rsm;rsm; vkyfav &v'fawG ydkaumif; vm avygyJ} [k owif;Xmersm;udk &Sif;jycJhonf/ tdEd, usef;rma&; vkyfief;&JU 80 &mcdkifEIef;u yk*vdu vkyfief;rsm; jzpfonf/ vlOD;a&&JU 1 &mcdkifEIef;om yk*vdu aq;&Hk aq;cef;awGem; oDEdkifonf/ txl;uk aq;cef;oGm;zdkY rajymeJY? tpdk;& aq;&Hk wpf&ufwuf&if vlwpfa,muf wpfvpm jyKwfoGm;rnf/ aq;&Hkwuf EdkifoleJY rwufEdkifolMum; acsmufurf;yg;BuD;vdk uGm[ aeonf/ tdEd, tpdk;& usef;rma&; toHk;p&dwfu urmY tenf;qHk; EdkifiHawGxJygNyD;? *sD'DyD&JU 1 &mcdkifEIef;om &Sdonf/ refrdk[efqif; tpdk;&u 3 &mcdkifEIef;txd oHk;r,fvdkY ajymaewm MumNyD/ ckxd txrajrmuf/ a'gufwm &SJwfwDu jynfolYusef;rma&; vkyfief;twGuf NAdwdeftpdk;&vdk *sD'DyD&JU 7 &mcdkifEIef;oHk;pGJzdkY tpdk;&udk wdkufwGef;aeonf/
Source: CNN (10? {NyD? 2011)

57

ivsifaMumihf urmh0ef&dk; a&TUjyD; *syefuGef; 8 ay a&GUvsm;oGm;cJh

ordkif;wGif tiftm;tjyif;qHk; ivsifvdIif;jzpf jyD; aemufqufwGJ qlemrDa&vdIif;rSm ypdzdwfork'&m w0Srf;vHk;odkY ul;pufoGm;cJhonf/ uae'gtaemufydkif;? tar&duef? csDvDEkdifiHrsm;txd EkdifiH 50 wGif qlemrD owday; EdI;aqmfcsufrsm; yJhwifxyfoGm;cJh\/ ivsif vdIif;i,f 160 ausmfudk 24 em&DtwGif; qufwkduf jzpf apjyefonf/ 141 vdIif;rSm ivsifyrmP 5 ruf*eDusKU tenf;qHk;&SdaecJhonf/ ork'&mrsm;ESihf wkdufMuD;rsm; atmuf\ ajrvTmxkatmufrS ausmufjzmvTm tectonic plates rsm; 18 rDwmcefY tHvGJacsmfcJhonf/ tusKd;quftaejzihf t&Snf 250 rdkif ( uDvdkrDwm 400) ESihf tus,f rdkif 100 (uDvdkrDwm 16) cefY ajrvTmxk {&d,m tus,ft0ef;rSm pkwfjyJ aygufuGJ xGufoGm;jyD; ivsifvdIif;rsm;udk jzpfay: apcJhjcif;yif jzpfaMumif;udk blrd&lyaA'ynm&Sif &Sef aZmifcsefu qdkygonf/ ypdzdwfork'&m ]rD;uGif; ring of fire} [k wifpm; ac:a0:xm;onfh awmifypdzdwf ork'&m zuf ydkif;&Sd e,l;ZDvefrSpjyD; *syeftxd? tvufpum;rSonf awmifajrmuftar&duef urf;&dk;wef;txd &Snfvsm; vSaom ivsifaMumESihf rD;awmif&Sifrsm;tMum;wGif *syefEkdifiH wnf&Sdaeavonf/ *syefivsifonf 2004 ckESpf tif'dkeD;&Sm; ivsifESihf tiftm; wlnDaeonf/ xdkpOfu aemufquf wGJ qlemrDr[m a&vdIif;aMumihf tdEd,ork'&m wavQmuf&Sd EkdifiH 12 EkdifiHwGif vlaygif; 2 odef;cefY aoaMu ysufpD;cJh&onf/ ]tck qlemrDeJY t&G,ftpm;csif; tMurf;zsif; wlnDw,fvdkY EdIif;,SOfvdkY&ygw,f} *[mwDu &Sif;jyonf/ ]2004 ckESpfwkef;uawmh MudK wif jyifqifxm;rI r&SdwJh a'oawGrSm jzpfcJhw,f/ tdEd, ork'&mwGif;rSm acwfrD qlemrDa&vdIif; owday; EdI;aqmfcsuf pepfvnf;udkvnf; rwyfqif&ao;bl;/ tJ'gaMumihf ysufpD;rIu ydkqdk;&Gm;cJhygw,f/}
Source: CNN

tysuftpD;rsm;vGef;cJhaom qlemrD r[m a& vdIif;udk jzpfapcJhonfh tiftm;jyif; ivsifaMumihf *syefyifruRef;rSm 8 ay (2 'or 4 rDwm) a&GUvsm;oGm;cJhonf/ urmh0ef&dk; vnfywfrIrSmvnf; a&TUoGm;cJhonf/ ]tckavmavmq,f od&oavmufawmh GPS wdkif;wma&;Xme[m 8 ay a&GUoGm;cJhygw,f/ *syef blrdwkdif;wma&; owif;Xme Geospatial Information Authority - GSI &JU ajryHkudk Munhfawmh a&TUvsm; oGm;cJhwJh ajrxk yHkpH[m tawmfav; us,fjyefYwJh e,fajra'oMuD; wpfckvHk;rSm qifwlaeygw,f/} tar&duef blrdqmaA;Xme\ blrd&lyaA'ynm&Sif uef;euf['femhu ajymjycJhonf/ tDwvDtajcpdkuf trsKd;om; rD;awmifaA'ESihf blrd&lyaA'Xme\ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;t& 8 'or 9 yrmP&Sd ajrivsifaMumihf urmh0ef&dk;rSmvnf; 4 vufr (10 pifwDrDwm) cefY a&TUoGm;cJhaMumif; od&onf/ vl&maygif;rsm;pGm touf qHk;&HI;cJh&onfh *syefajrmufydkif; urf;&dk;wef; ivsifvdIif;aMumihf ay 30 tjrifh &Sdaom a&wHwdkif; vdIif;vHk;MuD;rsm; jrifhwufvmcJh jyD; v,fuGif;rsm;udk zHk;vTrf;oGm;cJhonf/ jrdKYrsm;udkvnf; a&atmufqGJ,l ESpfjrKyfypfcJhonf/ aetdrfrsm;udk ta0;ajy; vrf;rMuD;rsm;odkY qGGJ,loGm;cJh\/ armfawmf um;rsm;ESihf avSormefrsm;udkvnf; uav; upm;p&m rsm;uJhodkY ajrmufyifh aqmhupm; ypfvdkufonf/ vdIif;vHk; BuD;tcsKdUrSm rD,m*duRef;qG,f ukef;wGif;ydkif; ajcmufrdkif (10 uDvdkrDwm) txd a&muf&SdcJhonf/
58

(25 rwfv 2011)

pmoifausmif;awGudk jcdrf;ajcmufaewJh ppftmPm&Sif

vpfAsm;tmPm&Sif u'gzDudk &mxl;uae z,f&Sm;zdkY awmfvSefykefuefrIudk ESdrfESif;&mrSm u'gzD&JU wyfrsm;[m x&DydkvDjrdKY pmoifausmif;cef;awGxJtxd 0if a&mufcJhMuygw,f/ ppfom;awGu tpdk;& &kyfjrif oHMum;udkom Munfh&IzdkY ausmif;om;awGudk trdefY ay;cJhw,f/ u'gzDudk axmufcHwJh vlxkpka0;yGJawGudk oGm;r,fqdk&if w&ufudk 'ifemaiG 200 (jrefrmusyfaiG 1 odef; 8 aomif;cefY) &&SdrSmjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh ]oli,fcsif; qdk;} eJYaygif;jyD; ppftpdk;& raumif;aMumif;awGudk ajym r,f qdk&ifawmh txl; axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJY&JU &kdufESuf ppfaq;wmudk cH&r,fvdkYvnf; ppfom;awGu ausmif; om;awGudk ajymqdkcJhMuw,f/ ]ypfcwfowfjzwfrIawG jzpfaewm aocsm ygw,f} touf 14 ESpft&G,f rdef;uav;i,f wpfOD;u wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf ajymjycJhwmyg/ ]'gayrJh vlowform; awG&JU trnfawGudkawmh olr rodbl;vdkY ajymw,f/ ]vlMuD;rif; odr,fvdkY usrxifygw,f/} ]usr zGihfajymvdkuf&if axmifus cH&Ekdifw,f} ausmif;oli,fav;u xyfajymjycJhygw,f/ x&DydkvDjrdKU&JU ausmif;wpfausmif;udk tpdk;&&JU vlawGeJY owif;orm;awG vma&mufvnfywfpOfrSm q&mq&mrawGeJY ppfom;awG apmihfMuyf Munhf&I aewJh Mum;u ausmif;om;awG[m tjzpfrSefawGudk owd&SdpGmeJY wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf zGihfajymjy cJhMuygw,f/ wkdufyGJawG jzpfyGm;cJhwJhtwGuf oHk;ywftMum ausmif; ydwfxm;jyD; aemufrSm ausmif;awG jyefzGihfwmjzpfygw,f/ vpfAsm;tmPm&Sif&JU ppfwyfawGu awmf vSef ykefuefrIudk tMurf;zufESdrfESif;cJhwJh jzpf&yf[m vpfAsm; uav;i,frsm;eJY ausmif;om;awG&JU pdwfESvHk;om;awG xJrSm 'Pf&m temw& jzpfusef&pfcJhygjyD/ zGihf[ ajymqdkcJhwJh ausmif;om;awG&JU ajymjy csuft& tMurf;zufrIawGeJY tdyfysufnawG&JU &ufpuf rIeJY taMumufw&m;udk onf;cH aecJhMu&w,f? aoewfoHawGudk arhaysmufEkdifzdkY cufcufcJcJ MudK;pm; aeMu&qJjzpfw,fvkdY od&ygw,f/ touf 17 ESpf vli,fav;&JU ajymjycsuft& touf 7 ESpft&G,f

uav;i,fudk ppfwyfu zrf;qD;jyD; wywftMumrSm awmh x&DydkvDjrdKU tm;upm;&HkMuD;xJrSm ypfxm;cJhjyef w,f/ uav;i,f&JU zcifeJY q,fausmfouf tudkwdkYu awmh tckxufxdudk aysmufaeqJ/ ]odyfudk aMumufp&maumif;ygw,f/} touf 17 ESpf t&G,f vli,fav;u ajymcJhygw,f/ vufwHkYjyef zrf;qD;wmawGudk cH&rSm pdk;&drfvdkY olwkdY&JU emrnfawGudk trSeftwkdif; rajymjy&JcJhMuygbl;/ 'gayrJh pdwftm;wufzG,f&m tem*wfb0udk taumif;zufu &IjrifMuwmudkvnf; ajymjyMuygw,f/ touf 14 ESpf t&G,f rdef;uav;i,fu ]aMunmcsuf MuD;MuD;} xkwfypfr,fvdkY ajymw,f/ u'gzD&JU jynfwGif; ppfjzpfjyD; rD;avmifajrjzpfoGm;r,fqdkwJh jcdrf;ajcmufrIudk wkHYjyefwJh aMunmcsufvdkY olru ajymygw,f/ ]'Dbef*gZDu b,fvli,fav; wpfOD;udkrS touf rqHk;&HI;apcsifygbl;/} olru t*Fvdyfvkd ajymjycJhygw,f/ ]olwdkYtwGuf usr idkaMuG;cJhw,f/ usr wdkY tcsif;csif; odyfudk eD;pyf &if;ESD; vdkufMuwmav/} ]jyemuawmh vltcsKdU[m aiGaMu; aemuf udk vdkufMuwJhtwGuf vlxkeJY qefYusifwJh tvkyfawGudk vkyfMuawmhw,f/} ]usrudkvnf; apmihfMunfhaerSm aocsmyg w,f/ 'gayrJh usruawmh tckxufxdudk vdrfrajym ao; ygbl;/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh jynfolY b0awG trsm; MuD;twGuf tcktcsdefrSm tE&m,f usa&mufaeao; vdkYyg/} ausmif;tkyfMuD;u rdef;uav;i,fudk Mum;0if [efYwm;zdkY MudK;pm;ygw,f/ 'gayrJh rdef;uav;i,feJY olr&JU oli,fcsif; awGuawmh EdkifiHwum rD'D,mawGudk
59

raMumufbl;vdkY ajymygw,f/ tar&duef &kyf&Sifum;awGMunhfjyD;awmh t*Fvdyfpum;udk avhvmcJhMuw,fvdkvnf; &Sif;jyyg w,f/ ausmif;wufwJhtcgrSm ppf0wfpHkudk twif; tusyf 0wfcdkfif;wm cH&wJh touf 17 ESpf t&G,f vli,fav;uawmh ppft&m&SdawGu ausmif;rSm vm jyD;awmh yef-tm&yfwDADGowif;XmeawG[m rdpmawG jzpfw,fvdkY ajymwJhtcgrSm olwdkYu avSmifjycJhw,f vdkY ajymjycJhw,f/ ]usaemfwdkYrSm rsufvHk;awG &Sdw,fav/ usaemfwkdY vdkcsifwmudk usaemfwdkY jrifEdkfifygw,f/} ausmif;awGrSm twef;awGtm;vHk;udk yHkrSef awmh jyefrzGihfEdkfifao;ygbl;/ azaz:0g&D 17 &ufaeY uwnf;u ydwfxm;cJhwmyg/ tckjyefzGihfawmhvnf; q&mq&mrawG[m pmoifzdkYxuf oydwfwdkufyGJeJY awmfvSefvIyf&Sm;rItaMumif;udk pkpkjyD; ajymaeMuwkef; ygvdkY ausmif;om;awGu jyefajymjyMuygw,f/ ]q&mq&mrawGvnf; aMumufwJhyHkygyJ/ q&mwpfa,mufomvQif ppftpdk;&udk axmufcHwmyg/ usefwJh q&mtrsm;pkMuD;uawmh ppftkyfpkudk qefYusif wJh olawGcsnf;ygyJ/}
Source: Nytimes

11 rwfv 2011

tifazmfar;&Sif; ppfyJGrsm;
tifazmfar;&Sif;onf yg0g jzpfonf/ tifazmf ar;&Sif; awmfvSefa&;acwf&JU qdkufbmeJY qJhw vdkuf owif;qufoG,fa&; pepfrsm;u urmYvlxk&JU b0 aexdkifawGrIudk ajymif;vJypfonf/ vl tcsif;csif; qufqHa&; yHkpHopfawG ay:xGuf vmonf/ vlxk twGuf tpdk;&qdk;awG jzKwfcszdkY vufeufopfawG wyfqifay;vdkufovdkvnf; jzpfonf/ 0DuDvDcfpf? azYpfbGwf? wGpfwm? ,lusLU pwJY rD'D,mopfawGu tpOftvm tifazmfar; &Sif; uefY owf pD;qif;rItay: pdefac:vmonf/ qdkufbm vIyf&Sm;rIawGu tiftm;BuD; tpdk;&awG? AsL&dkua&pDeJY MudK;eD pepfawGudk tajctjrpfuae
60

udkifvIyf&rf;cg ypf aeonf/ 0bfqdk'fawGudk tpdk;&awGu &efolY e,fajr rsm;vdkY owfrSwfMuonf/ yifr owif;ppfppf (primary sources) zGifYcswJh vdcform;awG (leakers) qdk&if tdkprm bifvm'ifxuf tpdk;&awG ydkaMumufaeMu onf/ [wfumawGudk aomif;Murf;xMuGwJh olykefrsm;? tMurf;zufrsm;ozG,f ,lqMuonf/ wpfzufrSmvnf; tpdk;&awGu acolrsm; r[kwf/ vlvnf? vlyg;awGrdkY tpdk;& vkyfaeMuwm jzpf onf/ qdkufbmopfudk tcGifhaumif;,ljyD; tmPm qufxdef;zdkY BudK;pm;vmMuonf/ w&kwfrS pvdkY ql'ef? tD*spf? tD&ef? qD;&D;,m;? jrefrm? ajrmufudk&D;,m; pwJh tmPm&SifEdkifiH aygif;pHktxd jzpfonf/ tmPm&Sifrsm;u 0bfvIyf&Sm;rIudk tcsdefwdkif;rSm aESmifh,Suf zsufqD;zdkY MudK;pm;onf/ azhpfbGwfoHk;wJh EdkifiHom; wpfOD;csif;udk pydkifvkyfapmifhMunfhzdkY tpdk;&bufu azhpfbGwf taumifhawG zGifhxm;Muonf/ vlxk&JU tGefvdkif; toHk;jyKrIudk aES;auG;atmif jyKvkyfxm;onf/ ,ck &mpkonf tifazmfar;&Sif; tm;oukef pD;qif;wJh &mpk jzpfvmonf/ qdkbfbm ,lwdkyD;,m; &mpk jzpfvmonf/ wpfzufrSmvnf; qdkbfbmaMumifh tpdk;&rsm;u tDvufxa&mepf enf;ynmrsm;eJY zdESdyf csKyfcs,frIawG xl;xl;jcm;jcm; vkyfvmwJh &mpk jzpfonf/ qdkbfbm tHkMuGrIawG awmfvSefrIawG aeYpOf jzpfae onf/ tpdk;&awG&JU qdkufbm zdESdyfrIawGvnf; &Sdaeonf/
Source: Aljazeera

(1? {jyD? 2011)

pmzwfjcif;jzifh q,fausmfouf pdwfusa0'emudk umuG,fEkdif

pmtkyfrsm;udk zwfIavhvm&ef tcsdefay;onfh q,fausmfoufrsm;rSm aw;*Dwudk em;axmifonfh olrsm;xuf pdwfusa0'em cHpm;&jcif;rS ydk umuG,f ay;EkdifaMumif; okawoe t& od&onf/ aw;*DwESihf pdwfusa0'em qufpyfaerIudk em;vnf&ef enf;vrf;u ulnDonf[k qdk\/ pdwfusa0'em tBuD;tus,f cHpm;ae&onfh vli,f 46 OD; tygt0if q,fausmfouf 106 OD;udk Pittsburg aq;wuodkvfu avhvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ 2 vwm twGif; pae? we*FaEG aeY&ufrsm; twGif; okawoDrsm;u yg0if ppfaq;cH olrsm;udk tBudrf 60 txd ac: NyD; rD'D,m 6 rsKd;wGif rnfonfwdkYudk toHk;jyK aeMuaMumif; pHkprf;ar;jref; Muonf/ rD'D,mrsm;rSm wDADG? &kyf&Sif? *Dw? AD'D,dk*drf;? tifwmeuf? r*Zif; odkYr[kwf owif;pm? pmtkyfwdkY jzpfMuonf/ *Dwudk trsm;qHk; em;axmifaom vli,f rsm;rSm tenf;qHk; em;axmifaom olrsm;xuf 8 'or 3 q ydkNyD; pdwfusa0'emudk cHpm;&aMumif; awGY&Sd&onf/ odkY&mwGif pmtenf;qHk; zwfolESihf EdIif;,SOf aomtcg pmtrsm;qHk; zwfolrsm;rSmrl 10 yHk wpfyHkom pdwfus a0'emudk cHpm; &Ekdifavonf/

]pdwfusa0'em oufomzkdYtwGuf pmzwf jcif;eJY qufEG,faew,fqdkwJh tcsufu ta&;BuD; vSygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ qdkawmh 'DuaeYacwf vli,fawG[m pmzwfwm odyfudk enf;aevdkYyg/ tjcm;aom vlrIrD'D,mawGudkawmh ydkvdkY oHk;vmMu w,fav/} aq;ynm vufaxmuf ygarmu y&ifrufu qdkonf/
Source: IANS

(8? {NyD? 2011)

ajrurmaeY 2011 txdfrf;trSwf ydkpwm

Earth Day 2011 (April 22)

61

rD'D,m ud&d,mr&dS raewwfaom vli,frsm;

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62

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63

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Remembering and Recalling

yg0ifaomtcsufrsm;
What it involves

2/ odem;vnfjcif;tqihf
Understanding

3/ toHk;csEkdifonfhtqifh
Applying

4/ cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmEkdifonfh pGrf;&nf
Analyzing

5/tuJjzwfEkdifonfhpGrf;&nf
Evaluating/ synthesis

6/ wDxGifzefwD;jcif;
Creating

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64

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Critical Thinking ESihf qufpyfaeaom

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Critical Thinking

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65

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q&mr&Sd rdrdtvkdvkd udk,fawmfwkdifodjrifwmudkajym wm/ tmPmr[kwfbl;/ uH? uH\tusKd;w&m; oabm udk odjrifjyD; uH? uH\ tusKd;w&m;&JU vufxdyf oHajcusif;u vGwfajrmufoGm;wm/ tmPmr[kwfwJh twGuf Critical Thinking xJ tusKH;0ifoGm;w,fvkdY qkdvkdY &oGm;w,f/ 0dZmp&P oraEm qdkwm tawG;a&m vufawGYa&m jyD;ajrmufjynfhpkH oGm;wmukd qkdwm/ Ak'&JU *kPfawmf ukd;yg;xJu 'DokH;yg;eJYwif Critical Thinking vkdY ajymvkdY &oGm;jyD r[kwfygvm;Asm/ usefwJh *kPfawmf awG twGufvnf; ajymvkdY&ygw,f/ 'gayrJh rajymawmh ygbl;/ jcdK;jcH vkdufygw,f/ 'gawG[m uRefawmh aemuf qufwJGawGygyJ/ 'DawmhrSwf&atmif tusOf;csKyfvkduf&if critical thinking qkdwm 1/ Crisis udkausmfvTm;zkdY awG;wmvkyfwm 2/ tIH;vkH;0r&Sdwm 3/ udk,fcsif;pmw&m; xm;wmwkdY jzpfw,f/ Critical thinking ukd b,fe,fy,frSmjzpfjzpf csokH;vkdY&ygw,f/ Oyrm- bmoma&;? zavmhqzD/ bm oma&;rSm critical thinking okH;w,fqkdwm 0dyem wifw,fqkdwJh oabmeJY oufqkdifr,f xifw,f/ 'guRefawmhf tjrifyg/ rSm;&if jyifay;Muyg/ zavmhqzDrSm critical thinking udk okH;w,f qkdwmMuawmh zavmh qzDwpfckvkH;ukd,fu critical thinking awGyJvkdY ajymvkdY&r,f xifygw,f/ 'gtwkdqkH; ajymvkdufwmyg/ ck 21 &mpkopfrSm critical thinking [m ynma&;u@rSm awmfvSefa&; tajymif;tvJ qefqef acwfpm; vmygw,f/ xkdif;EkdifiHrSm 2010 (xifw,f) upjyD; rlvwef;eJY tv,fwef;awGrSm critical thinking eJY wpfjynfvkH; ajymif;awmhr,fvkdY owif;pmrSm zwf&ygw,f/ oif&dk;topfawGvkdtyfwJh oifaxmuf ul ypnf;awG toifhjzpfaejyD- wJh/ 'Daqmif;yg;[m a,bk,s r[kwfygbl;/ r&dSrjzpf? rodrjzpf? &dSoifh odoifhw,fxifwJh aemufcH um;csyfyg/ 'Dum;csyfukd tajccHjyD; oufqkdif&m e,fy,f bmom&yfawGrSm qDavsmfatmif tao;pdwfjznfhqD; tokH;csEkdifzkdY jzpfygw,f/ at;udkudkat; 25? 12? 2009
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a0zefykdif;jcm; qef;ppfpOf;pm;jcif; (critical thinking)? azmufxGufawG;jcif; (lateral thinking)? wDxGifPf (creative thinking) ponfwdkYonf vl wkdif; avhusifh ,lEdkifaom tavhtxpepf uav;rsm; om jzpfMu\/ ,aeYEdkifiHwum wuodkvfrsm;wGif taMumif;t&monf tjiif;yGm;zG,fjzpfonf/ tcsKdUu vlwa,muf olrwlatmif awG;wwf jrif wwfjcif;onf arG;&myg (nature) [kqdkonf/ tcsKdUuawmh MuD;jyif;&m ywf0ef;usifaMumifh (nurture) [k qdkygonf/ Oyrm pwDzif a[mhuif;u pMum0VmBuD; wckvHk; taMumif;udk bD;wyf ukvm;xdkifay:rS rxbJ csufusvufus a0zef ydkif;jcm; wwfjcif;onf genius wOD ; rd k Y o m[k jiif ; Ek d i f o nf / wzufwGif vnf; rdrdwdkY MuD; jyif;&m ywf0ef;usif\ vTrf;rdk;rIrS xGufay:vm aom urmh tawG;tac: ynm&Sifrsm;pGm &Sdonf/ rnfodkYqdkap xdk t&nftcsif;rsm;onf vl wkdif; avhusifh,lEkdifaom pepfrsm;om jzpfyg\/ xdkY aMumifh EkdifiHwum wuodkvfrsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; tawG;tac: jrifhrm;vmap&ef? wenf;tm;jzifh azmufxGuf awG;ac: Ekdifap&ef &nf&G,fNyD; Rational Thinking (usKd;aMumif;qufpyf awG;jcif;) uJhodkYaom bmom&yfrsKd;udk ausmif;om;tm;vHk; oif,lEkdif&ef pDpOf ay;ygonf/ txl;ojzifh Oya'? tawG;tac:? EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIodyH bmom&yfrsm;udk avhvmol
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(1) Natural Law (2) Legal Positivism (3) Legal Realism (4) Critical Legal Studies (1) Natural Law
Natural Law \ zcifrSm Aristotle/ Aristotle \ tawG;tac:wdkYonf udk,fusifhodum (moral

rStpjyKonf/ w&m;rQwrIonf udk,fusifh odum wefzdk;wdkYtay: tajccHonf/ wzef xdk wefzdk;wdkY onf tv,fwnfhwnfhwGif &yfwnfae&m (rZdr y#dy#m) rS vmjcif;jzpfNyD; tvGeftuRHjzpfaom tpGef; ESpfzufrS r[kwf[kqdkonf/ Natural Law \ &nf&G,f &if;rSm rw&m;aom Oya'tm; Oya'[k rowfrSwf (an unjust law is no law at all)/ vufwifpum; lex iniusta non est lex rSarG;pm;jcif;jzpfonf/ qdkvdk onfrSm obm0w&m;wGif vkdufem&rnfh Oya'rsm; tvdktavsmuf wnf&Sdaeonf/ rw&m;rIonf obm0 udkqefYusifaomaMumifh Oya'r[kwf[k qdkygonf/ Thomas Hobbes url Leviathan usrf; xJwGif vlom;udk rdrdudk,fudk ysufpD;aMumif; tusifhrsm; tm; rjyKvkyfap&ef (odkYr[kwf) ysufpD;apaom t&m rsm;udk wGef;vSef Edkifap&ef obm0w&m;u usKd;aMumif; ckdifvHkaom qifjcifpdwfjzifh vdkufem&rnfh usifhxHk;rsm; jyXmef;vsuf &Sdonf[k qdkavonf/ Oyrm- xm0& bk&m;? vlYtcGifhta&; ponfwdkYrSm Natural Law jzpf onf/Natural Law\tusKd;qufrSmusKd;aMumif;ckdifvHk aom tawG;tac: jzifh Oya'jyK tmPmudk uefYowfzdkY&m jzpfvmygonf/ (2) Legal Positivist Hart rSm acwfopfyifwkdif Legal Positivist jzpfonf/ Hart u Oya'qdkonfrSm vlYtzGJYtpnf; wck&JU vdktyfcsufawGudk jznfhqnf;ay;wJh xdkvlYtzGJY tpnf;u vufcHrnfh qDavsmfaom usifhxHk;rsm;udk aygif;pnf;xm;onfh pepfBuD;wckjzpfonf[kqdkygonf/ Hart &JU Legal Positivism u Oya'ESifh udk,fusifh w&m;onf qufpyfr&/ vlrIvdktyfcsufrsm; t& xdk vlYtzGJYtpnf;u vufcHaom Oya'pepfwck ay:ayguf vmonf/ xdkYaMumifh Oya'onf vlYtzGJYtpnf;
virtue)

vdktyfcsufrsm;tay: tajccH a&;qGJoifhonf[k qdk onf/ a&;qGJvdkufaom Oya'onf obm0 w&m; ay: tajcrcHyg/ Oya'jyK tmPmu jyXmef;vdkufonfh pHpepfrsm;(positive norms)udkvdkufem&rnfjzpfonf/ xdk jyXmef;csufrsm;onf vlxku vufcHaom pH twkdif; twmrsm;ESifhtnD a&;qGJ&m xdkvlYtzGJYtpnf;twGuf w&m;rQwrnfjzpfonf/ 4if;wdkYESifh vHk;0 rywfouf aom jyifyvlYtzGJY tpnf;wpfck &IaxmifhrS MunfhvQif w&m;rQwrI &SdcsifrS &Sdrnf/ urmvHk;qdkif&m w&m;rQwrI? vlom;0g' ponfwdkYjzifh rqHk;jzwfEdkif/ Oyrm ,ck t*FvefESifh Common Wealth Nations, t*Fvdyf udkvdkeD jzpfcJhzl;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif usifhoHk;aeaom Common Law (case law) Oya'jyKpepf/ Natural Law udk aumif;aumif;MuD; qefYusifygonf/
Classic Criticisms of Legal Positivism Hart udk jyefvnf jiif;csufxkwfolu Ron-

jzpfonf/ 4if;\ Law's Empire pmtkyfwGif Oya'onf udk,fusifh w&m;ay:rsm;pGm tajccHonf/ vufawGYwGif usKd;aMumif; qDavsmfaom w&m;rQwrI qdkwmbmvJ qdkonfh rSefuefwJh udk,fusifh w&m;awGudk &SmrawGYrcsif; tJh'D vlYtzGJYtpnf;&JU Oya' jyXmef;csufawG[m bmawG jzpfoihfw,f? vuf&Sd Oya'jyK pepfBuD;wckvHk;u bmawGjzpfaew,f? 'Dpepf u rSefuef&JUvm; qdkwm b,folrS pOf;pm;vdkY&rSm r[kwf yg[k a&;cJhonf/ aemufwa,mufjzpfaom Lon L. Fuller u Oya'&JU wu,fh twGif;ydkif; tESpfom&u udk,fusifh w&m;awG [k qdkjyefygonf/ taMumif;uawmh Oya'\ vkyf aqmifcsufu ESpfck &Sdonf/
ald Dworkin

1) vlYtzGJYtpnf;wpfck &kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfraeyJ wnf jidrfaeapa&;/ xdkodkY wnfjidrf vmap&ef vlwOD;pD\ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh (human autonomy) udk tpdk;&ESifh vlxktMum;jzpfap? vltcsif;csif;jzpfap tjyeftvSef wefzdk;xm; av;pm;&rnf/ 2) xdkwefzdk;rsm;? tjyKtrlrsm;udk Oya'usifhxHk;rsm;jzifh xdef;nday;&efjzpfonf/
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(3) Legal Realism (Movement) Legal Realism vIyf&Sm;rI oabmw&m;rSm Oya'udk vlawGu zefwD;jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh tm;enf;csuf? rjynfhpHkrIrsm;uawmh tpOftjrJ &Sdaernf/ wcgw&H w&m; pD&ifydkifcGifh tmPmonf w&m;olMuD;\ vuf0,fwGif &SdaomaMumifh w&m;rQwrIonf wzuf apmif;eif; uscsifuswwfonf [kqdkygonf/ w&m;olMuD;wdkYonf Oya'ynmudk Oya' ausmif;rsm;wGif twdtus tjydKiftqkdif avhvmcJh avhusifhcHcJh&rnf/ Oya'orm;wdkY vdkufemtyfaom cHpm;csufudk OD;pm;ray;? w&m;rQwrIudk OD;pm;ay;rnfh tusifhrsm;udk usifhcJhrnf/ xdkodkY usifhrnfjzpfaMumif; opmqdkcJhrnf/ w&m;pD&ifcGifhtmPmudk wzefjyefvnf uefYowfxm;onfh Oya'rsm; twdtus&Sdrnf/ uefY owfcsufudk rvdkufemygu w&m;Oya' trIxrf; aqmifcGifh &rnfr[kwf/ xdkYjyif wa,mufxJ pD&if &jcif;r[kwf/ w&m;olMuD; trsm;ESifhwuG Oya' orm;rsm;tygt0if vlawGuyg Mum;em pD&ifjcif; jzpf onf/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;wGif *sL&DvlMuD;rsm;yg &Sdayvdrfh OD;rnf/ rnfodkYyifqdkap w&m;olMuD;onfvnf; vl trsm;xJrS wOD;omjzpfonf/ tvGefjyif;xefaom trIrsKd;udk udkifwG,f&rnfqdkvQif w&m;rQwrIudk rvGef qefEkdifawmifrS cHpm;csufudk enf;enf;av; OD;pm;ay; qHk;jzwfvdkufrnf udk rnfolodEkdifrnfenf;/ xdkYaMumifh Americal Legal Realism a&SUaqmif Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes (Jr.)
(served for Supreme Court of USA 19021932)

law has not been logic; it has been experience)/ qdkvdkonfu Oya' oabmw&m;rsm; rjynfhpHk

u Oya'onf avm*spfudk tajccHjcif;xuf tawGYtMuHKay:rsm;pGmtajccHonf (The life of the

(4) Critical Legal Studies (CLS Movement) CLS vIyf&Sm;rI uawmh Jurisprudence body wckvHk;udk awmfvSefcsifonf/ Oya'ESifh avm*spfwGif yg0ifonfh usKd;aMumif; qufpyfjyD; jiif;qdk jcif;rsm;? oDtdk&Drsm;? jcHKiHkxkwf,ljcif;rsm;? pHpepfrsm;udk todtrSwfrjyKvdk/ 4if;wdkYudk tdkif'D,mrsm; tqifhom oabmxm;vdkonf/ CLS \ t"dutaMumif;uawmh Oya'rSm w&m;aor[kwf (indeterminate) Social Context twGi;uvIy&m;&jcif;jzpfonf[qygonf/ f f S k kd Holmes &JU bufrvdkuf w&m;olMuD; r&SdEkdifaMumif; Oyrmudk tajccHjyefygonf/ tar&duef vIyf&Sm;rIwck jzpfaomfvnf; Oa&my zavmhqzmrsm;jzpfMuaom rmhpf? tdef*s,f? ESifh 0bfbmwdkY&JY qdk&S,fvpf tawG;tac: udk arG;pm;jcif;om jzpfonf/ jcHKiHkajym&vQif xdku@av;rsKd;onf Oya' qdkwm bmvJ qdkonfh ar;cGef;udk ajzonfh tjrif &Iaxmifh trsKd;rsKd;udk a,bk,s qefqef wifjyjcif;om jzpf onf/ Oya'&JUvkyfief;rsm;? tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;? vkdufemoifh rvkdufemoifh tcsdeftcg (Oyrm Civil Disobedience)? w&m;Oya'txufwGif rnfolrQ r&Sdap& (rule of law: no one is above the law)? w&m;rQwrIqdkwm b,fvdkqHk;jzwf vdkufovJ ponfh Normative Jurisprudence rsm;onfvnf; avhvmoifhaom t&mrsm; jzpfonf/ xdkt&mrsm;xJwGif &dk;pif;aom tawG; tac:rsm; ygovdk &IyfaxG; ayGvDaom awG;ac:enf; pepfwdkYjzifh xkwf,l xm;onfh taMumif;tcsuf rsm;pGm yg&Sdygonf/ azmfjycJhaom Oya' zavmhqzmrsm;onf
Critical Thinking, Lateral Thinking, Creative Thinking Skills wdkYudk Nature

jzpfap Nurture jzpf

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ap ydkifqdkifcsifrS ydkifqdkifayrnf/ odkYaomf olwdkYtm;vHk; or&dk;us rawG;? azmufxGuf awG;ac:onf/ &Iaxmifh trsKd;rsKd;udk pepf wus avhvmonf/ avhusifhonf/ toHk;csonf/ ol wdkY udk,fwkdifESifh olwdkY rsKd;qufopfrsm;u olwdkY ,HkMunf csufudk vufawGY toHk;csEkdif&ef qufvufvnf; &SmazGqJ jiif;cHkqJ jzpfygonf/ acsmtdEG,f

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RWCT

71

iHodkY jyefcJh &ygonf/ nDvmcHusif;yolrsm;u uRefawmfhtm; pmem NyD; RWCT q&mav;OD;udk csif;rdkifodkY apvTwfcJhyg onf/ RWCT enf;pepfrsm;udk xdkq&mrsm;xHrS uRefawmf oif,lNyD;aemuf jyefvnfydkYcsEdkifonfh oifwef;q&m tjzpf todtrSwfjyKjcif; cH&ygonf/ 2001 ckESpfrSp jrefrmEdkifiHom; q&mrsm;udk RWCT enf;pepfrsm; jzefYa0 ay;cJhygonf/ tp ydkif;ESpf rsm;wGifxdi;f jrefrme,fpyf'kuonfpcef;&Sdausmif;rsm;rS k q&mq&mrrsm;ESifh rJaqmuf jrefrm a&TUajymif; tvkyf orm;rsm;\ uav;rsm;twGuf zGifhvSpfxm;aom ausmif;rsm;rS q&m q&mrrsm;udk oifwef; ydkYcscJhygonf/ 2005 ckESpfwGif csif;rdkifNrdKUwGif zGifhvSpfonfh oifwef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd bkef;awmfBuD;oif ausmif;rsm;rS bkef;awmfMuD; wpfyg;ESifh q&m q&mrrsm; yg0if wuf a&mufMuygonf/ tqdkyg bkef;awmfMuD;onf pmcs udk,fawmf wpfyg;jzpfjyD; Ak'pmay usrf;*efESHpyfol jzpfygonf/ bkef;awmfMuD;u a0zefydkif;jcm; pOf;pm;jcif;onf Ak'\ oifMum;enf; jzpfaMumif; aqG;aEG; wifjyygonf/ umvmr&Gmom;rsm;tm; Ak'a[mMum;aom w&m;wGif a0zefydkif;jcm; pOf;pm;rI&Sd&ef qHk;rxm;ygonf/ ]tpOftvm&SdaomaMumifhvnf; vufcHjcif; rjyKESifh? rMumcP Mum;ae&aomaMumifhvnf; vufcH jcif; rjyKESifh? a[majymaom yk*dKvf\ t&Sdeft0gaMumifh vnf; vufcHjcif;rjyKESifh? q&morm;u ajymonfqdk aomaMumifYvnf; vufcHjcif;rjyKESifh? udk,fwdkif avhvm qef;ppfjyD;rSom vufcH&ef} a[mMum;ygonf/ a0zefydkif;jcm; pOf;pm;jcif;onf tm&S\ tpOftvm ,Ofaus;rIjzpfaom Ak'w&m;awmfESifh udkuf nDonfqdkvQif tb,fhaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiH ausmif;rsm; wGif tpOftvmaumif;rsm; uG,faysmuf aeyg oenf;/ uRefawmf\ t,ltqrSm Ak'\ w&m;awmfrsm; wdrfaumuG,faysmufjcif; r&Sdap&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;u EIwfwdkuf tm*Hk &GwfqdkcJhMuygonf/ ESpfaygif; 500 ausmf tMumwGif pmay ta&;tom; ay:aygufvmjyD;aemuf Ak'usrf;*efrsm;udk ayxuftu&m wifEdkifMuaomf vnf; tvGwfusufonfh tavhtxrSm ,aeY txd usifhom; &aeqJ jzpfygonf/
72

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RWCT

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76

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77

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78

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79

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q&mq&mrrsm; vkyfief;cGif t&nftcsif;jrihf oifwef; in-service course wpfcktwGuf jrefrm jynf e,fpGefe,fzsm; a'oodkY uRefawmf c&D;xGuf vmcJhygonf/ e,fajra'o A[kokw&ojzihf vnf; aumif;? ,cif q&mtwwfynm oifwef;rsm;wGif wufa&mufcJhzl;oltcsdKUudkjyefawGY&ojzihfvnf;aumif;? tawGYtMuHKrsm;udk rQa0cGifh? avhvmcGifh&onfh twGuf vnf;aumif; tusKd;rsm;aom c&D;ygay/ trsm;pkrSm oifMum;enf; topfrsm;? vufawGYoifcef;pm activities based learning rsm;udk jyifqif& rtm;vyf atmif &Sdae&aMumif;? odkYaomf uav;rsm; wuf<u aysmf&TifrI&SdaMumif; ponfjzihf aqG;aEG; wifjyMuygonf/ q&mtwwfynm oifwef;rsm;wGif oifwef; ol? oifwef;om;wdkif; oifcef;pmrsm;pGmudk vufawGY jyifqifjcif; lesson planning udk tawmfrsm;rsm;? bmom&yfwkdif;twGuf avhvm vkyfaqmifMu&ygonf/ lesson plan wGifvnf; acwfrDaom oifenf;rsm;t& vufawGY vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk xnhfoGif;&rnf[k rl csrSwf avhusihf apcJhonf/ oifwef;om;rsm; tae
80

jzihfvnf; OD;aESmufudk tpGrf;ukef xkwfoHk;&awmhonf/ olwdkYudk,fwkdif zefwD;xm;aom oifcef;pmrsm;wGif pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m vufawGY vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzihf tm;&p&m aumif;onfrSm trSefyif/ wufMuGaom pmoifcef;? pOf;pm;awG;awm aeaom pmoifcef;jzpfvmap&ef oifenf; trsKd;rsKd;udk q&mq&mrrsm;udk,fwdkif wDxGifMuHq&rnf[kvnf; pJGNrJaeap&ef avhvmMu&onf/ ynma&;ynm&Sif Jean Piaget \ odrI zGHYNzdK;rI oDtdk&DESihf wGJzuf vufawGY oifcef;pmrsm;udk olwdkY avhvm Mujcif;jzpf\/ ynm&Sif okawoD Howard Gardner \ Pf&nftaxGtaxG oDtkd&Dt& oifcef;pmwkdif;wGif Pf&nfrsm;twGuf jyifqif ay;oihfaMumif;udkvnf; olwdkY od&SdMuonf/ odkYjzifh oifwef;umv NyD;qHk;NyD;aemufydkif; rdrdwdkY t&yfa'o toD;oD;wGif ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm; taejzihf wm0ef,lMu&onfh tcgwGifvnf; activities rsm;udk oifcef;pmrsm;wGif xnhfoGif;vmMuonf/ ]udk,fwkdifyg0if vkyfaqmif jcif;jzihf oif,lavhvmjcif;}

bm ]vkyf} &rnfudk nGefMum;aomfvnf; b,fvdk ]awG;} &rnfudkum; roifMum;cJhyg/

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[laom uav;A[dkjyK ynma&; aqmifyk'fudkvnf; jrJ jrJ udkifpGJum vufawGYrsm;pGmudk pmoifcef;wGif toHk;jyK vmyg\/ ]tvGwfusufrSwfjcif;} tavhrsm; wpwp uG,faysmufvmonfrSm &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; ynma&; wdk;wufrI jy,k*fwpfck/ vufawGY vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; yg&Sdaom oifcef;pmrsm;aMumihf wuf<uaom pmoif cef;rsm; jzpfvmonfrSmawmh trSefyif/ odkdYaomf ynma&; qdkif&m wpfpHkwpfck vGJacsmfaejyefNyD[k cHpm; odjrifhcGifh &&SdcJhaom c&D; jzpfcJhygonf/ wufMuGpGm yg0ifMuojzihf vufrsm;jzihfawmh awGYyg\/ OD;acgif;rsm;jzihf aum awGYjrifMuyg\avm/

wpfOD;onf tawGYtMuHKtm;jzihf trsm;qHk; jzpfcsifrS jzpf ygrnf/ ]prwfusaom ol} [kqdk&m0,f ol\udk,fydkif tawGYtMuHK tenf;i,fyif jzpfapumrl ol\ wdk;wufrI twGuf tpOftjrJ toHk;jyKwwfolyifjzpfonf/ rwl nDaom tawGYtMuHK tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk vdrmyg;eyfpGm qufpyfNyD; t"dyg,f&Sdaom odem;vnfrI jzpfap&ef tm; xkwfjcif; jzpf\/ odkYjzihf jzpfpOfjzpf&yfrsm;? tajc taersm;ESihf t,ltqrsm;udk ukd,fwkdif odjrif em;vnf vmEdkifonf/

vufawGY vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzihf oifMum;jcif;

Hands-on learning

odrIqdkif&m t,ltq ynma&; tawG;tac:ynm&Sif *sif;yD,a*s; Jean Piaget onf odrI zGHYNzdK;wkd;wufrIoDtkd&D cognitive development jzihf emrnfausmfol jzpf\/ tjcm; olrsm;xuf xl;jcm;onfrSm olYtaejzihf odrI qdkif&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onfb0tawGYtMuHKrsm;tay:wGif rsm;pGmrlwnfaeonf[l ,HkMunfoljzpfonf/ wenf; qdk&aomf tawGYtMuHKrsm;avav pOf;pm;awG;awmrI ydkaumif;avav jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif tawGYtMuHK rsm;udk omrefrQom xdawGY &jcif;udkum; yD,a*s; tae jzihf qdkvdkonfh r[kwfacs/ ]ta&twGuf} xuf udkf,fwkdifodjrifaom vGJacsmfaeaom tydkif; ]t&nftaoG;} tm;jzihf pkaqmif;xm;&Sdaom tawGY ausmif;om;rsm;udk udk,fwkdif vkyfaqmifckdif; tMuHKrsm;omvQif odrIudk ododomom wdk;wuf apyg onfh vufawGY avhvm vkyfaqmifapjcif; hands-on onf/odkYjzpfav&mpOf;pm;awG;awmrIvGefpGmaumif;ol learning jzifh oif,lavhvmjcif;rSm rSm;,Gif;onf[k

yD,a*s;\ odrIzGHYNzdK;rI oDtkd&D tay:wGif em;vnfrI vGJrSm;olwdkYu ausmif;om;rsm;tm; udk,fwdkif vufawGYoif,lavhvmapjcif;udktav;xm;Muonf/ 1980 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif txl;xif&Sm;cJh\/ ukd,fwkdif awGYMuHK avhvmjcif; t,ltq (vkyfaqmifcsufjzihf oif,ljcif;) udk tm;ay;cJhMuavonf/ xdkpOfu ausmif;om;rsm; oif,l avhvmaeaom t,ltq rsm;udk wkduf&dkuf awGYMuHKapjcif; (awGYMuHK Ekdifap&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; zefwD;ay;jcif;) jzihf oifMum;jcif;udk t"duxm;&SdcJhonf/ rnfodkYrnfyHk jyKvkyf&rnfudk q&mrS o&kyfjyNyD;vQif ausmif;om;rsm;rS xyfwl vdkufvkyf apjcif; jzpfonf/ "gwfcGJcef; tcsdefyg&Sdaom odyH oifcef;pmrsm;wGif yHkpHrSm orm;&dk;usyif jzpf avonf/ tjcm;aom bmom&yfrsm;jzpfonfh vlrIa&;? ocsFmESihf bmompum; oifcef;pmrsm;wGifvnf; yHkpH? enf;twkdif;yif jzpfvmonf/ q&mq&mrrsm;rS oifcef;pmwkdif;udk ausmif; om;rsm;taejzihf vufawGY vkyfaqmifoif ,lEdkif ap&ef twGuf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk twwfEdkif qHk; MudK;pm; xnfhoGif;jcif; jzpfonf/ i,f&G,faom rlvwef; tqihfrsm;rS pwifum vufawGY vkyfaqmif csufrsm;rSm vGefpGm ta&;BuD;vmawmhonf/

81

rqdkvdkyg/ ]ukd,fwkdifyg0ifvkyfaqmifjcif;} [l qdk&m 0,f ywf0ef;usif&Sd &kyfydkif;ESihf vlrIa&; yuwd t&Sd w&m;rsm;udk wkduf&dkuf awGYMuHKapjzpfap? xdawGY qufqHapjcif;jzifhjzpfap tawGYtMuHKrsm;udk pkaqmif; &&Sdapjcif;[k qdkvdkygonf/ odkYxdawGYrIESihf qufqH jcif;rSm b0ESihf qufpyfaeaom t&mtm;vHk;udk odjrif em;vnfap&ef taxmuftuljyKEkdifonf/ trSef wu,fwGifvnf; pdwZqefaom pOf;pm;awG;awmrIrSm vufawGYusaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;\ &v'f tae jzihf zGHYNzdK;vmjcif;yif/ pdwZqefaom tawG;tac:rsm;udk wjznf;jznf; odjrifem;vnfvmjcif; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ]vufawGYvkyfaqmifcsufjzihf oif ,ljcif; learning by doing} enf;vrf;udk toHk;jyKyHkESihf oifenf; rSm;,Gif;jcif;aMumihf ynma&;wGif jyem jzpf&avonf/ odyH? yx0D0ifESihf ordkif;oifcef;pm rsm;wGif ]pDrHudef; oifcef;pmrsm;} ESihf tcsdef,l vkyf aqmif &aom ]tao;pm; okawoe oifcef;pmrsm;} udk ausmif;rsm;wGif toHk;jyKvmMuonf/ odkYaomf pOf;pm;awG;awmjcif; (odkYr[kwf) (awG;awm&eftwGuf pOf;pm;jcif; meta-cognition) udkrlum; oifcef; pmrsm;rS rjznhfqnf;ay;EdkifcJhyg/ q&mrsm;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;rS aemufqHk; &v'fudk &&Sdap&ef vkyfaqmifcsuf rQomjzpf\/ oifcef;pm OD;wnfcsufrsm;udk aygufajrmuf ap&eftwGuf OD;wnf onf/ oifMum;jcif;enf;udkum; jynfhjynfhpHkpHk rpOf;pm; cJhMuyg/ bm ]vkyf} &rnfudk nGefMum;aomfvnf; b,fvdk ]awG;} &rnfudkum; roifMum;cJhyg/ odkYjzpfyg vGJacsmfaeaom tydkif;rSm ]OD; acgif;udk} toHk;jyK oif,ljcif; ]heads-on} learning yif jzpfawmhonf/ ]vufawGY} awmh vkyfaqmifyg\/ ]OD;acgif;} ukdrl oHk;&ef roifMum;cJhyg/ ESpfumv Mumjrifh pGmyif ynma&;wGif tydkif;udk trSwfwrJhyif xm;&Sd cJhonf/ vufawGYvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzihf tvkyfIyfaecJh jcif;aMumihfvnf; jzpfonf/ ausmif;rsm;wGif awGYjrif ae&wkef;yif/ rlvwef; pmoifcef;rsm;rS pwifum vuf awGYvkyfaqmifcsufrsm; oufoufjzihfomvQif oif,l apjcif;jzpfonf/ uav;rsm;udk oifMum;a&;ESihf wdkuf &dkufjzpfap? oG,f0dkufjzpfap qufpyfaeaom vuf
82

awGY vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; vkyfcdkif;jcif; jzpfonf/ ausmif;rsm;rS enf;jzihf avhusihfjcif;onf t,ltqrsm;? todynmrsm;udk od&Sd em;vnfaprnf[k ,HkMunfxm; Mujyefonf/ tvdktavsmufyif &&Sdrnf[k ,lqMu\/ &IyfaxG;euf&dIif;aom odrIjzpfpOfrsm; cognitive process twdkif; uav;rsm;taejzihf vuf awGY rS wqihf oifMum;Edkifrnf[kvnf; arQmfvihf xm;&Sdonf/ onfrSm tpOftjrJ rrSefuefEdkifyg/ txl;ojzihf i,f&G,faom uav;rsm;twGuf odem;vnf&efrSm ydkcufcJaewwfonf/

vufawGYvkyfaqmifjcif;ESihf OD;acgif;udk toHk; jyKjcif;udk aygif;pyfyg

(vGefcJhaom ESpfwpf&mausmf 19 &mpk pufrIacwfOD;ykdif;u) acwfpm;cJhaom ]tvGwfusuf rSwfjcif;} ESihf puf&kyfqefpGm ]pmar;yGJrsm;wGif rSwfrd orQudk jyefvnfxkwfEkwfajzqdkjcif;} tavhtusihf xuf ]vufawGY vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzihf avhvm oif,ljcif;} rSm tyHkBuD; jcm;em;onfrSm rSefyg\/ 21 &mpk todynm acwfwGifrlum; rvHkavmufao;yg/ ]pOf;pm;awG;awmaeaom} urm BuD;udk &ifqkdifEkdif&eftwGuf jrefrmuav;rsm;udk jyif qif ay;&m0,f bufpHk ynma&;twGuf vnf;aumif;? pOf;pm;awG;awmrI pGrf;&nf jrifhrm;apa&; twGuf vnf;aumif;? wpfOD;csif;\ arG;&myg ADZ Pf&nfrsm; rysufpD;apa&;twGuf vnf;aumif; ynma&; jyKjyif ajymif;vJrI vkyfaqmif&efrSm ta&;wMuD; vdktyfaeqJ jzpfyg\/ t"dutm;jzihf ]vufawGY vkyfaqmifcsuf rsm;jzihf oif,ljcif; ]Hands-on} ESihf OD;acgif;rsm;jzihf pOf;pm; awG;awm oif,ljcif; ]Heads-on} 2 ckpvHk; yg&Sdaom ynma&;udk qdkvkdygonf/ pmoifcef;rsm;wGif vufawGY vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk ]rvkyfaqmifrD}? ]vkyfaqmifaepOf} ESihf ]vkkyfaqmifjyD;pD;} onfh tcsdefwdkif;wGif uav;rsm;tm; ]rnfodkYpOf;pm; awG; awm &rnf} udk vnf; oifMum;ay;&ygOD;rnf/ pOf;pm;awG;awm&if; oif,lavhvmjcif;jzpf ajrmuf&eftwGuf tm;vHk;pOf;pm;MuygpdkY/ odef;Ekdif

pmoifcef;twGif; toHk;jyKEkdifonfh OD;xkyfajcmufvHk; pOf;pm;awG;ac:enf;

ausmif;om;rsm;udk ]OD;xkyfajcmufvHk; pOf;pm; awG;ac:enf;} jzihf tcgtm;avsmfpGm avhusihf oifMum; ay;Ekdifygonf/ uav;rsm;\ awG;awmwwfrIESihf? wDxGifzefwD;rIpGrf;&nf zGHYjzdK;vmap&efESihf oifcef;pm taMumif;tcsif;t&mrsm;? jzpfpOfjzpf&yfrsm;udk pl;prf; avhvm&eftwGuf toHk;jyKEkdifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf - tkyfpki,frsm; tvkduf ta&mif rwlaom OD;xkyfwpfvHk;pD ay;jyD; ]awG;axmifh} rsm;udk tjyeftvSef EdIif;,SOf avhvmEkdifMurnf/ odkYwnf;r[kwf - acgif;pOfrsm;? jzpf&yfrsm; twGuf OD;xkyfwpfvHk;wnf;udkom a&G;cs,fxm;jyD; uav;rsm;udk pOf;pm;awG;awmapjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm - ]tpdrf;a&mif OD;xkyf aqmif;xm; wJhtcgrSm b,fvdkrsKd;awG pOf;pm;&rvJ/} ]awG;awm pOf;pm;rItm; ydkaumif;vmapzdkY tjcm;enf;vrf;ua&m bmawG&SdEdkifovJ/} tjcm;uav;rsm;u tMuHjyKEkdif onf/ xyfqifh ar;cGef;rsm;udkvnf; wnfaqmufEkdif onf/ ]uav;wdkYu wpfOD;csif;tvdkuf b,fvkdyHkpHeJY (b,fvdkOD;xkyfudk aqmif;jyD;) pOf;pm;wwfovJ/}

tjzLa&mif OD;xkyf
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;? bufrvdkufjcif;? OD;wnfcsufxm;&Sdjcif;wkdYjzihf pOf;pm;awG;ac:jcif;

teDa&mif OD;xkyf
cHpm;csufrsm;? pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;? ESvHk;om;jzihf pOf;pm;awG;ac:jcif;

teufa&mif OD;xkyf
owdxm;jcif;? cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm oHk;oyfjcif;? tE&m,fudkxnhfoGif;jyD; pOf;pm;awG;ac: jcif;

t0ga&mif OD;xkyf
aea&mifjcnfvdk? taumifjrifrIrsm;? wefzdk;rsm;? &v'f? tusKd;aus;Zl; jzihf usKd;aMumif;qufpyf pOf;pm;awG;ac:jcif;

tpdrf;a&mif OD;xkyf
zefwD;wDxGifjcif;? MuD;xGm;jcif;?pGr;ftm;rsm;? jzpfEkdif acsrsm;ESifh pdwful;rsm;jzihf pOf;pm;awG;ac:jcif;

tjyma&mif OD;xkyf
tpDtpOfwus? at;at;jrjr? pDrHcefYcGJrI? jrifuGif;us,f &IjrifrI? qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;t& pOf;pm;awG;ac:jcif;
83

bmom&yf e,fy,f toD;oD;rS wqhif pmoifcef;rsm; twGif; avhusihf ysKd;axmifay;&rnfh pOf;pm;awG;ac:rIpGrf;&nfrsm;

aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfpGm awG;awmjcif;
Logical Thinking

a0zefydkif;jcm;qef;ppfawG;awmjcif;
Critical Thinking

a,bk,s awG;awmwwfjcif; Z,m;cs awG;awmjcif; qufpyfawG;awmjcif; xkwf,lpOf;pm;jcif;

trsKd;tpm;cGJwwfjcif; tpDtpOfwus jyKvkyfwwfjcif; rsKd;wl tkyfpkcGJwwfjcif; pl;prf;avhvmwwfjcif; tuJjzwfjcif;/ EdIif;,SOfwwfjcif;? rwlonfhtcsufrsm;udk &Ijrifwwfjcif;

wDxGifzefwD;awG;awmjcif;
Creative Thinking pl;pl;epfepfawG;awmjcif; &J&Jwif;wif;awG;awmjcif; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf awG;awmjcif; jzmxGufawG;awmjcif; qufpyfwnfaqmufawG;awmjcif; t"dyg,ftopf zGihfqdkawG;awmjcif; topfzefwD; awG;awmjcif; pdwful;yHkazmfawG;awmjcif;

rdrdE Si aw hf trsm; tau G;aw tu aysm mjci sKd;udkv mif;j f& dkvm; ow Tif&,fa f; Po rifaw ao r mpdw sitive G;awmj cspfjc if;aum mzG,f& c fxm; if;u m [ t jzihf hinki if; rk'dw if;arw dk rQa0 moa m ng arQm m? 0rf;a ? u&kP vdkjcif;p wG;aw jrmu m t mjci fvi f; hfcsu a dwfx f? ,HkMu f0rf;om jccHpdw m;jzihf a nfc pdwfx fjzihf aw wG;aw sufw m;jz m dkYjzihf a ihf aw G;awmjci jcif; wG;a G;aw m f; wmj cif; jcif;
(ynma&;pG,fpHkusrf; tbd"gef)
84

pOf;pm;awG;awmaeaom pmoifcef;rsm;
cifa&TvdIif

ta&;BuD;aomae&mwGif tokH;csEkdifrnf [kqdkygonf/ okawoe awGY&dScsufrsm;t& vufawGYb0ESifhuif;uGm tcsuftvufrsm;udkoif,ljcif; (odkdY) vuf NyD; tcsuftvufrsm;udk oD;jcm; oiff,ljcif;onf a0zef awGYusaom tawG;tac: oabmw&m; ynm&yfrsm;udk ydkif;jcm; pOfpm;rIudk tm;enf;aponf[k qkdygonf/ oif,ljcif;(2) ckwGif rnfonfhtcsufu ydkta&;BuD; onf qdkonfukd ynm&Sifrsm; tjrJ jiif;ckHMuavh&dSMuyg okawoepmwrf;&nf&G,fcsuf onf/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk oif,ljcif;onf ykd ta&; ausmif;om;ESifha0zefydkif;jcm;pOf;pm;jcif; zHGYNzdK;ap&ef BuD;onf[k ,lqolrsm;u tcsuftvufrsm;udk vkH a0zefydkif;jcm;pOf;pm;Ekdifonfh0ef;usiftajctae zefwD;ay;Ekdif&ef avmufpGm oif,lxm;aom ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm; onf vlrIywf0ef;usifwGif jynfhjynfh00 yg0ifEkdifrnf[k a0zefykdif;jcm;pOf;pm;enf;qkdif&m oifMum;enf;rsm; udk odap&ef ,kHMunfjyD; oabmw&m;todESifh vufawGYtawGYt pmoifcef;twGif; vufawGYusifhokH;jcif;rS avhv m MuHKrsm;uom ta&;tBuD;qkH;[k ,lqxm;olrsm;url awGY&dScsufrsm; tcsuftvuf oufoufomodaom todPfonf rvkHavmuf[kqdkygonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf- oifwef;wufa&mufcGifh&onfh q&mq&mrrsm;ESifh tawGYtMuHK zvS,fjcif; vufawGYokH; r&aom todPfonf vQyfppfrD;r&dS aom uGefysLwmuJhokdYyif/ todPfqdkonfrSm tokH; oifwef;wufcGifhr&aom q&m q&mrrsm;tm; rQa0 jcif; usrSom wefzdk;&dSNyD;? oabmw&m;udkem;vnfxm;rSom vufawGYusrnf/ topftqef;rsm; wDxGif zefwD;Ekdif

(ausmif; ynma&; okawoe) ed'gef;

85

okawoepmwrf;jzpfpOf
a0zefykdif;jcm; pOf;pm;jcif;twGuf pma&;pm zwfoifwef;ESifh enf;jyoifwef;rsm; NyD;qkH;jyD;aemuf ausmif;pmoifcef;twGif; udk,fwkdifvufawGYoifMum; Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh avhvmawGY&dScsufrsm;udk jyKpkxm;jcif; jzpfonf/

onf/ (1970) \ aemufvkdufrsm; url ynma&;t& a0zefykdif;jcm;w,fqkdwm rjzpfrae todPfxJokdY 0ifa&mufapjcif;udk &nfnTef;ygonf/ qdkvkdonfrSm ausmif;om;rsm; taeESifh rdrdwkdY tem*wf udk rdrdwdkY ykHazmf&m rdrdwdkYonf t"du ta&;ygonf[k cHpm;&onfhpdwf wenf;tm;jzifh udk,fhuHMurmudk,f zef wD; vkdpdwfukd jrifhwifay;jcif;jzpfonf/
Paulo Freire

a0zefydkif;jcm;pOf;pm;jcif; qdkwmbmvJ/
a0zefykdif;jcm; pOf;pm;jcif;qkdonfrSm owif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk em;vnfjcif;ESifh tpjyK &yfwnf csuf&Smjcif; qkH;jzwfcsufcsjcif;jzifh tqkH;owf&aom Iyf axG;onfh awG;ac:rIqkdif&m pddwfvkyfief;pOf wpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkpnf;jcif;? t "dym,f ykHazmfjcif;jzifh &&dSvmaom tawG;tac: t,l tqrsm;ESifh aemufqufwJG qkdvdkcsufrsm;udk qefYusif buf tawG;tac:rsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOf csdefqMunfhjcif;? Iaxmifh aygif;pkHrS &yf tjriftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh jyefvnfpdppf Munfhjcif;? tm;enf;csuf- tm;omcsuf axmufyHhEkdif onfh tcsufrsm;&SmazGjcif;? &&dSvmaom tcsufrsm;ay: rlwnf vuff cHEkdifjcif; - jiif;y,fEkdifjcif;? vspfvsKIjcif;? qkH;jzwfcsuf csjcif;ESifh udk,fydkif&yfwnfcsuf topf &SmazGjcif; ponfh pdwfykdif;qkdif&m vkyfief;pOfrsm; odpdwf t& jzpfap? rod pdwfESifh jzpfap wNydKifeufwnf; jzpf wnfaeonfh jzpfpOfyif jzpfonf/ acwf yifr a&pD;aMumif;wGif ynmoifMum; ay;olrsm;twGuf a0zefykdif;jcm;jcif; qkdkonfrSm tqifh jrifh pOf;pm;jcif;udk qkdvkdjcif;jzpfonf/ tqifhjrifhqkd onf ae&mwGif Benjamin Bloom \ todPf t&nftcsif; trsKd;tpm; cJGjcm;rI tqifhqifh jrifhwuf oGm;ykHudk &nfnGef;avh&dSonf/ wuodkvf 'eduXme twGufrl a0zefykdif;jcm; pOf;pm;jcif;qkdonfrSm aMumif; usKd; qufpyf qifjcifonfh ,kwdaA'ESifh usKd;aMumif;jy aqG;aEG;jcif;wdkYudk &nfnTef;onf/ pmayorm;rsm; tae ESifh a0zefykdif;jcm;jcif; qkdonfrSm pmom;rsm;udk tpdwft ykdif;rsm;tjzpf ydkif;jcm; pdppfonfh enf;pOfudk qdkvdkjyD; pm om;rsm;onf pmzwfolrsm;tay: b,fvkd oufa&muf rI &dSonf qkdonfESifh pma&;olonf rnfonfh &nf&G,f csufESifh a&;onfqkdonfudk oHo,ESifh Munfhavh&dS
86

ausmif;om;ESifh a0zefykdif;jcm;pOf;pm;jcif;
urmh vlrIywf0ef;usifwGif oif&dk;nGef;wrf; a&;olrS tp twef;rSmoif&onfh q&m- q&mrtxd ]tem*wfrSm uav;awG atmifjrifwJhb0 &yfwnfEkdif zkdY taumif;qkH; b,fvkd jyifqif&rvJ} qkdonfh ar;cGef; ESifh &ifqkdif aeMu&onf/

tckodxm;wJh todPf&JU 100 &mcdkifEIef;[m aemifq,fESpf twGif;rSm od&rnfhtodOmPf&JU 10 &mckdif EIef;yJ&dSygw,f/ Philips(1992)
acwfrDenf;ynm pD'D&GrfeJY tifwmeufwdkY aMumifh wurmvkH;rS owif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk ausmif;rsm;rSomru &kH;rsm;? tdrfrsm;pojzifh ae&ma'o ra&G;? tcsdefumvra&G;? urmh pmMunfhwkdufBuD;rsm;rS uGefysLwmrsm;ESifh qufoG,f &,lEkdifNyDjzpfonf/ wcsdef wnf;rSmyif owif; tcsuftvufrsm;rSmvnf; azmif; yG aeonf/ if;owif;tcsuftvuf (taMumif;t&m) tm;vkH;ukd pmoifcef;wGif; tukeftpif oifMum;ay;zdkY rjzpfEkdifawmhovkd owif; tcsuftvuf tm;vkH;udk ausmif;om;rsm; tukeftpif avhvmEkdifzdkY qdkonfrSm vnf; jzpfEkdifrnf r[kwfay/ ausmif;om;rsm;taeESifh rdrdESifh oufqdkifaom tpdwftykdif;rsm;udkom rdrdwdkY udk,fwkdif a&G;cs,f avhvmoGm;Mu&rnfjzpfonf/ ajymif;vJaeaom avmuBuD;wGif atmifjrif zkdY&m ausmif;om;rsm; taeESifh rdrdESifh oufqkdifaom o wif; tcsuftvufrsm;ukd ae&mwus a&G;cs,ftokH;jyK wwfzkdY vkdtyfvmovdk rnfonfhtcsuftvufu ta&;BuD;jyD; rnfonfhtcsufu ta&;rBuD;aMumif; pd ppf wufap&ef? tcsuftvuf wpfckESifhwpfck qufpyf

aerIudk odjrifEkdifap&ef? tawG;tac: trsKd;rsKd; tajct ae trsKd;rsKd;udk csifhcsdef a0zefwufap&ef? t"dyg,fazmf aqmifwufap&ef? aMumif;usKd;qufEG,frIudk odem; vnfap&ef? trSm;trSef taumif;tqdk; cJGjcm;Ekdifap&ef? jzefYxGufawG;ac:pOf;pm;wwfap&ef?jcHKikHokH;oyfaumuf csuf qJGwwfap&ef? roufqkdifaom rrSefuefaom o wif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk y,fwwfap&ef? r&Sif;vif; onfhtcsuf em;rvnfonfh tcsufrsm;ESifh rjynfhpkH onfh tcsufrsm;twGuf aemufqufwJG pl;prf; avhvm wwf ap&ef? okawoejyKrIrsm;vnf; vkdtyfvmyg onf/ wenf;tm;jzifh taMumif;t&mykdif;qkdif&m od ae&kH oufoufjzifh rvkHavmufawmhyJ a0zefydkif;jcm; pOf;pm; wwfzdkYyg vdktyfvmjcif;jzpfonf/ a0zefykdif;jcm; pOf;pm;jcif; qkdonfrSmvnf; vkdtyfonf[k od&dSem; vnf&kH oif&dk;nGef;wrf;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfxm;jy&kH avmufjzifh tvdktavsmuf &&dSvmEkdifonfh t&mrsKd;u r[kwfay/ a0zefykdif;jcm; pOf;pm;Ekdifonfh 0ef;usiftajc taersKd; zefwDavhusifhay;&rnf/ 0ef;usifqkdonfrSm vnf; uav;i,frsm;\ tcsdefrsm;ukd ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm &if;ESD; jrKyfESHxm;&m pmoifausmif;rsm;yifjzpfonf/

ausmif;om;rsm;\ tcef;u@

rdrdudk,fudk ,kHMunfrI &dSjcif; rdrd\tawG;tac: tMuHPfrsm; wefzdk; &dSaMumif; em;vnfod&dSjcif; oifMum;rI enf;pOfwdkif;wGif vIyf&Sm; wufMuGpGm yl; aygif; yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif; t,ltq trsKd;rsKd;udk av;av;pm;pm; em;axmif ay;jcif; a0zefcsifonfh pddwfukd arG;jrLzdkYESifhxdef;odrf; xm;Ekdif zdkY tqifhoifh jzpfaejcif;

a0zefydkif;jcm;pOf;pm;jcif;ESifh oif,ljcif;abmif\ tqifh (3) qifh tMuHPfpkjcif; (Brainstorming)

taMumif;t&mwpfckESifh ywfoufjyD; xifjrif ,lqcsufrsm;? tawG;tac:rsm; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf xGufay:vmatmif vIHYaqmfay;jcif;/ tqifh (1) E - tMuHPf xGufay: jcif; tqifh (EvooifMum;rnfhtaMumif;t&mESifhywfoufjyD; rdrdtawGYtMuHK? jzwfoef;rIrsm;rS rdrdbmawG od&dSxm;o vJ qdkwmukd ausmif;om;rsm;tm; jyefvnfpOf;pm;jcif;? tawGYtMuHK zvS,fapjcif;tqifh/ tqifh(2) RMeaning) t"dyg,fyHkazmfjcif; (Realization
of

cation)

a0zefydkif;jcm; pOf;pm;Ekdifonfh tajctae zefwD;ay;jcif; q&mrsm;\ tcef;u@

a0zefykdif;jcm; pOf;pm;rI tawGYtMuHKtwGuf tcsdef ESifh tcGifhta&;ay;jcif;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ukd cefYrSef;pOf;pm;cGifh? aqG;aEG; ajymqdk cGifhay;jcif;/ rwlonfh tawG;tac:? t,ltq? tMuHPf rsm;udk vufcHEkdifjcif;? todtrSwfjyKay;jcif;/ oif,l&mwGif ausmif;om;rsm; wufMuGpGm yg0ifvm ap&ef vIHYaqmftm;ay;jcif;/ ajymifavSmifjcif;uif;onfh ywf0ef;usif tajc taersKd; zefwD;xm;&dSjcif;/ a0zefpOf;pm; qkH;jzwfEkdifonfh t&nftcsif; ausmif;om;rsm;wGif &dSonfudk ,kHMunfaMumif; jyojcif;/ ausmif;om;rsm;\ a0zefydkif;jcm; pOf;pm;rIudk wefzdk; xm;aMumif;jyojcif;/

odjyD;om;todPfa[mif;udk oifcef;pmyg todPftopf? tcsuftvuf topfrsm;jzifh aygif; pyf jcif;jzifh t"dyg,f ykHay:vmonfh oifcef;pmtqifh/ tqifh(3) R
tion) -

jyefvnfokH;oyfjcif;tqifh (Reflec-

ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; tawGYtMuHK zvS,f jcif;jzifh &&dSvmaom tMuHPfrsm;ESifh if;wdkY ykHazmfcJh onfh oifcef;pm t"dyg,fudk jyefvnf avhvmjyD; ar;cGef; ar;jcif;? t"dyg,fjyefjcif;? tokH;csjcif;? aqG;aEG;jcif;ESifh t"dyg,fudk wjcm;ae&mrsm; qufpyftokH;jyKjcif; p onfh tqifh/ rSwfcsuf/ / oifcef;pmwpfck jyifqif&m vnf;aumif;? oifMum;&mvnf;aumif;? oif,ljcif;

87

abmif\ tqifh(3) qifhvkH; yg0if&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; a0zefydkif;jcm; pOf;pm;jcif;qdkif&m oifMum;enf;rsm;udkrl oifcef;pmay: rlwnf tqifhwkdif; vkdtyfovdk a&G; cs,fajymif;vJ tokH;jyKMu&rnfjzpfonf/

pojzihf vkdtyfovkd avQmhaygYokH;pJGEkdifygonf/ enf; udk txufwef;tqifh taMumif;t&m tcsuftvuf IyfaxG; rsm;jym;aom oifcef;pmrsm; t"dyg,f ykHazmf jcif; tqifhwGif tokH;jyKEkdifonf/

a0zefydkif;jcm;pOf;pm;jcif;qkdif&moifenf;rsm;

Interactive Noting System For Effective Re ading and Thinking (INSERT) enf;

ar;cGef;ar;enff;
usufjyD;om;jyefajz&onfhar;cGef; (Oyrmtm;vkH; zwfcJh&onhf pmxJrS jrdKU ? &Gm trnfar;jcif;rsKd;)? awG;ac:rIudk uefYowfonfhar;cGef; (Oyrm- ajcav; acsmif; &dSaom ow0g waumif\ trnfukdar;jcif;rsKd; ) wdkYonf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; udk,fykdif pOf;pm;rIrsKd; rvdk tyf[k xifjrifapEkdifonf/ jyefpOf;pm;? cefYrSef;? jyefwnfaqmuf? pdwful;? wDxGif av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;aponfh ar;cGef;rsm; onf tqifh trsKd;rsKd; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; a0zefykdif; jcm; pOf;pm; apEkdifjyD; jyefvnf awG;awmrI pGrf;&nfudk jrifh wif ay;Ekdif&kHomru todPfqdkwm worSwfwnf;r &dSyJ ajymif;vJEkdifw,f[kvnf; oifay;Ekdifygonf/ odkY aomf oifMum;rI &nf&G,fcsufrSm ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tqifhedrfhonfh pOf;pm;rIrS tqifhjrifhonfh pOf;pm;rI a&mufatmif ac:aqmifoGm;zdkY jzpf&ygrnf/ rSwfPfppfonfh tqifhar;cGef;rsm; (tedrfhqkH;t qifh) zwfpmxJwGifyg&dSonfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk wdkuf&kdufar;onfh ar;cGef;jzpfjyD; tvGwfusufxm; onfudk jyefrSwfrdzdkYom vkdonf/

zwfpmygtaMumif;t&mxJrSm udk,fod xm;aom (odkYr[kwf) xifwmeJY udkufnDae&if xdktcsuf tvuf ab;em;rSm ([]) trSwftom; vkyfyg/ zwfpmyg tcsuftvufawGxJrSm udk,fodwm udk,fxifxm;wmeJY vJGaew,fqdk&if tEIwf vuPm (-) t rSwftom; vkyfyg/ zwfvkduf&wJh tcsuftvufu udk,fh twGuf topf wpfckvdk jzpfae&if taygif;vuP (+) trSwftom; vkyfyg/ tcsuftvufawGudk em;rvnfbl; 'grS r[kwf tJ'gawGeJY ywfoufjyD; ykdodcsifw,fqdk&if ar;cGef; trSwftom; (?) vkyfyg/ ausmif;om;awG tm;vkH;eD;yg; zwfjyD;oGm;&if b,ft&m awGu odxm;wJh twkdif; wlaeovJ? b,ft&mawG uawmh xifwmeJY vJGaeovJ/ bmtaMumif;awG topf od&vJ/ bmawG ar;p&m&dSaevJ zwfpmjyef zwf csifzwf vkyfxm;wJh trSwftom;awG jyefMunfhcsif Munfh zkdY tcsdefcP ay;NyD;aemuf txufyg trSwftom; (4) ckudk Z,m;uGuf av;uGuf qJG tcsuftvuf rsm;udk cJGjcm; xnfhoGif;ckdif;yg/ [] ? +

jyD;vQif tzJGYvkdufaqG;aEG;apjcif;? wifjyjcif;? oabmrwlaom tcsuftvufrsm;twGuf zwfpm u tajz ay;xm;jcif; &dS? r&dS? wjcm;zwfpm vkd? rvdk aqG;aEG; yg/ oabmrwlwm rsm;vQif aqG;aEG;yJG us,fjyefY Ekdifyg onf/ rSwfcsuf/ / rlvwef; uav;rsm;wGif oifcef;pmay: rl wnf odw,f[] trSwftom;? rodbl;+ trSwftom;
88

ajymif;vJjcif;tqifh ar;cGef;rsm; zwfpmyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk &kyfykHrsm;tjzpf toGif ajymif;jcif; (Oyrm/ / zwfpmyg tjzpftysuf? tajct ae? jrifuGif;udk pdwfxJrSmykHazmfjyD; jrifonfh&kyfykH Mum;& onfhtoHrsm;udk rdrdudk,fydkif a0g[m&rsm; tokH;jyKaqG; aEG;apjcif;jzifh tm&kHcHpm;rIESifh ywfoufaom tawGYt MuHKrsm; zefwD;jcif;) t"dyg,f jyefjcif;tqifh ar;cGef;rsm; tqifhjrifh pOf;pm;jcif;\ t"du ar;cGef;tjzpf

,lqEkdifjyD; trSefwu,f em;vnfjcif;qdkonfrSmvnf; t"dyg,fjyefqdkjcif;yif jzpfonf/ (Oyrm/ / 'D0rf;enf;p&m aumif;wJh tjzpftysuf[m bmtaMumif;aMumifh jzpfw,fxifvJ/ 'DykHjyifxJ Zmwf aumifuolYtaz jyefvmwJhtxd bmjzpfvdkY apmifhw,f xifvJpojzifh cefYrSef; awG;awmrIudk pwifapjcif;? t MuHawG? tawG;tac:awG b,fvkd t"dyg,f&dS&dS qufpyf aeovJqdkonfudk pOf;pm;apjcif;? tMuHrsm;? tcsuft vufrsm;? t"dyg,f owfrSwfcsufrsm;? wefzdk;rsm; tMum; tquftpyfudk jrifvmapjcif;/)

taeawGudk wjcm;b,fvdkenf;eJY MunfhEkdifovJ? b,f vkdvkyf&if 'Dxufykd aumif;rGefwJh tajctaeudk &&dSEkdif r,fxifovJ pojzifh wjcm;tajctae zefwD;apwJh ar;cGef;rsKd; ar;jcif;/)

tokH;csjcif;tqifhar;cGef;rsm; zwfpmrSaomfvnf;aumif;? oif,lrI t awGYtMuHKrS aomfvnf;aumif;? awGY&dSvmonfh jyem udk azmfxkwfjcif;? qufvufpkHprf;cGifh ajz&Sif;cGifhay;jcif;/ (Oyrm/ / 'DZmwfvrf;xJrSm bmjyem jzpfaeMuovJ? bmaMumifh jzpfaew,fxifovJ? ajz&Sif;ykH ajz&Sif;enf; rSm b,ftcsufawGu aumif;jyD; b,ftcsufawGu vufrcHEkdifbl;vJ? udkf,fomqkd&if b,fvdkajz&Sif;rvJ? bmaMumifhvJ/)

okH;oyfjcif;tqifh ar;cGef;rsm; pOf;pm;rI enf;pOfawGudk odwJhtodESifh taxG axG em;vnfrIwkdYjzifh tpdwftydkif;rsm; pdppfjcif;? (Oyrm/ /'DtjzpftysufawGu zwfpmu tvkHt avmuf &Sif;jyxm;jcif; &dSr&dS? Zmwfvrf; ed*kH;u ,kwd uvyfpwm;vkyfjcif; (Clustering) &dSr&dS? zwfpm&JU &nf&G,fcsuf? pma&;ol&JU &nf&G,fcsufu uvyfpwm;vkyfjcif;onf rdrd odjyD;om;? em; bmvJ? bmudk tod ay;csifaewmvJ? ponfh vnfxm;jyD;om; taMumif;t&mwpfckudk vGwfvGwf ar;cGef;rsm;/) vyfvyf yGifhyGifhvif;vif; pOf;pm; tawG;ac:rsm;? t csuftvufrsm; wpfckESifh wpfck tquftpyf vkyfjyD; t aygif;pyfjcif;tqifh ar;cGef;rsm; wJGvdkuf pkpnf;onfhenf; jzpfonf/ tajctaeopfrsm;? &v'frsm; zefwD;jyD; xl; jcm;aom ykHpHrsm; jyefwnfaqmufjcif;/ 1/ pm&Guftv,fwGif rdrda&;rnfh taMumif; t&m\ t (Oyrm/ / zwfpmxJrSmawmh 'DvkdtaMumif;awGaMumifh "du pum;vkH; okdYr[kwf yk'fwpfckudka&;yg/ 'DtjzpftysufrsKd;awG jzpfcJhw,fvdkYqdkw,f/ wjcm;b,f Oyrm/ / jrefrmjynftaMumif; a&;rnfqkdygu taMumif;awGua&m 'geJY tvm;o@mefwlwJh tjzpft pm&Guf tv,fwGif jrefrmjynf[k a&;jyD; puf0dkif;0kdif;yg/ ysufrsKd;awG jzpfay:apEkdifovJ/ 'DvdktjzpftysufrsKd;awG wjcm; b,fae&mawGrSm jzpfysufaewm Mum;zl;awGYzl;yg 2/ a&G;xm;onfh taMumif;t&mESihf ywfoufjyD; acgif;xJ ovJ/ 'DtjzpftysufawGudk a&Smif&Sm;EkdifzkYdqdk&if 'Dtajc ay:vmonfh pum;vkH;rsm;? yk'frsm; csa&;yg/
89

pdppfjcif;tqifh ar;cGef;rsm;(tjrifhqkH;tqifh) em;vnfrIudk wefzdk;jzwf&mwGif oabmxm; rsm;ESifh a0zefcsufrsm;jyKjcif;/ (Oyrm/ /zwfpmxJrSmygwJh 'DZmwfaumif[m wjcm; ZmwfaqmifawGtay: 'DvkdjyKrlwm rSm;vm; rSefvm;? w&m;ovm;rw&m;bll;vm;? 'DZmwfaumif&JU p&dkuf? pddwfae pdwfxm;u b,fvdk&dSvJ? twk,lp&m bmawGY&ovJ? oifcef;pmxJu b,ft&mawGu aumif;jyD; b,ft&mawGu raumif;bl;vJ/ bmjzpfvkdY vufcHEkdifwmvJ? bmaMumifh vufrcHEkdifbl;vJ ponfh ar;cGef;rsm;) rSwfcsuf/ / ar;cGef; ar;enf;udk oif,ljcif;abmif\ tqifh(3) qifhvkH;wGif xnfhoGif; tokH;jyKEkdifjyD; ta&; tBuD;qkH;rSm ar;cGef;rsm;onf rSwfPftqifh wkduf&kduf ar;onfh tqifhrsm;rS ausmfvGefoGm;vQif bmjzpfovJ qkdkonfukd owdjyK&efESifh ar;cGef;rsm;onf pOf;pm;p&m odyfrvkdaom [kwfw,f- r[kwfbl;? rSefw,f- rrSSefbl; tajz wpfckwnf;&dSaom ar;cGef;rsKd; r[kwf&efvnf; ta&;MuD;ygonf/

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pifuGdef;a&;enf;

90

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ESpfykdif;yg rSwfwrf;a&;enf;
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91

pOf;pm;? wJGzuf? zvS,f (Think - Pair - Share)

oifcef;pm rpcif tMuHxGufay: jcif; tqifh vnf;aumif;? oifcef;pm jyD;qkH;jyD;aemuf jyefvnfokH;

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92

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Aif-Z,m; (Venn diagram)

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Translated by Cinderella (Ref : Eight Lies of a Mother/www.motivateus.com/April' 2010)

97

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-Three Cups of Tea : one Mans Mission to Promote Peace. One School at a Time by Greg Mortenson and co-author David Oliver Relin -Stones into Schools: Promoting Peace with Books, not Bombs, in Afghanistan and Pakistan by Greg Mortenson

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Date: June 15 From: Maya To: Janice Tucker Subject: Thank you. ----------------

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Date: June 17th From: Janice Tucker To: Maya Subject: Thank you, too ----------------

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Date: June 30th From: Dad To: Maya Subjeccdt: Congratuatons! ----------------

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132

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133

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Date: October 19th From: Maya To: Janice Tucker Subject: London -----------------

tck usr 'Dvef'efu wuodkvfrSm ausmif;wufaewm oHk;ywf &SdygjyD/ usr arQmfvifhxm;cJh wJh twkdif;ygyJ/ vef'efjrdKU MuD;[m
134

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ygonf/ usr &Sif;jycJhonfh twdkif; usrwGif bmompum;bGJY wpfck &Sd xm;jyD;jzpfonfh twGufaMumihf ,ck uJhodkY ajymif;vJ wufa&muf jcif;ESihf ywfoufjzpfap? aemuf tywf tenf;i,ftwGif; ydkrdk vkyfaqmif& rnfh oifwef;pmrsm;ESihf ywfouf jzpfap jyem r&SdEkdifyg/ ulnDrI twGuf aus;Zl; wifygonf/ cifrifav;pm;vsuf ausmif;oltrSwf - 98457 rm,mxHrS olr\ ,cif q&mr rpwumxHokdY ay;ydkYaom tD;ar;vf
Date: December 12th From: Maya To: Janice Tucker Subject: Changes ----------------

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Date: May 20th From: Maya To: Janice Tucker Subject: London -----------------

ausmif;q&mr ADZyg vm wmvdkY enf;jyq&mu qdkygw,f/ olrSefw,fvdkY usr ajymcsifw,f/ pmoifcef;a&SUrSm xGuf&wJh tcgrSm awmh usr[m rm,m tppfygyJ q&mr&,f/ usr&JU b0rSm yxrqHk; tMudrftaeeJY usr vkyfcsifwmudk vkyfaewmyg/

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136

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Subject: Email failure notice

(tD;ar;vf ydkYvdkY r&yg)/

----------------

Problem: email wasn't delivered Reason: unknown email address

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Email from Maya' teaching supervisor Date: June 15th From: David Morgan To: Maya Subject: Support ----------------

rm,mxHrS olr\ q&mtwwf ynmenf;jyxHodkY tD;ar;vfjyefpm

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Email from Maya to her teaching supervisor Date: June 17th From: Maya To: David Morgan Subject: Re: Support ----------------

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qufvuf aexkdifEkdifzdkY twGuf q&mrwdkY trsm;MuD;udk vkyfMu&OD; rSmyg/ q&mruawmh uHaumif; wJh vlawGxJu wpfOD;yg/ ivsif vIyfawmh wkdif;jynf&JU ajrmufzuf ydkif;u oli,fcsif;awGqD oGm;vnf aewmrdkY jrdKUeJY tvSrf;a0; aecJhw,f/ q&mraewJh jrdKU zuftydkif;udkawmh jyefra&mufao;bl;/ 'gayrJh t awmf uav; ysufpD;oGm;w,fvdkY Mum;od &w,f/ tdrfawG r&Sdawmhbl;/ wuokdvfvnf; r&Sdawmhbl;/ bmrS udk rusefcJhbl;wJh/ tm;vyf&ufukefwJh txd rm,m\ ,cifq&mrxHrS ajrmufzufydkif;u oli,fcsif;awGeJY tD;ar;vf jyefoGm;aeawmhr,f/ ausmif;awG Date: June 27th jyefzGihfwJh tcgrSm bmvkyfr,f qdk From: Janice Tucker wmudkawmh rajym wwfao;bl;/ To: Maya touf&Sif usefae&wJh twGuf 0rf; Subject: So sorry ---------------om ae&avawmh tvkyftaMumif; cspfcif&wJh rm,m udk rpOf;pm; wwfatmifygyJ/ orD;&JU azaztaMumif;udk h q&mr*sef;epf Mum;od&wJh twGuf pdwfraumif; jzpf&wmudk ajym jycsifvdkY 'Dpmudk a&;vkdufwmyg/ ol[m vl aumif; wpfOD; yg/ q&mrwdkY wkdif;jynf&JU o rdkif;rSm tck tcsdef[m tifr wef uHqdk; rdk; arSmif uscsdefyg/ vlawG trsm; MuD;udk aoaMu ysup;D Mu&wm/ f yHkrSefb0awGrSm

rm,mxHrS olr\ ,cif q&mrxHodkY tD;ar;vf jyefpm

Email from Maya to her ex-teacher

Date: August 3rd From: Maya To: Janice Tucker Subject: Re: So Sorry ----------------

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141

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Email from Maya's ex-teacher Date: August 12th From: Janice Tucker To: Maya Subject: Be optimistic

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rm,mxHrS ,cifq&mrjzpfol xHodkY ay;ydkYaom tD;ar;vf rm,m\ ,cif q&mrxHrS Email from Maya to her extD;ar;vfjyefpm teacher
Date: September 26th From: Maya To: Janice Tucker Subject: Confused Email from Maya's ex-teacher Date: October 5th From: Janice Tucker To: Maya Subject: Re: Confused

(tawG;tjrifawG IyfaxG;aeygw,f/) ------------------

(jyefpm/ tawG;tjrifawG IyfaxG;aeygw,f/) ------------------

(taumif;jrif oabmxm;&SdyguG,f/)
------------------

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taumif;qHk; q&mrwpfOD; jzpf& rm,m\ ,cifq&mrxHodkY Date: April 30th From: Maya vdrhfr,f/ tD;ar;vf To: Janice Tucker orD;&JU arQmfvifhcsuf tdyf Email from Maya to ex-teacher Subject: Problems Date: February 28th usr&JU vufawGY wef;jy rufawG aemufudkom vkdufawmh From: Maya To: Janice Tucker pmoifMum;&wJh yxrtywfawmh aemf/ Subject: Teaching Practice ukefoGm;ygjyD/ aemufxyf vdkY 5 ywfyJ cspfwJh (vufawGY wef;jyavhusifh&ef/) usefawmhwm 0rf;omp&myg/ usr q&mr *sef;epf -----------------odyfrkef;wmyJ/ 'D q,fausmfouf {jyDvrSm usr&JU aemufqHk; uav;awGudk pmoifMum;&wm rm,m\ q&mtwwfoifwef; vufawGY wef;jyoifMum;jcif; tpD odyfudk cufwm/ olwdkYrSm jyem enf;jyxHrS tD;ar;vf tpOf pwifygr,f/ usr&JU oifwef; awGu wpfyHkMuD;/ wcsKdU usjyefawmh Email from Maya's teaching supervisor enf;jyq&mu pDpOf ay;xm;wmyg/ aMumufvefY aewmeJYyJ pum; Date: November 11th 'gayrJh tJ'D tpDtpOfudk usr odyf wpfvHk;rSudk rajymMubl;/ wcsKdU From: David Morgan To: Maya awmh rMudKufvSbl;/ b,fae&mrSm usjyefawmh aoaocsmcsm em; Subject: Teaching Practice usr pmoif &rvJqdkwmudk odcsif raxmif Mujyefbl;/ uav; tcsKdU (vufawGY wef;jy avhusifh&ef/) vm;[if/ vef'efjrdKU&JU qif;&JvSwJh uawmh wpfywfvHk;vHk; tdyfa&; -----------------&yfuGufu &yf&Gm vlrIa&;&m Xme ysufxm;MuwJh yHkrsKd;eJY/ olwdkYwuf cifrif&wJh rm,m rif;qDu owif;Mum; a[mif;wpfckrSmav/ aeMuwJh ausmif;awGu t*Fvdyfpm odyfrMumao;cifu usr tydkcsdef taeeJY usrqDudk ydkY &vdkY 0rf;omvdkufwm/ q&m twwfynmoifwef;udk jyD;qHk; tJ'Dae&mudk oGm;Munhf cJhygw,f/ xm;Muwm/ 'gaMumihf olwdkYu 'DrSm atmiftxd qufwufr,fqdkvdkY pmtkyfawG? uGefysLwmawG r&Sdbl;/ &SdcsifMuwm r[kwfbl;av/ usr q&m trsm;MuD; 0rf;omrdygw,f/ pma&;zdkY ausmufoifykef;MuD;vnf; uvnf; 'DrSm &Sdcsifwm r[kwf ygbl;/ jyD;cJhwJhESpf oifwef;om;awGxJrSm rcsdwfxm;bl;/ pma&;cHkeJY xdkifcHk usrtwGufawmh odyfudk qdk;0g; rif;[m tawmfqHk; wpfOD;yg/ rif; enf;enf;yg;yg; &SdwmuvGJvdkY tjcm; vSwJh ESpfygyJ/ tdrf&,f? azaz&,fudk qHk;jzwfcsuf rSefuefw,fqdkwm bmrSudk r&Sdwm/ usruawmh tJ'DrSm qHk;IH;cJh&jyD/ usrb0rSm tcuftcJ q,fausmfoufav;awGudk pmoif awGeJY emusifrI awG[m vHkavmuf q&m odygw,f/ rif; azaz&JU pD;yGm;a&; ay;&rSmwJh/ trsm;pku 'kuonf ygjyD/ 'gaMumifh olwdkY&JU a0'emudk vkyfief;eJY ywfoufjyD;awmh pDpOf awGav/ tm;vHk;u touf 18 ESpf rQa0cHpm;zdkY tqifoihf r&Sdbl;/ aqmif&Gufp&mawG trsm;MuD; usef&Sd atmufawGjzpfjyD; t*Fvdyfpm t rm,m wGuf tultnD txl; vdktyfaeMu aeao;wmudk q&m em;vnf ygw,f/ 'gaMumihf vufawGYwef;jy wJh olawG/ usru oufMuD;awGudk Date: May 25th From: Maya oifMum;jcif; tpDtpOfudk aemufESpf pmoifay;zdkY arQmfvifhxm;cJhwm/ To: Janice Tucker rwfv ('grSr[kwf) {jyDvrS qif;zdkY aumvdyf? wuodkvf ausmif;om; Subject: Sorry q&m pDpOfay;ygr,f/ tJ'DtwGuf awGvdkrsKd;/ jyem&SdwJh q,f -----------------q&mh wm0ef xm;vkdufaemf/ odyfr ausmfouf csmwdwfuav;awGudk cifrif&wJh q&mr *sef;epfa&? usr&JU aemufqHk; tD; MumcifrSm tD;ar; vf xyfydkY ygOD;r,f/ roifcsifygbl;/ usr 'gudk wu,f vkyfcsifw,fvdkY rxifbl;/ ar;vfudk q&mr taMumif; rjyef rm,m wm usr rtHhMoygbl;/usr wpfcg av;pm;vsuf xyf zwfjyD;wkdif; usrrSm &Sufvdkuf q&ma';Apf
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a,mufeJY twl tcef; wpfcef;rSm rQ aeMuwmyg/ vrf;ay:rSm aecJhpOf wkef;uawmh usaemfhrSm tdrfudk vHk;0 r&SdcJhwmyg/ vaygif;rsm;pGm MumcJh ygw,f/ vrf;ay:rSmyJ tdyf&w,f/ yef;jcHxJrSm oGm;tdyf&w,f/ vl awGu usaemfwdkYudk atmf[pf qJqdk Muw,f/ vltcsKdUu tMurf;ywrf; wdkufcdkuf wwfMuw,f/ tif rwefudk tE&m,frsm; cJhwmyg/ vl wpftkyfu xdk;Mudwf wkdufckdufcJhvdkY usaemf[m &ufowywfaygif; rsm;pGm aq;&Hk wufaecJh&w,f/} tJ'Dae&mrSmyJ usr[m udk,fh[mudk,f 0rf;enf; aMuuGJ aewmawG tqHk;owfvkduf yg awmhw,f/ usr b,favmuftxd uHaumif;cJhw,f qdkwmudkvnf; pwifjyD; oabmayguf em;vnf vmw,f/ ausmif;olwpfOD; taeeJY b0udk usr &yfwefYvdkufjyD; ausmif; q&mr wpfOD;taeeJY trSef wu,f pwif vkdufcsdefvnf; jzpfawmh w,f/ cspfwJh rm,m
Date: June 18th From: Maya To: Janice Tucker Subject: Thank you

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147

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148

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149

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150

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151

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Two Worlds by Helen Everett-Camplin

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