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quf idkaMuG;oHudkvnf; rMum;&ufEdkifyg/ aus;iSufwdkY\ awmif;qdkoHudkvnf;
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rsKd;quf wpfcktwGufom r[kwfonfudk owdcsyfoihfygonf/

rdrdwdkYudkomvQif ydkifqdkifaprI uefYowfxm;onfh urmBuD;awmhvnf;
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vnf; jrifvmrnf/ vufqihfurf;ay;vdkpdwfvnf; &Sifoefvmygrnf/

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towfudk ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm; od&Sd em;vnfoihfygonf/ zwfpmtkyfxJwGif ryg&Sd
ao;aom ta&;BuD;onfh oifcef;pmrsm;rSm ywf0ef;usifwGif &Sdaeygonf/

ta0;arQmf cHpm;rIrsm; vTrf;rdk;aewwfonfh ,cktcsdeftcg0,f teD;pyfqHk;
aus;&Gm vltzGJYtpnf;ESihf Zmwd ywfvnf&Sd obm0w&m;udk odjrif em;vnf cHpm;wwf
ap&ef avhusihfay;MuygpdkY/

urmBuD; usef;rmygap/
armuynma&; r*Zif;
Mo*kwfv 2011

CONTENTS
No. 7 August 2011

uAsm

rif;ok0Pf? armifopfrif;? Nidrf;a0? aeEG,f? cifatmifat;? rif;wm&m

umwGef;

12

atmfyDus,f? uvsmrdaw? EkdifiHwum

jynfwGif;ESihf e,fpyf ynma&; owif;

14

uav;u@

107

avcsKdat; (uAsm)
oefY (rJaqmuf)
wdrfawG rdk;csKyf&if b,fvdk vkyfrvJ oefY (&efukef)
acwfopf oifykef;BuD; zwfpm
txdrcHaom? Ekaom urmajrBuD; OD;jrihfodef; (pD'DpD)
cspfaom urmajrESihf
q&marm&
jrefrmwdkY&JU tem*wf
obm0ywf0ef;usif 'DADG'D rdwfquf
tnma'o rdk;acgifa&&Sm; "gwfyHktufaq;
uGefu'l;iSuf (yHkjyif)
MunfOD;

22
23
24
25
28
30
32
34
35

aqmif;yg;
rsKd;aph[k qdk&m0,f
a&T[oFm
tif*sifeD,mESihf ausmif;q&m
a'gufwmodef;vGif
t&G,foHk;yg; ynma&;
at;udkudkat;
arwmEkdifiHawmfESihf trsKd;om;jyefvnf&ifMum;apha&;

38

76

104

38
42
45
51

42
EdkifiHwum ynma&;owif;

54

tifwmAsL;u@
ukd,fhukd,fudk wefzdk;&Sdatmif vkyfEkdifwJh tcGihfta&;
]aum aqmf aem} ynma&;

62
64

armu txl;u@ (urmBuD; usef;rmygap/)

71

obm0ywf0ef;usif tzGihfowif;rsm;
72
{&m0wDudk umuG,fMupdkY
atmif'if
76
obm0ywf0ef;usifESihf yvwfpwpf
Ecovision
86
rsKd;wHk;rnfh tE&m,fESihf &ifqdkifae&aom
0if;jrihfarmif 87
&moDOwk ajymif;vJvmjcif;ESihf pm;eyf&dum &Sm;yg;rI aZmf0if;vdIif 88
jrpfqHk a&umw qdk;usKd; - aumif;usKd; (tifwmAsL;) VOA
91
obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;
tHhbkef;jrwf 96
rdk;v,fumv jrefrmEkdifiH tESHYtjym; jrpfa&BuD; Eleven Media 98
a&epfawmhrnfh befaumufNrdKU
103

tufaq;

162

a&Munfwayguf? at;&dyfjrjr tarG

uRefawmfESihf vufzuf&nfqkdif
b0uAsmudk oif,ljcif;
66 ESpfpm aomu
jynfzHk;um;tcs Zmwfvrf;tp

ynma&; okawoe

odef;Ekdif
atmifckdif
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rsKd;jrifhcsKd
ol&d,rsKd;

48
104
107
111
113

pOf;pm;awG;aeaom pmoifcef;rsm; ('kwd,ydkif;) cifa&TvdIif

117

147

64
150
3

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kazu
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ol&defrif;? msr
xG#fatmif? 0PaZmf? apmclqJ?
oD[armifarmif? Pfpdk;
EG,feD? 'Dt,f? mkim
vif;ckdifxGef;? &Jvif;atmif

editors@maukkha.org
maukkha@gmail.com
www.maukkha.org

EkdifiHwum ynma&;
usm;arar&JU wkdufyGJ aw;oH
qlygpum; 'e ynm&Sif
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wbfvyfuGefysLwmay;rnfavm
wdkuf&Jaom bDbD

48

&Jjrihfausmf
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pdk;pdk; (t*Fyl)
t*jref
jrwfyef;&Sif
wifnTefY

126
133
104
138
142
144

usef;rma&;
udk,ftav;csdef avsmhus vSyapzkdY a'gufwmoD[armif 147

a&Munfwayguf? at;&dyfjrjr tarG

0wKwdk

126

yg0giSuf yHkjyif
apG&nfavmif;wJh igwdkYpmoifausmif;
taumif;qHk; ausmif;
74? 76? 88? 98? 07 tcspf0wK
wcgu oli,fcsif;wpfa,muf

30

ppfrkef;aoG; (SAW)
tdk;a0rsKd;
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aeEG,f
baumif;

150
155
160
162
165

jrefrmwdkY&JU tem*wf
Myanmar's Future

160

113

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A conceited mistake
Once upon a time there was a mistake
So silly so small
That on one would even have noticed it
It could's bear
To see itself to hear of itself
It invented all manner of things
Just to prove
That it didn't really exist
It invented space
To put its proof in
And time to keep its proofs
And the world to see its proofs
All it invented
Was not so silly
Nor so small
But was of course mistaken
Could it have been otherwise.
Vasko Popa (1922 - 1991)
Yugoslavia Poet

armifopfrif; (06.06.1953 - 05.06.011)

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14

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'DADGbD (23? ar? 2011)

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15

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16

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rif;jym;NrdKUe,fbufodkY ajymif;a&TU ypfcJhonf/

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q&mq&mr ae&mrsm;odkY ajymif;a&GU wm0efxrf;aqmif
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(ed&O&m 16? ZGefv? 2011)

ynma&;0efxrf;rsm;udk pmtkef;qDr,lrae& a&mif;cs

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OD;u ]pm;tkef;qD wpfvukd 3 ydm r,lrae& ,l&r,f
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&m OD;ykdifrS ykdifqkdifaom okdavSmifuefrsm;wGif odkavSmif
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rsm;pGm avsmhaeonfh taMumif;rsm;vnf; jynfwGif;
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csdrIxuf tusifhysufrIESifh vlrIpD;yGm;qkdif&m jyemrsm;
ykdrkd wkd;yGm;vmzG,f&SdaMumif; owif;qef;ppfoltcsKdUu
okH;oyf ajymqkdonf/
Source: The CJs News

(27? ZGef? 2011)

17

ausmif;tyfESHa&;&ufowywfESifh vmbft,lMurf;wJh (19) ausmif;

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18


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tXrwef;
e0rwef;

r&dS
r&dS
r&dS
r&dS
r&dS
400
600
700
800
900

rdbq&mtoif; pm
MunfhwdkufaMu;(usyf)
r&dS
r&dS
r&dS
r&dS
r&dS
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000

11

'rwef;

1000

1000

pmtkyfzdk;(usyf)
230 usyf
300 usyf
370 usyf
520 usyf
630 usyf
940 usyf
880 usyf
1030 usyf
1170 usyf
1150 Bio
1650 Eco
2100 Bio
2140 Bio

Source; Eleven Media & Mizzima

(21. May. 2011)
19

yk*vduausmif;tcsKdUwGif oif&dk;ykHpHajymif;rnf

tpdk;& ausmif;oifdk;nTef;wrf;rsm;udk t
axmuftuljzpfaponhf oif&dk;yHkpHudk yk*vdu ausmif;
tcsKdUwGif ajymif;vJ oifMum;vmaMumif; od&Sd&onf/

tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;wGif jy|mef; oifMum;onhf
twef; toD;oD;wGif yg0ifaom bmom&yfrsm;udk yk*vd
uausmif;rsm;u jyefvnf a&;qGJxm;onf/ oifkd;yHkpH
a&;qGJ&m jynfyoifdk; nTef;wrf;rsm;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&
oif&dk;nTef;wrf;rsm;jzihf aygif;pyf ndEdIif; a&;qJGxm;jcif;
jzpfonf/
May International School rS wm0ef&Sd

olwpfOdD;u ]uRefawmfwdkY t"duu t*Fvdyf? odyH?
yx0D? ocsFm? taxGaxG A[kokwwdkYudk a&;qGJxm;
ygw,f/( Oyrm - um;udk xkwf&mwGif b,fEkdifiHu
xkwfw,f? b,f trsKd;tpm;awG&Sdw,f? urmBuD;&JU
&moDOwk ajymif;vJrI) 'Dvdk oifcef;pmrsKd;qdk ausmif;u
oifwJh oifdk;nTef;wrf; twdkif;awmh r[kwfbl;/ tJvdk
r[kwfayr,hf ausmif;rSm oifaewJh bmom&yfawGudk
tm;vHk; xnhfoGif;ay;xm;w,f/

]tJ'Dvdk tpHkxnhfay;xm;jcif;jzihf uav;awG
[m olwdkYausmif;pmrSmvnf; ydkNyD; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY od

20

vmw,f/ NyD;awmh t*Fvdyfvdk oif,l-oifMum; ay;xm;

wJhtwGuf tjcm;ausmif;awGrSm wjcm;uav;awGeJY
awGYwJhtcg todcsif;u uGmoGm;NyD/ olwkdY udk,folwdkY
,HkMunfrIvnf; &Sdaew,f/ wu,fvnf; wwfae
w,f}[k qdkonf/

Spectrum International School rS
wm0ef&Sdol wpfOdD;uvnf; ]uRefrwdkY uav;awGudk
twef;vdkuf ausmif;pmawGudk taxmuftul jzpfzdkY
twGuf tjrJwef; EdkifiHwumausmif;awGrSm oifwJh
oifdk;nTef;wrf;awGudk xnfhoGif; oifMum;ay;rSmyg/
uav;awGudk udk,fydkif a0zefydkif;jcm;EdkifwJh pGrf;&nf?
udk,fwdkif zefwD;EdkifwJhpGrf;&nf? okawoejyK pl;prf;EdkifwJh
pGrf;&nfeJY avhvm oif,lEkdifrI pGrf;&nfawG zGHYNzdK;vmapzdkY
project, role play, research eJY game awGudk
acwfrD oifaxmuful ypnf;awG toHk;jyKNyD; oifMum;
ay;rSmjzpfygw,f}[k ajymonf/

]uav;awG&JU ausmif;oifcef;pmawGudk jref
rm? ordkif;? ocsFmuvGJ&if usefwJhbmomawGudk t*Fvdyf
vdk oifr,f/ tvGwf usufrSwfjcif;rsKd; r[kwfbJ tm;vHk;
qufpyf avhvm oif,ljcif; (Holistic Learning ap-

proach) yHkpHawGeJY oifMum;ay;oGm;r,f/ uav;eJY rdb

awGrSm jzpfaewJh ausmif;? usL&Sif? *dkufqdkwJh [mawG

xJu usL&SifeJY *dkufqdkwm r&SdbdkYtwGuf 'gudk &nf&G,fyg
w,f}[k tqdkyg Spectrum International School
rS wm0ef&Sdol q&mu ajymonf/

]rdbawGu pmtopfawG oifNyD;awmh
ausmif;rSm rvdkufEdkifbJ wpfae&m wpfrsKd; oif,l&rSmudk
pdk;&drf aeMuw,fav/ 'Dvdk rjzpf&atmif twef;
ausmif;eJY csdwfvdkufNyD;awmh Oyrm ig;wef;qdk ig;wef; pm
rSm ygwJh awmhcfypfawGudk ,lvdkufNyD; oifkd;nTef; wrf;
wpfck qGJr,f/ tJ'gawGudk t*Fvdyfvdk oifrSmyg/ }Oyrm
ordkif;awmh ordkif;aygY/ 'gayr,hf ordkif;rSmu 'DvdkyJ
oifvdkufwmrsKd; r[kwfbJ udk,hfbmomudk,f &SmNyD;
MunhfMunhfr,f/ jyefNyD; presentation awG vkyfr,f/
ajym&Jqdk&J jzpfvmr,f/ tdrfpm ray;bJ ausmif;rSmyJ

avhvm oif,lrIawG vkyfzdkY? uav;awG pm oif,lcsdef

wGif aysmf&Tif vef;qef;apatmif acgif;xJrSm csdwfquf
NyD; pOf;pm;wwfoGm;atmif? i,fi,fuwnf;u pOf;pm;
wwfvmatmif oifMum;ay;zdkYvdkw,f} [k xdkq&mu
ajymjyonf/

oifMum;&mwGif jynfwGif;rS q&mrsm;ESihf
tcsKdUrSm jynfyEdkifiHjcm;om; q&mrsm;ESihf yl;wJGoif
Mum;MuNyD; uGefysLwm? taxGaxG A[kokw? *Dw?
tm;upm;? tEkynmESihfvufrIynm? uGif;qif;avh
vmjcif; tygt0if tpdk;&ausmif; oifcef;pmrsm;udk
t"du taxmuftul jyKaprnhf oifMum;a&;pepfjzihf
oifMum;MuaMumif; Knowledge Villa rS q&mwpfOD;
uvnf; ajymonf/
(16? arv? 2011)

tcsdefydk pmoifaMu; rwwfEkdifonfh ausmif;om;rsm; oifcef;pmvGwf

ausmif;csdeftykdwGif oif,laom ausmif;
oifcef;pmrsm;tm; ausmif;q&m? q&mrrsm;u
wu,fh ausmif;csdefwGif jyefvnf roifawmhojzifh
tcsdefykd rwufEkdifol ausmif;om; uav;i,frsm;
ausmif; pmvGwf aeonf[k od&onf/

]tcsdefykdrSm oif,lwJh ausmif;pmawGukd
ausmif;csdefrSm jyefroifawmhbl;qkdawmh tcsdefykd
rwufekdifwJh ausmif;om;awG oifcef;pm rvkdufEkdif
Muawmhbl;} [k a'ocHwOD;u ajymonf/

ppfukdif;wkdif;? wrl;NrdKUe,f xef;wyif&Gm
tpkd;&rlvGefausmif;&Sd ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm;onf
4if;wkdY tykd0ifaiG &&Sda&;twGuf tcsdefykd pmoifcsdef
[k qkdNyD; ,ckv uwnf;u ausmif;om; wOD;vQif
wv usyfaiG ESpfaxmifpD aumufcHjcif;jzpfonf/

xef;wyif rlvGefausmif;wGif ausmif;om;
150 cefU&Sdonfh teuf tcsdefykd rwufEkdifol ausmif;
om; 50 OD; &SdaMumif; od&onf/

]ausmif;tkyfMuD;u ausmif;om;rdb wOD;
csif;pDukd &kH;cef; ac:,lNyD om;orD;awGukd tcsdefykd

wufckdif;&r,f? ausmif;om;wOD;twGuf wv usyf

aiG ESpfaxmifpD ay;&r,f} vkdU ajymw,f [k ausmif;
om;rdb wOD; u ajymonf/

qufvufNyD; usyfaiG ESpfaxmiftpm;
wESpftwGuf qefwykH;ay;&ef wifjyMuaomfvnf;
ausmif;tkyfu vufrcHaMumif; qkdonf/

ausmif;om; uav;i,frsm;onf eHeuf
7;00 em&DrS 9;00 em&D? nae 3;00 em&DrS 5;00
em&DwGif tcsdefykd oif,lMuojzifh ausmif;q&mrsm;
onf w&m;0if ausmif;csdefwGif ausmif;pmukd [kwf
wdywfwd roifawmhaMumif; od&onf/

]uav;awG ukd,fykdif tm;vyfcsdef r&Sd
awmhbl;? waeukef ausmif;pmeJY vkH;yrf; aeMuw,f}
[k ajymMuonf/
Khonumthung Chin News Group
12 July 2011

21

uav;u@

avcsKdat;
avawG[m
odyfoabmaumif;wmyJ
tNrJwrf;oGm;csifwJh bufudkwkdufay;w,f
&GufavSawGudk MunfhaygYuG,f/
arar[m
odyfoabmaumif;wmyJ
tNrJwrf; pkdYcsifwJh EkdYcsKdat;at; wkdufauR;w,f
ydkufqHray;&ygbl;uG,f/
oefY (rJaqmuf)
(ar 2011)

22

wdrfawG rdk;csKyf&if b,fvdk vkyfrvJ

avxJrSm wdrfawG ysHaew,f
tjrifaumif;wJh wdrfawG
cspfp&maumif;wJh wdrftNrJ&dSyg
wdrfawG rdk;csKyf&if b,fvdkvkyfrvJ
aemufqkd&if wdrfuav;awG tNrJ&dSygapvdkY qkawmif;ygw,f
wdrfawG wmhwm jyefawmhr,f
wdrfawGvnf; jyefawmh
rdk;csKyf&if tdyfraysmfbJ aevdrfhr,f/
oefY
(12- 8-11)aomMum
(7- ESpf ? 'kwd,wef;? &efukefNrdKU/)

23

u-uav;i,f rsuf&nfvnf
c - ca&mif;vrf; oljzwfoef;/
* - *ef; (Gun) oH qlqlnH
i - iwdrsm; tvGefapmfum;/
p - ppftmPm wu,f&SnfMum
q- qdk;oGrf; olwdkYyJGMurf;/
Z - ZmwfawGem EkdifiH[m
n - nif;qJjcif; olwdkYoGwfoGif;/
w-w&m;Oya' b,fa&mufae
x - xrif;iwf &dujywf/
' - 'dkYta&; wdkY[pfaMuG;
" - "e&Sifpepf acsrIef;ypf/
e - EkdifiH&,f aysmufNyDuG,f
y- ynma&; b,fxGufajy;/
z - zmEkdifiHjzpfNyDtrSef/
A - AdkvfcsKyfpum; jyefvdkYMum;/
b - b0awG[m pkwfjywfvm
r - ajrmif;xJus jyefxr&/
, - ,rf;aiGYokH; vlrsKd;jyLef;
& - Iae& vlvkH;rvS/
v - vllYtcGifhta&;awG qkH;IH;ae/
y - y,fvdkYr& wkduf,lMu/
o - owif;pm rzwfjcif;[m/
[ -[morsm; &,fzdkYrtm;/
t- tar - wdkYwkdif;ajy - b,fawmhrS vGwfvyf rav-?

acwfopf oifykef;BuD; zwfpm

24


ajrurmBuD;rSm txdrcHaom? El;nHhaom?
tuJqwfaom? xdcdkufvG,faom urmajr BuD;yif jzpf
ygonf/ urmajrjyifBuD; yg;vTmaom tay:,H tvTm
wpfckxJwGifyif ouf&Sd ow0g rsm;pGmwdkY aexkdif Muyg
onf/ xdktvTmonf ork'&mBuD;rsm;\ atmufajc
Murf;jyifrS jrifhrm;aom awmifukef;? awmifwef;? awmif
xdyfBuD;rsm;txd jzpfygonf/ if;onf tvGef yg;vTmvS
ygonf/ qD;oD;wpfvHk;\ tay:,H tcGHvTmuJhokdYyif jzpf
ygonf/ if;tvTmudk ouf&Sd ow0grsm; aexkdifonfh
urmajrBuD;eSifh avxktvTm (odkYr[kwf) owurm[k
ac:qdkMuonf/

tifrwef ao;i,faom ouf&Sd ow0g
rsm;vnf; &SdMuygonf/ if;wdkYudk Munfhjrifekdif&ef uRef
awmfwdkYonf Microscope rdkufc&dkpukwfac: tPk
MunfhrSefajymif;rsm; vdktyfygonf/ xdkYtjyif BuD;rm;aom
opfyifBuD;rsm;? qifrsm; ponf BuD;BuD;rm;rm; ouf&Sdrsm;
vnf; yg0ifMuygonf/ if; uGJjym;jcm;em;aom tpdwf
tydkif;rsm;udk (species) ]rsKd;EG,fpk}[k ac:qdkygonf/
oef;aygif; rsm;pGmaom tif;qufydk;rTm;rsm;vnf; yg0if
Muygonf/

wd&pmef ydk;rTm;rsm;onf if;wdkYeSifh oifhwifh
rQwaom ae&ma'orsm;wGif aexkdifMuygonf/ rwl?
uGJjym; jcm;em;aom ae&maygif;pHk &SdMuygonf/ if;wdkYrSm

txdrcHaom? Ekaom
urmajrBuD;ESihf rsKd;wHk;
ow0grsm;
OD;jrihfodef; (pD'DpD)

yifv,frsm;? opfawmBuD;rsm;? oJuEm&rsm; ponfwdkY yif

jzpfygonf/ ow0grsm; wnf&Sdaeaom ae&mudk uRef
awmfwdkYonf ecosystem ]a*[pepf} [k ac:qdk ygonf/
ecosystem wGif yg0ifaom vlESihf wd&pmef trsKd; rsm;pGm
wdkYonf wpfOD;eSifhwpfOD; tjyeftvSef trSDo[J jyKvsuf
&Sifoef aeMu&jcif;jzpfonf/

opfawmxJwGif opfyifrsm; aygufa&muf &Sif
oefvsuf &Sdygonf/ iSufrsm;twGuf opfawmBuD; rsm;
onf todkuft0ef; aqmufvkyf&eftwGufvnf; aumif;?
if;wdkY pm;oHk;&ef tif;quf ydk;rTm;rsm; &Sdap&ef aomfvnf;
aumif; vdktyfygonf/ wlnDaom opfyif aygufa&mufrI
eSifh wd&pmefrsm; &Sdaeaom &yf0ef;wpfckudk (biome)
25

]ZD0&yf0ef;a'owpfck} [kk ac:ygonf/ if;ae&m rsm;twGif; wlnDaom rdk;av0oESihf ajrrsufESmoGifjyif &SdMuNyD;

{&d,m taejzihfvnf; us,f0ef;Ekdifygonf/

urmay:wGif twdwfwcsdefu rSDwif;aexkdif &SifoefcJhzl;aom ow0grsm;onf ,cktcg0,f r&SdMuawmh
yg// twdwf wpfcsdefu &SdaecJhaom ow0g rsKd;&if;pkrsm;onf aoaMu ysufpD; cJhMuygonf/ ,ck r&SdMuawmhyg/
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom (dinosaurs) 'dkifedkaqmBuD;rsm; ,ck urmwGif r&SdMuawmhyg/ if;wdkYonf rsdK;wkH;oGm;aom?
wdrfaum yaysmufoGm;aom tajctaeokdY a&muf&Sd oGm;cJh&ygonf/

,ck urmay:wGif yaysmuf wdrfaum oGm;awmhrnfhouf&Sd ]rsKd;EG,fpk} trsm;tjym;yif &Sdaeygonf/

txufygyHkwGif rsm;rMumrDumvwGif rsKd;wHk; aysmufuG,fawmhrnfh ow0g rsKd;EG,frsm;udk azmfjy
xm;ygonf/

yHkudk Munfhyg/ (Dodo) 'l;'l; iSufyHk jzpfygonf/

if;wdkYonf (Mauritius) arma&;&S uRef;pkrsm;wGif

aexkdif aom iSufBuD;rsm;yif jzpfygonf/ if;iSufwdkYonf
rysHoef; ekdifygacs/ oabmFom;rsm;onf arma&;&S
uRef;rsm;odkY a&mufaomtcg tpm;tpmtwGuf
if;wdkYudk ypfcwf zrf;qD;Muygonf/ tm;upm;enf;
wpfcktaejzihfvnf; ypfcwfMuygonf/ vGefcJhaom
tESpf 300 ausmf? 1680 ckESpfuwnf;u 'l;'l; iSufrsm;
onf urmay:rS wdrfaum yaysmufoGm;ygonf/
26

wurmvHk;wGif aumi

fa& wpfaxmifausmfc
efYom
&Sdawmhaom yef'g0u
f0H

ta&SU

awmiftm&S

x&ufzpf

(TRAFFIC Southeast Asia Re-

trnf&Sd tpD&ifcHpmwGif tenf;qHk;

awmaMumif aumifa& 1158 rSm 1991 ck
ESpfrS 2006 ckESpftwGif; jrefrmh aps;uGufrsm;
twGif; ta&mif;t0,f jzpfcJhonf[k az: jy
xm;ygonf/
port)

urmh awmwd&pmef 0,fvdktm;ESihf
a&mif;vdktm;udk jznhfqnf;onhf taeESihfif;?
EdkifiHwumrS 0,fvufrsm;jzpfaom xdkif;?
wkwf? xdkif0rf ponhf t"du EdkifiHrsm;rS azmuf
onfrsm; tqifajy vG,fulap&ef twGufif;?
awmaMumif tpdwftydkif;rsm; ukefoG,f a&mif;
0,frI aps;uGufonf trsm;tm;jzifh EdkifiHwum
e,fpyfrsm;wGif &SdMuonf/

trsKd;om; awm&dkif;wd&pmef umuG,f apmifha&Smuf
a&; Oya't& tumtuG,f ay;xm;aom xif&Sm;onhf
wd&pmefrsKd;pdwf 5 rsKd;rSm usm;? usm;opf? usm;opfvnfajymuf
(clouded leopard)? aMumifjzL (marbled cat)? ESihf tm&S
a&Ta&mifaMumif (Asiatic golden cat) wdkY jzpfMuonf[k
TRAFFIC tpD&ifcHpmu qdkxm;ygonf/

pdwfysufp&m aumif;vSonfrSm rsKd;wHk; aysmufuG,fawmhrnfh
awmwd&pmefrsm;udk aps;uGufxJwGif ydk awGYae&onf[k TRAFFIC
u xkwfaz: ajymqdkxm;ygonf/

urmBuD;\ tem*wf twGuf ulnDMuygpdkY/

OD;jrihfodef; (pD'DpD)

27

hf
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oifcef;pmrsm;
q&marm&

ed'gef;


rsufarSmufacwf vlom;wdkY\ &SifoefrIrSm tBuD;tus,f Ncdrf;ajcmufcHae&NyDjzpfonf/


aeYpOfvdkvdkyif owif;rsm;xJwGif obm0ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;vmrIrsm;? ajymif;vJ
azgufjyefaerIrsm;? a&BuD;jcif;? rdk;acgifjcif;? tpmtm[m& &Sm;yg;jcif;? opfawmrsm; jyKef;wD;jcif;?
pD;yGm;a&;ukrPDrsm;\a&umwmpDrHudef;rsm;?rsKd;wHk;aysmufuG,fawmhrnfhawm&dkif;wd&pmefrsm;?
wdrfaumvmaeaom jrpfacsmif;tif;tdkifrsm;? a&csKd &Sm;yg;vmjcif;? "gwk ydk;owfaq;rsm;aMumihf
qdk;usKd;rsm;? urmBuD; ylaEG;vmjcif;? ponfjzihf obm0ywf0ef;usif owif;rsm;udk pdk;&drfzG,f&m
Mum;odae&ygonf/

rlvwef;? tv,fwef;? txufwef; tqihfwkdif;wGif ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk
obm0ywf0ef;usif taMumif; od&Sdem;vnfap&efESihf cHpm;wwfap&ef? obm0ywf0ef;usifudk
xdef;odrf;umuG,fapmihfa&Smufwwfap&ef? olwdkYav;awG wEkdifwydkif vkyfaqmifEkdifonfwdkYudk
odjrifvkyfudkifvmap&eftwGuf pmoifcef;rsm;twGif; obm0ywf0ef;usif oifcef;pmwdkYudk
rvGJraoG xnhfoGif; oifMum;oihfygonf/

obm0odyHoifcef;pm? vlrIodyHoifcef;pmrsm;wGif xnhfoGif;aomfvnf;aumif;?
oD;oefY oifcef;pmrsm; zefwD;aomfvnf;aumif; rdwfquf oifMum;Ekdifonf/ i,f&G,faom
rlvwef;tqihfrSpNyD; tv,fwef; txufwef;tqihfwkdif;wGif rdrdwdkY teD;tem; &yf&Gm ywf0ef;
usif&Sd opfyif? yef;yifrsm;? taumifi,frsm;? jrpfacsmif; tif;tkdif? &moDOwkESihf pmeyf&dum &&SdyHk
wdkYudk odem;vnfap&ef oifcef;pmrsm;udk zefwD;Ekdifygonf/ twef;BuD;vmonfhtcg &yf&Gm ywf
0ef;usif? jynfe,f? jrefrmEkdifiHESihf urmBuD; &ifqkdifae&onfh obm0 ywf0ef;usif jyemrsm;udk
pmoifcef;wGif; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; zefwD;NyD; avhusihf oifMum;Ekdifygonf/

vdktyfaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;? owif; tcsuftvufrsm;ESihf rsufarSmufacwf obm
0 ywf0ef;usif a&;&mwdkYudk q&mrS pkaqmif;xm;&SdNyD; oifMum;oihfygonf/ t&SdefEIef;xm; jrefqef
pGm ajymif;vJaeonfh obm0ywf0ef;usifESihf urmha&;&mwdkYrSm ausmif;zwfpmtkyfrsm;ESihf oif&dk;
nTef;wrf;wGif ryg&SdEkdifyg/ odkYjzpfav&m rsufarSmufacwf obm0ywf0ef;usifESihf vlrIa&;&m wdkYudk
rdrdwdkY bmom pkaqmif;NyD; oif&dk;nTef;wrf;udk wnfaqmuf &ygvdrfhrnf/

jrefrmjynf\ ae&ma'o tESHYtjym;wGifvnf; ajymif;vJ azgufjyefvmonfh &moDOwk
taMumif;? opfawmrsm; qHk;&HI;&yHk? a&BuD;jcif;? pm;eyf&dum jyemwdkYudk aqG;aEG; oihfygonf/

Education

Environmental Issues Vocabulary &

Speaking Exercise

eslflow.co

qifqifjcifjcif oHk;pGJpdkY/
rlvwef;? tv,fwef; oifcef;pm

ydk;o

wfa

q;

pmoifcef;twGif; vkyfief;pOfrsm;

Label the pictures with the words below:

(1)
ausmif;olawaste,
usmif;om;rs
m;udkglobal
3-4 a,muf
pD yg0ifaom tkyfpki,frsm; zGJYpnfbox,
;yg/
pollution,
bag,
warming,herbicide,ivory,
(2) tky,fpelephant,
ktvdkuf ]obm0
0ef;us
if npfnax,
rf;jcbook,
if;} acgipaper,
f;pOfjzihf atmuf
ygtcsuf
environment,
gun,ywf
tree,
stump,
bin, windfarms,
tusk,recycling
tvufwdkYudk pm&ifpower,
;jyKpkMurnfrefrigerator,
/
rdrdwdkY tdrf? ausmif;? &yf&Gm? ywf0ef;usifwGif awGYjrifae&onfh obm0 ywf0ef;usif
ysufpD;rIrsm;
Create short conversations
using the
rdrdudkf,fwkdif (rSmabout
;,Gif;pGm)the
jyKvenvironment
kyfcJhrdonfhtwGuf obm0ywf
0ef;vocabulary
usif xdckdufrIrsm; above
and try to expand:
(opf&Gufrsm;udk rD;&dIU jcif;? opfyifckwfjcif;? pm&Gufrsm; qkwfNzJjcif;? a&acsmif;ab;wGif
taygYtissue
av;oGmare
;jcif;?you
vrf;ab;trd
Iufypfjcifabout?
; ponf....)
A: What environmental
concerned
(3) txufyg yHkrsm;udk tkyfpktvdkuf aqG;aEG;Muyg&ef/ obm0 ywf0ef;usifESihf qufpyfNyD;
B:_________________________________
aqG;aEG;yg/ rnfonfh &nfnTef;csufrsm; yg&Sdoenf;/ rnfodkY ajymif;vJ vkyfaqmifrnfenf;?
A:Why ?
B:_________________________________

obm0 ywf0ef;usif? qif? qifpG,f? aoewf? urmBuD; ylaEG;vmrI? ydk;owfaq;rsm;?
A: And what can
we
do
ywf0ef;usif about
npfnrf;itjcif?;? opfyifrsm;? aygufqdef? pmtkyf? pm&Guf? trdIufyHk;? puf&Hkrsm;?
B:_________________________________
av&[wfrsm;? pGrf;tif? a&cJaowm? pGefYypfypnf; jyefvnf toHk;jyKjcif;?
29

jrefrmwdkY&JU tem*wf

Myanmar's Future

pDrHudef;oifcef;pm qkdonfrSm -

Biodiveristy

rlvwef; tqihfrsm;rS pNyD; okawoe
tao;pm;av;rsm;udk vkyfckdif;Ekdifygonf/ (Oyrm ywf0ef;usif&Sd yef;yGifhrsm;ESihf ta&mifrsm;/)

txufwef; tqihfrsm;wGif taMumif;
t&mtvdkuf wpfOD;csif;jzpfap? tkyfpki,frsm; tae
jzihfjzpfap okawoe - pDrHudef; oifcef;pm wdkYudk
rvGJraoG xnfhoGif; oifMum;oihfonf/

ydkpwmrsm; zefwD;jcif;? pmwrf;i,f a&;
om;jcif;? jyefvnfwifjy aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;twGuf
okawoe jyKvkyfMu&rnf/

30

(1) ZD0rsKd;EG,f axGjym;pHkvifjcif;

vGefavNyD;aom ESpfoef;aygif; 4000
cefYu ajrurm [l pwif vmuwnf;u
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onf/ ouf&Sd t&mtm;vHk; (vlrsm;? wd&pmef
rsm;? opf yifrsm;?)/

oif\ jynfe,fwGif;&Sd ZD0rsKd;EG,f axG
jym; pHkvifrI taMumif;udk okawoejyKyg/

ausmif;oifcef;pm tpDtpOf
bmom&yf - obm0 ywf0ef;usif avhvma&;?

vlrIa&;? odyH aygif;pnf;bmom&yf/
twef; - txufwef; (9-10-11-12 wef;)
oifaxmuful - pm&Gufydkif;rsm;? ydkpwm? pmtkyf

pmwrf;rsm;? *sme,frsm;? tifwmeuf/
tcsdef - 1 em&D cGJ 2 csdef - tkyfpktvdkuf

jyefvnfwifjy aqG;aEG;jcif; (15 rdepfpD)
okawoe - pDrHudef;twGuf tcsdef (2) ywf ay;yg/
(2) xm;0,f a&eufqdyfurf; pDrHcsuf

xm;0,fa&euf qdyfurf;rSm ta&SU
awmiftm&SwGif tBuD;qHk;aom pD;yGm;a&; pDrH
udef; wpfckjzpfonf/ obm0 ywf0ef;usif jy
emrsm; tjyif? &dk;&m"avhrsm; aysmufuG,fEkdifjcif;?
vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ tem*wf &SifoefrI jyemrsm;
vnf; BuHKawGU&Ekdifonf/

xm;0,fa&eufqdyfurf; aumif;usKd;qdk;usKd;udk okawoejyKyg/
udk;um;&ef - tifwmeuf pmrsufESmrsm;/ &DydkYrsm;?

Dawai Port

Endangered
Species

jrpfqHk a&umwm wnfaqmufrIESihf ywfoufNyD; vGefpGm pdk;&drfzG,f&mrsm;

&Sdaeonf/ a&umwm wnfaqmufrI taMumif; okawoe jyKyg/
txl;ojzihf {&m0wDjrpf\ tem*wf &SifoefrIudk aqG;aEG;oifhonf/
obm0ywf0ef;usif wefzdk;tjyif? ordkif;wefzdk;? vlrI ,Ofaus;rIwefzdk;rsm;?
jrefrm wdkY\ b0rsm;udk pl;prf; avhvmoihfygonf/
udk;um;&ef - ydawmufyGifhopf r*Zif; trSwf (40) ZGefv? 2011/ &DydkYrsm;

Irrawaddy

(3) {&m0wDjrpf\ tem*wf

(4) rsKd;wHk; aysmufuG,fawmhrnfh jrefrmh awm&dkif; wd&pmefrsm;ESihf tyifrsm;

jrefrmh &Sm;yg;wd&pmefrsm;ESihf tyifrsm;udk pm&if;jyKpkyg/

jynfe,fa'owGif;&Sd ab;rJhawmrsm;taMumif;? trsKd;om; opf
awmrsm;? ab;rJhawm Oaya'? O,smOfjcHrsm; taMumif; udk okawoejyKyg/

Costal life

Food Crisis

Deforestation
(5) pm;eyf&dum &Sm;yg;rIESihf ukefaps;EIef;

obm0 ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;jcif;ESihf
rdk;acgif a&&Sm;jcif;wdkYaMumihf vnf;aumif;?
jynfwGif;ppfyGJrsm;ESihf a&TUajymif; tvkyform;
ta&;wdkYaMumihfvnf;aumif; jynfwGif; pdkuf
ysKd;a&;? pufrIvkyfief;rsm;wGif jyem &SdaeNyD
jzpfonf/

jynfe,fwGif; BuHKawGU ae&onfh pm;
eyf&dum &Sm;yg;rIESifh ukefaps;EIef; BuD;jrifhrIudk
okawoejyKyg/

(6) opfawmrsm; jyKef;wd;jcif;

jynfe,fESihf a'owGif; awmifu
wkef;rsm;? uEm&rsm; tb,faMumihf &Sdae&yg
oenf;/ tusKd;qufudk &SmazGyg/

oif\ jynfe,ftwGif; opfawmrsm;
jyKef;wD;&jcif; taMumif;udk okawoejyKyg/

jynfe,f jyefvnf pdrf;vef; pdkajya&;
twGuf aqmif&GufEkdifrnfh enf;vrf;wdkYudk &Sm
azG wifjyyg/

(7) yifv,furf;&dk;wef; a'o &SifoefrI

yifv,furf;&dk;wef; a'orSm xl;jcm;
csufrsm; &Sdwwfygonf/ (wd&pmefrsm;? opf
yifrsm;? &moDOwk? 'Da&awm? jAL;ajcaxmuf)/

yifv,f urf;&dk;wrf;a'o ouf&Sd
avmu? tyifrsm;? vlxk\ &SifoefrI ESihf
toufarG;rI taMumif;udk okawoejyKyg/

(8) pGr;ftifvdktyfcsufESihf pGrf;tifopfrsm;

oif\ &Gm? NrdKUwGif tb,faMumihf vQyf
ppfrD; r&&Sdao;ygenf;/ rD; cPcP ysuf&yg
oenf;/

oif\ jynfe,fwGif;&Sd pufrIvkyfief;
rsm;twGuf jzpfap? vlxktwGuf jzpfap pGrf;
tif vdktyfcsuftaMumif;udk okawoejyKyg/

obm0 ywf0ef;usifukd rxdckdufap
bJ pGrf;tif rnfodkY &&SdEkdifygoenf;/

Energy Crisis

31

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32

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cHpm; Munhfoihfw,f/
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urmausmf obm0ywf0ef;usif rSwfwrf;acG 'DADG'D&JU

t"du Zmwfvdkuf? tar&duef 'korwa[mif;\ &Sif;vif;jyocsuf

tGefvdkif; Munhf&I&ef 0bfqdkuf

33
http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/an-inconvenient-truth/

jrefrmEkdifiH tnmaus;vufa'o rdk;acgif a&&Sm;yg;rI "gwfyHk tufaq;

34

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uGefu'l;iSuf
MunfOD;
cav;wkdYa&...?

0gqdk0gacgif a&azmifazmifqkdwJh vrSm rkd;avu BuD;NyD; vdIif;
avu xefvmw,fqdk&if jrpfurf;&dk;? acsmif;urf;&kd; wavsmufrSm
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vkyfxm;wJh ukef;ajr jrifhawGtay:rSm wvSrf;csif; vrf;avQmuf aeavh
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bl;uG,fh/

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uG,f/
35

jzpf tvkyf&Sifu ay;&wmudk ac:w,fuG,fh/

tJovdk rkqkd;ruav;[m waeukef aumuf
pkdufxGuf ae&w,fqdkawmh olYom;av;udkyg v,f
uGufxJudkac:oGm;&wmaygY/tdrfrSmxm;cJh&atmifvnf;
tazmfu wa,mufrS r&dSbl;uG,f/ tJ'geJY rkqdk;r
uav;[m v,fuGufxJudk a&muf&if olYacgif;ay:rSm
aumufpkdufwJhtcg aqmif;&wJh carmuf&SnfBuD; wckxJ
udk t0wfcif;NyD; olYuav;udk xnfhxm;vkdufw,f/

tJ'Dcarmuf&SnfBuD;udk rGefbmomeJY ]u'l;}
vkdY ac:w,fuJGY/ wcsKdUt&yfawGrSmawmh yDvrvdkY ac:
Mujyefw,f/ a&S;pmawGrSmawmh ]yuvm} vdkY qdk&kd; &dS
wmudk awG&w,fuG,fh/

'gaMumifh jrefrmpum;ykHrSm ]wkdif;,ufwJh
yuvm rdk;&GmwmeJY tqifhoifh} qdkNyD; tJ'D carmuf&Snf
BuD;udk &nfnTef;NyD; zJGYqdkcJhao;w,f/ acgif;ay:rSm wif
aqmif;xm;vkduf&if 'l;qpftxd vkHjcHKwJh carmufBuD;
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awmf&kH rdk;av'Pfavmufawmh rjzHKbl;uG,fh/ tawmhf
udk vkHjcHKjcHK&dSw,f/

rkqkd;ruav;[m v,fuefoif; jrifhjrifh ay:

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wJh rkqdk;r uav; wa,muf&dSowJh/ rkqdk;ruav;[m
rdbaqGrsKd; wa,mufrS r&dSwJhtjyif olYvif jzpfol[mvJ cav;wkYda&...
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36

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oGm; &SmNyD; iSufruav; jzpfoGm;yga&mwJh/

cav;wkdYa&...

aumufpkdufcsdefrSm rkd;awG BuD;vmNyDqdk&if
]uGefu'l;-- uGefu'l;} eJY om;aysmufudk vkduf&SmaewJh
iSufruav;awGudk acsmif;&kd; ajrmif;&dk;uav;eJY v,f
uefoif;awGay:rSm awGYrd Muygvdrfhr,fuG,f/

vufwJhprf;wJh taeeJY cav;wkYdwawG[m
tJ'D iSufav;awGudk av;*GeJY rypfMueJYaemf/ oem;p&m
tjypf uif;rJh&SmwJh iSufuav;awGudk av;*GeJY ypfcwfrd
vdkY aooGm;&if cav;wkdY wawGvJ iSufav;awGvkd
taztareJY wuJGwjym; jzpfwwfMuowJh/ rSwfxm;
Muaemf/
MunfOD;
]cav;aMu;rkH iSufrsKd;pkH}pmtkyf Pfvif;pmtkyfwdkuf/

37

aqmif;yg;

a&T[oFm

0gqdkvjynfhaeYwkdif; 0gqdkouFef; uyfvSLyGJudk ESpfpOf
ausmif;rSm usif;yavh&Sdw,f/ tvSLyGJudk ~uGvmwJh bkef;BuD;awGeJY
w&m;em vmMuwJh ausmif;om; rdbrsm;&JU ausmif;t0if vrf;
wavQmuf jzwfoef;vmwJh yHkoPmefawG[m b,fawmhrS rarh
EkdifwJh yef;csdDum; wcsyfvdkygyJ/

ausmif;vrf;&JU ab;rSmu v,fuGif;awGeJY pyg;cif;
pdrf;pdrf;awG xlxyfNyD; rdk;wGif;qdk vrf;wavQmuf a&awGvQHvdkY/
rdk;tcg ausmif;udk vmr,fqdk&if bkef;BuD; ygrusef nmoHay;NyD; ]r
Mua[h} vdkYatmfNyD; bkef;BuD; awGuvnf; udk,fhouFef;udk,f r Mu?
trsKd;om;awG uvnf; ykqdk; cg;awmif;usKdufMu? trsdK;orD;awGu

f
,
dk&m0

q
k
[
h
p
sr Kd;a

38

vnf; xrDtem;awG odrf;MueJY ausmif;xJudk 0ifvmMu

wJh jrifuGif;[m [mo ajrmufaew,f/ pOf;pm;vdkuf
wdkif; NyHK;rdw,f??

ausmif;om;rdbrsm; pD;vmwJh pD;awmf,mOf
rsm;udkvnf; MunfhvdkufygOD;? olwdkY[m b,fvdk vlwef;
pm;vJvdkY trdkufpm; az: jyaew,f/ olwdkY&JU pD;awmf,mOf
u pufbD;vdkY ac:&&Hkav;yJ&SdNyD; zGJYpnf;yHkuawmh jynfhpHkrI
r&Sdyg/ urmrSm b,fukrPDrS rxkwfvkyfEdkifwJh udk,fydkif
wDxGifxm;wJh vufvkyf pufbD;av;awGaygY/ rwf
uyftzHk; vHk;0 ryg&SdwJh OwkoHk;yg;'Pf cHEdkifaom oHacs;
wufaewJh a*GESpfck? csdef;zHk;ryg? aMu;eef;rQif tcsKdUudk
csdef;BudK;rSm qufxm;wJh csdef;BudK;wck? vufESpfzuf
wifvdkY&wJh ndKrJaewJh vufudkif? ajcaxmuf ESpfzuf
wifzdkY eif;jym; rvdkwJh bD;vnfvdkY&atmif pGrf;aqmif
ay;Edkifaom oHacsmif;ESpfck? xl;jcm;wmu 'DpufbD;udk
pD;r,fqdk&if ajcaxmuf tvkyfESpfck vkyf&r,f? wcku
bD;vnfatmif eif;&r,f? aemufwcku b&dwf ryg
awmh vdktyf&if ajcaxmufudk oHk;&r,f/ zifxdkifcHk
uawmh xdkifp&m oa&jym; r&SdbJ py&defeJY oHacsmif;
wcsKdUudk xkdifcHkyHk oPmef zefwD;xm;wJh tjcm;olxdkifvdkY
rjzpfwJh zifxdkifcHkyJ/ 'DpufbD;udk Munfh&wm bmeJY
wlovJqdk&if uRefrwdkY odyHcef;xJu vlwOD;&JU t&dk;pkyHkeJY
oGm;wlaew,f/ pufbD;ydkif&Sif tvkyform; twGuf
uawmh 'DpufbD;[molY&JU wefzdk; rjzwfEdkifwJh t&m
wckyJ/

'Dvdk ausmif;yHkpHeJY ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awG?
olwdkY rdbawGudk ai;&if; udk,fi,fi,fuwufcJhwJh
ausmif;awGudk owd& rdw,f/ uRefrwdkYNrdKUu tdrfeJYeD;wJh
NrdKUwGif;taemuf (u) tpdk;& rlvwef;ausmif;rSm
oli,fwef; p wufcJhw,f/ rSwfrSwf&&qdk ZGefv (1)
&ufaeY ausmif; tyfr,fqdkawmh aps;onfjzpfwJh uRefr
taru tdrfem;u a': jrudk ]rjra& - &Sifhuav;awG
ausmif;tyf&if uRefr orD;yg wcgwnf; a&mtyfvdkufyg?
a&mh'DrSm arG;pm&if;} qdkNyD; uRefrudk ausmif;xm;cJhwm?
pwufwJh &ufrSm rdbrygawmh ausmif;oGm;wJh vrf;
wavSmuf idkNyD; vdkufcJhrdw,f? ausmif;vnf; a&muf
a&m qD;BudK EIwfqufvdkufwJh q&mr&JU toHaMumifh tidk
&yfoGm;w,f/ tckcsdefxd arhr&EdkifwJh rllvwef; q&mr
awG? txl;ojzifh oli,fwef;pmudk oifay;cJhwJh q&mr

BuD; a':aomif;aomif;udk cspfaMumuf &dkaoaewm

tckwdkif ygyJ/

uRefrwdkY ausmif;tkyfq&mrBuD;u u&ifwdkif;
&if;ol a':at;aomif;? t&yf redrfhrjrifheJY tom;jzLjzL?
pum; at;aq;pGm ajymwwfwJh q&mrBuD;udk tm;vHk;u
av;pm;Muw,f/ rdk;wGif;qdk ausmif;oGm;wJh vrf;w
avSmuf AGufawGcsnfhyJ? ausmif;atmufrSmu a&azG;
azG;vIyfeJY? 'dkufaA'gyifawGeJY? wjcm;a&rSm aygufwJh
tyifrsdK;pHkeJY tvSqifxm;wJh pmoifausmif;av;[m
uRefrwdkYNrdKUrSmawmh rlvwef;tqifh (pwkwwef;rSm)
atmifcsuf taumif;qHk;aom pmoifausmif;tjzpf
vlodrsm;w,f/ rSwfrdoavmufqdk uRefr oli,fwef;udk
1 ESpfom ae&NyD; t*Fvdyfpmudkvnf; oli,fwef;rSm
poifcJh&wm/ pwkwwef;? t|rwef;eJY 'orwef; qdk
wmu tpdk;&ppfawG jzpfw,f/ uRefrwdkY ausmif;u
ajcwH&Snf wxyfopfom; ausmif;aqmif? tcef; eH&H
tjzpf ausmufoifykef; ESpfcsyfudk tv,frSmxm;? AD&dk
ta[mif;awG pDNyD; pmoifcef;awG&JU tv,frSmxm;
vdkufw,f/ pma&;&if ausmufoifykef;? ausmufwHudk
om toHk;rsm;NyD; ausmufwHrsm; wHk;oGm;&if ausmif;rSm
tkwfeH&H&SdwJh ae&m? ausmif;tdrfomqDudk ajy;oGm;NyD;
ausmufwH aoG;&wmvnf; aysmfp&m wpfckygyJ/ oli,f
wef; ausmif;ol b0rSm aysmfcJhwmu ausmif;pwuf&vdkY?
oli,fcsif;awGeJY upm;&vkdYqdkwJh &dk;&Sif;wJh cHpm;rIrsKd;yg/

1984 ckESpfrSm uRefr 4 wef; ausmif;oljzpfNyD/
uRefrwdkYausmif;rSm 4 wef;u 50 ausmf&SdNyD; vywf
pmar;yGJrsm;&JU tqifhtvdkuf ausmif;olausmif;om;
a&mNyD; aemufqHk;cHk tpGefu pxdkif&w,f/ rdrd&JU b,f
bufeJY taemufbufawGrSm &SdwJh ausmif;om;awGu
udk,fhxuf pmydkawmfolawG jzpfMuw,f/ uRefru
awmh tNrJwrf; aemufqHk; cHkawG&JU tv,feJY nmpGefawG
rSm xdkif&wm rsm;w,f/ ausmif;udk {nfhonfawG vm
vnf&if aemufqHk;cHkrSm xdkifaewJh uRefrrSm udk,fhudk,f
udk *kPf,l armf~uGm;vdkY rqHHk; jzpfrdw,f/

xdktcsdefu {nfhonf qdkwm NrdKUe,f ynma&;
rSL;avmufyJ uRefr odcJhw,f/ tck e,fpyfa'ou
ausmif;olausmif;om; awGusawmh udk,fhausmif;udk
vmvnfwJh olawGudk 'dkem (tvSL&Sif) vdkY odMuwm
rsm;w,f/ 'guvnf; olwdkY&JU b0ay; tod wrsKd;ygyJ/
39

uRefrwdkY ausmif;&JU aemufrSm aqmufvkyfa&;&Hk; &SdNyD;?

ab;rSm NrdKUe,fw&m;&Hk;eJY ta&SUbufrSm txu (1)
ausmif; &Sdw,f/ ausmif; ywf0ef;usifrSm 'DvdkrsKd; rdrd&JU
todynmudk toHk;csEdkifNyD; EdkifiHhwm0ef xrf;aqmifae
wJh yHk&dyfawGudk aeYpOf jrifawGYae&wJh ausmif;ol
wa,muftzdkY ]ig av;wef; atmifNyD;&if? igausmif;NyD;
oGm;&if bmvkyfr,f? reufjzefaygif; rsm;pGmtwGuf
b,fvdk BudK;pm;r,f} qdkwJh pdwfu tNrJ udef;atmif;
aew,f/

'Da&TUajymif; a'orSmawmh ausmif;ol ausmif;
om;awG pma&; pmzwfwwfNyD qdkwmeJY atmuf ajcodrf;
tvkyfawG? puf&HkawGeJY ynma&; tajccH tm;enf;wJh
rdb awGaMumifh t&G,fra&mufbJ vkyfief;cGif a&muf
oGm;Muwm rsm;w,f/

uRefr pwkwwef; atmifwJh ESpf rSm uRefr wdkY
ausmif;u NrdKUe,ftqifh tpdk;&ppfrSm atmifcsuf tjrifh
qHk;qk &&SdcJhw,f/ xdktcsdefu pmar;yGJudk txufwef;
ausmif;rSm oGm;ajz&NyD; pmar;yGJ&ufawGrSm eHeuf 8 em&D
0ef;usifqdk pmar;yGJ ar;cGef;awG o,fvmwJh *spfum;BuD;
udkvnf; tckcsdefxd jrifa,mifaeqJyJ/

av;wef;atmifNyD; 5 wef;wufr,fqdkawmh
uRefrwdkYausmif;&JU cGJwrf;u txu (1) jzpfw,f/
'gayrJh taru uRefrudk ae&Sife,fausmif;vdkY vlod rsm;
wJh txu (3) rSmyJ wufapcsifwm/ 'gayrJh ausmif; tyf
&wm t&rf;cufw,f/ ausmif;zGifhNyD; 45 &ufjynfhwJhaeYrS
uRefr 5 wef;udk pwuf&wm/ uRefruawmh txuf
wef;ausmif; wuf&vdkY omref cHpm;rIrsdK;eJY aysmfcJhwmyJ
&Sdw,f/ tarusawmh uRefr twGufudk *kPf,lrqHk;
aysmfaeNyD; &yfuGufxJ vSnfh~uGm;aeyHku ]uRefrorD;
ae&Sife,f ausmif;oljzpfNyDav? olatmifcJhwJh rlvwef;
ausmif;u tajccHaumif;awmh vla&G; ac:wJhxJu
uRefr orD;u wufcGifh&cJhwm}/

5 wef;ausmif;ol b0rSm uRefr&vdkufwJh
tofduawmh tv,fwef; tqifhrSm pm&dw aumif;wJh
vlawmfvlaumif; wa,mufjzpf&if tJ'D ausmif;om;
t&ifu wufcJhwJh rlvwef;ausmif;&JU aumif;owif;
yHk&dyfawG[m t&dyfvdk tkyfrdk; ay;w,fqdkwJh tcsufyJ/
udk,fudk,fwdkif q&mrjzpfawmhvnf; t&nftcsif;
jynfh0wJh vlawmf vlaumif;av;awG arG;xkwfay;Edkif
40

cJhwm i,f pOfu q&mq&mrrsm;&JU aus;Zl;aMumifhyJ

jzpfygw,f/

uRefr trsdK;om;ausmif; pa&mufawmh
ausmif;tkyfBuD;u q&mOD;jrifhOD;? yifeDwdkufyHk tNrJ0wfwJh
q&mBuD;rsm; twef;vSnfh ppfaq;&if q&mBuD;udk
acsmif;Munfh&wm tarmyJ/ uRefrwdkY pmoifaqmifudk
YMBA aqmifvdkY ac: NyD; 1986 a&mufawmh uRefr 6
wef;ausmif;ol? "rm&HkaqmifrSm pmoif&w,f/ ausmif;
&JUyGJ awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk 'DtaqmifrSmyJ usif;yavh
&Sdw,f/ ausmif;aqmif&JU tay:u vSrf;Munfh&if trSwf
(1) &Jpcef; tcsKyfcef;eJY tusOf;axmifudk vSrf;jrif ae&
w,f/ axmif&JU oHacsmif; acgufoHeJY tjzL0rf;qufeJY
ajccsif;0wf oHBudK;awG 0wfqifxm;wJh tusOf;om;rsm;
ausmif;0if;xJrSm a&vm cyfMuwJh jrifuGif;awG[m
uRefrtwGufawmh txl;tqef;yJ? tJ'D tcsdefwkef;
uawmh axmifxJrSm &mZ0wfom;rsm;om &Sdw,fvdkY
xifcJhwm/

1988 rSm uRefru 8 wef;ausmif;ol jzpfaeNyD/
uRefrwdkY ausmif;&JU xl;jcm;csufu t&rf; pnf;urf;BuD;
w,f/ rdrdxuf BuD;wJh olrsm;udk &dkao av;pm;MuNyD;
i,foleJY &G,fwlrsm; tcsif;csif; oem;nmwmrI&SdNyD;
pnf;&Hk; Mujcif;yifjzpfw,f/ tpdk;&ppfrsm; jzpfMuwJh 8
wef;eJY 10 wef;awGrSm tjcm;ausmif;awGxuf yJcl;
wdkif;tqifh atmifcsuf taumif;qHk;aom ausmif;jzpf
w,f/ uRefrwdkY tm;vHk;[m tNydKiftqdkifudk BudK;pm;Mu
wm/ uRefrqdk t*Fvdyfpm usL&Sifyg wufvdkufao;w,f/
usL&Sifcu wv 100 usyfay;&w,f/

1991 ckESpfrSm uRefru 10 wef;ausmif;ol?
xdktcsdefu ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;u OD;0if;armif/ uRef
rwdkY ausmif;u wdkif;taeeJY 10 wef; pmar;yGJudk atmif
csuf taumif;qHk;qk 2 ESpf qufwdkuf&xm;wm/ uRef
rwdkY vufxufrSmom atmifcsuf taumif;qHk;jzpfcJh&if
ynma&; 'dkif;qkBuD;udk ausmif;u tydkif&rSm jzpfw,f/
'gaMumifh vywf pmar;yGJwckrSm uRefr wpfbmom us
awmh ausmif;tkyfBuD;u wpfbmomuswJh olawG
tm;vHk;udk olY&Hk;cef;rSm ac:awGYNyD; qHk;rw,f/ NyD;awmh
&Hk;cef;eH&HrSm uyfxm;wJh qkwHqdyfawGeJY qk& "gwfyHk
awGudk tm;usvmatmif Munfhcdkif;w,f/

ausmif;&JU 'dkif;qkBuD; &,la&;[m uRefr

twGuf pdwfzdpD;rI jzpf apovdk pmar;yGJNyD;oGm;vdkY ig

ae&Sife,f ausmif;ola[mif;jzpfNyD qdkwJh tawG;[m pdwf
udk &Tifvef;apw,f/ ausmif;om;a[mif;awGxJu
bmom&yftvdkuf xl;cRefolawG[m wuodkvf rwuf
cifrSm ausmif;rSm vkyftm;ay; vkyfvdkY&w,f/ trsKd;om;
aeYqkdwm uRefrwdkY twufcsifqHk; tcrf;tem; wpfckyJ/
nbufqdk ausmif;om;a[mif;awG&JU rdwfqHkpm;yGJ
(vuf&nfwjyifwnf;pm;&aomzufcif;xrif;pm;0dik ;f )
vnf;&Sdw,f/ 'DyGJrSm jrefrmjynftESHY jyefYusJaewJh trsKd;
om; ausmif;om;a[mif;awG vma&mufMuNyD; q&mBuD;?
q&mrBuD;rsm;&JU qHk;rMo0g'udk emcHNyD; OD;ckduf uefawmh &
wmvnf; jrwfEdk;zG,faumif;wJh "avh wckygyJ/ aeYcif;qdk
aysmfyGJ&TifyGJ tjynfheJY/

uRefrqdk trsdK;om;ausmif; oDcsif;awG qdk&
wm t&rf;aysmfwmyJ/ oDcsif;&JU ajcqif; rSm vGwfvyfa&;
r&cifumv trsKd;om;ausmif;awG ay:aygufvmyHkudk
a&;zGJYxm;NyD;? aemuf trsdK;om;ausmif;rSonf txu
(3) ausmif; jzpfay:vmyHkudk qufvuf oDuHk;xm;w,f/
oDcsif;&JU aw;xyfawGuawmh
]wdkif;cspf jynfcspf pdwf"gwf cdkifwnf

a&SUaqmif vrf;jy aqmif&Gufrnf

trsdK;om; ynma&; jyefvnf &kyfvHk;

ay:aprnf

aumif;jrwfaom tpOftvmrsm;udk tck

xdef;odrf;rnf?

aemifvnf; xdef;odrf;aetHk;rnf/

BuD;oludk&dkao? i,foloem;? &G,fwludkav;

pm; qHk;r oabmus Mo0g'eJY tnD?

aumif;jrwfaom tpOftvmrsm;udk

tckvnf; xdef;odrf;rnf ..

aemifvnf; xdef;odrf;aeOD;rnf}

qdkwJh aw;pmom;awG[m b,fae&m a&muf
a&muf trsdK;om;a&; pdwf"gwfawG[m &SifoefaewmyJ/
txl;ojzifh a&TUajymif; a'ou uav;awGjyKpk ysKd;
axmifwJhtcg trsKd;om; pdwf"gwfr&SdbJ a&&Snf rvkyf
Edkifbl;qdkwJh tcsufyJ/

i,f&G,fwJh ausmif;olb0 wavQmufrSm
uRefr&JU ynma&;udk tm;ay;wJhrdb? aqGrsdK;awG? q&m
aumif;awG&JU aus;Zl;aMumifh wcsdefu rsdK;aphjzpfcJhwJh
uRefr[m tckqdk rsKd;aphawGudk arG;xkwfEdkifcJhNyD/ wcsdKUqdk
ajrBuD;ay:rSm aumif;aumif; &SifoefEdkifNyD? wcsdKUvnf;
aea&mifr& ajrqDajrvTm cef;ajcmufvdkY r&SifoefEdkifwm
vnf; &SdwmaygY/ udk,fydkifwJh ajr,may:rSm ysKd;axmif cGifh
r&wJh rsdK;aphawGyJ/

uRefr twGufawmh udk,fpdkufvdkufwJh rsdK;
aphwdkif; &SifoefygapvdkY qkawmif; qEjyKvsufyg/
a&T[oFm

oifMum;jcif; tEkynm
rSefrSefuefuef tBuHPf ay;wwfjcif;onf
oifMum;jcif;\ t"du tEkynmjzpfonf/
Henri Federic Amiel (1821-1888)
qGpfvlrsKd; &oynm ygarmu? uAsmq&mBuD;

41

a'gufwmodef;vGif

tif*sifeD,mESihf
ausmif;q&m
b,folomoenf;

ynm&yf toD;oD;onf wefzdk;&SdaMumif; uRef
awmf cH,lygonf/ aq;ynm? pufrIenf;ynm? pD;yGm;
a&;ynm? pdkufysKd;a&;ynm? oifMum;rI enf;ynm ponf
wdkYonf oufqdkif&m u@wdkif;twGuf ta&;BuD;aom
ynm&yfrsm; jzpfygonf/

ynm&yfrsm;udk tajccHaom toufarG;
0rf;ausmif; tvkyfrsm;onfvnf; wefzdk; toD;oD; &Sd
aom tvkyfrsm; jzpfygonf/

rdrd\ 0goemESihf uRrf;usifrIt&om wpfckck
udk a&G;cs,fjcif; jyKNyD;? b,fynm&yfu ydkomonf? b,f
tvkyfu ydkwefzdk; &Sdonf[k tqihf cGJjcm;&ef roihfyg/

odkY&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH ausmif;q&m? q&mr
rsm;onf q&m0ef? tif*sifeD,m? refae*smwdkYESihf EdIif;,SOf
vQif vpm0ifaiG t&vnf;aumif;? vlrIa&; tqihf t
wef;t& vnf;aumif; ESdrhfcsxm;jcif;udk cHae&ygonf/
uRefawmhf taejzihf ausmif;q&m tvkyfonf q&m0ef?
tif*sifeD,m? ukrPDrefae*sm ponfwdkYxuf redrhf
aMumif;? rESdrhfcsoihfaMumif; wifjyvdkygonf/

uRefawmfonf tif*sifeD,m wpfOD;jzpf&ef
&efukefpufrIwuodkvfwGif ausmif;wufcJhNyD;rS tv,f
wef;jy ausmif;q&m jzpfvmol jzpfygonf/ uRefawmf\
tawGYtBuHKt& ynm&yfESpfckudk EdIif;,SOfEdkifNyD; tvkyf
tudkif ESpfrsKd;\ oabmobm0udkvnf; udk,fawGYjzihf
42

cHpm; em;vnfygonf/ uRefawmf\ b0jzwfoef;rI

wpdwfwydkif;udk azmfjy uRefawmf\ tjrifudk aqG;aEG;
wifjyygrnf/

touf 7 ESpf t&G,fu bkef;BuD;0wf&ef uRef
awmf qE &SdcJhygonf/ touf 14 ESpft&G,f? tv,fwef;
ausmif;om; b0rS p q&m0efjzpf&ef &nf&G,fcJhygonf/
jrefrmpm pmpDpmukHk;wGif uRefawmf\ &nfrSef;csufudk a&;
cdkif;aomtcg q&m0efjzpfatmif BudK;pm;rnf jzpf
aMumif; a&;cJhygonf/ usef;rma&; pmtkyfrsm;udkvnf;
i,fpOfuyif zwfavh&Sdygonf/ uRefawmf 8 wef; wkef;
u tdrfrS aMumifuav; aooGm;aomtcg ajrjrKyf &ef
BuD;awmfu uRefawmhfudk cdkif;ygonf/ rjrKyfcif aMumifudk
AdkufcGJNyD; tonf;? ESvHk;rsm;udk MunhfcJhonf txd pdwf
0ifwpm; &SdcJhygonf/ MuufajceD olemjyKwyfzGJYodkY 0if
vnf; usef;rma&; tvkyfrsm;udk yg0if vkyfudkifcJhygonf/

q,fwef;pmar;yGJ &rSwfu q&m0efjzpf&ef
&nfrSef;csufudk twm;tqD; jzpfapcJhygonf/ uRef
awmf atmifonhf ESpfu aq;wuodkvf0ifcGihf twGuf
pmar;yGJ &rSwfrSm 420 jzpfNyD; uRefawmfu 410 om &
ojzihf 0ifcGihf r&cJhyg/ 'kwd, OD;pm;ay; tjzpf a&G;cs,f
vdkufaom pufrIwuodkvfudk wufa&mufcGihf &cJhyg
onf/

uRefawmf\ taru ausmif;q&m vkyf&ef

tBuHay;cJhygao;onf/ ]ausmif;q&mqdkwm ukodkvf

vnf;&? 0rf;vnf;0w,f} [k taru ajymygonf/
]ukodkvf&onf} udkawmh uRefawmf vufcHygonf/
]0rf;vnf;0onf} qdkonfuawmh pOf;pm;p&m &Sdyg
onf/ uRefawmfwdkY &GmrS ausmif;q&mrsm; b,folrS
rcsrf;omMuyg/ ausmif;q&m vcjzihf 0rf;r0Muojzihf
ausmif;tm;csdefwGif v,fxJ qif;&ygonf/ uRefawmf
wdkYacwfu vli,frsm;onf tvkyfvnf; &vG,f? 0ifaiG
vnf;aumif;onhf q&m0ef? tif*sifeD,mvdkif;rsm;udk
om vdkufvdkMuygonf/

'kwd, vlBudKuf trsm;qHk;jzpfonhf pufrI
wuodkvf wufcGihf&ojzihf uRefawmf tBudKufqHk; r
[kwfaomfvnf; auseyfrI &SdcJhygonf/ 'kwd,ESpfwGif
tif*sifeD,m bmom&yfcGJrsm;udk a&G;cs,f&mwGif pufrI
tif*sifeD,m bmom&yfudk a&G;cs,f oif,lcJhygonf/
odkY&mwGif uRefawmf tif*sifeD,mbGJY r&cJhyg/ uRefawmf
pwkwESpfwGif ausmif;om;ta&;tcif; wpfck yg0if
cJhojzihf ausmif;xkwf cHcJh&ygonf/ taru ]ighom;
rdkufw,f} [k qdkygonf/ ausmif;vnf; wufcGihfr&?
tarhvnf; tyl ruyfvdkojzihf wGJzuf ausmif;q&m
b0udk uRefawmf a&G;cs,f cJhygonf/

anmifwkef;NrdKUe,f? &Gmomat;&GmrS ausmif;
q&mb0onf uRefawmf\ pmoifMum;jcif; tvkyfESihf
tjcm;ynma&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif ESpfjrKyf vkyfudkif&ef
twGuf cdkifrmapcJhygonf/ udkif;pdkuf? ig;zrf;tvkyfrsm;
jzihf toufarG; Muaom &Gmomat; &GmrS &Gmom;rsm;
onf om;orD;rsm;udkawmh ynmwwfapcsif Muygonf/
&Gmausmif; bkef;BuD;uvnf; uav;awGudk acwfynm
oifMum;&ef tvGefpdwftm; xufoefygonf/ bkef;BuD;
OD;aqmifonhf wGJbufausmif;wGif tv,fwef;jy q&m
tjzpf uRefawmf vkyfudkif cJhygonf/

q&mjzpfoifwef; rwufcJhbl;ojzihf oifyHk
oifenf;udk pepfwus rwwfaomfvnf; uRefawmf
wwfuRrf;onhf ocsFmESihf odyHbmomrsm;udk uav;rsm;
pdwf0ifpm; em;vnf vG,fatmif uRefawmf BudK;pm; oif
ay;cJhygonf/ uav;rsm;uvnf; uRefawmhfudk cspfMu
ojzihf ausmif;q&m b0udk uRefawmf cifwG,f vmyg
onf/ aEG&moD ausmif;ydwf uRefawmf jyefaomtcg
wynhfrsm;u jrpfqdyfwGif vma&muf EIwfquf uef

rdrd\ 0goemESihf uRrf;usifrIt&om

wpfckckudk a&G;cs,fjcif; jyKNyD;?
b,fynm&yfu ydkomonf?
b,ftvkyfu ydkwefzdk; &Sdonf[k
tqi hfcGJjcm;&ef roihfyg/
awmh Muygonf/ olwdkY\ rsuf&nfrsm;u uRefawmf\
ESvHk;om;txd pD;0ifoGm;NyD; ausmif;q&m b0 opfyifudk
&Sifoef apcJhygonf/

&Sifoefumpu cdkifrmrIawmh r&SdvSao;yg/
pufrIwuodkvfrS oli,fcsif;rsm;? tif*sifeD,m &mxl;
rsm;jzihf 0ihf~uGm;Edkifonhf tcsdefwGif ykqdk;EGrf;EGrf;?
zdeyfyg;yg; ausmif;q&m\ odrfi,fpdwfu rMumcPqdk
ovdk uRefawmhfudk wdkufcdkuf wwfygonf/ ]ig ausmif;
q&m} [k r0ihf~uGm; EdkifcJhyg/ oli,fcsif;rsm;uvnf;
oem; ovdkvdk? uRefawmfyJ rSm;ovdkvdk ajymqdk qufqH
Muygonf/ uRefawmf\ wynhfrsm;uawmh av;pm;
cspfcifMuNyD; olwdkY\ ,HkMunf tm;udk;rIrsm;u uRefawmhf
udk ausmif;q&m b0wGif pGJNrJ apygonf/

uRefawmf\ qEESihfwuG uHMurmaumif;[k
ac:qdkEdkifonhf ywf0ef;usif\ ulnD yHhydk;rIrsm;ESihf tajct
ae t&yf&yf wdkufqdkifrIaMumihf t*FvefEdkifiH? e,l;
umq,f wuodkvfwGif ynma&;qdkif&m bmom&yfrsm;
udk 6 ESpfrQ uRefawmf oif,lcGihf &cJhygonf/ tif*sifeD,m
ynm&yfrsm; cufcJ eufeJouJhodkY ausmif;q&m ynm
onfvnf; cufcJeufeJaMumif; uRefawmf odjrifcJh&yg
onf/

Adokum wpfOD;\ uRrf;usifrIjzihf crf;em;
xnf0gaom taqmuftOD wpfck jzpfapouJhodkY
ausmif;q&m wpfOD;\ tpGrf;jzihf vdrma&;jcm; &dSaom
xl;cRefxufjruf Pfynm tajrmftjrif&Sdaom vl
om; wpfOD;udk arG;zGm; ay;Edkifygonf/

Adokum q&mwpfOD; a&;qGJonhf taqmuf
ttHk yHkpHjzihf tqihfqihf wnfaqmufouJhodkY ausmif;
43

q&m\ oif&dk;Tef;wrf;uvnf; uav;wpfOD;\ b0

wavQmufvHk;twGuf todynm wnfaqmuf ay;Edkif
ygonf/ tif*sifeD,m wpfOD;\ trSm;aMumihf taqmuf
tOD; NydKusEdkifouJhodkY ausmif;q&m wpfOD;\ trSm;
aMumihfvnf; uav;wpfOD;\ b0udk ysufpD; apEdkifyg
onf/ uRefawmf qdkvdkonfrSm tif*sifeD,m wpfOD;ta&;
BuD;ouJhodkY ausmif;q&mvnf; ta&;BuD;yg onf/

tif*sifeD,m wpfOD;jzpf&ef tm;xkwf BudK;yrf;&
ouJhodkY ausmif;q&m jzpf&efvnf; tm;xkwf BudK;yrf;
&ygonf/ tif*sifeD,m wpfOD; jyKvkyfaom taqmuf
tOD? pufud&d,m ponfwdkYonf aumif;rGef cdkifchH&
ouJhokdY ausmif;q&mwpfOD; wm0ef,l&aom uav;
rsm;onfvnf; aumif;pGm oif,l wwfajrmufrI &Sd&
ygonf/ ausmif;q&m\ apwemonf tif*sifeD,m
xuf redrhfyg/ ausmif;q&m ynmonf tif*sifeD,m
ynmxuf redrhfyg/ ausmif;q&m\ wm0ef&SdrIonfvnf;
tif*sifeD,m\ wm0ef&SdrIxuf redrhfyg/

tcsufudk vufcHvQif ausmif;q&m wpf
OD;\ vpmESihf vlrIa&; tqihftwef;onf tif*sifeD,m
\ vpmESihf vlrIa&; tqihftwef;wdkYxuf redrhfoihfyg/
aq;ynmudk uRefawmf oif,lcGihfr&cJh &aomfvnf;
aq;ynm eufeJrIxuf oifMum;rI enf;ynm redrhf[k
uRefawmf ,HkMunfygonf/ ausmif;q&mu edrhfonf[k
,lq aeao;vQif ausmif;q&mbufrS umuG,f ajymqdk
&ef tcsuftvuf taxmuftxm;rsm;pGm uRefawmf
wifjy Edkifygao;onf/

ausmif;q&mrsm;uvnf; xdkufxdkufwefwef
jzpfatmif BudK;pm; tm;xkwf&ygrnf/ uav;wpfOD;\
um, zGYHNzdK;rI? Pf&nfzGHYNzdK;rI? pdwfydkif;qdkif&m zGHYNzdK;rI
rsm;udk eufeufeJeJ od&efvdkygonf/ uav;wpfOD;
ynm&yfrsm; qnf;yl; &&Sdatmif OD;aqmif vrf;Tefay;
Edkifrnhf t&nftcsif;rsm;vnf; &Sdae&ygrnf/ rdrd\ ta&;
BuD;rIudk trsm;u vufcHEdkifonhf *kPf&nfrsm; &Sdae&
ygrnf/

ausmif;q&m\ vlrIa&; tqihftwef;ESihf
vpm 0ifaiGwdkYonf q&m0ef? tif*sifeD,mwdkYxuf redrhf
vQif vli,frsm; toufarG;0rf;ausmif;qdkif&m ynm
&yfrsm; a&G;cs,f&mwGif ausmif;q&m b0udk ESpfouf
jrwfEdk;olrsm;u xdkufxdkufwefwef a&G;cs,f Muygrnf/
44

odkY vkyfEdkifvQif apwemyg uRrf;usifrI&Sdaom q&m?

q&mrrsm; trsm;tjym; ay:xGuf vmygrnf/

ae&mwGif wuodkvf ynm&yfrsm; a&G;cs,f
cGihf (wuodkvf0ifcGihf) udk a&G;cs,folrsm; bufrS pmar;
yGJ&rSwf tenf;? trsm;jzihf tqihfcGJjcm; a&G;cs,fjcif;
rjyKbJ a&G;cs,fcGihfudk ausmif;om;rsm; bufodkY ay; oihf
ygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk rdrdwdkY 0goem tavsmuf
oif,lcsifaom bmom&yfudk oif,l Edkifatmifvnf;
yHhydk; ay;oihfygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ wuodkvf 0ifcGihf
twGuf a&G;cs,frI pepfu uRefawmf\ b0wGif raysmuf
Edkifaom cHpm;csuftjzpf pGJxif usef&pf aeygonf/

uRefawmfonf aq;ynmudk 0goem ygcJhyg
onf/ aq;ynm&yfrsm;udk oif,l wwfajrmufEdkif onhf
BudK;pm; tm;xkwfrIESihf Pf&nfvnf; &Sdygonf/ uRef
awmfom aq;ynm oif,lcGihf &&SdvQif a0'em&Sifrsm;
twGuf tm;udk;Edkifrnhf q&m0efwpfOD; tjzpf &yfwnf
Edkifygonf/ aq;ynm avmutwGuf *kPf,lzG,f jzpf
atmifvnf; BudK;pm;ygrnf/ rdrd pdwf0ifpm;onfudk
udk,fwdkif a&G;cs,fcGihf&vQif wm0ef&SdrIvnf; tvdkt
avsmuf yg0ifoGm;NyD; BudK;pm; tm;xkwfrIvnf; ydkaumif;
Edkifygonf/

ausmif;q&m tvkyfonf q&m0ef? tif*sif
eD,mwdkYxuf redrhfaMumif; jyoEdkifvQif toufarG;0rf;
ausmif; bmom&yf a&G;cs,f&mwGif ynma&;wuodkvf?
aumvdyfrsm;odkY *kPf,l 0ihf~uGm;pGm avQmufxm;EdkifNyD;
ausmif;q&m b0udkvnf; *kPf&Sd&Sd jzwfoef; Edkifygrnf/

ed*Hk;csKyf taejzihf uRefawmf wifjyvdkonfrSm
ausmif;q&m vpmudk q&m0ef? tif*sifeD,mwdkYxuf
redrhfatmif ay;yg/ aetdrf? toHk;taqmifwdkYudkvnf;
wef;wl csD;jrihfyg/ wuodkvf bmom&yf a&G;cs,f&mwGif
vnf; ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fwkdif a&G;cs,fcGihf &SdapNyD; yHh ydk;
ulnDrIay;yg/ ausmif;q&mrsm;uvnf; rdrdwdkYonf t
jcm; toufarG;0rf;aMumif; todynm&Sif? twwfynm
&SifwdkYESihf &ifabmifwef;Edkifonhf uRrf;usifrI&Sdatmif
tm;xkwfBudK;yrf;Muyg[k wdkufwGef; vdkygonf/
a'gufwmodef;vGif
jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm; q&mtwwfynm oifwef;
(arv 2 &uf? 2011)

t&G,fokH;yg;
ynma&;
at;udkudkat;

]ynmpHkawmh Muif&myg pHka&maygY} qdkwJh a&S;u
t&yf qkd&kd;pum; wpfck &SdcJhonf/ ,ck xkdpum;udk a&S;us
aom vlBuD;wkdYyif rokH;Muawmhay/ okH;zkdYvnf; ta&;
ray:[k xifygonf/

,ckacwf vli,fwdkY tzkdYrSm]ynmpkH&ef} wyif
wyef; BudK;pm;aeMu&onf/ ]Muif&mpkH} zkdYrSm ynm
rpkHcifuwnf;u ausmif;BuD; ausmif;i,frSm &Sdaecdkuf wGif
rsm;aomtm;jzihf (a&S;tqkd) ]'Gd,H-'Gd,H} twJGvkduf twJG
vkduf jzpfaeMuavNyD/

ynmpkH-rpkH[laom tcsufudk awG;raeMu
awmhbJ i,fpOf tajccH ynmoifausmif; bufpkHynm
wuf pmar;yJGatmif&ef BudK;pm; aeMu&awmhonf/ wu
okdvfodkY a&mufaomtcg bufpkHrS BudK;pm; aeMu&awmh
onf/ wuodkvfokdY a&mufaomtcg bufpkHrSonf wzuf
zufodkYul; t"dubmom tjzpf,l oifMu&onf/

BudK;pm;vQif BudK;pm;onfh tm;avsmfpGm tqifh
jrifhjrifh bJGYrsm; &Muonf/ q&m0ef? tif*sifeD,m ponfh
twwfynmykdif;wGif bGJY&NyD; aemufbJGYvGef? xkdYaemuf
EkdifiHjcm;bJGYvGefynm&yfwkdYudkqufvufoifMum;&oltcsKdU
&SdonfESihftwl omrefbJGYjzihf oufqkdif&m ynm&Sif vkyfief;
wkdYudk toD;oD;0ifa&muf vkyf udkifMuonf/ 0dZm? odyH
bJGY&olwkdYonf rsm;aomtm;jzifh bJGY&NyD;aemuf &&m tvkyf
tukdifrsm;udk 0ifa&muf vkyfudkifMuonf/ bJGYvGef oifwef;
odkY wufa&muf oifMum;um rdrdwkdY\ qkdif&mynmudk
tqihf jrifhap&ef BudK;yrf;ol tcsKdUvnf; &Sdyg\/

NyD;vQif ynmoifa&; udpNyD;NyD/ pD;yGm;&SmMu
awmhrnf[laom &nf&G,fcsuf oabmxm;jzihf us,f
jyefYIyfaxG;vSaom vlYavmuxJodkY 0ifMuavonf/ ynm
oifcef; tqkH;owfNyD[laom oabmxm;onf ysHUESHYae\/
ynm[lonf woufvkH; qnf;yl;ae&rnf/ ynm[lonf
ausmif;i,f^ausmif;BuD;rSm oifMum;NyD;aemuf pmar;yGJ
ajzqkdatmifjrifjcif;tqkH;owfonfr[kwf/woufvkH;
vlvkdaewwfzkdY ta&;wGif tNrJwrf; tm;oGif;ae&aom
pmawGY vufawGYwkdYudk avhvm a0zef tESpfom&udk
xkwf,l&aom OD;aESmuftwGuf MoZm"mwf? ESvkH;om;tzkdY
tm[m&[lonf ynmjzpf onf/

xkdYaMumifh woufwm ynma&;udponf vl\
txl; vkdtyfaom udpjzpfonf[l od&ef vkdtyf\/
45

ausmif;oif ynma&;onf vlYb0c&D;vrf;udk tMurf;

oabm cif;ay;vkdufaom tajccHrQom jzpfonf/ ,if;
jzihf vrf;acsmrnf r[kwfay/ vrf;acsmatmif tNrJwrf;
jznhfwif; jyKjyifay;ae&onf/ vlYb0 c&D;vrf;onf
q,fhESpf&moD cHaom vrf;r[kwf? tNrJwrf; Murf;ae
onf/ acsmaeonf qkdyg&ifvnf; wmwkdrQom/ tNrJ
wrf; jyKjyif jznhfwif; aeygrS awmfumusonf/

]bufpkHynm} [lonf pmoifausmif; tp
rQom qnf;yl;Edkifaom ynmjzpfonf/ vlYavmu jyif
us,fwGif wb0wm aeEdkifa&;twGuf vufypful;&
onfh tcgrS qnf;yl;&onf/ xkdtcgrSvnf; xdkynmudk
txl;vdkavawmhonf/ ]onfauGY onfwuf? [dkauGY
[kdwuf}jzihf avSmf a&qef oGm;&aom vlYb0c&D;wGif
bufpkHynm wwfzkdY tvGefyif vdktyfonf/

woufwm ynma&;udpudk ausmif;oif
ynm pcef; odrf;NyD;aemufwGif owfowfrSwfrSwf pwif
aqmif&Guf oifhayonf/ ausmif;oifynmwkdYrSm odrIwwfrIwkdYudk tpysKd;ay;aom ynm&yfrsm;jzpfonf/ xkd
odwwfrI twGuf woufvkH; avhvmqnf;yl;EkdifrS
wu,fwwfonf[k ac:qkdEkdifrnf/ Oyrmqkd&vQif odyH
ynm&yfrsm;udk ausmif; oifMum; owfrSwfxm; aom
tqifhrDojzihf pmar;yJG atmifjrifNyD;vQif oufqkdif&m
ynmbJGYrsm;&NyD? odkYaomf odyHynmudk wu,fwrf;
wwfajrmufNyD[k rqkdomay? odyHynmudk qufvuf
avhvm& ayOD;rnf/ odyHynm bJGU&onfh wkdifatmif
]odyHynm&Sif}[laom*kPfxl; 0daooudkcH,lEdkifOD;rnf
r[kwfacs/

ynmbGJYwkdYudk taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm tcg
tcGifh oifhonfhtavsmuf &,lNyD;aemuf oihf&moihf&m
oufarG;rI vkyfief;wGif 0ifa&muf vkyfaqmifMuolwkdY
tzdkY ynmudk quf oifMum;&rnf[laom tawG;
0ifcJvS\/ 0ifonf qkdjyefygvnf; ]tcsdefr&Sdbl;}[laom
qifajcudk rdrda&SUwGif wHwkdif;tjzpf umxm;wwf
Muonf/ tcsKyfrSmawmh ]ynmoifzkdY rvkdawmh/ ynm
oifw,fqkdwm tvkyf&zkdYyJ} [laom omreftawG;rsdK;
vTrf;rkd;aeacsonf/ xm;ygOD;awmh/ ausmif;oifynm
&yfrsm;jzpfaom odrIwwfrIynmrsm;udk qufavhvm
qnf;yl;cGihfvnf; romvS/ qnf;yl;vkdaom qEvnf;
cef;ajcmufaevQif &Sdygapawmh/ okdYaomf b0tawGY
tBuKHawGudk okH;oyf qifjcif b0tjrif? avmutjrif
46

tbdk;tbGm;rsm;onfvnf;
om;orD; ajr;jrpfrsm;ESifhtwl
ESpfausmhjyef oHk;ausmhjyef wuodkvf
ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awG
jzpfMu&vdrfhrnf/
us,fjyefY av;euf &ifhusufaom tawG;tac:rsm;
rdrd xGef;um;vmavatmif A[kokw ynmukd quf
vufqnf;yl;&ef txl;vkdtyfayonf/

]A[kokwynm}qkdonfrSm vGefpGm rsm;jym;
us,fjyefY vSayonf/ avhvm vkdufpm;onhfwkdifatmif
NyD;jynfhpkHNyD[k rqkdomay/ ]ynmwwfonf[k qkdjcif;
onf odwefoavmufom odNyD;? rod rwwfonfh
tpdwftydkif;rSm tqkH;tp r&Sd[l odjcif;yifjzpf\/} [k
wpfOD;aom ynm&Sdu rdefYqkdavonf/ avmufavmuf
ii rwwfoluom olYudk,fol wwfvSNyDxifaeonf/
ynmrsm;rsm; wwfavav rwwfao;rSef; odavav
jzpf&ayrnf/ xdkYaMumifhyif wu,hf ynm&Sdonf ed0gu
edrmew&m; &if0,fxm;aom yk*dKvfjzpfonf/

A[kokw &SmrSD;&m aygYaygYwefwef oabm
xm;jzihf awGY&MuHK& pmwkdaypwkdYudk zwfvkduf? ypfvkduf
jyKvkyfjcif;rsKd;onf t&m ra&mufacs/ taemufwkdif;&Sd
pma&;q&mtcsKdUonf pdwfynm? pD;yGm;a&;ynm? EkdifiH
a&; tawG;tac:orkdif;? urmhorkdif;? EkdifiHjcm; pmay
ponfh bmom&yfrsm;udk wpfrsKd;NyD; wpfrsKd; pepfwus
avhvmMuonf/ oufqkdif&m pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk
tajccHrS p tqihfjrifhtxd tpDtpOfjzihf zwfIavhvm
Muonf/ rSwfpkrsm; xkwfMuonf/ xkdokdY qnf;yl;rIudk
aeYpOf tcsdefay; jyKMu\/

tcsKdUurl tbd"gef? ynmpG,fpkHusrf;rsm;udk
aeYpOfESihftrQ vSefavSm zwfI avhvmMuonf/ t*Fvdyf
pma&;q&mBuD; atmfvf'wfpf[wfpav qdk&if oGm;
av&mwGif NAdwdoQ ynmpG,fpkHusrf; wpfq,fh
ajcmufwJG wpfpkH ,loGm;NyD;vQif pma&;&m odvkdaom
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48

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49


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50

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51

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52

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vnf; jzpfw,f/ olwkdYav;awG&JU xifjrif ,lqcsuf
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'kwd, xl;jcm;csufwckuawmh Love and
Care pmoifausmif;u q&mBuD; &SD&dIxGef;u ol&JU t
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vHk;rsm;eJY jrifawGYcJholvnf; jzpfygw,f/ 'D wdkif;jynf&JU
emrnfudk Burma 'grSr[kwf Myanmar (Arm? jrefrm)
vdkYvnf; rac:oifhbl;vdkY ajymjycJhw,f/ wkdif;jynfudk em
rnftopf ay;oihfw,f - tJ'D emrnf uawmh - arwm
EkdifiHawmf - the Union of Metta-Land vdkY touf
65 ESpf &SdNyDjzpfwJh ausmif;q&mBuD;u tBuHjyKygw,f/
EkdifiH w0Srf;vHk;rSm &SdwJh vlom;tm;vHk;? vlrsKd;EG,fpktm;
vHk;udk ukd,fpm;jyKwJh EkdifiH/ cspfjcif; arwmw&m;vnf;
xGef;um;aom e,fajr/ q&mBuD;u arwmEkdifiHawmf
twGuf trsKd;om; oDcsif; wpfyk'fudkvnf; pyfxm;yg
ao;w,f/ 'Darwm EkdifiHawmfBuD;udk *kPfjyKzdkY 1974 ck
ESpf avmufuwnf;u ola&;pyf oDuHk;cJhw,fvdkY ajymjy
ygw,f/ 'Daw;oDcsif;udkvnf; orwBuD; AdkvfcsKyf BuD;
OD;odef;pdefeJY AdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; OD;oef;a&TwdkYxHudk ydkYzdkY tpD
tpOf &Sdw,fvdkYvnf; ajymjyygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pD arwm
EkdifiHawmfopf&JU trsKd;om;oDcsif;aygY/ vufcHw,fvufrcHbl; qdkwmudkawmh usrwdkY apmihfMunfhMur,f
av/}
tvkyf&HkaqG;aEG;yGJ rSwfwrf;
(30 ZGefv 2011)

53

EkdifiHwum
ynma7;
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;
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csDwufvmMuNyD; wkdif;jynf ya'o&mZfbk&if rmhpf0gwD 3
\ ydkifqkdifrIwdkYudk EkdifiHwumrS odrf;qnf;ydwfqdkY&ef
awmif;qdkcJhMuonf/

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rsm;ay:xGufNyD; qEjyMuawmhonf/

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54

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pkNyD; wm;qD;ydwfqdkYyg&ef} EdI;aqmfpmjzpfonf/

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wefzdk; ravsmhoGm;ap&eftwGuf tultnD awmif;cH
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ausmif;q&mrsm;\ qEjyyGJrsm;twGif; t
pnf;t&Hk; OuX qDbGef*D;rmZDbludku ,ckuJhokdY
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avmufNyDvdkY usaemfwdkYu ajymaewmjzpfw,f/ usaemf
wdkYu rD;avmifaewJh bwfpfum;ay:rSmav/ ta&;ay:
jywif;aygufudk uefausmuf azmufxGuf ae&wmyg/}

(12? ZGefv? 2011) Souce: EI

uarm'D;,m; ausmif;q&m jyemrsm;udk q&mor*azmfxkwf

vGwfvyfaom uarm'D;,m; ausmif;q&m
rsm; tpnf;t&Hk;u ausmif;q&mrsm; MuHKawGYae&onfh
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tcJqkdif&m ppfwrf; wpfapmifudk xkwfa0vdkufonf/

rwfvtwGif; jynfe,f 17 ckwGif ppfwrf;
aumuf,lcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ &&Sdonfh a'wmrsm;udk
SPSS aqmhzf0Judk toHk;jyKNyD; ppfaq;cJhMuonf/
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mwGif ausmif;q&mrsm; yg0if
cGihf&&SdrI? ynma&; rl0g'rsm;udk ausmif;q&mrsm;u
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aMunmajymqdk&mwGif ]uarm'D;,m; wpfEkdifiHvHk;u
ausmif;q&m 700 avmuf 'DavhvmrIrSm yg0ifcJhMu
ygw,f/ ausmif;q&mrsm; &ifqdkifae&wJh jyem
tBuD;qHk; 3 ckuawmh (1) vpm0ifaiG edrfhyg;vGef;jcif;?
(2) t*wdw&m; vdkufpm;rIeJY (3) oifwef;rsm;? oif

axmufulrsm; r&&Sdjcif;wdkYyJjzpfw,fvdkY od&Sd&ygw,f/}

vGwfvyfaom ausmif;q&mtpnf;t&Hk;rS
&v'frsm;udk ynma&; 0efBuD;Xmeudk wifjyoGm;rnf
jzpfonf/ ]ynma&;t&nftaoG; wdk;wuf aumif;rGef
apzdkYtwGuf uRefawmfwdkY yl;aygif; aqmif&GufMuzdkY&m
wkdufwGef; oGm;rSmvnf;jzpfygw,f/} or* OuXu
ajymjycJhonf/

EkdifiHwum ynma&; or*rsm; tzGJYcsKyf EI \
tzGJY0ifjzpfaom uarm'D;,m; q&mtpnf;t&Hk;u q&m
rsm;MuHKawGYae&onfh jyemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef enf;
vrf;rsm;udkvnf; &Sif;jyxm;onf/ q&mvpmrsm; wkd;jrihf
a&;udpESihf q&mrsm;ESihf &yf&GmvlYtzGJYtpnf;rsm;\
ausmif;pDrHcefYcGJa&;wGif aqmif&GufEkdifyHkwdkY yg0ifonf/

EkdifiHwum ynma&; tzGJYtpnf;BuD; EI u
uarm'D;,m; tmPmydkifrsm;taejzihf rl0g'rsm; csrSwf
&mwGif ausmif;q&m or*tzGJYESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef
wkdufwGef;xm;onf/
Source: EI (15.May.2011)

Periodic Table wGif xnhfoGif;&ef j'yfpiftopf 2 rsKd; awGY &Sd

tar&duefESihf &k&Sm;odyHynm&Sifrsm; yl;aygif; wGif awGY&Sdjcif;jzpfNyD; ckdifvHkrIESihf todtrSwf jyKEkdif
&SmazG az:xkwfcJhonfh j'yfpiftopf 2 rsKd;udk Periodic &eftwGuf ESpfcsDatmif apmihfqkdif;cJh&onf/ ,cktcg
Table j'yfpifZ,m;wGif xnfhoGif;rnfjzpfaMumif; tar emrnftopfay;&ef apmifhqkdif;&OD;rnf jzpfonf/
&duef "mwkynm&Sifu ajymMum;vdkufonf/

discovery/ earth news (12? ZGef? 2011)

2009 ckESpfwGif copernicium udk xnfhoGif;
cJhNyD; aemufydkif;wGif topfxyfrH xnfhoGif;Mujcif; jzpf
onf/ trnfrsm; ray;&ao;aomfvnf; 114 ESihf 116
[k todtrSwf jyKxm;Muonf/

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wuodkvfrS "mwkaA' ygarmuESihf j'yfpif aumfrDwD
OuX aygvfum&dku qdkonf/ ]'gayrJh j'yfpiftopf
awGudk xyfNyD;awmh &SmazGawGY&SdzdkYu tawmfuav;
cufcJvmygw,f/ 'gaMumihfrdkY topfwpfrsKd;awGYNyD qdk&if
awmh pdwfvIyf&Sm;p&m aumif;vSw,f/}

j'yfpiftopfrsm;udk 2004 ESihf 2006 ckESpfwdkY55

Facebook ESihf Twitter wdkY aMumihf

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rsm;udk toHk;jyKaeonfh rsKd;qufrsm;rSm pdwZ qefqef
jyKrlwwfMujcif;? tm&Hk pl;pdkufcsdef avsmhenf; vmjcif;ESihf
&SifoefrIwGif uav;i,frsm;uJhodkY taxmuftul
vdktyfjcif;wdkYudk &ifqkdifae&NyD jzpfaMumif; xdyfwef;
odyHynm&Sif wpfOD;u xkwfazmf ajymMum;vdkufonf/

atmufpzdkY'fwuodkvf? aq;0g;aA'XmerS
ygarmu Baroness Greenfield u tifwmeuf ay:
wGif ]oli,fcsif;rsm;} wdk;yGm;vmaeyHk? uGefysLwm *drf;rsm;
udk tvGeftrif; upm;vmMuyHkwdkYrSm OD;aESmuf tvkyf
vkyfyHkukd ajymif;jyef jyefvnf wnfaqmufaeNyD[k ,Hk
Munfxm;onf/

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vmjcif;? rdrdukd,fudk pdwfauseyfrI tpOf vdktyfaejcif;?
ajymqdk aqG;aEG;jcif; - EIwfajympGrf;&nf- usqif; vm
jcif;ESihf rsufvHk;csif;qdkifNyD; pum; ajymqdkwwfrI tm;
enf;vmjcif;wkdY jzpfaMumif;qdkonf/

]usr pdk;&drfaewmuawmh wGpfwmay:rSm
wifaeMuwJh aygufyef; av;q,f? bmr[kwf? nm
r[kwf? tajctjrpf r&SdwJh taMumif;t&mawGygyJ/}
awmf0if okawoe toif;BuD; 'g&dkufwma[mif; ynm
&Sifu Daily Mail udk &Sif;jycJhonf/

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qdkwmudk tjcm;wpfa,mufu bmvdkY pdwf0ifpm; &rSm
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- arara& wm;wm; vkyfxm;wm MunfhygOD;}..][kd[m
vnf;yJ wm;wm; vkyfxm;w,f/}
56

]trSwftom; o&kyfeJY ywfoufNyD; tawmf
uav; jyem wwfaeMuyHkygyJ/ tcsdefqdkwJh umv
,E&m;[m yHkpHysufNyD; OD;aESmufxJrSm aysmufqHk;vm
aeyHkrsKd;/} Greenfield u xyfajymjycJhonf/

tcsKdUaom azhpfbGwf oHk;pGJolrsm;rSm ]emrnf
ausmf} vlwef;pm;0if? ]qJvpfb&pfwD} tao; pm;av;
rsm;ozG,f rdrdudkf,fudk cH,l vmMuNyD;vQif ydkrdk vlBudKuf
rsm;vm apcsifMujyefonf/ tjcm;olrsm;u rdrdwdkYudk aeY
pOfyif apmihfMunfh aeMuNyD;vQif csD;rGrf; axmyemvnf;
jyKaeMujcif;udk vdkvm; awmihfwvsuf/

]azhpfbGwf pmrsufESmay:wGif rsufESmom &
&ef} twGufvnf; jyKrlvkyfaqmif aewwfjyefonf/ t
b,faMumifhqdkaomf ]tjcm;olrsm;u rdrdwkdYudk od&Sd em;
vnfaeonfhyHkpH} rsKd;jzihfom rdrdukd,fudk t"dyg,fzGihfqdk?
&IjrifvdkY&jcif; a&m*g pGJuyf vmaomaMumihfyifjzpfonf/

]tppftrSef r[kwfwJh oD;jcm; urm wpfckrSm
olwdkY[m aexdkif aeMuovdk jzpfaeNyD/ tJ'D urmrSm ol
wdkYu udk,fhudk uvpfvkyfNyD; yHkaz: xm;MuwJh urm/}
ynm&Sif okawoDu &Sif;jycJh onf/
30 Zlvdkif 2011
Source: ANI/ hindustantimes

'pf*spfw,f ynma&;pepf usihfoHk;awmhrnfh wkdif;jynf

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usef&pfawmhrnf/
(29 Zlvdkif 2011)
Source: Reuter

57

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Sorce: The Telegraph
(28.April .2011)

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Source: news.yahoo.com
(3. June .2011)

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25 Zlvdkif 2011
Source: Dailymail.co.uk
59

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9 Zlvdkif 2011
Source: AFP/ir
61

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62

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tckacwfBuD;rSm vli,fawGvrf;rvGJapzdkY BudK;yrf;ae&wm wurmvHk;rSmygyJ/
rdbawG? q&m q&mrawG? tkyfcsKyfwJhtpdk;&awG tm;vHk; yl;wGJNyD;awmh xrf;aqmif&wJh
tvkyfBuD;wckyg/ vlrIa&;? ynma&;pepf pDrHudef;awG yDyDjyifjyif&SdNyD;om; EkdifiHawGrSm
qdk&ifawmh 'Dtvkyfu ydkNyD;awmh xda&muf ygw,f/ tefwDwdkY EkdifiHrSmawmh apwem
&SdolawG tm;vHk; ulnD yHhydk;ay;&r,fhvkyfief;BuD; jzpfaeygw,f/

tefwDwdkY vli,f uGef,ufuvnf; vlrIa&; vkyfief;awG? ynmay; oif
wef;awG vkyf&if;eJY vli,fawG pdwfravatmif? vrf;rSm; ra&mufatmif vkyfaeayr,fh
vkyfEkdifpGrf;tm;u tckxdawmh vdktyfwmxuf trsm;BuD; enf;ae ygao;w,f/ 'gh
aMumifh vli,fawG udk,fwdkif kef;uefzdkYvnf; vkdaeygw,f/

om;wdkYacgif;xJrSm pGJpGJNrJNrJ rSwfxm;&rSmu tcktcsdefrSm udk,fhudk,fudk wefzdk;
&SdwJh vlwa,muf jzpfatmif rBudK;pm;&if wb0vHk; tv[ jzpfoGm;Ekdifw,fqdkwJh
tcsufygyJ/

vlwdkif;vlwdkif; udk,fhudk,fudk wefzdk; &SdatmifvkyfEkdifwJh tcGihfta&;awG &Sdyg
w,f/ rsufaph zGihfNyD;awmh Munfhyg? jrifygvdrfhr,f/ jrifwJh tcGifhta&; uav; b,f
avmufyJ ao;ao; &,lNyD;awmh BudK;pm;vdkufyg/

tefwDwdkY vli,fuGef,ufudkvnf; rdk;nif;bufrSm bmawG vkyfay;Ekdif rvJ
qdkwm ar;vdkufygOD;r,f/ (VOA)

63

aum
aqmf
aem
ynma&;
(.)

q&m apmatmifoef;a0ESihf
tifwmAsL;

64

yxrqHk; q&m atmifoef;a0 taeeJY q&m&JU

aemufcH taMumif;eJY ynma&; jzwfoef;rI?
vuf&Sd wm0ef0w&m;awGudk ajymjyay;yg/

usaemfhudk u&ifjynfe,f? aumhu
&dwfNrdKU e,fu &Gmuav; w&GmrSm arG;ygw,f/

tajccHynm txufwef; ('orwef;) udk 1990 rSm atmifjrifNyD;? 1995 ckESpfrSm
ta0;oif wuodkvfuae jrefrmpm t"dueJY
ausmif;NyD;ygw,f/ ta0;oif wufaewkef;?
usaemfh&GmeJY av;rdkifavmuf a0;wJh &Gmav;
wpf&GmrSm rlvwef;jy q&mtjzpf vkyfcJhygao;

Textbooks vdkY

ac:wJh oif&dk;nGef;wrf;pmtkyfudk
oHk;ayr,fh ausmif;om;[m 'D
oif&dk;nGef;wrf; zwfpmtkyf
wpfckwnf;udkyJ
tm;udk;vdkY r&ygbl;/

w,f/ tck vuf&Sduawmh rJaqmufNrdKU? r,fawmf aq;

cef; rSm okawoe qdkif&mqufpyf aqmif&Gufay;ol
(Research Coordinator taeeJYa&m? r,fawmf
aq;cef;u zGifhvSpfwJh usef;rma&; qdkif&m oifwef;
awGrSm oifwef;q&mtjzpfyg aqmif &Guf ay;ygw,f/

uG,fa&; ynmay; pDrHudef;rSm pvkyfwJh tcsdefu pNyD;

awmh qufvuf ynmoifMum;cGifh &ygw,f/ tdwfcsf
tdkifAGDtdwfpf? rsKd;qufyGm; usef;rma&;? rdom;pk pDrHudef;eJY
ywfoufwJh ynmawGudk xdkif;EdkifiHom;? EdkifiHjcm;om;
oifwef;q&mrsm;xHuae qnf;yl; oif,lcGihf &&SdcJhyg
w,f/ aemufNyD;awmh jrefrmEdkifiH aq;ynm&Sifrsm;
toif;? r,fv 'kuonfpcef;u u&iftrsKd;om;rsm;
twGuf HIV-AIDS ynmay; vkyfaqmifrI tzGJYawGrSm
wm0ef xrf;aqmifwJh tcsdefrSmvnf; vkyfief;cGifeJY ywf
oufwJh vlYtcGifhta&;qdkif&m? usef;rma&;qdkif&m? oif
wef;awGudkvnf; wufcJh ygw,f/

r,fawmfaq;cef;udk a&mufNyD; aemufrSm
awmh r,fawmfaq;cef;rSm zGihfvSpfwJh olemjyKoifwef;?
(Nursing Care training)? 6 v oifwef;udk wufcJhyg
w,f/ onfumvrSmyJ xdkif;bmompum;udk qufvuf
avhvmzdkY twGuf xdkif;EkdifiH? ynma&;Xme&JU aumaqmf
aem (Non-formal Education) - ausmif;jyify ynm
qufoifa&;udk qufoG,fNyD; owfrSwfxm;wJh &ufawG
rSm yHkrSefwufa&muf qnf;yl;cJhygw,f/

2004-2005 rSmawmh jrefrm ausmif;om;awG
udk ynmoifqk axmufyHhwJh (Prospect Burma Supplementary Grant Program) uae ynm
oifqk (Scholarship) &cJhwJh twGuf befaumufNrdKU?
csLvmavmifaumif; wuodkvf (Chulalongkorn
University)? vlxk usef;rma&; aumvdyf (College of
Public Health) rSm vlxk usef;rma&; r[mbGGJY (Masters of Public Health) udk wufa&muf qnf;yl;cJhyg
w,f/

bmjzpfvdkY jrefrmjynfu xGufcGgvmcJh &ygovJ/

tjcm;aom jrefrmjynfom; awGvdkygyJ/ onfh
xufydkrdk aumif;NyD; ydkrdk tqifajywJh b0rsKd;udk &SmazGcJh
wmyg/ &GmrSmu tNrJwrf; MuHKae&wJh vkyftm;ay; (awm
ckwf? vrf;azguf) pwmawG? ay:wmaMu;? uif;aMu;?
jrLeDpyg,faMu;? tp&SdwmawGudk a&SmifzdkY&,f? aemufNyD;
awmh usaemfh&JU rdom;pk toufarG;0rf; ausmif;jyKwJh
v,fajrawGudk zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&; tpDtpOftwGuf ig;
arG;uefwl;zdkY taMumif;jycsufeJY ppftpdk;&u rw&m;
odrf;ydkufvdkufawmh pm;? 0wf? aea&; 0ifaiG tcuftcJ xdkif;EdkifiHrSm ynm oifMum;wJhyHkeJ h jrefrmjynf ynma&;
awG? b0 tusyftwnf;awGaMumifh cspfwJh Zmwd&Gmav; b,fvdk uGm[ jcm;em;ygovJ/

xdkif;EdkifiHrSm ynmoifMum;wJh yHkudkawmh us
u xGufvm cJh&ygawmhw,f/
aemf t&rf; oabmusygw,f/ Textbooks vdkY ac:wJh
q&m xdkif;EdkifiH? rJaqmufNrdKUudka&mufNyD; aemufydkif; oif&dk;nGef;wrf;pmtkyfudk oHk;ayr,fh ausmif;om;[m 'D
ynmqufvuf qnf;yl; avhvmcGifh &cJhyHk av;awGudk oif&dk;nGef;wrf; zwfpmtkyf wpfckwnf;udkyJ tm;udk;vdkY
r&ygbl;/ ausmif;q&muvnf; 'DpmtkyfxJutaMumif;
ajymjyay;yg/ bmoifwef;awG wuf a&mufcJhygovJ/

xdkif;EdkifiHudk a&mufNyD; aemufydkif; puf&Hkw&HkrSm t&mudkyJ roifygbl;/ vuf&Sd jzpfysufaewJh t&mawG?
pum;jyefvkyfygw,f/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh a0gvfAGD&Sif; ausmif;om;&JU vufawGYb0rSm toHk;0ifr,fh t&mawG
(rJaqmuf) u tdwfcsftdkifAGDtdwfpf HIV-AIDS um udk oif&dk;nGef;wrf;ESihf wGJNyD;? ,SOfNyD;awmh ausmif;om;

65

awGudk oifMum;ay;w,f/ ausmif;om;awGudk avhvm

apygw,f/ ausmif;om;awG&JU t&nftcsif;udk qef;ppf
wJh tcsdefrSmvnf; 2 em&D ar;cGef;? 3 em&D ar;cGef;eJY t&nf
tcsif;udk rqHk;jzwfygbl;/ ausmif;om;&JU wESpfvHk;rSm
vkyfaqmifcJhwJh wOD;csif; tvdkuf avhusifhcef;? tkyfpk
tvdkuf avhusifhcef;? vlrIzGHYNzdK;rI? obm0 ywf0ef;usif
xdef;odrf;rI tp&SdwJh tjyKtrlawG tm;vHk;udk xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;NyD; ausmif;om; wa,muf&JU pOfqufrjywf avh
vmrIeJY bufpHkppfaq;NyD; &oifhwJh trSwf (Grade) udk
owfrSwfwmyg/ wOD;wa,mufcsif; vkyf&wJh avhusifh
cef;awG jzpfap? tkyfpkzGJY vkyf&wJh avhusifhcef;awGyJ jzpf
ap? ausmif;om;awG taeeJY tjyifu pmtkyfawG?
vdktyf&if tjcm;olawGudk awGYqHkar;jref;wmawG vkyf&
ygw,f/

jrefrmjynfrSmqdk&if oif&dk;nGef;wrf;xJu pmyJ
oifNyD;? tJ'D txJuyJ ar;w,f/ tjyifu taMumif;
t&mawG xnfha&;rd&ifawmh usaemfh tawYGtMuHKt&
q&m? q&mrawG ac: NyD; tppfcH? tqlcH&rSm usdef;ao
w,f/ usaemf udk,fwdkifa&m? oli,fcsif; wcsKdU vnf; 'Dvdk

66

ac: NyD; owday;wm cH&zl;ygw,f/ wESpfvHk; vkyfwJh avh

usifhcef;awG? yHkrSef tdrfpmawG? wGJzuf wuf&wJh oif
wef; (Oyrm -vlxk tusKd;jyK oifwef;? MuufajceD oif
wef;) awG[m twef;wif pmar;yGJrSm bmrS tMuHK; r0if
ygbl;/ 'gayrJh xdkif;ynma&; pepfrSmawmh txufrSm ajym
jycJhwJh avhusifhcef; tdrfpm? oifwef;awG tm;vHk;[m
aemufqHk; pmar;yGJ trSwf (Grade) xJrSm oGm;NyD;awmh
tBuHK;0ifygw,f/ pOfqufrjywf ynma&;eJY ausmif;zGihf
wJh ESpfpuae ESpfqHk;wJh txd aeYpOf? tywfpOf yHkrSef
qnf;yl; avhvmzdkYtwGuf vdktyfwJh ynma&;pepfvdkY
ajymEkdifygw,f/ yHkrSef BudK;pm; avhvmrSvnf; ynm
wjznf;jznf; jynfh0vmr,f r[kwfvm;/
q&m wufcJhwJh ]aum aqmf aem} ynma&;qdkwm bmvJ
q&m? tao;pdwf &Sif;jy ay;ygvm;? q&m bmjzpfvdk h
wufa&mufcJhygovJ?

]aum aqmf aem} qdkwmu xkdif;pum;eJYyg/
jrefrmvdk bmomjyef&ifawmh]ausmif;oif ynma&; p
epf jyify? tqifajyovdk? rdrd ESpfouf&m? 0goemyg &mudk

avhvmoif,ljcif;} vdkY wdkuf&dkuf bmomjyefEdkif yg

w,f/ xdkif;bmomvdkuawmh
(.) vdkY ac:ygw,f/ t*Fvdyfvdkuawmh (Non Formal Education) vdkY bmomjyefqdk Muygw,f/ xdkif;rSm
usaemf a&mufpwkef;u xdkif;pm rwwfawmh t&rf;
tcuftcJ jzpfcJhygw,f/ usaemfh&JU xdkif;oli,fcsif;awG
uvnf; ulNyD; oifay;awmh usaemf a&;wwf? zwfwwf
vmygw,f? 'Dawmh xdkif;bmomudk ydkNyD; avhvmvdkw,f/
xdkif;bmomeJY a&;xm;wJh pmtkyf trsKd;rsKd;udkvnf;
zwfcsifvmw,f/ 'geJYyJ xdkif;wpfa,muf tultnDeJY
usaemf ]aum aqmf aem} wufcJhw,f/ xdkif;rSmvnf;
atmifvufrSwf &Edkif ygw,f/

xdkif;ynma&; Oya'xJrSmvnf; jrefrmjynf
om; jzpfayr,fh &dk;&dk;bGJY&wJh txd wufEdkifw,f qdkwm
]aum aqmf aem} armifr,fopfvGif BudKqdkyGJaeYrSmyJ
odcGihf &cJhygw,f/ 'gayrJh wu,fh vufawGYrSmawmh tJ'D
rl0g'awGudk taumiftxnfaz: aqmif&Guf&wJh ynm
a&; t&m&SdawG tay:rSmvnf; rlwnfwmayghav/ tJ'D
rSm usaemf xdkif;oli,fcsif;awG &vmw,f/ olwdkYu
usaemfhudk jrefrmjynfom;rSef; odayr,fh cGJjcm; qufqHrI
r&SdMuygbl;/ udk,fuvnf; udk,fhudk,fudk cGJrxm;zdkYvnf;
vdkwmaygYav/

]aum aqmf aem} [m rl? v,f? xuf ynma&; wydkif;

wpeJY ausmif;xGufxm;cJh&wJh vli,fawG/ oufBuD;awG
twGuf tifrwef wefzdk;&Sdw,fvdkY od&ygw,f/ b,fvdk
taxmuftul b,fvdk jzpfygovJ? bmaMumifhygvJ
q&m?

]aum aqmf aem} [m ynmwpfydkif;wpfp?
wpf0ufwpfysufeJY ausmif;xGuf&wJh vli,fawG? ouf
BuD;awG twGuf wefzdk;&Sdwm tifrwefrS rSefuefygw,f/
xdkif;ynma&;pepfrSm touf (4 ESpf rS 6 ESpf txd)
rlvwef;twGuf jyifqifay;wJh ynma&;? jrefrmjynf
rSmqdk rlBudKeJY wlr,f? tJ'gudk (3) ESpf ae&ygw,f/ touf
(7 ESpf rS 12 ESpf txd) rlvwef; (6) ESpf ae&ygw,f/ 6
wef; txd/ touf (13 ESpf rS 15 ESpf txd) txufwef;
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ESpf) ae&w,f/ touf (16 ESpf rS 18 ESpf txd) txuf
wef; tqHk;ydkif; (txufwef; txufqihf 10? 11? 12
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ESpf ae&w,f/ tJ'DrSm tajctaet&? tajccH ynma&;
rNyD;ao;cif ausmif;xGuf &&if ynm qufvuf oif,l
Edkifwmu ]aum aqmf aem} ygyJ/ ausmif;xGuf
vli,fawG? vl&G,f? vlBuD; tm;vHk; wufcGihf&SdMuw,f/
wufvnf; wufMu ygw,f/
67

qif;&JNyD; rdom;pkudk
axmufyHhae&wJh vli,f? vl&G,f
awGtwGuf tnGefY wvlvleJY
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qnf;yl;EdkifwJh
tzdk;wef
ae&mav; wpfckyg/

]aum aqmf aem} rSm rlvwef;udk (2) ESpf
wuf&w,f/ txufwef; tpydkif;udk (2 ESpf) wuf
&w,f? txufwef; tqHk;ydkif;udk (2 ESpf) wuf&w,f/
tJ'Dawmh]aumaqmfaem}[mwcgrSausmif;raebl;wJh
awmifay: wdkif;&if;om;awG? rlvwef;eJY ausmif;xGuf
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ausmif;xGuf&wJh vli,fawG twGufa&m? aemufNyD;
awmh t&ifu txufwef; tpydkif; atmifNyD;wmeJY
tpdk;& tvkyf0ifwJh vlawG? olwdkYtwGuf rdrd&mxl; wdk;
wufa&;twGufvnf; ynmqufvuf oif,lEdkifyg
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vl&G,fawGtwGuf tnGefY wvlvleJY olwdkY&JU tem*wf
twGuf ynmudkqufvuf qnf;yl;EdkifwJh tzdk;wef ae
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touf 15 ESpf 16 ESpf t&G,f q,fausmfoufu aeNyD;
awmh touf 40 ESpf 50 ESpf t&G,f OD;OD;? a':a': awGvnf;
ygw,f/ ukefwdkufrSm aps;a&mif;aewJh ta&mif; pma&;?
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touft&G,f? tvkyftudkifawG jzpfaeayr,fh tJ'DrSm
tcgtm;avsmfpGm tkyfpkzGJY avhusifhcef;awG vkyf&wmawG
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68

tJ'gu vlrIa&;tjrifudkvnf; us,fjyefYapygw,f/

ynma&; wGJzuf wefzdk;awGyg/
]aum aqmf aem} rSm bmawGudk avhvm&ygovJ?

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bmom? ocFsmbmom? odyHbmom? vlrIa&; bmomeJY
(Life Skills) vdkY ac:wJh vlrIb0qdkif&m uRrf;usifrI
bmomawGudk oif,l&ygw,f/ bmom&yfwdkif;rSm tpdk;
&? A[dk ]aum aqmf aem} u owfrSwfwJh olY oufqdkif&m
oif&dk;nGef;wrf;awG &Sdayr,fh q&mawG oifMum;wJh
tcgrSmawmh ausmif;om;awG&JU wu,fh vufawGYeJY
EdIif;,SOfNyD; oifMum;ay;ygw,f/ avhusifh cef;awGudk
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taMumif;udk oifwJhtcg vQyfppf pD;qif;yHkudk vuf awGY
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vkyfygw,f/ ]aum aqmf aem} aemufqHk; pmar;yGJBuD;&JU
trSwfu trSwftm;vHk;&JU 40 &mcdkifEIef;avmufom
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arQmfrSef;Edkfifw,fvdk hod&ygw,f? &Sif;jyay;yg?

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]aum aqmf aem} [m
vlwdkif;twGuf ]ynmacwf }
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pepf &Sdw,f/ ]aum aqmf aem} txufwef; tqHk;ydkif;
atmifwm[m &dk;&dk; ausmif;oifynma&; txufwef;
atmifwmeJY twlwlygyJ/ xdkif;EdkifiHrSm wwodkvfawGudk
ESpfrsKd; cGJxm;ygw,f/ (Open University and
Closed University) tzGifhwuodkvf eJY tydwfwu
odkvfvdkY ac:rSmaygYaemf/ tzGifhwuodkvf uawmh tJ'D
wuodkvfudk 0ifcGifh ajzp&m rvdkbJ udk,fvdkcsifwJh bm
om&yfudk avQmufvTmwifNyD; wufvdkY&wJh wuodkvfyg/
tydwf wuodkvfuawmh tJ'D wuodkvfu ESpfpOf
usif;ywJh 0ifcGifh pmar;yGJawGudk 0ifajzNyD; owfrSwfxm;
wJh trSwf (Grade) tvdkuf udk,f&wJh bmom&yfawGudk
wufcGifh&wJh wuodkvfyg/ 'Dawmh ]aum aqmf aem}
u atmifwJh olawG[m tzGifh wuodkvfudk wufNyD;
bGJY& Edkifygw,f/ 'ghtjyif (Sukhothai Thamathirat
Open University) [m xdkif;EdkifiHrSm &SdwJh emrnfBuD;
ta0;oif wuodkvfwckyg/ tJ'D wuodkvfu wqifh
vnf; wufNyD; bGJY,lEdkifygw,f/ tck usaemf tJ'D wu
odkvfrSm EdkifiHa&;odyH? EdkifiHwum qufqHa&; t"du
bmomeJYwufa&mufavhvmaeygw,f/tJ'w
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69

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73

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NyD;cJhonfh rwfv twGif;wGifvnf; rdk;&uf
quf&GmoGef;cJh&m a&Tbdk? aejynfawmf(a&qif;)?
bm;tH? armfvNrdKif? usKdurD? zsmykH? c&rf;? r*Fvm'kH paom
NrdKUwdkYwGif rkd;a&csdef pHcsdefopfwifrIrsm; jzpfay: vmcJhonf/
xkdYjyifrkefwkdif;ukd owdjyK&onfh umv ra&muf&Sdao;
aom rwfvtwGif;wGif avzdtm;enf; &yf0ef; jzpfay:rI?
rkefwkdif;jzpfEkdif? rjzpfEkdif apmifhMunfh&rIrsm;vnf; &SdcJh
onf/

jrefrmEkdifiHonf 2009 ckESpf rSpwifum tpGef;
a&muf&moDOwk taetxm;udk awGYBuHKvm&NyD; 2010
jynfhESpfwGifvnf; ,if;odkYaom &moDOwkudkyif &ifqdkif
74

cJh&onf/

]aemufydkif;ESpfawGrSm yl&ifvnf; tvGefyl? rdk;
rsm;&ifvnf; tvGefrsm;? at;&ifvnf; tvGefat;wJh
tpGef;a&muf &moDOwkrsKd;ukdyJ MuHK&zdkYrsm;ygw,f} [k
a'gufwm xGef;vGifu ajymMum;onf/

tpGef;a&muf &moDOwk trsKd;tpm; wpfckjzpf
onfh vmeDnmonf rkefwkdif;rsm;jcif;? rkd;rsm;jcif;ponfh
pGwfpdkaom &moDOwk taetxm;ukd MuHK&wwfonfh
oabmobm0 &Sdaeonf/

2011 ckESpf vmeDnm\ xl;jcm;rIrSm ork'&m
jzpfpOf vmeDnm\ tiftm;onf tiftm; toifhtwifh
rQom &Sdaomfvnf; urmh avxktwGif; jzpfay:vmonfh
&moDOwk azmufjyefrIrSm vmeDnmordkif;wGif tqdk;qkH;
jzpfaeonf/

2010-2011 ckESpf vmeDnm &moDOwk azmuf
jyefrIrsm;udk MopaMw;vs? e,l;ZDvef? oD&dvuFm? tdEd,?
b&mZD;vf? tm*sifwD;em;? bdkvD;AD;,m;? tDauGa'g?
yDl;wdkY wGif MuHKawGUcJh&onf/

EkdifiHwum vmeDnm apmifhMunfha&; A[dkXme
rsm;u vmrnfh ar? ZGef? Zlvdkifvrsm;txd vmeDnm &Sdae
Ekdifao;aMumif; cefYrSef; xkwfjyefxm;Muonf/

jrefrmEkdifiH rkefwdkif;udk owdjyK&aom umv
rSm rkd;BudKumv jzpfaom {NyDESihf ar? rkd;vGefumvjzpf
aom atmufwdkbmESifh Edk0ifbmvwdkY jzpf&mwGif ,ck
tcg {NyDvodkY pwif 0ifa&mufvmjcif;? rkefwkdif; *kjyK&
onfh vmeDnmESpfjzpf aejcif;wdkYaMumifh rkefwkdif;ukd ,ck
rkd;BudK umvwpfavQmuf owdjyK oGm;&rnfjzpfonf[k
od&Sd&onf/
({NyD 2011)

txl;u@

oD;ESHrsm;\ tem*wf pkd;&drfae&

&moDOwktajctae a&&SnfcefYrSef;csufrsm;
udk avhvmvsuf &Sdaeonf/ w&kwf? ajrmuftar&duESihf
Oa&myEdkfifiHrsm; tygt0if urmhEkdifiH trsm;tjym;wGif
rdk;av0oESihf &moDOwk tajctaerSm pdkufysKd;oD;ESHrsm;
udk Ncdrf;ajcmufvsuf &SdaeayNyD/

w&kwf ta&SUajrmufa'o (,cifu rdk;acgif
a&&Sm;) twGif; oD;ESHrsm;rSm rdk;onf;xefpGm &GmoGef;rI
aMumihf ysufpD; qHk;IH;&zdkY &Sdaeonf/ ,efpDjrpf0Srf; vGifjyif
rSmvnf; a&atmuf epfjrKyfaeonf/ Oa&my? tar
&duefESihf uae'gEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl jyemrSm rdk;acgif
a&&Sm;rI jzpf\/

tar&duef awmifbufESihf taemufawmif
ydkif;jynfe,frsm;wGiftajcmufaoGYqHk;aom&moDOwkudk
ESpfaygif; rsm;pGmtwGif; MuHKawGYae&onf/ 2010 Zlvdkif
vuwnf;u rdk;r&Gmoavmuf &Sdaeonf/

tyl&Sdefjrifhrm;jcif;ESihf pdkxdkif;qenf;yg;jcif;wdkY
aMumihf oD;ESHrsm; rjzpfxGef;awmhbJ avjyif;rsm;aMumihf
awmrD;rsm;om avmifuRrf;&ef tajctaejzpfaeonf/
urmw0Srf;vHk;wGif pm;eyf&dum vHkjcHKzlvHka&; jyemrSm
BuD;xGm;vdkYvmaeonf/ 2010 ckESpf rdk;acgifa&&Sm;rIudk
BuHKawGY&NyD;aemufydkif; k&Sm;ESihf ,lu&def;EkdifiHwdkYwGif *sKHp
yg;txGuf enf;yg;vGef;jcif;aMumihf v,form;rsm;
taejzihf jynfyodkY wifydkYjcif;udk &yfwefYcJh&onf/

2011 ckESpfwGif 2 EkdifiHwGif tajctae
wkd;wufvmcJhaomfjim;vnf; Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl pdkuf
ysKd;a&;wGif a&&Sm;yg;rIaMumifh *sKHESihf tjcm;yifr oD;ESH
rsm;rSm ESpf 30 twGif; txGuftedrfhyg;qHk; tajctaeudk
MuHKawGYae&onf/

,lauEkdifiHwGifvnf; ESpfw&mtwGif; t
ajcmufaoGYqHk; aEGOD;umvudk &ifqkdifcJh&onf/

aEGOD;&moD rdk;acgifa&&Sm;jyemrSm MuHK
awGY&wwfonfh udpjzpfonf/ ZGefvESihf Zlvkdifvqef;
umvrsm;wGif Oa&my aEGrkwfokefrdk; &GmjrJjzpfonf/

odkY&mwGif ,ckMuHKawGYae&onfh tm&SESihf
tmz&duwdkufrsm;wGif rkd;tqufrjywf &GmoGef;rIESihf
rwlyg/

Owk&moDESihf rdk;av0orSm yHkrSefr[kwfawmh
bJ wnfNidrfrI uif;rJhvsuf&Sdae\/

vlOD;a& wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmae&m tpm;tpm
ydkrdkxkwfvkyf&ef awmif;qdkvsuf&Sdonf/

odkY&mwGif uHraumif;vSonfrSm EkdifiH t
awmfrsm;rsm;wGif vdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;ay;&ef
&moDOwkrSm tajymif;tvJu jyem jzpfaeawmh
onf/
armu obm0 ywf0ef;usif owif;
Source: Aljazeera (20? ZGef? 2011)

tiwfab;udk aiGaMu;jzihf ajz&Sif; Ekdifygrnfavm

tmz&du OD;csKda'owGif vlxk 12 oef;rSm
tiwfab;'Pfudk qkd;0g;pGm cHpm;aeNyDjzpf&m aiGaMu;
tultnDjzihf tajz &SmEkdifygrnfavm/

tESpf 60 umvtwGif; tqdk;0g;qHk;aom
rdk;acgifa&&Sm;rI'PfESihf pm;eyf&dum rvHkavmufrIwdkYudk
cHpm;aeMujcif;jzpfonf/

qdkrm;vD,m;? tDoD,dk;yD;,m;ESihf uifnm
EkdifiHrsm;wGif jzpfyg\/ qdkrm;vD,m; jynfol 3 oef;rSm
tiwfab;'Pfudk BuHKawGY&awmhrnf/ aetdrfrsm;udk
pGefYcGgMuNyD; rdk*g'pf&I;? tDoD,dk;yD;,m;ESifh uifnmEkdifiH
rsm;odkY wzGJzGJ 0ifa&mufvmaeMuonf/

1 'or 6 bDvD,Ha':vm vdktyfonf[k

ukvor*u qdkygonf/ urmhbPfu a':vm oef;

500 udk pm;eyf&dum tultnD twGuf yHhydk; ay;
xm;NyD;jzpfonf/ tar&duef tpdk;&u a':vm oef; 431
oef;udk ta&;ay: pm;eyf&dum tultnDtwGuf yHhydk;&ef
qHk;jzwfxm;NyD;jzpfonf/

ta&;ay: tultnDrsm;rSm a&wdkrQom jzpfae
onf/ tiwfab;udk BuHKawGYae&onfh tmz&duOD;csKd
wkdif;jynfrsm;taejzihf a&&Snf tajz &SmEkdifygrnfavm/

aMuG;NrDuvnf; wif&Sdaejyefygonf/
armu pm;eyf&dumowif;
31 Zlvdkif? 2011
75

txl;u@

{&m0wDudk umuG,fMupdkY
76

(1) uG,fvGefoGm;aom jrpfBuD;rsm;

jrpfBuD;wpif;&JU t"du &SifoefrIu c&D;rdkif aygif;rsm;pGm? awmif
wef;awG? awmtkyfawG? vQKdajrmifawG? vGifjyifawG? NrdKU&GmawG? tauGY
taumuf axmifaygif; rsm;pGmudk jzwfoef; pD;qif;NyD; yifv,f (odkYr
[kwf) ork'&mxH aygif;pyf cdkvIH&jcif;yg/

yifv,fxH a&mufatmif rpD; qif;EdkifawmhwJh jrpfBuD;awGudk
aoqkH;w,fvdkY owfrSwfMuygw,f/ jrpfBuD; aoqkH;ovdk jrpfudk trSDjyK
&SifoefMuwJh jynfolrsm;&JU b0 &yfwnfrIawGvnf; tBuD;tus,f ysuf
pD;Mu&wmyg/ obm0w&m;aMumifhjzpfap? vlwdkY&JU zefwD;rIaMumifh
jzpfap vlYordkif; wavQmufrSm aoqkH;cJh&wJh jrpfBuD;awG trsm;BuD; &SdcJh
ygw,f/ vlYya,m*aMumifh aoqkH;cJh&wJh xif&Sm;wJh jrpfBuD; wpif;u
awmh w&kwfjynfu jrpf0g jrpfBuD; (Yellow River) yJ jzpfygw,f/

w&kwfjynf&JU t"dujrpfBuD; okH;pif; (,efZD? rJacgifeJY jrpf0g)
xJu jrpf0g jrpfBuD;udk w&kwfjynf&Jh rdcifjrpfBuD;vdkY owfrSwf wifpm;
Muygw,f/ESpfaygif;2,000ausmfoufwrf;&SdcJhNyD;w&kwfjynfajrmufydkif;
wdbufa'ou a&cJawmifrsm;qDu tpjyK? w&kwfjynfBuD; wckvkH;udk
rdkifaygif; 3,400 ausmf jzwfoef;NyD; bdk[dkif;yifv,f (The Bo Hai
Sea) xH pD;0ifcJhwmyg/ w&kwf EdkifiHom;awGtwGuf 'DjrpfBuD;[m tD*spf

atmif'if
77

txl;u@
EdkifiHu Edkif;jrpfBuD;vdkygyJ/ ,Ofaus;rIwdkY arG;zGm; &Sifoef
&m? ESpfaygif; axmifcsD wnfwHhcJhwJh atmifjrifrIrsm;&JU
txdrf;trSwf? aMumuf&GHUNyD; cefYjim;&wJh obm0 tiftm;
pkBuD; jzpfcJhygw,f/ tckawmh tJ'D jrpf0g jrpfBuD;[m ao
qkH; aeygNyD/ vlawG zefwD;wJh tnpftaMu;awG pGef;xif;?
trdIufo&kdufawG jynfhESuf? ajrmufrsm;vSpGmaom qnf
BuD;rsm;? a&umwmBuD;rsm;&JU vnfrsKdnpf tEdkifusifh cH&rI
awGeJY olYa&[m t&ifvdk roefY&Sif;awmh? olYa&pD;[m
t&ifvdk rwnfNidrfawmh? olYa&yrmP[m t&ifvdk rrsm;
jym;awmh? olY&JU c&D;[mvnf; yifv,fqD ra&muf Edkif
awmh 'DaeYrSmawmh aoqkH;aewJh jrpf0g jrpfBuD;[m w&kwf
jynf&JU obm0 ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&; *&krpdkufrIudk
txift&Sm; jyowJh trSwftom;wck tjzpfeJYom &yf
wnfae&ygNyD/ w&kwfjynfolrsm;eJY urmw0Srf;u wm0ef
od tzGJYtpnf;rsm;? tpdk;&rsm;u tjyif;txef axmufjy
a0zefMuvdkY tvefYwMum; Edk;xvmwJh wkwf tpdk;&u
jrpf0gjrpf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; pDrHudef;awG pwif
aqmif&Gufaeayr,fh tvGefudkyJ aemufuscJhygNyD/

usaemfwdkY&JU {&m0wD jrpfBuD;vnf; jrpf0g jrpf
BuD;vdk yifv,fqD ra&mufEdkifawmhwJh b0rsKd; MuHK&
avmufatmifudkyJ tEdkifusifh cHae&ygNyD/ ucsif jynfe,f
u arc? rvdc jrpfqkHa'orSm w&kwf tpdk;&ydkif ukrPD
rsm;u aqmufvkyfaewJh jrpfqHkqnf pDrHudef;BuD; NyD;oGm;
cJh&if ,leefjynfe,fBuD; vQyfppf"mwftm;awG tvHk
tavmuf&NyD; pD;yGm;a&; ydkrdkwdk;wuf? jrefrmppfAdkvfawG
eJY tvdkawmf&d pD;yGm;a&;orm;awG tusKd;tjrwf jzpf
xGef;NyD; {&m0wDjrpfBuD;uawmh uG,fvGefoGm;wJh jrpf
rsm; pm&if;xJ aemufwdk;0ifa&muf? jrefrmjynfolawG
uawmh vuf&Sd qif;&J EGrf;yg;rIxuf tqaygif; rsm;pGm
edrfhusNyD; ukef;aumufp&m r&Sdavmufatmifudk qif;&J
Mu? ysufpD;Mu&rSmyg/ {&m0wDudk jrpf0g jrpfvdk b0rsKd;
ra&mufatmif usaemfwdkY tcsdefrD umuG,fMuzdkY ta&;
wBuD; vdktyfaeygNyD/

(2) qnf? a&umwm? a&avSmifwrH

pum;vkH; 3 vkH; uGJaeayr,fh t"dym,fu
twlwlygyJ/ jrpfudk jzwfNyD; jrpfa&pD;udk [efYwm;zdkY wnf
aqmufxm;wJh eH&HBuD; wckyg/ tJ'D eH&HBuD;eJY jrpfa&pD;udk
wm;NyD; tJ'D jrpfa&awGudk pkaqmif;zdkY a&avSmifuef
78

ac:wJh vlvkyf a&uefBuD; (Artificial

Lake) wckudk qufpyf wnfaqmuf&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk
jrpfa&pD;udk qnf (odkY) a&umwm (Dam) eJY [efYwm;?
jrpfxJu a&awGudk a&avSmifuef (Reservoir) xJrSm pk
aqmif;NyD; a&avSmifuef eHab;rSm uyfvsuf wnf
aqmufxm;wJh a&tm; vQyfppf"mwf xkwfvkyfa&;
wmbdkif (Turbine) BuD;rsm;eJY vQyfppf "mwfxkwfvkyfNyD;
oG,fwef;xm;wJh r[m "mwftm;vdkif;rsm;eJY tvdk&SdwJh
ae&mudk ydkYaqmifygw,f/ 'DjrpfqHkqnfu &rnfh vQyfppf
"mwftm; tm;vkH;eD;yg;udk wkwfEdkifiH? ,leefjynfe,fudk
wifydkYrSmyg/

a&umwmrSm a&wHcg;BuD;rsm; &Sdygw,f/
wmbdkifrsm;xJ a&awG jzwfoef;NyD; vQyfppf"mwftm;
xkwfNyD;wJh tcg tJ'D a&wHcg;BuD;rsm;u wqifh jrpfxJudk
rvdktyfawmhwJh a&awG jyefxkwf ay;rSmyg/ 'Dawmh jrpf
txufu usvmwJh a&udk a&umwmBuD;eJY ydwfqdkY
[efYwm;? a&avSmif uefBuD;xJrSm vdktyfwJh yrmP&wJh
txd pkaqmif;? vdktyfwJh yrmP &awmhrS tJ'D a&awGudk
vQyfppf "mwftm;xkwfrnfh wmbdkifBuD;awGudk jzwf
oef;? NyD;awmhrS rvdktyfawmhwJh a&awGudk a&wHcg;BuD;
rsm;uwqifh jrpf&JU atmufydkif;qDudk jyefvnf xkwf
vTwf ay;rSmyg/ 'g[mjzifh a&tm; vQyfppf"mwf xkwf rnfh
qnfpDrHudef; wck&JU a,bl,s vkyfief;pOfyg/

'Dawmh vQyfppf"mwftm; rsm;rsm; xkwfcsifwm
eJYtrQ? pkaqmif;&r,fh a&yrmPu ydkNyD;rsm;jym;? a&
umwmBuD;u ydkNyD; jrifhrm;? a&avSmifuefBuD;&JU tus,f
t0ef;u ydkNyD; BuD;rm;us,fjyefY? tJ'D a&umwmBuD;
aqmufvkyfzdkYtwGuf qnfaqmufvkyfrnfh ae&mu
z,f&Sm; ay;&rnfh vlxk&JU ay;qyf&rIu ydkNyD; rsm;jym;NyD;
jrpfatmufydkif;u vlxk&JU cHpm; emusif&rI? qkH;IH;rIawG
uvnf; ydkNyD; BuD;rm; eufdIif; ygvdrfhr,f/ tck jrpfqHk
qnf udpudk Munfhr,f qdk&if a&tm;vQyfppf uDvdk0yf 3
oef; 6 odef; uae 6 oef; (3.6 million kw - 6 million
kw) ESpfpOf xkwfvkyfzdkY arQmfvifhxm;wmrdkY qnfBuD;&JU
tvsm;eJY tjrifhu tifrwef BuD;rm;ygw,f/

tvsm; ay 500? tjrifh ay 500 qdkwm txyf
49 xyf taqmufttHk wckavmuf jrifhygw,f/ NyD;awmh
a&avSmifuefBuD;&JU {&d,m tus,ft0ef;uvnf; 295
'r 8 pwk&ef;rdkif qdkawmh {&d,m pwk&ef;rdkif 231
(Reservoir)

'r 2 &Sd wJh r[m &efukefNrdKUawmf xufvnf;BuD;?

{&d,m pwk&ef; rdkif 268 &SdwJh puFmylNrdKU
BuD;xufvnf; BuD;NyD;? tar&duef jynfaxmifpku
{&d,m pwk&ef;rdkif 301 &SdwJh e,l;a,muf
NrdKUawmfBuD;avmufudk us,f0ef; vSygw,f/

'Davmuf BuD;rm;wJh a&avSmifuefBuD;udk
aqmufvkyfzkdY jrpfqkHa'o w0dkufu aus;&Gmaygif;
47 &Gm a&TUajymif; ay;&rSm jzpfNyD; ucsifvlrsdK; 20000
ausmf olwdkY&Jh Zmwdajr? olwdkY&Jh bdk;pOfabmifqufu
tarG tESpfawGudk qkH;IH;Mu&rSmyg? ydkNyD;BuD;rm;wJh
qkH;IH;rI u awmh a&atmuf a&mufoGm;awmhrnfh
tjrJpdrf; opfawmBuD;awG? awmifwef;awG? vGifjyif
awGeJY ucsifvl rsKd;rsm; trGeftjrwf wefzdk;xm;MuwJh
zcif e*g;BuD;eJY om; e*g;ESpfaumif arG;zGm;&m?
aysmfjrL;&m jrpfqHka'oudk qkH;IH; &rSmyg? 'DqkH;IH;rI
awGudk b,fvdk avsmfaMu;eJYrS tpm;xdk;vdkY r&Edkifyg?

(3) jrpfatmufydkif;rS qkH;IH;rIrsm;

ydkNyD; &Sif;atmif trSwfpOfxdk;NyD; ajymjy
csifygw,f?

(u) tvsm;ay 500? tjrifhay 500 &SdwJh
a&umwmBuD;u arceJY rvdc jrpfBuD; ESpfpif;u
pD;qif; vmwJh a&awGudk ydwfqdkY [efYwm;NyD; e,l;
a,mufNrdKU BuD;avmuf us,fjyefYNyD; 66 xyf taqmuf
ttHk wck avmufjrifh (ay 950) wJh a&avSmifuef
BuD;xJrSm t&if odrf;qnf; xm;vdkufrSmyg/ 'gaMumifhrdkY
{&m0wDjrpfBuD;&Jh yifr tp[m arceJY rvdc r[kwfawmh
yg? jrpfqkHqnfBuD; jzpfoGm;ygNyD? jrpfqkHqnfBuD;u
a&vTwfay;rSom {&m 0wD qufvuf pD;qif; EdkifrSmyg?

(c) tJ'D a&avSmif uefBuD;xJrSm vdktyfwJh a&
yrmP&zdkY tcsdeftawmfMum pkaqmif;&rSmyg/ tcsKdU qnf
BuD;awGrSm a&umwmtjynfh a&pkcsdef wESpfuae wESpf
cGJ Mumygw,f/ a&avSmifuefBuD; a&pkaewJh tcsdefrSm
{&m0wD jrpfBuD;xJ a&pD;rSm r[kwfyg/

(*) a&avSmifuefxJrSm a&jynfhNyD;wJh aemuf
vQyfppf"mwftm; xkwfvkyfNyD; rvdkawmhwJh a&udk a&wH
cg;BuD;rsm;u wqifh {&m0wDjrpfxJ xkwfvTwfrSm jzpfyg
w,f/ tJ'DtcgrS {&m0wD jyefvnf pD;qif; Edkifygvdrfhr,f/
'gayr,fh a&awGu npfywfNyD; roefY&Sif;awmhyg/

(C) a&umwmu xkwfvTwfwJh a&u
roefY&Sif;awmhvdkY tJ'Da& (Polluted Water) npfnrf;
a& udk aomufokH;Mu&rnfh vlawG? wd&pmefawG twGuf
a&m*gb,awG &apygw,f/ a&avSmifuefBuD; udk,f
wdkifu jcifvdk iSufzsm;pwJh a&m*gb, jzefYa0wwfwJh
ydk;rTm;awG pka0; yGm;rsm;&m a'oBuD; jzpfvmNyD; ywf0ef;
usif vlxk&Jh usef;rma&;udk tBuD;tus,f xdcdkuf apEdkif
yg w,f/

(i) arceJY rvdc jrpfrsm;u pD;qif;vmwJh a&
[m EkH;rsm;? oJrsm;udkyg o,faqmifvmcJhNyD; tJ'D EkH;awG?
oJawG (Sediment) u {&m0wDjrpfaMumif; wavQmuf
jrpfnmydkif;rSm ajrMoZm tifrwefaumif;wJh EkH;wif
ajrEkawG zefwD;ay;NyD; jrefrmEdkifiH&JU pdkufysdK;a&; vkyfief;
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tus,f tqufrjywf &GmNyD; jrpfa&BuD;wJh tcgrSmvnf;
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a&vTrf;rdk; cH&NyD; vl 5 OD; aoqkH;cJh&ygw,f/ tJ'D
umv rwdkifcifuvJ 0ga&SmifqnfBuD; NydKysufcJhNyD;ygNyD/
ucsifjynfe,frSm tJ'Dvdk rdk;onf;xefpGm &GmoGef;NyD; arc?
rvdc jrpfa&BuD;NyD; a&vTrf;rdk;rIudk 1950? 1960? 1979?
1980? 1997? 2004? ckESpfrsm;rSm awGYMuHK cJh&NyD;ygNyD/
1979 ckESpf a&vTrf;rdk;rIrSm jrpfBuD;em;NrdKU wNrdKUvkH;eD;yg;
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1975 ckESpf Mo*kwfvrSm &Sifrefwef (Shimantan) eJY

befausmif (Banqiao) qnfBuD;awG NydKvJawmh
taqmufttHk 6 oef;ausmf ysufpD;? vl 11 oef;ausmf
tdk;tdrfrJh jzpfNyD; vl ESpfodef; av;aomif;ausmf aoqkH;cJh
& ygw,f/

'Dawmh jrpfqHkqnfBuD; NydKuszdkYu rdk;BuD;NyD; jrpf
a&vTrf;vdkY? qnf&JU t&nftaoG;nHhjzif;vdkYeJY ivsif vIyf
vdkY pwJh taMumif; okH;yg;xJu waMumif;aMumif;
jzpfap?ESpfaMumif;pHkvdkYjzpfap? okH;aMumif;pvkH;aygif;pHkvdkY
jzpfap? jzpfvmEdkifwJh udpyg/ usdefc&efqnf? 0ga&Smif
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rvSrf;rurf;u jrpfBuD;em;NrdKU BuD; a&atmuf a&muf oGm;
Hkru a&xJ arsmyg ysufpD;oGm;rSmyg/

DISSENT qdkwJh pmapmif&Jh 2011 ckESpf
aqmif;ul;^aqmif;&moDxkwf (AUTUMN-WINTER
2011) rSm Melody Kemp a&; wJh KACHIN CAPERS qdkwJh aqmif;yg;rSm? pmrsufESm 32 rSm a[m'Dvdk
a&;xm;ygw,f/ ]wu,fvdkYrsm; urmajrBuD;u a&GUvsm;
NyD; (jrpfqHk)qnf NydKvJcJh&if jrpfatmufydkif;rSm wnf&SdwJh
vl wpfodef;cGJausmf aexdkifwJh ucsifjynfe,f&Jh NrdKU awmf
BuD;[m puefY 20 twGif;rSm aysmufqkH; oGm;vdrfhr,f}
(If the earth moves and the dam collapses,
the downstream capital of Kachin State, a
city of over 150,000, would disappear in 20
seconds.)? Melody Kemp u MopaMw;vs vlrsdK;

pma&;q&mr wa,mufjzpfNyD; tm&S wdkufrSm tESpf 20

ausmf aexdkifaeol jzpfygw,f/ olr[m tifrwef MoZm
BuD;rm;wJh tar&duef ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m owif;
tzGJYtpnf; (U.S. Society for Environmental
Journalism) &JU tzGJY0if wa,mufvnf; jzpfygw,f/

(7) trsKd;om;a&;vIyf&Sm;rI

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aqmufa&;udk uefYuGuf [efYwm;a&;[m trsKd;om;a&;
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a&; vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;uae {&m0wDudk u,fwifEdkif&kH? um

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vnf oifhjrwfa&; atmifyGJrsm;yg &&SdEdkifr,fvdkYvnf; us
aemf av;av;eufeuf ,HkMunfygw,f/

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tpdk;&u jrefrmEdkifiHudk udkvdkeD jyKaerI? jrefrmjynfolrsm;&JU
tusKd;pD;yGm;udk wdkuf&dkuf zsufqD;aerIawGudk vlod&Sif
Mum; uefYuGuf IHUcs Edkifygvdrfhr,f/ jrefrmjynfolrsm;&JU
rauseyfrI? EdkifiHwum rdom;pkBuD;&JU a0bef IHUcsrIawG
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tEdkiftxuf jyKusifhrIudk &yfwefYvmEdkifygw,f/

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udk jyefvnf pOf;pm;okH;oyfNyD; &Sufwwfvm Edkifygw,f/

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ucsifjynfolrsm;? jrefrmjynfolrsm;&JU ]uefYuGuf IHUcsrI}
udk olwdkY qufvuf &ifqdkifae&rSm jzpfovdk ucsif vGwf
ajrmufa&; wyfrawmfeJY jzpfaewJh ppfyGJawGudkvJ &yf wefY
EdkifrSm r[kwfyg/ usaemfwdkY&JU {&m0wD umuG,fa&; trsKd;
om;vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;ujrefrmppfacgif;aqmifawGudkw&kwf
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om; tcsif;csif; rausvnfrIawGudk Nidrf;csrf;pGm aqG;aEG;
ndEdIif; ajz&Sif;Mu&if w&kwf tygt0if b,f EdkifiHjcm;
tpdk;&udkrS aMumufrae&yJ *kPfodum&Sd&Sd? ]urmwnf
o? jrefrmjynf a[h&,fvdkY a~uG;aMumfNyD;} &yfwnfEdkif
rSm jzpfaMumif;? odjrifvm apEdkifrSm jzpfaMumif;yg/
av;pm;pGm
atmif'if
Mo*kwf 2? 2011
aungdin@uscampaignforburma.org

85

udk ysufpD;apw,f/ rD;&IdU zsufqD;&ifvnf; xGufvmwJh

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pGefYypf&ifvnf; a&ow0gawGtwGuf tE&m,f&Sdw,f/
tJ'Dvkd obm0 ywf0ef;usif tay: xdcdkufysufpD; apEkdif
wmaMumifh yvwfpwpftdwf roHk;pJGzkdYeJY vuf&SdoHk;pJG
aewmawGukd avsmhcszdkY tckvkd pDpOf aqmif&Gufwmyg} [k
LOME tzJGUu ajymjyonf/

LOME \ vufurf;pmapmifxJwGif yvwf
pwpf trIdufrsm;onf ajrxJwGif aqG;ajrh ysufpD;&ef ESpf
aygif; 30 rS 1000 txd MumwwfNyD;? vlom;rsm;\ rqif
rjcif oHk;pGJrIaMumifh urmYobm0ywf0ef;usif (a&xk? ajr
xk? avxk) ukd qdk;qkd;&Gm;&Gm; xdcdkufysufpD; apEkdif onf[k
azmfjyxm;onfukd awGU&onf/

wpfqufwnf; pGefYypf ypnf;rsm;tm; avsmhcs
um obm0 ywf0ef;usiftwGuf taxmuftul
jzpfap&ef yvwfpwpftdwf toHk;jyKrIESihf oufqkdifaom
vlwdkif; vkdufemEkdifonhf enf;vrf;ig;rsKd; azmfjyxm;onf
ukdvnf; awGU&onf/ if;enf;vrf;rsm;rSm ---

obm0ywf0ef;usif ESihf

yvwfpwpf

LOME (Lovers of Myanmar Environ-

ment) tzGJU\ obm0 ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&; twGuf

yvwfpwpftdwf roHk;pJGa&;ESihf yvwfpwpfrS ywf0ef;

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ay; vufurf; pmapmifrsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufae aMumif;
od&onf/

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oHk;w,fqdk&if vlOD;a& ajcmufoef;ausmf &SdwJh &efukef
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86

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xkwfvkyfjcif;)
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y,f&ef)
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toHk;jyKEkdifaom ae&modkY jyefydkY&ef) wkdY jzpf

onf[k od&onf/


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pwpf pGefYypfypnf; avsmhenf;atmif vlwkdif; ryifryef;
aeYpOf aqmif&GufoGm;EkdifaMumif; LOME tzGJUu ajym
ygonf/
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Source: CNN

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odyHynm&SifawGu ajymygw,f/

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tvm; wl ydkqdk;wJh tajctaeawGeJY &ifqkdif &ekdifw,fvdkY awGY&Sd cJh Muwm
aMumifh jzpfygw,f/


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awG jzpfapEkdifygw,f/ aemuf rdk;av0o ajymif;vJrIu
vlwpfa,muf&JU toufarG; 0rf;ausmif;rIudk b,f
avmufxd xdcdkufapovJ/

tJ'Dajymif;vJrIeJY vdkufavsmnDaxG jzpfatmif
b,favmuftxd ajymif;vJ aexkdifekdifovJ qdkwJh
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aomwGef;} [m ekdfifiHwum wd&pmefarG;jrLa&; okaw
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102

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Source: Reuters & Time

103

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cJhaom 36 ESpfcefYu jrwfEdk;cspfcifrdwJh ]Nidrf;csrf;a&;
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104

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ryD0dk;w0g; cyfa&;a&;om &SdaewJh twdwfaMu;rHkjyif[m
wjznf;jznf;eJY uRefawmfh&JU rsuf0ef;awGxJrSm wvTmpD
wvTmpDeJY jzwfajy; aeygawmhw,f/


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azazvmr,fh vrf;udk tpOfarQmfaeMuaygY/ a[m.. azaz
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'Dvdk pdwful;ae&wmudkyJ uRefawmf auseyf aecJhwm/
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tzdkY azazvm&if uRefawmf tjyifoGm;&r,fav/

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wavQmuf[m uRefawmhf twGufawmh MunfEl;p&m
tjynfh c&D;&SnfBuD;aygY/

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rMumcif azazY&JU oli,fcsif;awG a&mufvmNyDqdk&if
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awmf vufzuf&nf wpfcGufeJY rkefYESpfck pm;NyD;NyD/ olwdkY
wawG bmawGajymrSef; uRefawmf rodayr,fh uRef
awmf t&rf; aysmfaeygw,f/

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a&} vdkY ajymNyD; ycHk;ay:rSm csDvdkufwmeJY uRefawmf tdyf
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ravQmufEdkifao;bl;av/

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wmrdkY uRefawmfvnf; aemufuae BudK;pm; avQmuf&if;
vdkufcJhwmygyJ/

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awmfvnf; awmfawmfhudk emusifvmvdkY azazhudk csD

oGm;zdkY ajymawmh azazu ]om;.. rif;a,musfm;

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eHeufcif; wpfckrSmawmh uRefawmfh&JU q&m? uRefawmfh&JU
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105

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vdkYyg/

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vdkY tm;ay;pum; ajymygw,f/

&Spfav;vHk; EdkifiHa&; rkefwdkif;BuD;aMumifh Nidrf;
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oli,fcsif;rsm;twGuf b0ajcvSrf;aygif; rsm;pGmudk
avQmuf vSrf;zdkYtwGuf pwif&m ae&myif r[kwfyg
vm;/

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vufzufqkdifav;rSm &SdaecJhygw,f/ tJ'D uRefawmfcspf
wJh Nidrf;csrf;a&; vufzuf&nfqdkifrSyif ]b0wuodkvf
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awmh uRefawmfeJY vufzuf&nfqdkif xdkifazmf rdwf
aqGBuD;eJY jyefvnfawGYcGifh&cJh ygw,f/

uRefawmfh tcef;&JU rsufESmcsif;qdkif tcef;rSm
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tefu,fhudk rif;&JU tazvdk oabmxm;&r,f} vdkY ajym
vdkufcsdefrSmyJ azaz[m uRefawmfhudk pdwfrcsEdkifbl;
qdkwmudk odcGifh&cJhygw,f/ wpfaeY reufcif;rSmawmh
106

tmPm&Sif vlBuD;rif;ESpfOD; uRefawmfh tcef;a&SUudk

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ac:aqmif oGm;ygw,f/

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bufjcrf;uae arareJY nDtpfudkarmifESrawG&JU rsufESm
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ausmif;uav;rSm eH&Huyfpmapmif vkyfrnfqdkawmh
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yl;aygif; yg0ifzdkY pm&if; ay;vdkufonf/

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107

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I can not run away from all.

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109

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110

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vkyfyg/ 'Dar;cGef;awG&JU tajz b,frSm awGYEkdifovJ qdk
wmudk ausmif;om;rsm;eJY aqG;aEG;yg/ enf;onf
oif,lrIabmif tqifh (3) qifh pvkH;twGuf tusKH;0if
ygonf/

aqG;aEG;jcif;uGef,uf

wd&pmefrsm;udkavSmifxm;oihf? roifh/
oihfw,f?
roihfbl;/
(K W L) Z,m;okH;jcif;
------------K
W
L
------------------------bmawGodw,fvdkY bmodcsif bmoif,l&&Sd
------------xifovJ/
ovJ/
vdkufovJ/
oihfw,f-roihfbl; tajzESpfrsKd; xGufEkdif aom
zwfpm oifcef;pmrsm;wGif aqG;aEG;jcif; uGef,uf ukd
tokH;jyKEkdifonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk ESpfa,mufw wJG
aqG;aEG;yJG uGef,ufwpfck qGJap tv,frSm&dSwJh ar;

ausmif;om;awGudk ESpfa,mufwpfwJG wJGckdif; cGef;eJY ywfoufNyD; pOf;pm;apygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh- wd
yg/ zwfpm oifcef;pmeYJ ywfoufNyD; bmawGodw,f xif &pmefrsm;udk avSmifxm;oifhonfh taMumif;t&if; t
ovJqdkwm aqG;aEG; zvS,fapNyD; a,bk,s oabmwl csKdUudk ]oihfw,f} aumfvHatmufwGif a&;apNyD; avSmif
118

r xm;oifhonfh taMumif;&if; tcsKdUudk ]roihfbl;} aumf

vHatmufwGif a&;ygap/ twJGrsm;onf ESpfbufpvkH;rS
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk a&;rSwfNyD;vQifaemuftwJG wwJG
ESifh EIdif;,SOf zvS,fMunfhyg/ taMumif;jycsufrsm;\ tm;
enf;csuf tm;omcsufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;aepOf &&dSvm
onfh aemufxyf tcsuftvufrsm; &dSygu rdrdwdkYpm&if;
rSm xyf xnfhoGif;jcif;ESifh tqkH;owf aumufcsufa&muf
onftxd taMumif;t&mudk aqG;aEG;Ekdifygonf/ NyD;
vQif if;wdkY\ aumufcsufudk a&;NyD; twef;odkYajym vkd
vQif ajymjy (okdYr[kwf) tjcm;olrsm; zwf&efa&;NyD;
uyfxm;Ekdifygonf/

rSwfcsuf/
/ enf;udktrsm;tm;jzifh
jyefvnfokH;oyfjcif; tqifhwGif tokH;jyKonf/
Jigsaw (1)

ausmif;om;rsm;udk (1? 2? 3? 4) trSwfpOf a&
wGufckdif; av;a,muf wpftkyfpkudk ]rlvtzJGY} tjzpf
owfrSwfxm;onfh twGuf rdrdtzJGYrS vlrsm;udk rSwfom;
xm;&efajymyg/ ,ck rlvtzJGYrS vlwkdif; ynmawmfoif
oGm;Mu&rnf jzpfaMumif;? zwfpmudk tykdif; av;ykdif; cJG
xm;aMumif;? rdrdESifh oufqdkifaom tydkif;udkom uRrf;
usifoltjzpf wufajrmuf em;vnfxm;&ef vdktyf
aMumif; ESifh rdrd rlvtzJGYodkY jyefvnf oifMum;ay;&rnf
jzpfaMumif;ajymyg/ tu,f rdrd avhvm&rnfh tydkif;udk
aumif;rGefpGmem;vnf&ef ysufuGufcJhygu rdrd yg0ifaom
rlvtzJGYonf oifcef;pm tm;vkH;ukd em;vnfoabm
ayguf&ef tcuftcJ jzpfEkdifaMumif;ESifh xdkodkYrjzpf&ef vl
wkdif; wm0ef udk,fpD&dSaMumif; owday;yg/ NyD;vQif eH
ygwf (1) csnf; wpftkyfpk? (2) wpftkyfpk? (3) wpftkyfpk?
(4) wpftkyfpk tzJGY av;zJGYcJGyg/ if;tzJGYudk uRrf;usifol t
zJGY[kac:aMumif;ESifh rdrdus&m tydkif;ukd avhvm rdrdrlv
tzJGYodkY rnfonfh enf;vrf;jzifh jyefoifay;Ekdifonfudk
uRrf;usifol tzJGYrS pOf;pm; qkH;jzwfMu&mrSm jzpfaMumif;
ajymyg/ xdkYaemuf tydkif;(1)? tydkif;(2)? tydkif;(3)? t
ydkif;(4)? tydkif;vdkuf cJGjcm;xm;aom zwfpm oifcef;pm
rsm;udk eHygwfpOftwkdif; a0 avhvm aqG;aEG;ckdif;yg/
uRrf;usiftzJGYrsm; aqG;aEG; avhvm qkH;jzwfNyD;ygu rlv
tzJGYokdY jyef wjcm;vlrsm;ukd eHygwfpOftwkdif; tvSnfh
us jyefoifay;&ygrnf/ rlvtzJGY0ifrsm;onf oif,lae

pOf ar;p&m &dSonfh ar;cGef;rsm;udk rSwfxm; xdktykdif;udk

wm0ef,l&aom rdrdtzJGYrS uRrf;usifoludk ar;&ygrnf/
vdktyfvQif if;tydkif;ESifh ywfoufaom uRrf;usifol
tzJGYudk ar;cGef; ar;jcif;? jyefvnf &Sif;jyckdif;jcif;rsm; jyK
vkyfEkdifygonf/ oif,lrI tm;vkH; NyD;qkH;onfESifh vl wkdif;
oifcef;pm tm;vkH;udk trSefwu,f oabm aygufoGm;
zdkY vkdtyfaMumif;ESifh jyefvnfokH;oyfjcif; tqifh q&mh
taeESifh ar;cGef;rsm; ar; jyefvnf pdppfrnf jzpfaMumif;
BudKwif today;xm;yg/
rSwfcsuf/ / enf;udk trsm;tm;jzifh t"dyg,f
ykHazmf jcif; tqifhwGif tokH;jyKEkdifygonf/
Jigsaw (2)

ausmif;om;rsm;udk (1? 2? 3? 4) trSwfpOfa&
ckdif; av;a,muftkyfpkukd rlvtzJGYtjzpf owfrSwfyg/
ausmif;om;wkdif; zwfpmoifcef;pmtm;vkH;udk oif,lzdkY?
em;vnfzdkY wm0ef&SdayrJh wpfa,mufpD[m zwfpmwpf
ydkif;udk uRrf;usif &rSmjzpfNyD; rdrd&JU rlvtzJGYrS vlrsm;ukd jyef
oifay;&rSmjzpfaMumif; &Sif;jyyg/ xdkYaemuf rlvtzJGYrS
ausmif;om; wpfa,mufpDudk rwlonfh uRrf;usifolpm
&GufwGif zwfpm zwfonfudk vrf;nGefEdkfifonfh ar;cGef;
ESpfck okdYr[kwf okH;c ka&;xm;ygonf/ vlwkdif; zwfpmwpf
yk'fvkH;udk zwf&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; rdrduRrf;usifrI pm
&GufwGif ygaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqdk&ef txl;*&kjyK&
rnfjzpfNyD; if;ESifh ywfouf rSwfpk xkwf&rnf jzpf
onf/ rlvtzJGYwGif zwfpm tm;vkH;zwfNyD;? rSwfpkxkwfNyD;
ygu uRrf;usifol tzJGYrsm;tvkduf ar;cGef;rsm;\ tajz
rsm;udk aqG;aEG;apyg/ aqG;aEG;aom tcgrSm vlwkdif;yg0if
ap&ygr,f/ b,folurS vTrf;rdk; rxm;&ygbl;/ rdrdxkwf
xm;onfh rSwfpkrsm;tjyif uRrf;usifol tzJGYrSm aqG;aEG;
&&dSvmwJh ar;cGef;rsm;&JU tajzrsm;udkvnf; rSwfpkxkwfcJh
&ygr,f/ xdkYaemuf rdrdwkdY rlvtzJGYrsm;okdY jyefvm jyef
vnf wifjy&kHomru vlwdkif; zwfpmxJu rdrdus&m t
ydkif; oif,lNyD;wm aocsmzdkY rlvtzJGY0ifrsm;u ar;cGef;rsm;
ar;vmvQifvnf; &Sif;jy ay;&ygr,f/ q&monf tzJGYrsm;
tvkyfudk wpkdufrwfrwf vkyfonfukd taxmuftul
jyKzkdYESifh vkdtyfvQif &Sif;jyEkdifzdkY tzJGYrsm; tMum; vSnfh&yg
rnf/ enf;udk trsm;tm;jzifh t"dyg,f ykHazmfjcif; t
qifhwGif tokH;jyKEkdifonf/
119

twJGvkduf zwfjcif;? twJGvdkuf tusOf;csKyfjcif;

zwfpm oifcef;pmonf tcsuftvuf Iyf
axG; cufcJ eufeJygu enf;onf taxmuftuljyK
Ekdifygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;ukd ESpfa,muf wpfwJG wJGcdkif;
yg/ twJG wpfwJGpDudk 1? 2? 3? 4 qdkNyD; eHygwfay;yg/ zwfpm
udk tydkif; av;ydkif; cJGxm;aMumif;? zwfpm wpfckvkH;ukd
em;vnf oabmaygufzkdY vdkayrJh tck rdrdeHygwfeJY udkufnD
wJh tydkif; wpfykdif;udkom em;vnfatmif tm&kHpkduf&rnf
jzpfaMumif;ESifh wpfwef;vkH;udk jyefajymzdkY wm0ef&dSw,f
qkdwm tav;teufxm; ajymyg/ xdkYaemuf twJGwpf
wJGpDrS wpfa,mufpD[m rwlnDwJh tcef;u@ 2 ckrSm yg
0if&rSm jzpfwJh twGuf tykdif; wpfykdif;pDrSm tydkif;(u)? t
ydkif;(c) qdkNyD; xyfrH cJGxm;ygw,f/

Oyrm/ / tydkif; (1) udk wm0efuswJh twJG
wpfwJGrSm tykdif;(1) (u) udk wm0efuswJh wpfa,muf
u owif;axmuftaeeJY 'Dtykdif;ukd taotcsmzwf
NyD; taMumif;t&mudk tusOf;csKyf&r,f/ NyD;&if bmt
aMumif;vJ qkdwm udk,feJY wJGwJh tazmfudk udk,fhpum;eJY
udk,f ajymjy&ygr,f/

tykdif; (1)(c) wm0efusolonf xdkt
csdef wkHYjyefol taeeJY tykdif;(1)(u) udk aumif;aumif;
zwfNyD; owif;axmuf ajymwmukd aoaocsmcsm em;
axmifygw,f/ owif;axmuf NyD;oGm;wJhtcg wkHYjyef ol
[m owif;axmufudk zwfpmudk &Sif;ckdif;wJh (odkYr[kwf)
tcsuftvufawG ydkYay;apwJh ar;cGef;awG ar;ygw,f/

NyD;vQif tydkif;(1) (c) wm0efusolu owif;
axmufvkyf&rJh tvSnfhjzpfNyD; tydkif;(1)(u) wm0ef,l
xm;olu wkHYjyefol wpfvSnfh jyefvkyf&ygr,f/ ESpf
a,muf pvkH;NyD;oGm;ygu wwef;vkH;ukd rnfonfhenf;
jzifh jyefvnf wifjy&rvJqdkwm qkH;jzwfNyD; ESpfa,muf
vkH; twef;a&SU xGufvm rdrdwdkY\ tusOf;csKyfrsm;udk
twef;tm; jyefvnfwifjy&ygr,f/

rSwfcsuf/ / enf;udk t"dyg,fykHazmfjcif;
tqifhwGif tokH;jyKonf/

jiif;ckefrIrsm;udk vIHYaqmfay;&efESifh wuf~uGNyD; aysmfp&m

aumif;wJh enf;vrf;wpf&yf taeESifh tokH;jyKEkdifyg
onf/

1/twef;rSm zwfpm zwftNyD;? ydkYcscsuf wpf
ck tNyD;? Zmwfvrf; wpfyk'f? ykHjyifwpfyk'f ajymjytNyD; (odkY
r[kwf) ausmif;om;rsm; pOf;pm;&ef acgif;pOfwpfck
ay;tNyD;xdktaMumif;t&mESifhywfoufusKd;aMumif;jy
csufrsm; &SmazGapjcif;? pOf;pm;aqG;aEG; zvS,fapjcif;/

2/ if;taMumif;t&mESifh ywfoufNyD;
axmufcHEkdifw,f? raxmufcHEkdifbl;? ESpfzwfpvkH;rSm
axmufcHEkdifwm &dSovkd raxmufcH EkdifwmawGvnf; &dS
aevdkY rqkH;jzwf Ekdifao;bl; pojzifh rdrd taetxm;? &yf
wnfcsufudk a&G;cs,f qkH;jzwfapjcif;/

3/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk rdrdwdkY&yfwnfcsufeJY
ywfoufwJh usKd;aMumif;jy? qifjcifcsufawGudk wjcm;vl
awGudkyg qJGaqmif pnf;&kH;Ekdifatmif wwfEkdiforQ t
aumif;qkH; rdrdwdkY bmom rdrdwdkY pOf;pm; &SmazG 3 rdepf
cefY a&;om;apjcif;/

4/ a&;NyD;vQif axmufcHonfh ausmif;om;rsm;
ukd twef; a&SUaxmifh wpfae&modkY oGm;cdkif;yg/ uefYuGuf
onfh olrsm;udk twef;a&SU wjcm;axmifh wpfae&m oGm;
ckdif;yg/ rqkH;jzwf &ao;olrsm;ukd twef;\ aemufwef;
wpfae&m oGm;ckdif;yg/

5/ axmufcHonfhtkyfpk? uefYuGufonfhtkyfpk?
rqkH;jzwf Ekdifao;wJhtkyfpk pojzifh tkyfpk wpfpkqDu (5)
rdepf avmuf rdrdwdkYa&;xm;onfrsm;udk rdrdwdkY tcsif;csif;
Mum; zvS,fNyD; rdrdwdkY taexm; &yfwnfcsufrsm;rS usKd;
aMumif;jycsuf qifjcifcsufrsm; jyefMunfhjcif;? ydkrdkckdifrm
atmifjyKvkyfjcif;? pum;&nfvkyJGrSm tkyfpkudk udk,fpm;
jyKzdkY udk,fpm;vS,f wpfa,muf (odkYr[kwf)ESpfa,muf
udk vnf; a&G;cs,f &ygrnf/

6/ tkyfpkwpfpkpD&JU udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk rdrd wdkY
&yfwnfcsufudk wdkwdkeJY vkd&if; ajymckdif;NyD; rdrdwdkY tjrifudk
axmufcHwJh taMumif;t&if;awGudk t"duxm; ajym
Corners
apjcif;jzifh pum;&nfvkyJGudk pyg/

aumfem;pfudk taetxm; ESpfck (odkYr[kwf)

7/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rS rdrdwdkY&JU taMumif;jy
ESpfckxuf ydk&dSEkdifonfh tjiif;yGm;apEkdifwJh taMumif;
csufawG wifjyNyD;wmeJY tkyfpk toD;oD;rS yg0if aqG;aEG;
t&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; tjyKoabm aqmifaom
vkdol tzJGY0ifrsm;[m vufudk txufokdY ajrmuf t
120

csufjyNyD; 0ifa&muf ajymqkd aqG;aEG;Ekdifygw,f/

8/ qJGaqmiftm;aumif;NyD; ydkrdkckdifrmwJh t
csuftvufawGaMumifh pdwfajymif;NyD; wjcm;tzJGYudk t
csdef ra&G;ajymif;vdkY &aMumif;&Sif;jyyg/

q&m udk,fwkdifuvnf; csufus vufuseJY
ydkifydkifEkdifEkdif ajymqkd wifjycsufrsKd; Mum;&wJhtcg 'DtzJGY
udk ajymif;r,fvdkY ajymum wpfae&mNyD; wpfae&m a&TU
ajymif; erlemjyyg/ vufESpfbufukd qefYwef;vsuf
ajymaewm cP&yfzdkY trlt&mjy&if; tzJGY? ajymif;csifwJh
vl&dSvm; [k Mum;jzwf ar;jref;ay;yg/ NyD;awmh tzJGYxJu
tzJGY0ifawGudk rdrdtzJGYxJu xGufroGm;atmif em;vnf
oabmayguf vufcHvmatmif &Sif;jyygap/ odkY
vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh vufcH vmEkdifatmif vkyfzkdY? tzJGY0ifawG
quf&dSzdkY? axmufcHolawG ydk&atmifvkyfzdkY tzJGYwpfckpD
rSm&dSwJh tzJGY0ifawG&JU wm0ef jzpfvmygw,f/ ausmif;om;
rsm;udk em;axmif&if; aqG;aEG;&if; rSwfpk xkwfxm;
ckdif;yg/

9/aqG;aEG;yJG NyD;oGm;onfESifh tzJGYwkdif;udk rdrd
wdkY &yfwnfcsufESifh axmufcHwJh taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd
tusOf;csKyf ckdif;yg/ NyD;vQif ausmif;om; tm;vkH;udk wpf
OD;pD&JU &yfwnfcsufeJY axmufcHonfh taMumif;t&mrsm;
rdrdwdkY taetxm;udk jywJh pmwrf; (position paper)
a&;ckdif;yg/ ydkus,fjyefYonfh pmwrf;onf qefYusifbuf
usKd;aMumif;jycsufrsm; xnfhoGif;xm;aomfvnf; trsm;
tm;jzihf rdrdwdkY a&G;cs,fxm;aom taetxm;udk um
uG,f a&;om; oifhaMumif; tMuHjyKyg/
R /A /F /T enf;pOf

q&mu wpfwef;vkH;ukd acgif;pOf wpfckay;yg w,ff/

Oyrm/ / 'kuonfrsm;udk ae&m a&TU ajymif;ap jcif;
Roles (tcef;u@rsm;)

'Dacgif;pOfeJY ywfoufNyD; a&;om;MurJh vlawG
b,folawG jzpfEkdifovJqkdwm ausmif;om;awGudk pOf;
pm; ckdif;ygw,f/ ausmif;om;awG pOf;pm;vdkY&orQ ajym
wmawGudk oifykef;ay:rSm tcef;u@rsm; atmufrSm
vdkufa&;ay;yg/
Oyrm/ / (1)xkdif;tpkd;&

(2) owif;orm;rsm;

(3)'kuonfrsm;qkdif&m r[mrif;BuD;&Hk;

(4) tpkd;&r[kwfaom
tzJGYtpnf;rsm;
(5)awmfvSefa&;? EkdifiH
a&;tzJGY tpnf; rsm;
(6) 'kuonfrsm;
&&dS vmonfh tcef;u@
ay: rlwnfNyD; tkyfpk(6) ck
cJGyg/
Audiences
(y&dowfrsm;)

pma&;r,fholawGu b,folawGqDudk a&;Mu
rSmvJ y&dowfu b,folawG jzpfEkdifovJ ausmif;om;
rsm;udk pOf;pm;apjcif;? pOf;pm;vkdY &orQudk y&dowfrsm;
atmufrSm vdkufrSwfay;yg/
Oyrm/ /
(1)xdkif;tpkd;&
owif;Xme(jynfolvlxk)
(2)owif;orm;rsm;
owif;Xme(jynfolvlxk)
(3)'kuonfrsm;qkdif&mr[mrif;BuD;&kH; -
xkdif;tpkd;&
(4) tpkd;&r[kwfaomtzJGYtpnf;rsm; -
ukvor*&Hk;
(5)EkdifiHa&;tzJGYtpnf;rsm;-
owif;Xme(jynfolvlxk)
(6) 'kuonfrsm;
xdkif;tpkd;&
Forms (ta&;tom;ykHpH)

a&;rnfh olawG odNyD/ zwfrnfh y&dowfvnf;
&dSNyD/ b,fvkdykHpHeJY a&;om;MurSmvJ/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk
pOf;pm; aqG;aEG; wifjyckdif;yg/ wifjycsufudk ta&;
tom;ykHpH atmufrSm vkdufrSwfay;yg/
Oyrm/ /
Time to write (a&;csdef)

ausmif;om;rsm;udk 15 rdepf rdepf 20 tkyfpk
vkduf aqG;aEG; a&;om;zkdY tcsdefay;ygonf/ NyD;vQif tkyf
pk udk,fpm;vS,f wpfa,mufpDrS wpfwef;vkH;odkY zwf
Mum;apjcif;? eH&Hrsm;wGifuyfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEkdifygonf/
oJvGefpay;jcif;

ykHjyifzwfpm odkYr[kwf Zmwfvrf;wGifyg&dSaom
tokH;tEIef;a0g[m& 4 vkH; okdYr[kwf 5 vkH; cefYay;xm;
NyD; rnfuJhokdYaom ykHjyif Zmwfvrf;rsKd; jzpfEdkifonfudk cefY
121

a&;ol (Roles)

y&dowf (Audiences)

ta&;tom;ykHpH (Forms)

1/ xdkif;tpkd;&

owif;Xme (jynfol)

'kuonfrsm;ukd tb,faMumifh a&TU

ajymif;&aMumif; xkwfjyef aMunm csuf

2/ owif;orm;

owif;Xme (jynfol)

owif; xkwfjyefcsuf

3/ 'kuonfrsm; qdkif&m
r[mrif;BuD;&kH;

xkdif;tpkd;&

a&TUajymif;jcif; tay: pkd;&drfruif; jzpfrd

aMumif; tdwfzGifhaypm

4/ tpdk;& r[kwfaom tzJGYt ukvor*&kH;

pnf;rsm;
5/awmfvSefa&;? EkdifiHa&;
tzJGYtpnf; rsm;

tifwmAsL; ykHpH

6/ 'kuonfrsm;

xdkif;tpkd;&

rSef; pOf;pm;ckdif;jcif; tm;jzifh tMuH xGufay: jcif; t

qifhwGif oif,lvkdpdwfukd EId;aqmf ay;Ekdifonf/ xdkYtjyif
q&mrS v,fuGif;? a&tkdif? EGm;ausmif;om;? usm;? orif
pojzifh a0g[m& 4 vkH;? 5 vkH;ay;NyD; ausif;om;rsm;tm;
udk,fydkif ykHjyif? udk,fydkif Zmwfvrf;rsm; owif;rsm; wDxGif
zefwD; a&;ckdif;Edkifygonf/

BuHKawGY &ifqdkif &zG,f&dSaom tcuftcJ

jyemrsm; wifjy tpD&ifcHjcif;

toem;cHvGm wifoGif;jcif;

wpfenf;jzpfonf/ zwfpm zwftNyD; em;vnfonfrsm;

udk tusOf;csKyf&m o&kyfjyykHrsm;udk rdrdwdkY pdwful;&ovdk
wDxGif a&;qJG azmfjy &Sif;vif;jcif;jzpfonf/ if;tjyif &kyf
ykHrsm;jy tMuHxGuf ay:vmatmif vIHYaqmfay;jcif;? &kyf
ykHum;csyf? "gwfykHwdkYudk Munfh jzpfysufaeonfh t
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Sequences (tpDtpOfvkyfjcif;)
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jcif; tqifh xnfhoGif; tokH;jyKEkdifygonf/
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Graphic organizers
vmonfh "gwfykH wpf&dkufpm jrifuGif;udk pDukH; a&;om;ap

twJGvdkuf pmzwfjcif;? twJGvkduf tusOf;csKyf
jcif;jzpfonff/
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122

oifenf;a[mif;ESihf oifenf;topf uGmjcm;csufrsm;

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1
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enf;a[mif;
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123

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124

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t&mawGudkawmif od&dS em;vnfaewwfygw,f/

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avhvmxm;zkdY vkdtyfvmygw,f/

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125

'gukd xdef;csKyfEkdifygrS xda&mufatmif jrifrI&&dSEkdifygr,f/

rSwfcsuf/ / oifwef;udk wpfBudrfvQif (5) &ufESifh wpfESpf (3) cg ay;ygonf/ wpfBudrfNyD;vQif if;
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tusOf; csKH;wifjyvkdufjcif;jzpfonf/

ed*kH;
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0d? vd? od? "m
tu&m pJGokH; &SpfvkH;udk
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okaP,s - Mum;em&m\
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ykap,s - ar;jref;&m\
bmao,s - ajymqdk&m\
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vdac,s - a&;om;&m\
odau,s - avhusifh&m\
"ma&,s - ElwfikHaqmif&m\


]ynma&;pepf&JU &nfrSef;csufawGxJu wpfckuawmh usr
wdkY vlYtzJGYtpnf;rSm &ifqkdifae&wJh jyemawGudk tajz&Sm&mrSm
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rdrda'o? rdrd EkdifiHeJY EkdifiHwumrSm&dSwJh jyemawGudk ulnDajz&Sif;
ay;EkdifwJh EkdifiHom;awG azmfaqmifay;zdkY jzpfygw,f/}
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usrf;udk;

- a0zefydkif;jcm;pOf;pm;zdkYtwGuf pma&;pmzwf oifwef; enf;jyvufpJGpmtkyf (8) tkyf/

- oifwef;wufcJhMuonfh q&mq&mrrsm;ESihf awGYqHkaqG;aEG;rIrsm;

- pmoifcef;wGif; oifMum;a&; tawGYtMuHKrsm;
126

EdkifiHwum ynma&;

usm;arar&JU
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a,;vfwuodkvf Oya' ygarmu pma&;
q&mr atrDcRm (Amy Chua) &JU wwd,pmtkyf 'DESpf
tapmydkif;rSm xGufcJhNyD;? yxrpmtkyf World on Fire
xufyif ydkaygufcJhonf/

,ckESpf tapmydkif; 'Dpmtkyf xGufvmuwnf;
u taemufEdkifiH ynma&;orm;rsm;? uav; pdwfynm
&Sifrsm;eJY rdbrsm;tMum; yGJqlapcJhNyD; aumfzDqdkif? tm;
upm;uGif;eJY plygrm;uufawGrSmudk ajymqdk jiif;ckH MuwJh

127

pmtkyf jzpfvmonf/ tGefvdkif;Am;&Sif;udkyif vl 1 oef;

ausmf 0ifzwfMuNyD;? uGefYrefY 7000 ausmfjzifY qGJaqmif
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awGudk b,fvdkaumif;aumif; arG;jrLEdkifovJ qdkwmudk
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taemuf cg;oD;wJY ,Ofaus;rI xdyfwdkufwdk;rI taMumif;
vnf; jzpfonf} [k azmfjyxm;onf/

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EdGKufpf jynfe,frSm zdvpfydkifrS ajymif;a&TUvmwJh w&kwf
rdom;pku arG;zGm;cJhonf/ olrzcif vD,GefcRmu

128

bmuav umvDzdk;eD;,m;wuodkfvfrS tDvufxa&m

epf tif*sifeD,mESifY uGefysLwm odyH ygarmu jzpfonf/
atrDcRm udk,fwdkifu [m;AwfaumvdyfrS 1984 ckESpfrSm
pD;yGm;a&;bGJY &&SdcJYNyD;? 1987 ckESpfrSm [m;AwfOya'
ausmif;uae a'gufwmbGJY &&SdcJhonf/

atrDcRm rarG;cif ESpfESpfrSm olr rdbrsm;
tar&duudk ajymif;a&TU tajccscJYjcif; jzpfonf/ atrDwdkY
nDtpfr av;a,muf tdrfrSm w&kwfpum; ajym&onf/
wlESifh pm;Muonf/ wpfOD;csif;&JU ausmif; &DydkYu'frSm A
tqifhawG &zdkYudk zcifu awmif;qkdxm;onf/ wpfcgu
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wuf,lNyD; qif;vmawmh a'gowBuD;eJY ]aemuf igYudk
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awmhonf/ 'Dawmh atrD b0rSm bmvkyfvkyf yxr&zdkYu
trdefYwm0ef wpfck xrf;aqmif&ovdk jzpfvmonf/

pnf;urf;wif;vGef;wJh w&kwfrdbawG&JU t&dyf
atmufrSm BuD;jyif; vmcJh&wJh atrDu ]BuD;rm;wJh atmif
yGJtwGuf pnf;urf; wif;usyfcJhwmvdkY usr jrifw,f/
usr rdbawGu udk,fhpnf;udk,fhurf;eJY (self-discipline) aewwfatmif oifay;w,f/ uav;b0rSm

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atrDu rdbawG&JU awG;ac:yHkrSm olrvdk tar
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taru zdvpfydkifudk *syefawG odrf;xm;wJh tcsdefrSm
'kuaygif;pHkESifh aecJh&olawG/ tar&duudk ajymif;a&TUvm
awmhvnf; a&ajropfrSm vHkNcHKa&;? bmompum; pwJh
tcuftcJaygif;pHkBuHK&onf/]uav;awG&JU aysmf&TifrIudk
olwdkY awG;yHk r&bl;/ awG;csdefvnf; r&Sdbl;/ 'gayrJh olwdkY
awG;wmu usrwdkY tem*wfudk b,fvdk jyifqifay;rvJ
qdkwmyJ} [k cRmu olr rdbawGudk rSwfcsufay;onf/

atrDu olr udk,fwdkifrSm orD;ESpfa,muf &Sd
vmawmY zcifxuf vufapmif;xufatmif pnf;urf;
wif;wif;eJY tkyfxdef;wJh rdcif jzpfvmonf/ tar&duef
vlYtzGJYtpnf;rSm w&kwfpnf;urf;eJY orD;ESpfa,mufudk
armif;wJh tvkyfudk wdkufyGJawGtjzpf azmfjyxm;onf/
odkYaomf atrD&JU t"du yef;wdkifu olYuav;awG
aysmf&Tifa&; jzpfonf/ olr uav;awGudk csKyfcs,f uefY
owf oifhwm uefYowfxm;jcif;? udk,fhpnf;urf;eJY
aexdkifapjcif;? jyif;jyif;xefxef tvkyfvkyfapjcif;u
olwdkY tem*wf aysmf&TifrI&a&; jzpfonf/ olwdkY tem*wf
atmifjrifrItwGuf i,fpOfrSm rnmrwm jyifqifay;
jcif; jzpfonf[k qdk\/

pmtkyftzGifhrSm ]tar&durSm w&kwfrdbawG
u atmifjrifwJh uav;awG wyHkpHxJ arG;xkwfaewm
udk vltrsm;uawmY tHtm;oifhMur,f/ 'Dvdk atmifjrif
wJh uav;awG&atmif w&kwfrdom;pk twGif;rSm b,f
vdk ysKd;axmifvJ qkdwm odcsifMuvdrfhr,f/ usr udk,fwdkif
vnf; w&kwfrdcif wpfOD; jzpfwmrdkY 'gudk usr ajymjyEdkif
wm &Sdygw,f/ 'DrSm usr orD; ESpfa,mufjzpfwJY ]qkdzD,m
eJY vlvl} udk usr b,fawmhrS cGifhrjyKwJh[mawGyg}
]tvGeftusL; tdyfcGifYray;bl;/
oD;oefYupm;&uf r&Sd&bl;/
ausmif;tm;upm;rSm ryg&bl;/
ausmif;tm;upm;rSm ryg0if&vdkY qifajcwufrvmeJY/
wDAGDMunfhwm? uGefysLwm*drf;aqmhwm cGifhrjyKbl;/

...
uav;awG
twef;xJrSm
nHh aeNyDqdk&if
rdbawG tdrfrSm
uav;awGtwGuf
olwdkY vkyf&rnfh
wm0efudk
rvkyfMuvdkY jzpfrnf...

ausmif;jyify tjcm;yg0ifvIyf&Sm;rIawGudk cGifhrjyKbl;/

twef;wdkif;rSm tqifh A xuf ravsmY&bl;/
pE&m;eJY wa,muvGJvdkY b,fwl&d,mrS rwD;cwf&bl;/
olrsm;tdrf vdkufrtdyf&bl;/}

......ponfwdkYrSm atrDu olYorD; ESpfa,muf
tay: uefYowf csKyfcs,fxm;wmawG jzpfonf/ uav;
tcGiYfta&; ajymvGef;onfh tar&durSm atrD twGuf
rvG,fvS? wdkufyGJwpf&yfyif/

aemuf atrDu w&kwfrdbrsm;eJY taemuf
wkdif; rdbrsm; uav; ysKd;axmifyHk uGmjcm;rIawGudk wifjy
xm;onf/ Oyrm taemufrdbawGu ausmif;rSm trSwf
&zdkYNydKif&wJY pE&m;eJY wa,mudk tdrfrSm uav;awG
em&D0ufavmuf avhusifhcdkif;&if vHkavmufNyD/ trsm;qHk;
wpfem&D/ w&kwfrdbu r&/ tenf;qHk; olwdkYuav;udk
ESpfem&D oHk;em&D avhusifhcdkif;onf/

w&kwf rdcifawGu olYuav;udk twef;xJrSm
tawmfqHk;jzpfzdkYudk tNrJ arQmfvifhxm;onf/ w&kwf
uav;awG&JU ynma&; atmifjrifrIu olwdkYrdbawG&JU
vrf;nTef tkyfxdef;rIESifh trsm;BuD; ywfoufaeonf/
uav;awG twef;xJrSm nHhaeNyDqdk&if rdbawG tdrfrSm
uav;twGuf olwdkY vkyf&rnfh wm0ef rvkyfMuvdkY
129

... csKyfcs,f
uefYowfoihfwm
uefYowfxm;jcif;?
udk,fhpnf;urf;eJY aexdkifapjcif;?
jyif;jyif;xefxef tvkyfvkyfapjcif;u
olwdkY tem*wf aysmf&TifrI&a&; jzpfonf/
olwdkY tem*wf atmifjrifrItwGuf
i,fpOfrSm rnmrwm
jyifqifay;jcif;rSm...

jzpfrnf[k qdkonf/

taemufwdkif; rdcifawGu olwdkY uav;awG
udk ausmif;pmjyify tm;upm;eJY tjcm; udpawGtwGuf
vdkufavsm tcsdefay;vGef;onf/ 'gayrJh w&kwfrdcifawG
olwdkYuav;udk wkdufwGef;wmu....
(1) ausmif;pmrSm xdyfqHk; tNrJ &Sd&rnf?
(2) B tqifhrajymeJY? A minus (A-) &rSwf (90)
qdk&if tajctae qdk;NyDvdkY ,lqonf/
(3)oifhuav;u ocsFmrSm twef;wl tjcm;uav;awG
xuf ESpfESpfavmuf a&SUa&muf ae&rnf?
(4) vltrsm;a&SUrSm oifhuav; qifajc qifvuf
ay;wmudk b,fawmhrS cGifhrjyKaveJY?
(5) oifhuav;[m ausmif;rS q&m ('grSr[kwf)enf;jyeJY
tqifrajy jzpfaeNyDqdk&if udk,fhuav;bufu b,f
awmhrS r&yfeJY q&mbufuae?
(6) aemufqHk; oifhuav;udk NydKifqdkifrI wpfckcktwGuf
cGifhjyK&if a&TwHqdyf &EdkifwmrsKd;om jzpf&rnf/
(7) qku a&TwHqdyfyJ jzpfygap/

atrD&JU yxr orD;u qdkzD,m jzpfonf/ atrDh
cifyGef; *s'fu *sL;vlrsKd;? a,;vfwuodkvf Oya'ygarmu
130

jzpfonf/ 'Dawmh atrDh uav;awGu w&kwf-*sL;tar&duef ujym;av;awGjzpfonf/ atrDeJY *s'fwdkY

vufrxyfrDuwnf;u oabmwlnDcsuf wpfck atrD
awmif;qdkxm;wmu olwdkY uav;awGudk tdrfrSm w&kwf
ref'&if;pum; ajymzdkY/ aemuf w&kwfeJY *sL;vlrsKd;wdkY&JU
atmifjrifapwJh tjyKtrlawG &&SdapzdkY/ qdkzD,mtwGuf
emeDiSm;awmhvnf; ref'&if;pum; ajymwwfwJh oludk
&Smonf/

olwdkY vifr,m; bmoma&;u uufovpf/
odkYaomf bmoma&;xuf orD;ESpfa,mufudk rdbpum;
emcHzdkY? udk,fhpnf;urf;eJY aewwfzdkY? 0D&d,&SdzdkY pwJY
w&kwfeJYqdkifwJh uRrf;usifrIawG &Sdatmif OD;pm;ay; oif
onf/ qdkzD,m qdk&if oHk;ESpforD;rSm w&kwf t&kyfpmvHk;
wpfaxmifausmfavmuf odaeatmif oifay;cJhonf/

taemufwdkif; rdbawGxufydkNyD; w&kwfrdb
awGu olwdkYuav;twGuf tdyfrufBuD;BuD;awG xm;
Muonf/ olwdkYuav;awG tjrifha&mufzdkY olwdkY b,f
avmufxd *&kpdkuf ay;qyf&r,fqdkwm odxm;onf[k
atrDu ajymonf/ tar&duef vlYtzGJYtpnf;uae ol
wdkY w&kwfuav;awG taumif;qHk;awG&zkdY arQmfvifh
xm;onf/ tqdk;zufudk ra&mufatmif enf;rsKd;pHkeJY
wif;usyfxm;onf/

1996 ckESpf qkdzD,m oHk;ESpforD; pE&m; pwif
wD;prSm atrDu aemufxyf ti,fr vlvludk arG;zGm;cJh
onf/ w&kwf&moDcGift& qdkzD,mudk arsmufESpfrSm
arG;vdkY odvdkpdwfeJY xufjrufrI&SdNyD; ay;wJhwm0efudk
NyD;atmif vkyfwwfonf[k qdkonf/

ti,fr vlvlu awm0ufESpfrSm arG;olrdkY
a'go BuD;NyD; acgif;rmtmcHonf/ odkYaomf tajccHtm;
jzifY &dk;om;NyD; aEG;axG;wJY ESvHk;om; &Sdonf/ atrD
udk,fwdkifu usm;ESpfrSm arG;olrdkY aMumuf&GHU rIuif;NyD;
BuD;us,fjrifhjrwfvdkrI? tmPmay;rIeJY oHvdkufvkd olrsm;
udk qGJiif? OD;aqmifcsifrIawG &Sdonf[k qdkonf/

qdkzD,mu usm;arar&JU wif;wif;usyfusyf
cdkif;aprI awGudk emcHwwfayr,fY ti,fr vlvleJY atrD
wdkY tNrJ xdyfwdkufwdk; jyemjzpfMuonf/ atrDu orD;
awGudk tmPm&Sifqefqef tkyfcsKyfonf/ ausmif;pmrSm
xdyfqHk; jzpf&rnf/ pE&m;eJY wa,mudk aeYpOf em&Drsm;pGm
q&maumif;awGeJY tjyif;txef avhusifhcdkif;onf/


atrDudk,fwdkif pE&m;eJY wa,m oifwef;
pmtkyfawG vdkfufzwfNyD; orD;ESpfa,mufudk armif;onf/
orD;ESpfa,mufudk usm;arar&JU armif;csufu jyif;xef
vGef;vSonf/ w&kwf,Ofaus;rIt& tdrfrSm rdcif pum;
udk em;axmif&rnf/ em;raxmifEdkif&if tdrfay:u qif;
[k tjywf ajymxm;onf/

atrDu olYuav;ESpfa,mufudk qHk;rwJhtcg
olYrdom;pktaMumif; ajymjywwfonf/ atrDwdkY tbdk;
tbGm;awGu w&kwfjynfuae 'kursm;pGmeJY 1930 ckESpf
0ef;usifrSm zdvpfydkifukd xGufvmcJh&onf/ zdvpfydkifrSm
'kwd,urmppf BuHK&NyD; ausmif;q&mvkyfwJh atrDtaz
u tar&duudk ajymif;a&TU cJhonf/ aemuf bmuav
wuodkvfrSm uGefysLwm ygarmu jzpfatmifxd BudK;pm;
cJhol/ atrDu olYtaz[m tvkyfoGm;&if pD;wJhzdeyfudk
ESpf20 ausmf w&kdwao pD;cJhaMumif;? eHeuf oHk;em&Dtxd
aeYpOf tvkyfvkyfaMumif; orD;awGudk txyfxyf ajym
jyonf/ atrDwdkY nDtpfr av;OD;pvHk; yDtdyfcsf'D bGJYawG
&atmif vrf;nTefay;cJhwJh zcif jzpfonf/

atrDudk,fwdkif 14 ESpf t&G,frSm zciftwGuf
aemufaz;jcHxJrSm oHk;ay teuf q,fay ywfvnf
a&ul;uefwpfckudk wpfa,mufwnf; aygufwl;eJY wl;
ay;cJhaMumif; olr orD; ESpfa,mufudk ajymjywwfonf/
tdrfeJY NcHoefY&Sif;a&;twGuf nDtpfrawG we*FaEGaeY
wdkif; twlvkyfaMumif; ajymjyonf/

'Dawmh atrDu olr rdbawGvdkyJ oluav;
ESpfa,mufudk tjyif;txefarmif;onf/ bmqifajc
qifvuf taMumif;jycsufrS ray;eJY/ rdbudk t&dkftao
ay;&rnf/ ausmif;pmrSm yxr &&rnf/ udkf,frodwJh
pmvHk;wdkif;udk tbd"gefvSefNyD; twdtus odatmif
vkyf&rnf/ pmar;yGJ tajzvTm rtyfrD oHk;Budrfjyef ppf
aq;&rnf/ ausmif;rSm q&may;wJh trSwf rw&m;bl;
xif&if qifajcray;bJ ESpfqoHk;qru BudK;pm;jy&rnf/

orD;BuD; qdkzD,mu atrD trdefYawG vdkufem
ayrJh? orD;i,f vlvlu tNrJwrf; uvefuqef vkyf
onf/ atrDuvnf; tavQmYray;/ wjcm; tar&duef
uav; trsm;pkvdk wDAGD*drf;awG? taysmftyg;awG
wpfOD;csif; tcGifYta&;awG vkHk;0ray;/ tar&dua&muf
w&kwfuav;tcsKdU tar&duefpdwf aygufukefMuonf/
t&G,fa&mufwmeJY udk,fhtdrf jyefrtdyfawmY/ 'grsKd;tjzpf

rcHEdkif/ w&kwfuav;[m w&kwfaoG; &Sdae&rnf/ rdb

trdefY emcHae&rnf/

atrDwdkY rdbrsm; rsKd;qufu udkf,fhtwGuf
rMunfhbJ tepfem cHcJhMuvdkY atrDwdkY toufig;q,f
wef; w&kwfrsKd;qufu tck tar&du&Sd pD;yGm;a&;?
ynma&; ae&maygif;pHkrSm xdyfqHk; a&mufaeMuonf/
'gayrJh qdkzD,meJY vlvlwdkY rsKd;qufusawmY w&kwfpdwf
r&Sdawmh/ tar&duef uav;awGvdk aecsifMu&Smonf/
'gudk jyKjyifzdkY vdkonf[k atrDu cH,lNyD; olYorD; ESpf
a,mufudk armif;onf/ orD;awG remcH&if tdrfrSm usm;
araru aomif;usef;onf/ orD;awG yxrqk &a&;
twGuf usm;araru tdrfrSm wdkfufyGJ qifonf/ 'D
twGuf vifa,mufsm;udkvnf; tavsmYray;? uav;
awGudk cspfwJh a,mureJYvnf; jyemwufonf/

tar&duef rdbawGeJY rwlwmu tm&S rdb
awGu om;orD;awGeJY &iftkyfruGm aeMuonf/ atrD
ajymjywJh tar&duef rdom;pk tcsKdUqdk&if om;orD;udk
xm;cJhNyD; zcifwpfOD;wnf;? rdcifwpfOD;wnf; tyef;ajz
c&D; xGufwmrsKd;awG &Sdonf/ uav;awGvnf; oGm;csif
&moGm;/ atrDwdkY rdom;pkuawmh tm;vyf&uf b,fEdkifiH
131

b,fc&D; xGufxGuf vifr,m;ESpfa,muf orD;

ESpfa,mufeJY twlwl/ olr zcifwkef;uvnf; orD;awGeJY
'DvdkyJ rdom;pkvdkuf oGm;twl? aetwl/

atrDu tdrfrSm acG;ESpfaumif arG;awmhvnf;
w&kwfpdwf"mwfESifh arG;onf/ atrDu acG;cspfvdkYr[kwf/
orD;ESpfa,mufuacG;ac:vmvdkYjzpfonf/w&kwfqdkwm
acG;cspfwwfolrsm; r[kwf/ tar&duefawGu acG;cspfMu
onf/ acG;NydKifMuonf/ 'Dawmh atrDu acG;udk
tmPm&Sif qefqef cdkfif;NyD; olrsm; acG;xufomatmif
avhusifhonf/ acG;awGudk rnm/tjyif;txef avhusifh
onf/ olrsm; acG;xuf t&m&mrSm xdyfqHk; jzpfae&rnf/
w&kwfarG;wJh acG;u tar&duefarG;wJh acG;xuf tpp
om&rnf/

qdkzD,meJY vlvlwdkYu pE&m;eJY wa,mrSm
ausmif;NydKifyGJwdkif;wGif xdyfqHk;u &Sdaeonf/ olrsm;
uav;awG wpfem&D usifh&if olwdkY ajcmufem&D usifh&
onf/ *E0if wD;vHk;wD;uGufawGrSm EdkifiHwum ausmif;
NydKifyGJwdkif; yxrqkawG &onf/ t&G,feJY rvdkufatmif
wwfuRrf;aevdkY *Dwynm&Sifrsm; tHMo&onf/

&G,fwl tNydKiftqdkif oli,fcsif;awGu
tHMojcif;BuD;pGmeJY ]eifwdkY ausmif;pmvnf; xdyfqHk;
&atmif vkyf&w,f/ tdrfpmvnf; vkyf&w,f/ w&kwfpm?
&[l'D pmawGvnf; avhvm&w,f/ pE&m;eJY wa,m
vnf; ajcmufem&D avhusifh&w,f/ b,frSmvnf; tem;
,lzdkY tcsdef} qdkawmY qdkzD,mu jyefajymw,f/ ]igwdkY
taru ajymxm;w,f/ igwdkYu w&kwf? w&kwfqdkwm
tm;vyfcsdefwdkY? tem;,lcsdefwdkY r&Sd&bl;} [k/

tar&durSm w&kwf tkyfxdef;rIeJY BuD;vmwJh
qdkzD,meJY vlvlwkdY ,ck tar&duef xdyfqHk; wuodkvf
awGrSm pwufaeMuNyD/ atmifjrifwJh w&kwfEG,fzGm;
tar&duef rdom;pk jzpfaeonf/

odkYaomf atrD&JU pmtkyfu jiif;ckHp&mawG
trsm;BuD; jzpfvmcJhonf/ atrD&JU uav; ysKd;axmif
enf;udk vHk;0 &IwfcsolawG rsm;onf/ txl;ojzifY atrD&JU
tmPm&Sifqefqef om;orD;awGtay: avhusifhay;rI?
trdefY emcH cdkif;rIu taemufwdkif; uav;ysKd;axmifenf;?
uav;tcGifYta&;? uav; pdwfynmwdkYtwGuf jy
em trsm;BuD; &Sdaeonf/

132

'gayrJh tar&durSm w&kwf? tdEd,? udk&D;,m;eJY
tjcm; tm&SEG,fzGm; uav;awGu ynma&;rSm a&SU
a&mufaeNyD; Xmae tar&duefuav;awGu ynma&;
rSm tvGef aygYavsmY aeonf/ zGHYNzdK;NyD; tdktD;pD'D 32 EdkifiH
ynma&; prf;oyfNyKdfifyGJwdkif; tar&duefuav;awG
aemufaumufus aewwfonf/

taemufwdkfif; rdbawGu olwdkYuav;awG
udk tvdkvdkuf vGef;onf/ ynma&;rSm azmufxGuf
awG;ac:rI (critical thinking)? qef;opfwDxGifrI (innovation) wdkY tm;ay;vGef;vdkY *drf;awG? upm;yGJawG
rsm;vGef;aeonf/ wzufwGifrl tm&Synma&;u txyf
xyf avhusifh? tvGwf usufrSwf&wJh rote learning
jzpfaeonf/ odkYaomf uav;awGu touf xGuf
rwwf BudK;pm;Muonf/ rdbawGuvnf; om;orD;
twGuf tpp tepfemcH ay;qyfMuonf/

,ck atrDcRm&JU pmtkyfwGif ,Ofaus;rI?
tawG;tac:? ynma&; pwmawGrSm ta&SUeJY taemuf
xdyfwdkufwdk;rIudk azmfjyxm;onf/ atrD udk,fwdkifu
olY&JU rdb tkyfxdef;enf;rSm tm;enf;csufawG &SdaMumif;
vnf; 0efcHxm;onf/

'Dpmtkyf&JU t"du tcsufu w&kwfeJY tm&Som;
awG bmaMumifY xdyfqHk; wufvmovJ? tar&duef
tygt0if taemufrSm bmaMumifh usqif; vmovJ
qdkwJh ynma&; jyemudkvnf; oG,f0dkuf azmfjy
xm;onf/ uav;ynma&; pdwf0ifpm;olwdkif;? uav;
ysKd;axmifzdkY 0goem &Sdolwdkif; rjzpfrae zwf&rnfh pm tkyf
jzpfonf/ atrDcRmtwdkif; tmPm&Sifqefqef uav;
ysKd;axmifzdkYawmh r[kwf/

rnfodkYqdkap jrefrm bmomjyef taejzifY &Sd
oifh? &Sdxdkufaom pmtkyfuav; wpftkyf jzpf onf/
&Jjrihfausmf
&nfnTef;/
Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother
by Amy Chua

plygpwm; rsufarSmufacwf 'eynm&Sif

0ifhxef;

rMumcifu w&kwf e,l;pf0dcf r*Zif;wGif rsufESmzHk; txl;
aqmif;yg;tjzpf w&kwfjynftwGuf ]wpfESpfwm MoZmt&SdqHk; EdkifiH&yfjcm;
yk*dKvf} taMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ xdkyk*Kdvf trnfu bm;&cf tdkbm;rm;
r[kwf/ bDvf*dwfeJY 0g&if; bwfzpfwf wdkYemrnfvnf; r[kwf/

tm&Sausmif;om;rsm;Mum; a&mYcfpwm; ozG,fjzpfaewJY taemuf
wdkif; ynm&Sif wpfa,muf trnf jzpfonf/ w&kwf? *syef? awmifudk&D;,m;
wdkYrS vlawGu olYtoHMum;&zdkY vufrSwf vk0,faeMu&onf/

olY trnfu rdkufu,fvf a*s qef',fvf (Michael J. Sandel)/
[m;AwfwuodkvfrS EdkifiHa&; 'e ynm&Sif/

w&kwf e,l;pf0dcfowif;u [m;Awfwuodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;
twGufawmh tqef;r[kwf/ qef',fvf &JU Justice bmom&yf ydkYcswJh
twef;wdkif;rSm ausmif;om; 15,000 ausmf wufa&mufMuonf/ [m;Awf
wuodkfvfeJY urmhwuodkvfrsm;&JU ordkif;rSm vltrsm;qHk; wufa&mufwJY
oifwef; jzpfaeonf/ qef',fvfu t&pwdkw,fvf? tifrmEsL&,fvf uefY?
*RefpusL;twfar;vf wdkY&JU 'ersm;udk o&kyfazmf &Sif;jyzdkY vufawGYb0
OyrmawGudk toHk;jyK&if; olYtwef;udk zrf;pm;xm;onf/
133

...
]] wuodkvf 0ifcGihfudk
tjrihfqHk; trSwfeJY
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usrwdkY rdwfaqGtcsKdUu axmufyHh ay;ygw,f/

yxr tokwf ausmif;om; 14 a,mufu
ynm oif&wm aysmf&TifNyD;? tckrS wu,fh ausmif;udk
a&mufw,fvdkY &ifzGifhMuygw,f/ 'gayrJh yxr ESpfv
avmufrSm lyaA' oifwJh q&mu tmPm&SifyHkpH ayguf
vmygw,f/ olcdkif;wJhtwkdif; ausmif;om;awG vdkuf
rvkyfbl;qdk&if ol roif Edkifawmhbl;wJh/ ausmif;om;
awGeJY usrwdkY aqG;aEG;Muw,f/ olYoabmtwdkif; &Sdyg
apaygY/ aemufq&mwpfa,muf &SmMuw,f/


aemufESpfuawmh tBuD;tus,f wdk;wuf
ajymif;vJoGm;wJh ESpfvdkY qdk&r,f/ ausmif;om;wpf&m
139

]]usrwdkY ausmif;
tajccHOya'&JU
xl;jcm;csufrSm
]uREkfyftwGuf ig;rdepf}
(My Five Minutes)

tpDtpOf ygygw,f/
ausmif;om;wdkif;[m
oleJYywfoufwJh taMumif;udp
wpfckcktwGuf
trsm;a&SUrSm
ig;rdepf ajymcGifh &Sd&ygr,f/}}

avmuf a&mufvmw,f/ 0ifcGifh pmar;yGJeJY *&kwpdkuf

a&G;&w,f/ usrwdkY pmoifcef; oHk;cef;rSm 15 a,mufpDyJ
vufcHEdkifr,f/ aemuf usrwdkY wdkif;jynfrSm bpfZeuf
vkyfief;awG pdwf0ifpm;vmwJhtwGuf aps;uGuf abm*
aA' bmom&yfudk xnfhoifw,f/ aumvdyf 0ifcGifh
twGuf jyifqifay;w,f/


'DaeYqdk usrwdkYrSm udk,fydkifausmif; &SdaeygNyD/
oifaxmufulypnf; tawmf pHkpHkvifvifeJY acwfrSD
ausmif; wpfausmif; jzpfvmygw,f/ 7 wef;rS 12 wef;
txd ausmif;om; 120 &Sdygw,f/ pmoifcef;awGu
ao;w,f qdkayr,fh? ausmif;om; 18 a,mufuae 24
a,muftxd qefYNyD; toH vHkjcHKrI &Sdygw,f/ 'Davmufqdk
tawmfygyJ/ tkyfpkzGJY vkyfudkif &wmawGtwGufvnf;
tqifajyygw,f/ EdkifiHjcm; bmompum;? q&meJY
ausmif;om; tjyKoabm qufqHa&;? EdkifiHjcm;
ausmif;om; zvS,frI (foreign exchanges) awGudk
OD;pm;ay; vkyfaqmifMuygw,f/


odkYaomf tJ'DoifMum;rI toGiftjyifawG[m
140

usrwdkY jcm;em;atmif vkyfcsifwJh ynma&; yHkpHtwGuf

rvHkavmuf ao;ygbl;/ tpuwnf;u usrwdkY rpf&Spfu
'Drdku&ufwpf ydkvefEdkifiH twGuf ausmif;om;awGudk
Edk;Mum; wuf~uGNyD; wm0ef,lpdwf tjynfh&SdwJh EdkifiH
om;awG jzpfvmapzdkYyg/ 'gaMumifhvnf; tJ'D yef;wdkifudk
a&muf&SdapzdkY olwdkYtwGuf vdktyfr,fh uRrf;usifrIawG
tcGifhtvrf;awG rsm;rsm;&atmif usrwdkY BudK;pm;
vkyfaqmifay;ygw,f/


pmoifcef;awG[m wuf~uGaeNyD; wpfOD;eJY
wpfOD; &if;ESD; aysmf&TifaeMuw,f/ ausmif;om;awGudk
olwdkYtjrif? olwdkY t,ltq? tMuHPfawG vkyf
aqmifcsufawG xkwfazmf&JzdkY tm;ay;&ygw,f/ ausmif;
tajccHOya' a&;qGJzdkY ausmif;om;awGeJY q&mawGudk
aumfrwDwpfzGJY rJeJY a&G;cs,f zGJYygw,f/ aemuf ausmif;
ygvDref zGJYygw,f/ usrwdkY ausmif;&JU ausmif; tajccH
Oya'[m wpfEdkifiHvHk; twdkif;twm ausmif;aygif;pHk
NydKifyGJrSm yxrqk &cJhygw,f/


usrwdkY ausmif; tajccHOya'&JU xl;jcm;csufrSm

]uREkfyftwGuf ig;rdepf} (My Five Minutes) tpDt

pOf ygygw,f/ ausmif;om;wdkif;[m oleJYywfoufwJh
taMumif;udp wpfckcktwGuf trsm;a&SUrSm ig;rdepf
ajymcGifh &Sd&ygr,f/


usrwdkY ausmif;u atmifvufrSwf&zdkY
ausmif;om;awG[m em&D 60 vlrI0efxrf; (community service) vkyf&w,f/ aemuf olwdkY bmawG vkyf
aqmifay;cJhw,f? bm tawGYtMuHKawG &cJYw,f qdkwm
*sme,fwpfckeJY a&;om; wifjy&ygw,f/ 'D tdkif'D,mawG
[m tar&duefawG twGuf rqef;ayrJh? usrwdkY ydkvef
EdkifiHeJY ta&SU Oa&my ynma&; pepff twGufawmh vHk;0
xl;jcm; qef;jym; aeygw,f/


usrwdkY BudK;pm; &SmazGaewJh ynma&; tajymif;
tvJu tawmf c&D; a&mufygw,f/ usrwdkY yef;wdkifu
aumif;rGefwJh vlYtzGJYtpnf; wpfck zefwD; xlaxmifzdkYyg/
ausmif;om;awGudk usrwdkYodwm wwfwmxuf ydkwwf
uRrf; 0ifqefY ap&ygr,f/ 1990 rSm rufqmcsL;quf?
urf;b&pfcsf wuodkvfu ynma&;orm;awGeJY yl;aygif;
NyD; 'Drdkua&pD oifMum;a&; aEG&moDausmif; (summer
institutes) udk zGifhEdkifcJhygw,f/


tpuawmh ydkvef wpfEdkifiHvHk;u q&mawG
twGuf aEG&moD oifwef; zGifhwmyg/ 'gayrJh ausmif;wdkif;
ausmif;wdkif;u q&moHk;OD;eJY ausmif;tkyfwdkYudk t&ifqHk;
'Drdkua&pD oifMum;a&; x&defeifay;ygw,f/ txl;
ojzifh ausmif;tkyfudk x&defeif ray;&if bmrS tajymif;
tvJ vkyfvkYd&r,f r[kwfyg/ aemufawmh NrdKU jy q&m
awGwif r[kwfbJ usrwdkY ausmif;u OD;aqmifNyD; aus;
vuf ausmif;awGrSmyg oifwef;awG ay;EdkifcJh ygw,f/


aemuf usrwdkY ausmif;om;awGu EdkifiHjcm;u
wjcm; oufwl&G,fwl ausmif;om;awGeJY awGYqHkcsifMu
wm ajymwJhtwGuf EdkifiHwum ya&mh*sufwpfck usrwkYd
pwifcJhygw,f/ ydkvef- qdkvdkAuf ESpfEdkifiHaygif; q&mjzpf
x&defeif 0yfa&SmhawG? qufrpfemawGeJY pvdkufMuyg
w,f/ tck csuforwEdkifiH? qm;AD;,m;? udkqdkAdk? bla*;
&D;,m;? &dkar;eD;,m;wdkYu q&mawGeJY usrwdkY ausmif;

om;awG twGuf tvkyftwl wGJvkyf aeMuygw,f/

'DEdkifiHwum ya&mh*suf&JU rlvwGef;tm; u
awmh ydkvefrSm ausmif;om; A[dkjyK oifMum;a&; (student- centered approach) zefwD;MuzdkYyg/ 11 ESpf
twGif; ydkvefrSm tpdk;&r[kwfwJh ausmif; ta&twGuf
trsm;BuD; xGufvmygw,f/ bmom&yf e,fy,f aygif;pHk
oifMum; Muygw,f/ yk*vdu ausmif;awG wufwuf
~uG~uG vkyfaeMuwmudk wpfEdkifiHvHk; pdwftm; wuf~uG
aeMuygw,f/

ynma&; 0efBuD;Xmeu tckvdk yk*vdu
ausmif;opfawG wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmwmudk pdwf0ifw
pm; apmifhMunfh aeygw,f/ qef;opfwJh ausmif;av;
awG&JU oifMum;a&; pepfrSm atmifjrifrI &aewm? aiG
aMu; rqefwmawGudk awGY&awmh tpdk;& ynma&; pepf
rSmyg usrwdkY oifMum;a&; yHkpHudk yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufay;zdkY
urf;vSrf; vmygw,f/


ydkvef ynma&;[m txufu vmwJh yHkpHrsKd;
r[kwfawmhbJ? atmufu jyefqefwufwJh tusKd;
oufa&mufrI jzpfvmygw,f (Instead of a trickledown effect, there has been a trickle-up ef-

fect.)/ atmufajc vlxkqDu oGm;wJh ynma&;u yifr

ynma&;&JU tpdwfydkif;BuD; wpfck jzpfvmygw,f/

ynma&;[m ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf
t"du aomhcsuf tc&mjzpfw,fqdkwmudk usrwdkY vHk;0
odxm;ygw,f/ aemufrsKd;quftwGuf 'Drdku&ufwpf
pdefac:rIawG jyifqifay;xm;zdkY usrwdkY ausmif;awG[m
ta&;ygwJh tcef;u@rSm &Sdaeygw,f/

'gayrJh 'g[m c&D;&SnfBuD; qkdwmvnf; usr wdkY
odxm;ygw,f/ tJ'D &Snfvsm;wJh c&D;twGuf usrwdkY
vHk;0 vHk;0 toifh jzpf aeMuygNyD/
t*jref
(pma&;ol Alicia Depkowska rSm ydkvefEdkifiH
Education Society for Malopolska \
OuX jzpfonf/)

141

wbf
vwf
uGef
ysL
wm
ay;
rnf
avm
tm [m & jynfh 0 pGm auR; arG; rnf avm
jrwfyef;&Sif

azGxdkif;ygwDu a&G;aumufyGJ uwdu0wf
wpfckjzpfonfh ausmif;om;wpfOD; wbfvwf Tablet
uGefysLwmwpfvHk; pDrHcsufudk taumuftxnf az:oGm;
rnf[k qdkonf/ odkY&mwGif ynm&Sifrsm;ESihf ynma&;
orm;rsm;u pdk;&drfrI&SdaeaMumif; wifjyxm;Muonf/
xdkif;jynfwGif; uGefysLwm vkyfief;&Sifrsm;url pDrHcsuf
udk BudKqdkvdkfufonf/

aemufvmrnfh oHk;ESpfcefYwGif usaemhf uav;
2 OD;wdkYrSm yxrwef;wGif wufa&mufMuygvdrfhrnf/
tu,f azGxdkif;ygwDuom tpdk;&tjzpf qufvuf &Sd
aeOD;rnfqdkvQif? olwdkYygwD\ uav;wpfOD; wbfvwf
wpfvHk; tpDtpOfvnf; rysufjy,fao;bl;qdkvQif?
uav;rsm;onf wbfvwf wpfvHk;pD &&SdMuygvdrfhrnf/

rnfonfh rdbudkrqdk olwkdY\ uav;rsm;
twGuf uGefysLwm tpDtpOfudk jiif;y,frnfvm;[k ar;
jref; Munfhygukef/ tajzrSmum; ]Ekd;}? ]bmaMumihf jiif;&
142

rSmwkef;} [lyif jzpfvdrfhrnf/ upm;p&mtopfudk u

av;rsm; trSefwu,f toHk;jyKwwfrnfrSm raocsm
aomfjim;vnf;? ausmif;ynma&;twGuf oif,ljcif;
qdkif&m wefzdk;twGufjzpfap tjcm;&nf&G,fcsuf twGuf
jzpfap toHk;jyKrnf[k raocsmaomfjim;vnf; rdbrsm;
taejzihfrl jiif;qdk&ef 0efav;ygvdrfhrnf/

yxrwef; uav;rsm;udkvnf; ar;jref;Munfh
ygOD;/ wnDwnGwfwnf;yif ]vdkcsifygw,fAs} [k ajz
Mum; Murnfomwnf;/

trsm;pk twGufrSmrl wbfvwfuGefysLwmrSm
upm;p&m topfwpfck jzpfygvdrhfrnf/ rdbrsm; aiGaMu;
t& rwwfEkdifao;onfh upm;p&mwpfck/ odkYwnf;
r[kwf uav;rsm;rSm tvGefyif i,fEkao;onfhtwGuf
tdyfpdkufNyD; aiGaMu; tukeftuscHum r0,fay;vdkjcif;?
rsm;rMumrDrSmyif ysufpD;oGm;Ekdifonfh upm;p&m topf
wpfckrQom[k oabmydkufjcif;wdkY &SdEkdifygonf/


usaemfhtaejzihfvnf; udp&yfrsm;ESihf ywf
oufNyD; 0ifa&mufpGufzuf raqG;aEG;vdkyg/ wbfvwf
rsm;udk toHk;jyK&eftwGuf yxrwef;t&G,f uav;i,f
rsm;rSm odyfNyD; i,fEkao;oavm? *drf;rsm;udk upm;&ef
twGufrQom toHk;jyKMurnfavm? enf;ynm xdyfwef;
pufud&d,mrSm wpfESpfcHrQomavm/ ynm&Sifrsm;
todkif;t0ef;twGif; jiif;cHkaqG;aEG; aeMuqJyif/ odkY
wnf;r[kwfrl jynfwGif; uGefysLwm trmxnfESihf
taysmhxnf aqmhzf0Jvf ukrPDrsm;twGuf aps;uGuf
BuD;BuD; wpfck zefwD;ay;EkdifpGrf;ESihf uGefysLwm ta&mif;
jrihfwifjcif; rQomjzpfoavm/

rdrdoabmt&rlum; &if;ESD;jryfESHrI\ tusKd;
aus;Zl; enf;enf;? rsm;rsm; pDrHcsuf tay:wGif ruefY
uGuf vdkyg/

odkYaomfjim;vnf; OD;pm;ay; vkyfief;&yfrsm;
ESihf ywfoufum; aqG;aEG;vdkyg\/ yxrwef; t&G,f
uav;i,frsm;twGuf wbfvwf uGefysLwm &SdMu&ef
rSm ta&;BuD;ygovm;/ odkYwnf;r[kwf qmavmif iwf
rGwfaeqJ uav;i,f rsm;pGmwdkY\ tpmtdrftlr awmifh
wif;aeap&efESihf udk,fum, zGHYNzdK;rI? pdwfydkif;qkdif&m
usef;rmrIwdkYtwGuf tm[m& jynfh0pGm &&SdNyD; &Sifoef
zGHYNzdK; vmap&efrSm ydkrdk ta&;rBuD;aybl;vm;/

uav;i,f axmifaomif;rsm;pGmwdkY &Sdaeyg
ao;onf/ txl;ojzihf aus;vufa'oae uav;i,f
rsm;rSm tm[m& jynfh0jcif;r&SdbJ ausmif;wuf aeMu& yg
\/ tcrJh aeYvnfpm auR;arG;jcif; ausmif;tpDtpOfrSm
vnf; y&dkwdef;"gwf enf;yg; vGef;aypG/ xrif;rsm;rsm;?
[if;oD;[if;&Guf enf;enf;om yg&Sdaewkef;/ taMumif;
rlum; tpdk;&\ ausmif;aeYvnfpm tpDtpOf twGuf
aiGaMu; yHhydk;rIwdkYudk Xmet&m&Sdrsm;ESihf olwdkY taygif;
tygrsm;u zJh,l xm;Mujcif;aMumihfyifwnf;/ odkYjzpfav
&m uav;i,f rsm;pGmwdkYudk wbfvwf uGefysLwm
ay;a0jcif;rSm tusKd;rsm;ygrnfavm/ awG;csifp&myif/

uav;i,frsm;udk tm[m& jynfhwif;pGm auR;
arG;NyD;onfh tcg0,f wbfvwfuGefysLwmrsm; ay;a0yg
u om aumif;ygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf aiGaMu; rvHk
avmufygrl uav;i,frsm;tm; tm[m& jynfh0pGm auR;
arG;jcif;onfomvQif ydkrdk OD;pm;ay; vkyfaqmif&rnhf
t&mjzpfyg\/

wu,f w rf ;
uav;wpfOD;-wbfvwf
rSmawmhvnf;
wpfvHk; ay;&ef uwday;cJhol
wbfvwf uGef
xkdif;0efBuD;csKyf ,ifvuf
ysLwm pDrHcsuf
rSm txufrS
atmufodkY us
qif; vm onfh
(AsL&d k u &uf )
orm;&dk;us t
pDtpOfrQom/
pDrHudef;\
pD;yGm;a&; t
usKd; tjrwfudk
om rsufvHk;
wpfzufwnf; &IjrifrIESihf wpfOD; wpfa,muf \ BudKwif
qHk;jzpfcsufrQom/ ynma&; tusKd;rSm rlum; ab;xGuf
&v'ftqifhrQom/

pDrHcsuf\ oifhavsmf udkufnDrIudk usus
ee avhvm pl;prf;rIudkum; rvkyfMuao;/ rnfonfh t
usKd; aus;Zl;rsm; yg&Sd aeygoenf; qdk onfudkvnf;
ravhvmvm &ao;/ wpfEkdifiHvHk; twkdif;twmjzihf t
aumiftxnf raz: rDrSm prf;oyfumv taejzifh a&SUajy;
pDrHcsuf tao;pm; uav;wpfckavmufESihf rpwif
oihfygoavm/

tmPm& azGxdkif;ygwD twGufrSmrl tcGef ay;
aeol xkdif;jynfolrsm;\ bwfaiGoef; av;axmifrSm
pDrHcsuf ueOD; pDpOfrIrsm; tqihfrSmyif oJxJ a&oGef
jzpf&ygOD;rnf/ odkYaomf tmPm& tpdk;& wpf&yf twGuf
rSm tav;rxm;? rrIavmufaom yrmPrQ om/

odkYaomf tcGef ay;aqmifae&ol xkdif;jynfol
wdkY odjrif em;vnfxm;Muyg\/ vGefpGm rsm;jym;vSonfh
aiGaMu; yrmPyif/ odkYjzpfav&m olwdkY\ vkyftm;aiG
wdkYudk ydkrdk wefzdk;&Sdrnfh? todPfESihf ,SOfaom oHk;pGJrI
rsm;twGuf - Oyrm taejzihf uav;i,frsm;udk tm[m
& jynfh0pGm auR;arG;jcif; tpDtpOfuJhokdY - toHk;cs oihf
ygonf/
jrwfyef;&Sif
Bangkok Post/
By Veera Prateepchaiku, Former Editor
143

wdkuf
&J
aom

bDbD
wifnTefU

,ck azmfjyrnfh
taMumif;t&monf ygupwef aus;
Gm wpfGmwGif jzpfyGm;cJhonfh vl rqef
aom jzpf&yfrSef tjzpftysuf wpfck
jzpfygonf/ rkwm&efbDbD qdkol trsKd;
orD; wpfOD;\ b0ysufvkrcef; BuKHawGY cJh&onfh Zmwf
vrf;wpfyk'fvnf; jzpfygonf/ olr twGuf jyefwdkufkHrS
wpfyg; aG;cs,fp&mvrf; r&Sdonfh tcgwGif owdawG
jzpfvm&onf/ xdkowdonf olr twGuf omru? olr
ywf0ef;usif twGufyg jzpfvmcJhonf/

bDbDonf armifi,fjzpfolu rk'drf;rIwpfck
usL;vGefcJhonfhtwGuf tumtuG,fay;&ef BudK;yrf;
ae&onf/ olYarmifu wpfGmwnf;ae Zmwfjrifh rdom;pk
rS rdef;uav;wpfOD;udk rk'drf; oGm;usifh vdkufonf/

xdktcsdefupNyD; aemuf okH;ESpf umvvkH;vkH;
ygupwef aus;Gmav; wpfGmrS olrtm; cwfcJhonfh
144

'Pfudk aumif;aumif;BuD; cH&awmh\/

]uRefrwdkY Gmjyef&if aumif;r,f raumif;bl;
qdkwm tawmfav; qkH;jzwf& cufwJh jyemwpfck
jzpfcJhw,f} [k awmufyonfhrsufvkH;rsm;ESifh ta0;udk
ai;Munfh&if; olruajymvdkufonf/

tjzpftysuf tm;vkH;udk tao;pdwf jyefajym
&rnfudkyif wkefvIyfaerdonf/ bDbD\ armifjzpfoludk
tjypf ay;&rnfhtpm; Gm acgif;aqmifydkif;u olr wpfOD;
wnf;udk uGufNyD; bmaMumifh tjypfyHkcs ae&onfudk
em;rvnfEdkifawmh/

armifjzpfol raumif;rI usL;vGefcJhonfudk
tpfrjzpfolu ay;qyf&rnfqdkonfh vlrsKd;pk ta&;qdkrI

udkvnf; olr em;rvnfEdkifatmif jzpfae&onf/ aemuf

qkH; touf 29 ESpf tG,f&SdNyD jzpfonfh bDbDudk olrwdkY
rsKd;EG,fESifh qefYusifbuf armifjzpfol\ rk'drf;usifhjcif;udk
cH&ol rsKd;EG,fpkrS jyefNyD; rk'drf;usifhap[k aus;Gm acgif;
aqmifydkif;u trdefYcsvdkufonf/

bDbDwpfa,muf urmysufvkrcef; atmf[pf
&if; 0gcif;udk jzwfum 'Gwfwdkuf qGJac:oGm;jcif; cHvdkuf
&onf/ olwdkY OD;wnfaeonfh ae&mum; THU rsm;jzifh
rHxm;onfh wJwpfvkH;qDodkY jzpfonf/ olwdkYu aoewf
udk acgif;ay: ausmfypfvdkufNyD; olrudk &ufpufpGm rk'drf;
usifhMuonf/ pkpkaygif; vlav;a,mufu rw&m;rI
wpfckudk w&m;oa,mif jyKusifhaepOfwGif bDbD\ zcif
jzpfolonf xdkwJ tjyifbufwGif bmvkyf bmudkif&
rSef; rodjzpfNyD; aMumifawmifawmif &yfaerdonf/

bDbDwpfa,muf xdktcsdefuwnf;u pdwf
xJwGif qE wpfckom&Sdonf/ olrsm;udk ]Edkifatmif
jyefwdkufa&;} jzpfonf/ vuf&Sd tajctaewGif BuKHawGU
vdkuf&onfh i&Jcef;aMumifh tawmfav; xdwfvefY
wkefvIyfaerdonf/

ygupwefwGif trsKd;orD;wpfOD;onf rk'drf;
tusifh cH&ygu udk,fhudk,fudk owfaoMu&onfh xkH;pH
&Sdonf/ tjzpftysufrsKd; bDbDaeonfh aus;GmwGif
rjzpfysufrD ESpf&ufu rD,m0gvaus;GmwGif jzpfysufcJh
ao;onf/ xdktaMumif;ESifh ywfoufNyD; bDbDu ]trsKd;
orD;awGtwGuf 'Dvdk jzpfvdkuf&if aG;cs,fp&m wpfvrf;
yJ&Sdw,f/ aozdkYyJav/ 'DrSmu w&m;rSwrIqdkwm &Sdwm
r[kwfbl;} [k olru ajymvdkufonf/ odkYaomf olr
udk,fwdkifu uHw&m;udk ykHrcs/ ]uHraumif; taMumif;
rvSvdkY} jzpf&onf[l vufrcH/ jzpfvmonfh 'Pfudk
acgif;ikHYNyD; rcH[kvnf; qkH;jzwfNyD;om; jzpfaeonf/

orD;jzpfol cHpm;vdkuf&onfh 'Pfudk rdom;pk
u jyefcH&rnfudk xdwfvefY&if; olwdkY tdyfraysmfEdkifMuay/
olwdkY rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;u dk;&mudk pGJudkif wwfMuvGef;ojzifh
zdtm;awG ay;vm&mrS aemufqkH; &ufpuf &rf;um;onfh
toGif aqmifvmonf/ bDbDwpfa,muf yxrawmh
BudwfcHNyD; cGef;wkHY rjyefcJhay/ odkYaomfaemufqkH; ....

]rdef;uav;wpfa,muftaeeJYb,favmuf
dk;dk;om;om;aeae apmfum;wmawGudk cH&zef rsm;vGef;
awmh aoG;yGufyGuf qlvm apwmaygh} [k Gm&Sd rGwfpvif

bmoma&;acgif;aqmif tA'l&mZwfu ajymvmonf/

tA'l&mZwfonf bDbDhudk w&m;Oya'ESifh tnD jzpfap
&ef GmolGmom;rsm;udk yxrOD;qkH; zGifhajymcJholjzpfonf/
xdkowif;onf teD;tem; 0ef;usifGmrsm;odkY jyefYESHYoGm;
awmhonf/

EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwum owif;tzGJY
rsm;\ tmkHpdkufp&m owif;xl; wpfyk'fvnf; jzpfoGm;
onf/ &mZwf\ wdkufwGef;csufaMumifh bDbDonf &J
pcef;odkY tjzpftysufudk oGm;a&muf wdkifMum;onf/
xdktcsdefwGif vlod&SifMum; jzpfp&m owif;axmufrsm;
"mwfykHq&mrsm;u &Jpcef; tjyifwGif apmifhqdkif; owif;
,laeMuNyD jzpfonf/

2002 ckESpf aEG&moDwGif w&m;pD&ifjcif;udk
pwifcJhonf/ bDbDu olYudk rk'drf; usifhcJholrsm;udk acgif;
armh &ifaumhNyD; &J&J0Hh0Hh &ifqdkifvdkufonf/ w&m;kH;u
rk'drf;orm;av;a,mufESifh rk'drf;usifh&ef trdefYay;cJh
onfh GmvlBuD; ESpfOD;udk BudK;qGJcs owf&ef w&m;pD&if
vdkufonf/

ygupwef orw rl&Sm&ufzfu bDbDhudk lyD; 5
odef; (tar&duefa':vm 8400) ay;NyD; NrdKUawmfwGif
vma&muf aexdkifEdkif&ef tdrfwpfvkH;vnf; ay;onf/
odkYaomf bDbDu olYudk rw&m; qufqHcJhonfh Zmwfedrfh
Zmwfjrifh cGJjcm;aom GmwGifom qufaernf[k ajym
Mum; cJhonf/

,cktcsdefwGif bDbDudk 24 em&DvHk;vHk; &Jrsm;
u tumtuG,f ay;xm;onf/ olronf orwBuD;u
ay;onfhaiGudk GmwGif yxrOD;qkH; pmoifausmif;av;
ESpfausmif; aqmufvdkufonf/ wpfausmif;u rdef;
uav;ausmif;jzpfNyD;? usefwpfausmif;u a,mufsm;
av;ausmif; jzpfonf/

bDbD\ rdbrsm;ESifh olru tp pmwwfolrsm;
r[kwfMuaomfvnf; tm;vkH;aom jzpfysufcJhorS t&if;
cHrSm pmay rwwfMuaomaMumifh jzpf&aMumif; olr
oabmaygufxm;onf/ olr zGifhxm;onfhausmif;wGif
t*Fvdyfpm oifonf/ ocsFmoifonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;
twGuf Zmxdk;yef;xdk; oifonf/ GmtwGuf ynmwwf
yxrOD;qkH; rsKd;qufudk xlaxmifonf/

bDbDu udk,fwdkifvnf; pmoif,lonf/
tawmfqkH; wynfhwpfa,muf jzpfatmif BudK;pm;onf/
145

]ckqdkuRefr udk,fhemrnf udk,fa&;wwfNyD/ 1 uae 100

txd a&wGufwwfNyD} [k cyf~uGm;~uGm;av; ajymEdkifNyD
jzpfonf/ olYudk ausmif;om;awGu bm*sD (tpfrBuD;)
[kac: Muonf/ tm;vkH;udk tpfrBuD; pdwf"mwfjzifh
jrifhwif ay;cJhaomaMumifhvnf; ac:xdkufygay\/

]rdbawGu olwdkYom;orD;awGudk ausmif;udk
rvTwfcsifMubl;/ raeYuqdk&if Gmudk ywfNyD; vdkufac:
Mu&w,f/ olwdkYu uav;awGudk tvkyfyJ cdkif;csifaeMu
wm} [kolruajymonf/

EdkifiHwum owif;xkwf jyefcsufrsm;ESifh The
New York Times owif;pmBuD;rS olr taMumif;udk
Zmwfvrf;qif a&;om; azmfjyvdkufojzifh bDbDh ausmif;
twGuf EdkifiHwum apwem&SifawGu vSL'gef; vmMu
onf/ olr taejzifh pydefEdkifiH vlYtcGifhta&; uGefz&ifh
odkY wufNyD; olr ZmwfaMumif;udk jyefajymif; ajymjycJh
ao;onf/

NrdKU jyESifh a0;uGmonfh rD,m0gvvdk aus;Gm
av;wGif ajymif;vJrIawG rnfrQ vkyfaqmif ay;aeonf
qdkap tBuD;tus,f ajymif;vJ oGm;vdrfhrnf[k arSmf vifh
xm; r&ay/ pnf;kH;a&; udk,fwdkif qif;ae&onfh bDbD
onf qJvfzkef; wpfvkH;jzifh wpftdrfNyD; wpftdrf vSnfh
vnf&if; wpfywfvSif tom;[if; wpfeyfom pm;Edkif
onfh tqifh &Sdygao;onf/

olr\ b0wGif tjzpfcsifqkH;ESifh tvkyfcsifqkH;
wpfckudk vkyfEdkifcJhonfh twGuf 0rf;omaerdonf/ zcif
jzpfolESifhtwl rlpvif bmom0ifrsm; txG#ftjrwf
xm;&m rumNrdKUodkY oGm;a&mufEdkifcJhjzpfonf/ ]azmfrjy
Edkifavmufatmif cHpm;cJh&w,f/ wpfouf rarhEdkif awmh
ygbl;&Sif} [k jyefajymif;ajymjyonf/

olr b0rysufrD tcsdeftxd bDbDonf om;
orD; 7 OD;wGif 'kwd,ajrmuf orD; wpfOD;jzpfonf/
aus;vufa'o vlYabmiftzGJYtpnf;u owfrSwfxm;
onfh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk i,fpOfuwnf;u b0if
ruscJholvnf; jzpfonf/ vGefcJhonfh 10 ESpfausmfu
olronf rdbrsm; ay;pm;cJhonfh cifyGef;onfESifh uGm&Sif;
cJhNyD;jzpfonf/ tdrfaxmifonfb0wGif wpfaeukef
NiD;aiGYzG,f&m tdrftvkyfawGcsnf; vkyfudkifae&onf/
xrif;[if;csuf? avSmfzGwf?xif;&Smponfhtvkyfrsm;jzifh
rem;Edkifatmif jzpfcJh&onf/
146

2002 ckESpfwGif olr\ armifwpfa,mufjzpf
ol touf 14 tG,f&Sd tA'l&Smul;onf Zmwfjrifh
rsKd;EG,fpkrS rdef;uav;wpfOD;udk jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmif
jcif; jyKonf[k pGyfpGJcH&onf/ aemufydkif; tpdk;&rS w&m;
0if pkHprf;ppfaq;onfh tcgwGif rSm;,Gif;aom pGyfpGJcsuf
jzpfaMumif; ay:vGif xif&Sm;oGm;onf/

,cktcg xdkodkY rw&m; pGyfpGJolrsm;onf
v,fwpfuGuf tausmfavmufwGif &SdaeqJjzpfonf/
]tJ'DtzGJYawGuawmh uRefrudk owfcsifaeMurSmyJ}[k
olru ajymonf/ wpfaeYaps;odkY tazmfrygbJ oGm;csdef
wGif olrudk rsufESmzkH; wyfxm;onfh vlESpfa,mufu
vmNyD; Ncdrf;ajcmufoGm;onf/

bDbDwpfa,muf b0 ysufrwwf cHpm; cJh&NyD;
csdefwGif pdwf"mwfawGu oHrPdvdk rmausmvmonf/
tdrfaxmifuGJ? rk'drf;usifh cHxm;&onfh trsKd;orD; wpfOD;
b0wGif vufxyf&ef tcGifhta&; xyfrH&EdkifygOD; rnf
vm; qdkonfuvnf; awG;p&m jzpfvmonf/ olr
toufu ,ckrS 30 cefYom &Sdao;onf r[kwfygvm;/

emrnfvnf;ausmf vlodvnf;rsm; vmaom
aMumifh jzpf[efwlonf/ vufxyf&ef awmif;qdk urf;
vSrf;ol 12 OD;cefY udk jiif;y,fcJhonf/ wpfcgu cJrSefzl;
onfh pmoli,fvdk bDbDu tcspfrygonfh tdrfaxmif
a&;jzifhb0udkrwnfaqmufvdkawmh/cspfjcif;arwmESihf
&rufqEudk uJGuGJjym;jym; olr odjrifcJhNyD r[kwfygvm;/
odkYaomf olru b0udk tajcwus wnfwnfNidrfNidrf
wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf pdwful;? arQmfvifhcsuf &Sdae
ao;onf/

]udk,fhaoG;om; wpfa,mufavmufawmh
vdkcsifao;w,f/ wpfa,mufavmufyJ jzpfjzpfyg/} [l
qEudk ajymaomfvnf; vufawGU taumiftxnf
razmf Edkifao;ay/ tb,faMumifh qdkaomf ,cktcsdef
wGif olronf Gm\ ]pHjyKp&m} wpfckyrm jzpfonf/ Gm&Sd
rdef;rrsm;udk olwdkYa,mufsm;rsm;u dkufESufnOf;qJ vQif
rdef;rrsm;u ]&Sif &yf&if &yfaemf? r&yf&if bDbDudk
oGm;wdkifvdkufrSm} [k ajymvdkufonfESifh yGJNyD; oGm;
wwfaom aMumifhjzpfonf/
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tjzpf NydKuJG avmifuRrf;rI xdxd
a&mufa&muf jzpfapzdkYygyJ/ 'g
ayrJh tajym vG,foavmuf
wu,fh vufawGYrSm rSefuef
oifhavsmfNyD; usef;rma&;eJY nD
nGwfwJh tpm;tpmrsKd;udk ykHao
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147

 'gaMumifh
t0vGefolrsm;
twGuf pm;oifhwJh
tpm;tpm ("gwf
pm) tqifajy
xda&mufapzkdY us
aemf tMuHjyKavh &dSwmu olwdkY&JU pm;aeus tpm;tpm
awG xJrSm tyltpyf [if;cwf tarT;tBudKif (spices)
wdkY? y&aq; (Herbs) wdkYudk xnfhoGif; pm;okH;MuzkdYygyJ/
ylpyf arT; [if;vsmaygY/

taMumif;&if;cHuawmh tvG,fwul &&dSEkdif
NyD;? aps;vnf; odyfrBuD;wJh y&aq;yif? ypnf;eJY [if;cwf
tarT;tBudKif ypnf;awG[m cEmudk,f&JU ZD0jzpfpOf
(Metabolism) awGudk aumif;pGm taxmuftuljyKNyD;?
udk,fwGif;u tqDavsmhusapzdkY tm;ay;wmaMumifh jzpf
w,f/ tJ'D ypnf;rsKd;pkHxJu wcsKdUudk azmfjyvdkufygw,f/

1/ i&kwfaumif; (teufa&mif)(Black Pepper)
tmedoif /
/ cEmudk,f 0rf;rD;udk tm;ay;

a&S;wkef;u a&TavmufeD;eD; wefzdk;xm; ukef
ul;oef; a&mif;0,frIawG wGifwGifus,fus,f vkyfcJhwJh
[if;cwf tarT;tBudKif (Spice) wrsKd; jzpfNyD; cktcgrSm
pm;aomufqkdifwdkif;eJY tdrfwdkif;vkdvdkrSm awGY&dSEkdifwJh
i&kwfaumif; (teuf) [m ylpyfwJh t&omay;ygw,f/
tyif rsKd;EG,fu i&kwfrsKd;EG,fpk? obm0twkdif; ylpyfwJh
t&omudk ay;NyD; tpm;taomufawGudk ylapwJh tjyif
tpmaMucsufrI (Digestion) twGuf vkdtyfwJh (ygpu
0rf;rD;) udk vIHYaqmfay;wJh owd&dSygw,f/

i&kwfaumif;rSm yg&dSwJh (ydkufyg&if) (Piperng) "gwfaMumifh pl;&SylavmifwJh t&omudk &&SdapNyD;
cEmudk,fwGif; tZsw ygpuawaZm avmifuRrf;rI
(u,fvdk&D) udk ydkrdk xkwfvkyfay;ygw,f/ i&kwfaumif;
vwfvwfqwfqwf[m ydkNyD; tpGrf;xufjrufwm
awGY&ygw,f/

aomufzG,f&m rSeforQ (csif;) rvGwfygbl;/ (csif;) &JU xif

&Sm; vlodrsm;wJh tusKd;&dSykH tpkHpkHuawmh tqpf tjrpf
qkdif&ma&m*grsm; (Joint Conditions) ukojcif;?
c&D;oGm; tqdyfawmufrI (Motion Sickness) Oyrm
um;rl;? avSrl;? vdIif;rl;? ukd,f0efaqmifjcif;aMumifh atmh
tefwmudk oufomap ygw,f/

t0vGefrIukd umuG,f&mrSmawmh (csif;) [m
cEmudk,fwGif; ZD0wpfI;awGu u,fvkd&D (Calories)
ydkxkwfzdkY pGrf;tifawGudk ykdNyD; okH;apygw,f/ csif;
tajcmufa&m tpkdyg ESpfrsKd;vkH;udk okH;Ekdifygw,f/
3/ opfMuHydk;acguf (Cinnamon)
tmedoif/
/ aoG;wGif;oMum;"gwfudk avsmhenf;

tcsKdwnf;p&m tpm;tpm (Desserts) eJY
zkwfxm;wJh rkefY (Oyrm udwfrkefY) vdk t&mrsKd;rSm ygavh&dS
wJh [if;cwftarT; wrsKd;yg/ xif&Sm;wJh (Cappacino)
aumfzDrSm opfMuHydk;rIefY yg0ifygw,f/

arT;BudKifwJh &eHYtjyif? aoG;wGif; oMum;"gwf
udk avsmhyg; apwmaMumifh t0vGefolawGrSm jzpfwwfwJh
qD;csKda&m*g tE&m,ftwGuf aoG;wGif; oMum;"gwfudk
xdef;nday;w,f/

'gayrJh wck owdxm;&rSmu ]wefaq;? vGef
ab;}? okH;pJGwmrsm;&if tonf;udk xdckdufEkdifwmaMumifh
waeYudk vufzuff&nfZGef;i,f (Teaspoon) wZGef;
xuf ydk rokH;oifhygbl;/

4/ eEGif;rIefY (Turmeric)
tmedoif/
/cEmudk,fwGif;odkdY tqDpkyf,lrIudk

avsmhusap/

tdEd, tpm;tpmawGrSm tqDw0if;0if;eJYvdkY
xif&wmu a&T0gtqif;? eEGif;udk vIdifvIdifBuD; okH;wwf
wmaMumifhyg/ eEGif;rSmygwJh (umulrif) (Curcumin)
qdkwJh"gwfypnf;wrsKd;[mcEmudk,fwGif;tqDpkyf,lrIudk
uefYowf xdef;csKyfay; ygw,f/

eEGif; BudKufolawG tqdkt& eEGif;[m tpm
2/ csif;(GINGER)
raMuwJh a0'em? a&mif&rf;wmudk avsmhyg;apwmuae
tusKd;tmedoif/ / cEmudk,f uifqma&m*g trsKd;rsKd; uko&mrSm txd tokH;0ifw,f
ygpu 0rf;rD;udk vIyfcwf
vdkY qdkMuygw,f/

xif&Sm;wJh w&kwf pm;
'gaMumifh [if;vsmawGrSm yg0ifae&if tqD

148

usef;rma&;
awGeJY jynfh0 0if;vufaew,f xifNyD; pm;&rSm r&GHU Muyg 7/ rif;uGwfoD; (Garcinia)
tmedoif - cHwGif;vkdufrI (Appetite) udk avsmhap
eJY/ eEGif;u tqDudk Ekdifeif;ygw,f/ &J&Jom pm;okH;yg/

tjyiftcHGrmuae [kduf'a&mufpD? pD;x&pf
5/ i&kyfoD; (Chili Peppep)
tufqpf (Hca) "gwkypnf;udk xkwf,lEkdifwJh c&rf;jym
tmedoif/
/ udk,fwGif; tqDavmifuRrf;ap
&ifh? c&rf;eDa&mif (rif;uGwfoD;) pwJh toD;awGrSm yg0if

wkH,rf;uGefY (Tom Yan Prawn Soup) wJh ypnf;udk tqDavsmh? t0avsmh? tvSwdk; apzdkYqdkNyD;
xkdif;pwkdif (Styles) oabFmoD;axmif;? tokyf (Som aps;uGufrSm a&mif;aewJh tqDusaq; cEmudk,f 0ddwfus
Tam) (aqmhrfwrf) pwJh xdkif;[if;vsm pm;p&mawGrSm aq;awGrSm xnfhoGif;avh &dSygw,f/ cHwGif;ysuf apjcif;
a&SUqkH;u rsm;rsm;ygwJh i&kwfoD; cyfpyfpyfawGygbJ/
eJY tpm;tpmudk avsmhpm;csifpdwfudk jzpfapNyD;? udk,f

i&kkwfrSm yg0ifwJh (uwfyqkdifqif) qkdwJh wGif;rSm (oMum;) uae (tqD) tjzpf ajymif;vJrIudk
"gwfu udk,fwGif; tqDudk ydkrdk avmifuRrf;apNyD; cEm [efYwm; ay;Ekdifygw,f/ rsm;rsm; rpm;jzpfawmh tqD
ukd,fwGif; ZD0jzpfpOfawGudk t&dSefjrifh ay;ygw,f/
rsm;rsm; rjzpfawmhbl;aygY/

'gYtjyif EIwfudk csKdNrdefapwJh tcsKdt&omuJ
ypnf;? tpm;tpmawG wrf;wrf;pJG rpm;rdatmifvnf; 8/ uEm&yif (Hoodia)
/ cHwGif;rvdkufjcif;
xdef;ay;apNyD; t&omukd pl;&Sylavmif cHpm; apyg w,f/ tmedoif/
twlwlygyJ/ awmiftmz&durSm aygufwJh &Sm;

tpmtdrf tlvrf;aMumif;udk 'kuodyfray;bJ
aoG;vnfywfrIudk tm;ay;wJh (u,ifeD) (Cayenne) apmif;yif (uwfwyf) wrsKd;yg/ aq;okawoe trsKd;rsKd;
awGY&dScsuft& ([l;'D;&m;yif) [m obm0jzpf cHwGif;
trsKd;tpm;udk okH;zkdY wdkufwGef; tMuHjyKvdkygw,f/
ysuf? tpmavsmhaq;jzpfNyD; ab;xGuf qdk;usKd;? tifr
wef enf;w,f qdkygw,f/ aps;uGufrSm a&mif;ukef trsKd;
6/ vufzuf (Camellia Sinensis)

urmrSm ,ck xif&Sm; ausmfMum;aewJh vuf rsKd;eJY ([l;'D;&m) yg0ifwJh "gwfpmazmfjrLvm tpm;tpm
zufpdrf; (Green Tea) &JU rsKd;&kd; Zmwdemrnfu vufwif awGrSm yg0ifwm &dSayr,fh trSefwu,f aumif;rGef
bmompum;u qif;oufvmwJh tac:ta0: (urJ pdwfcs&wJh ypnf;rSef trsKd;rSef trsKd;tpm;udkom okH;ygvdkY
vD;,m;qkdifeifppf) qdkwmyg/
tMuHjyKvdkygw,f/

vufzufpdrf; (ravSmf? ruif? a&aEG; rajzmwJh
enf;eJY xkwfvkyfwJh? vufzufajcmufwrsKd;) vufzuf 9/ ,mygrdwf (Yerba Mate) (&mbjrif;aq;r[kwf)
/ tqDavmifuRrf;rI tm;ay;ulnD
&Guftpdrf; (vufzuftpkdr[kwfyg) [m? uifqma&m*g tusKd;w&m;/
vufzufvdkyJ obm0 y&aq;zuf0if wrsKd;
rjzpfzkdY umuG,fEkdifwmtjyif? cEmudk,f? t&G,f &ifha&mf
rIudk wm;qD;wJh (tifwDatmufqD'ifh) (Antioxidants) jzpfNyD; awmiftar&du Zpfjrpfypnf; jzpfygw,f/
wrsKd;jzpfygw,f/ usef;rma&; tusKd; tmedoifrsKd;pkHudk wkdif;&if;aq; trsKd;rsKd;rSm yg0ifavh&dSNyD; usef;rma&;
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uvnf; a0;aeonf? teD;qHk;
ausmif;uvnf;
wdkif;&if;om;
trsm;pk jzpfonfhtwGuf oifcef;pm
vdkuf&mrSm tqifrajywJh twGuf
&SdpkrJhpk wckwnf;aom &yfuGuf
ausmif;rSmyJ? wa&GUwa&GU pmtHMu?
pmoifMueJY wa&GUa&GU ausmif;NyD;Mu
&ayawmYrnf/

odkYaomf... 'kuonf pcef;
xJu ausmif;a&SU tvHawmfonf
t&iftwdkif;yJ NidrfNidrf oufouf&Sd
aeqJjzpfonf/ pmoifcef; eH&H&Sd
atbDpD'DESifh &kyfyHk um;csyfawGu
zkefwufaeonf/
tpdrf;a&mif
pmoifcHkwdkYonfvnf; a&muf&Sdvm
rnfh ]tem*wf topf&Sdonf} [k
uifyGef;wyfcH&aom olwdkYtwGuf
at;wdat;puf? wdwfwdwf qdwf
qdwfeJY rdk;puf? rdk;aygufawG atmuf
rSm apmifharQmfaeonf/

oif&dk;nTef;wrf; 0g;0g;
wm;wm;av;eJY tHkYrIdif;rdIif; ausmif;
uav;qDu ]q&m? q&mrrsm;
twGufom} vdkY a&;xm;wJY ausmif;
tdrfomonfvnf; t&iftwdkif;yif
jzpfonf/oli,fwef; tcef;a&SUudk
jzwfawmh usaemfb,fvdkyJ jyifay;?
jyifay; wdkif;&ifom;oH 0J0Jav;awG
eJY qdkNrJwdkif; qdkaeus aw;uAsmoH
udk em;xJ Mum;rdvmonf/

]aecsnfrSm apG&nf
avmif; igwdkY pmoifausmif;}
tdk;a0rsdK;
159

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NrdKU&JU
taumif ; qH k ;
ausmif;vdkY emrnf
ausmfMum;wJh ausmif;
wausmif;rSm uav;i,f
av; wpfa,muf ausmif;wufcGifh
&oGm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh ausmif;zGifhp
eHeufcif;rSm olYtbdk;u ajr;av;&JU vufudk qGJ
NyD; ausmif;oGm; ydkYygw,f/ upm;uGif;xJudk tbdk;
tdkeJY ajr;av; a&mufoGm;awmh olwdkY ajr;tbdk; ESpf
a,muf teD;rSm uav;awG 0ef;&Hvmw,f/
160


]b,favmuf &,fp&m
aumif;wJh tbdk;tdkMuD;vJ}uav;
wpfa,mufu atmf[pfNyD; avSmif
ajymifvdkufw,f/

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aemufuav; wa,mufu xyf
atmfjyefw,f/

upm;uGif;xJrSm &SdwJh u
av;awG[m ajr;tbdk; ESpfa,muf
udk avSmifajymif&if; ckefayguf aeMu
w,f/ rMumygbl;/ acgif;avmif;oH
vnf; Mum;a&m? uav;awGtm;vHk;
pmoifcef; &Sd&m udk ajy;Mu awmhwm
yJ/

tbdk;tdku ajr;av;&JU
vufudk wif;wif; usyfusyf qkyf
udkif xm;NyD;? ausmif;jyifudk ac:xGuf
vmw,f/

]aumif;vdkufwm? ausmif;
roGm;&awmhbl;} ajr;av;u 0rf;
omtm;& ajymw,f/

]ausmif;oGm;&rSmyg? 'gay
r,fh 'Dausmif;awmh r[kwfbl;}

tbdk;tdku jyefajym vdkuf
w,f/ NyD;awmh...

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ausmif;udk tbdk;udk,fwdkif &Smr,f}

tbdk;tdku qufajym
vdkufNyD;? ajr;av;udk tdrfjyef ac:
oGm;w,f/ tdrfa&mufawmh ajr;
av;&JU tzGm;udk uav; xdef;cdkif;NyD;?
tbdk;tdku ausmif;&SmyHkawmf zGifh
awmhw,f/

ausmif ; wausmif ; ud k
awGYwdkif; upm;uGif;xJ udkoGm;NyD;?
uav;awG upm; qif;vmr,fh
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ausmif;awGrSm uav;awGu tbdk;
tdkudk vHk;0 *&krpdkufMubl;/ wcsKdU

ausmif;awG usawmh uav;awGu

tbdk;tdkudk avSmifajymif &,farm
Mu w,f/ 'DvdkawGYMuHK&wJh tcgwdkif;
tbdk;tdk[m 0rf;enf;pGmeJY tdrfudk
jyefoGm;wwfw,f/

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ausmif;ao;ao;av; wck&JU upm;
uGif;av;xJudk tbdk;tdk a&muf
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csnfheJY armyef;[efeJY rSDae vdkuf
w,f/ acgif;avmif;xdk;oH xGufvm
awmh uav;awGu upm;uGif;xJ
udk tajy;tvTm; a&mufvmygav
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a&wcGuf ,lvm ay;&rvm;} toH
wpfoHu xGufay:vmw,f/

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tazu pmzwf
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taumif;qHk;ausmif;eJY
q&mudk
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aemufxyf toHwpfoHu xGufay:
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rMumcifrSmyJ q&m wpf
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taumif;qHk; ausmif;udk &SmawGYNyD}
vdkYajymvdkufw,f/

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awmfwdkY ausmif;u taumif;qHk;
ausmif; r[kwfygbl;/ tvGef ao;
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yg}

q&mhpum;udk tbdk;tdk
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av;udk ausmif;tyfzdkY ta&;udk
q&meJY pDpOfNyD;? jyefxGufvmw,f/

naecif;rSm uav;&JU
taru tbdk;tdkudk ajymw,f/

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wwfwmvJ r[kwfbl;/ taumif;
qHk;ausmif;eJY q&mudk &SmawGYw,f
vdkY b,fvdk odovJ}tbdk;tdk jyef
ajzvdkufwmu]q&mwa,muf&JU
t&nftcsif;udk ausmif;om;awGeJY
tuJjzwf&w,f}
cifrrrsdK; (14? 4? 2011)
rl&if;pma&;ol- A.Lopatina
and M.Skrebtsova
(Wise Short Tales)

161

162

(1)

yef;csDeJY ajym&if tvGif
taEG;uav;ygyJ/

yef ; azsmh a &mif r sm;rsm;?
teuf rQifrQifvsm;vsm;av; wpfck
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udkawmh tH0SufxJrSm ckxd qJGxkwf
MunfhvdkY &atmif pJGaeao;r,f
xif&JU/


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av;u 'Dvdk ajymcJhw,fxif& ...


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]vyfzftifef'uf (love
And Death) &kyf&SiftwGuf aus;Zl;
wifygw,f/ aemufqkH; Zmwfodrf;
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wJh olY oli,fcsif; aqG;aewmudk
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abmvkH;toHav;eJY t&kyfrygbJ
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OD;r,f/ Adokum Xmeu a'gufwm

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usefaecJhwJh yef;Eka&mif yg;yg;av;
ukdvnf; EIwfrqufjzpfcJh/

pG,fawmfyif? pG,fawmf
yGifhawGudkvJ EIwfrquf jzpfcJhvdkY
xif&JU? pG,fawmf&eHYawGudk arhavsmh
wwfaeygNyD/
(2)

bJGYESif;obifcef;r tem;
rSm ynma&;0efBuD; &kyftavmif;
oPmef puLacgif;wvm;BuD; rD;
avmifaew,f/ vufckyfoHawG
auR;aMumfoHawG Mum;rSm oHpOf
ra0cJGwwfwJh csKdcsKdjrjr vGifvGifEJGYEJGY
av;wpfck tem;udk a0hvmw,f/


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&Sifholi,fcsif; r[kwfvm;}


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tom;ta&awGuvJ jzLazsmhaeNyD}

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udk odrf;xm;Muwmvm;? [ifhtif;
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jrefae jrifhaeayr,fh EJGYaejyefw,f/
(3)

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rwfrwfBuD;awGvkd pdwf"mwf wcsKdU/
oJrIefYawGvdk wppD aMuysuf vGifh
arsmoGm;aom b0rsm;/ reufjzef
udkrodaom 'ersm;/

olr rsuf&nfprsm;eJY EIwf
qufcJhygw,f/

trSwfw& vnfwkdifay:
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yef;ykeJY ajym&if xGif;cs
vdkufaom tvSw&m;/
(4)

w&Ha&mtcgu ESpfOD;
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ta&miftqif;? teYHt&omawGeJY
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aewJh zaemifhuav; zdeif;vdkufwJh
tcg eDjref; oGm;cJhwmvnf; vScJh
w,f/

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tawG;e,fus,f ... taqG;o,fudk
163

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ajz;ajz;av;av; eHab;rSm vm&yf
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udk,ftav;csdefuawmh uDvdk 70
ausmfavmufaeNyD/ jzLjzLyg;yg;av;
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tHMoxdckdufrIeJY &ifhusufwnfNidrfrI
e&DrSefrSef pum;oHwcsKdU tHus
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wkdif; vmvnfw,f}

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jzpfwmuvJ om;eJY orD;udk Arm
jynfu bJGYav; wpfckvnf; &xm;
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rvkdYav}

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vl[m udk,fhukd,fudk odzdkY ta&;BuD;
qkH;qdk/ tck &Sifhudk,f &Sifaum jyef
Munfhjzpf&JUvm;/ od&JUvm;/ }
164

pG,fawmfyif?
pG,fawmf yGifhawGudkvJ
EIwfrquf jzpfcJhvdkY xif&JU?
pG,fawmf&eHYawGudk
arhavsmh wwfaeygNyD/

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twkdif;xm;vkdYawmh rjzpfawmhyg
bl;/}

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urS &Sifrjiif;cJhbl;/ b,fwkef;urS
vnf; usr aeapcsifovdk raecJh
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woufrSm wBudrfyJ jzpfjzpf em;
axmifay;yg/}

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usr trsKd;om;u t*Fvef [mav
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udk,fwkdif 'DZdkif; xkwfxm;wm qdk
awmh &SifBudKufwJh w0uf twGif;
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vnf; at;at;aq;aq; tem;
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awGudk BudKufygw,f/ usrudk ay;
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pum;ajyawGukd usr pJGvrf; cJh&wm
yg/}

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eufcs vkduf&ygw,f/

b0wpfckvkH; rSDcs vkduf&
ygw,f/

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ydawmufyef;eHYvm;? jynfolydkif
acwf rOL 23 a&arT;eHYvm;? yg&DNrdKU&JU
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[m *lawGxJrSm raeMuawmhyg
bl;av/
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awmfyifav;&JU t&dyfrSm tkwf*lav;
wpfck/

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'Pfav'PfcH ausmufaqmifawG
vdk 'DZkdif; Murf;&S&S/ ouf&ifh *0H
ausmuf teD&ifh&ifh ay:rSm *&efEkduf
ESrf;zufausmuf rJrJeufeuf/

ausmufom;Murf;Murf;
ay:rSm xGif;xm;wJh pmvkH;awGu
awmh ...


74? 76? 88? 98? 2007/


tEkynmeJY ajym&if ao
jcif;w&m; onfyifvQif vSy wwfyg
onf/ /
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(11? Zlvkdif? 2011)

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ausmif;om;awG&JU upm;oH? pmtHoHawG eJY
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165

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truausmif;qdkawmh cyfao;ao;
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ausmif;av;rSm olwdkY om;orD;awG
udk vmxm;Mu w,f/ om ref tajccH
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rdom;pkawGaexdkifwJh&yfuGufxJrSm
&SdwJh ausmif;qdkawmh ausmif;eJY
tdrfawGeJYu yHkoPmef odyfNyD; ruGm
jcm;vSbl;/ tdrfawGuvnf; cyfpdyf
pdyf? cyfao;ao;/ ausmif;uvnf;
cyfao;ao;&,f/ ausmif;wuf
acgif;avmif;udkawmh ausmif;tkyf
q&mrBuD;u ausmif;a&SU &yfNyD; vIyf
wm/ yg;pyfeJY atmfac:wJh tcgvnf;
atmfac:aygU/ atmfac:vdkY r&wJh
taumifqdk&ifawmh BudrfvHk;pm
rdzdkYom jyifayawmh/

q&mrav;a,muf?
q&mwpfa,mufeJY zGJYpnf;xm;wJh
ausmif;aqmifav;u 'D&yfuGufxJ
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olwdkY om;orD;awG&JU tem*wf
tdrfrufawGudk zefwD; ay;r,fh
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acsmif;qdkif? iHk;OjyKwf? MuufOjyKwf
qdkifeJY qD;oD;qdkifawGu ausmif;udk
um&H xm;Muw,f/ wcgw&H
ausmif;wuf acgif;avmif;oHeJY a&cJ
acsmif;qdkifu acgif;avmif;oHu
a&mae wwfao;w,f/

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yxrqHk; EdkifiHawmf oDcsif;udk qdk&
wmyJ/ ausmif;cef;rBuD;xJrSmu
twef;vdkuf? twef;vdkuf tkyfpk
cGJNyD; xdkfifMu&w,f/ tcef;qdkwm
awmh b,f&SdrvJ/
166

ckepfESpf? &Spfepf t&G,f
aumifav;awG? aumifrav;awG
rwfwyf&yf? vufydkufNyD; ,drf;xdk;
,kdifxdk;eJY rnDrnm qdkaewmudk
q&mrBudrfvHk;u acgif;ay:udk rMum
cP 0Jay; ae&w,f/

av;wef ; ausmif ; ol
ausmif;om; ta,muf 50 avmuf
&SdwJh twef;rSm wlnDwm wpfcku
a,mufsm;av;a&m rdef;uav;yg
oeyfcg; yg;uGufudk 0dkif;NyD; xlydef;
aeatmif vdrf;xm; Muw,f/
ausmif;om; rdbawG tdrfrSm oeyf
cg;yifawG udk,fpD pdkufxm;Mu
ovm; rodbl;/

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ausmif;pdrf; abmif;bDwdku aqmh
vGef;vdkY tv,facgifu csKyf&kd; NyJ
wmudk tyfcsnf tjzLa&mifeJY yifhul
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oDcsif;udk rsufvHk; pHkrSdwf atmfqdk
um ab;u ausmif;om;awGeJY

avmif;upm;pdwf
oefvSaom
baumif;u
usefaeaom ZD;jym;
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tmomirf;irf;
vSrf;Munfhvsuf ...

ycHk;csif; NydKifwdkufaewJh aumifav;

wpfa,muf q&mr&JU Budrfawmf
acgif;ay: jAKef;ueJ usvmawmUrS
wnfhwnfhrwfrwf
jyefjzpfvm
w,f/

]baumif;
aumif;
aumif; &yfNyD; qdkprf;}

atmfoHeJYtwl q&mr
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