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vdktyfaeqJ/ rsufarSmufacwf &SifoefrItwGufyif tcuftcJrsm;pGm &Sdaeao;onf/ ra&r&m
aom q,fpkESpf rsm;pGmudk ausmfvTm;cJhMuNyD/ tem*wf rsKd;qufrsm;twGuf todkY pOf;pm;xm;yg
oenf;/

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onf/

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qufvuf jiif;ckefaeMuqJ/ acwfrDrD? Nidrf;csrf;at;aq;pGm qufvuf jiif;ckefrnfholwkdY
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aqG;aEG;cGihf &&Sd&efom vdktyfygonf/


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tem*wftwGufvnf; ckdifrmaprnf/

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jzpfonf/ vspfvsL&I rxm;oihfyg/ a&&Snf wnfNrJaprItwGuf? jyemwdkY ao;i,faprI t
wGuf? at;Nidrf;rItwGuf? om,mrItwGuf? twlwuG &SifoefwwfrItwGuf? qufvuf
pdrf;vef;aprItwGuf ydkrdk tmrcHcsuf &&SdEkdifrnf/ awG;awmpOf;pm;aeaom? qef;opf pOf;pm;ae
aom? EkysKdqJ OD;acgif;rsm;ESihf tjzLa&mifESvHk;om;rsm;\ qHkcsuf wpfpHkwpfckudk &&SdoGm;&efom vdk
tyfygonf/

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a&G;cs,fvdkonfjzpfap ausmif;rSyif pwif&rnfr[kwfygavm/


rwlnDrIrsm;\ wlnDrIjzpfaom zGHYNzdK;rIESihf 'Drdkua&pDta&; 2 &yfpvHk;twGuf ynma&;
rSm tc&m[k &IjrifoHk;oyfygonf/
armuynma&; r*Zif;
ZGefv 2012

Maukkha

e,kefv 1374 ckESpf

CONTENTS
No. 9 June 2012

uAsm 5
aeEG,f? ESif;cg;rdk;? MunfrsKd;? eD&Sm; (apwemausmif;)

umwGef; 9

140

b*srf;? tdkyg;? Zoom? atmifarmf? &mZmompnf? uvsmrdaw? [efav;

jynfwGif;ESihf e,fpyf ynma&; owif;

13

uav;u@

88

uav; uAsm 21
tqdktrdefYrsm; (tdkifpwkdif;) 22
bDvf*dwf&JU tawGYtBuHK 22
vlom;&JU aumif;jrwfrI tE&m,f (7) yg; (*EDBuD;)
23
acwfopfoifykef;BuD;zwfpm 24
pwkwwef;ausmif;ol&JU ay;pm (a':pk) 25
vTwfcsvdkufyg (oufwefYcsKd) 26
urmBuD;udk jyefvnfzefwD;cJholrsm; 28
ynm&JU oabm 35
"gwfyHktufaq; 36

aqmif;yg;
jynfolYeDwd r&Sdoif&dk;? rwwfwdkif;jynf?
wifnTefY
ausmif;om;awG oabmwlwJh yifvHkpmcsKyfopf vSa&T
jynfya&muf jrefrmynmwwfrsm; tvdk&Sdonf armif&rm
ynma&;... ynma&;... ynma&;...
aZmfrif;

38
43
46
49

EdkifiHwum ynma&;owif; 52

ynma&;

151
2

ynma&; 49

ynma&;

rdefYcGef;ESihf aqG;aEG;yGJu@
a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ WEF rdefYcGef; (befaumuf)
60
jrefrmhynma&; ESD;aeSmzvS,fyGJ
(taomuazmifa';&Sif;ESihf MDGFocus) 65

20

ay;pmu@
roefpGrf;olrsm;ta&; pOf;pm;ay;yg 68

ynma&; tifwmAsL;
trdIufaumufuav;i,frsm; ynmoifMum;Ekdifa&;
xkdif;ynma&;tay: jrefrmq&mrESihf rGefausmif;ol&JU tjrif

70
72

114

txl;u@ - ynma&;ESihf a&&SnfwnfNrJaom zGHYNzdK;rI

Education for Sustainable Development - ESD

a&&SnfwnfwHhaom zGHYNzdK;rItwGuf ynma&; q,fpkESpf (2005-2014) 77

ausmif;ynma&;ESihf a&&Snf wnfNrJaom zGHYNzdK;rI

zGHYNzdK;rItwGuf tajccHvGwfvwfrIawGvdktyf om;nTefYOD;
qif;&JrGJawrI tqHk;owf pGrf;tm;rsm;
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aZmfrif;

80
84
86
88

tufaq;

105

tw
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usm;&SmazGcef; eD*sLvdkif 98
uav;b0u pcJhwJh ar;cGef;rsm;
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100
&yfuGufxJrSm 'DvdkyJ &Sdw,f wifnGefY 103
jrefrmESihf urmBuD;udk owddt&mESif onf;cHjcif;w&m; tyfESif;cJhol
(odkYr[kwf) a'gufwmatmifqef;pkMunf
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109
vrif;BuD;&JU yk*voabm odef;Ekdif 105

126
43

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EG,feD? rsKd;rsKd;
Staff Writers
cifav;i,f? vSa&T?
armifarmifoef;?
Webmaster

armupmvHk;'DZkdif;
kazu
rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif; nnt
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maukkha@gmail.com
www.maukkha.org

q&mtwwfynmu@
q&mESihf ynma&; cifESif;pdk; 114

ynma&; [mo 119

EkdifiHwum ynma&;
puFmyl ynma&; pGrf;aqmifrI 7 csuf &Jjrihfausmf
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123
126

usef;rma&;u@
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odyHESihf enf;ynm
tGefvdkif;ay:rS ynm&wemodkufrsm; q&mnGefY
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acwfrD pmoifcef;rsm; xlaxmifa&; wifnGefY

132
138
140

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77

w&Ha&mtcgu ausmif;
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tdyfrufom;ayguf vlvm;ajrmuf&m
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143
92
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(10 Feb. 2012 )

13

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awGuawmh aocsmayguf &vmr,f}[k 4if;uqufvuf
ajymqdkonf/

11 Mar. 2012

(21 February 2012 Popular News)

[oFmw GTC ausmif;olrsm; um;apmihfaeMupOf

14

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od&onf/
(15 June 2012 Popular)

16

(10 June 2012 Eleven Media)

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(01 June 2012)

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Australian Foreign Affairs Department

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17

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(30 Jan. 2012 DVB)

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(03 June 2012 Arakan Times)

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18

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29

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wef; oHa,mZOfaMumifh jzpfonf/

pmtkyfta[mif;wef;onf vrf;ab;wGif pmtkyfrsm; cif;usif;
a&mif;csjcif;udk qdkvdkygonf/ pmtkyfpHk ta[mif; topf? *sme,f? r*Zif;tm;vHk;
&onf/ wu,fawmh vrf;ab;pmMunfhwdkufav; wpfck[lvnf; wifpm;
ac:Ekdifonf/ pmtkyfyHkrsm;wGif 300 usyf? 500 usyf wefzdk;rsm; owfrSwf
xm;wwfonf/ wefzdk; rowfrSwfxm;onfh tyHkonf aps;BuD;Ekdifonf/
pmtkyfaumif;rsm; jzpfEdkifovdk olwdkYac:aps; twdkif; ay;&rnf/

odkYaomf &Sm;yg;pmtkyfwpftkyfonf ESpfaxmif oHk;axmif ywf0ef;
usifom &Sdojzifh wefaMu;t& rsm;onf[k rqdkEkdif/ pmtkyfwef;rS uRefawmf
tzdk;wef pmtkyfaygif;rsm;pGm &zl;onf/

uRefawmfonf jrefrmpmtkyftopfrsm; 0,fcJonf/ &ifxJ odyfrNid
aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ EkdifiHjcm;xkwf t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;ESifh pmtkyfta[mif;

oufouf 0,fpkojzifh tdrfwGif ta[mif;yHkESifh t*Fvdyf

pmtkyfawGom rsm;onf/ e,ftdrfwGif pmtkyfaxmifcsDNyD;
jcudkuf cH&zl;onf/ &ifempGmESifh pmtkyfawGudk rD;IdU NyD;
aemufwpfcg jyefpkaqmif;&onf/ &efukefa&mufrS pk
aqmif;cJhaom pmtkyfawGvnf; renf;awmh/ uRefawmf
pma&; &orQ pmtkyfawG 0,fwmeJY jyefukef&aomfvnf;
pmtkyfyHkBuD; tem;wGifaeNyD; pma&; ae&jcif;uyif pdwfcs
vHkNcHKaeovdk cHpm;&onf/

wpfaeY yef;qdk;wef;teD; ta[mif;qdkifwef;rS
300 yHkxJwGif ]jynfolYeDwd 2} qdkonfh pmtkyfav; wpf
tkyfudk oGm;awGYonf/ uRefawmfhxHwGif ,cif&SdcJhzl;onfh
jynfolYeDwdpmtkyfrsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiH bmomjyefpmay
toif;rS xkwfa0onfh pmtkyfrsm; jzpfonf/ ausmif;oHk;
tjzpf jyXmef;aom ausmif;oHk; pmtkyfrsm;vnf; jzpfonf/
rlvwef;? tv,fwef;? txufwef;rsm;twGuf oHk;tkyfcGJ
xkwfxm;onf/ 1952 ckESpfESifh 1954 ckESpf 0ef;usifu
xkwfa0 cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;jzpfojzifh vGwfvyfa&; &NyD;
acwf ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfrsm;[k qdkEkdifonf/

uRefawmfawGY&aom pmtkyfEGrf;av;rSm q&m
ausmf\ tpdk;&ynma&;Xme ausmif;jyXmef;csuf todt
rSwfjyKNyD; 3 wef;? 4 wef;ESifh 5 wef;ausmif;oHk; jynfolYeDwd
-2 pmtkyfjzpfygonf/ u0drdwfaqG pmyHkESdyfwdkuf? Munfh jrif
wdkifrS xkwfa0NyD;? wefzdk;rSm 8 yJ [l tzHk;wGif a&;xm;
onf/

q&mausmfu ed'gef;wGif pmtkyfudk a&;om;
jyKpk&m pmtkyfwpftkyfwnf;rS r[kwfbJ urmhpmtkyf
pmwef; toD;oD;rS aumif;Ekd;&m&m tcsufrsm;udk xkwf
EIwfNyD; jrefrmwdkY\ 0g'xHk;pH ,Ofaus;rIwdkYESifhtnD ynm
a&;Xmeu nTefjyaom ynm&yfrmwdumpOfjzifh &Sif;vif;
vG,fulpGm em;vnfEdkifatmif pDpOf a&;om;vdkufjcif;
jzpfaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/

jynfolYeDwd bmom&yfudk NAdwdoQ udkvdkeDacwf
tajccHynm oif&dk;nTef;wrf;rsm;wGif rawGY&yg/ trsKd;om;
ausmif;oif&dk;nTef;wrf;wGifrS txufwef;qifhwGif pdwf
BudKufbmom&yf taejzifh ,l&onfh bmom&yfwpfck
taejzifh xnfhoGif;xm;aMumif; awGY&onf/

vGwfvyfa&; tBudKacwf 1945 ckESpfrS 1947
ckESpftxd umvwGifvnf; rlvwef;tqifhwGif tydk
bmom? r,lrae& bmom&yfrsm;pm&if;wGif jynfolYeDwd
udk jyefvnf xnfhoGif;xm;onf/ rlvwef;vGeftqifhwGif
t"du bmomrsm; r,lrae&tjzpf jyXmef;xm;onf/

ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwf (1948-1962) txd vGwfvyf

a&;&NyD;csdefvnf; rlvwef;? tv,fwef;? txufwef;
qifhrsm;wGif jynfolYeDwDudk oifMum;cJhonf/

jynfawmfom ynma&;pDrHudef; oif&dk;nTef;
wrf;rsm;udk (1960-61) ckESpftwGif; jyXmef; oifMum;&m
wGif rnfonfh twef;wGifrQ jynfolYeDwdbmom&yfudk
xnhfoGif;oifMum;jcif; r&SdawmhaMumif; awGY&jyefonf/
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwf (1962-1974) txd taxG
axGynma&; (tajccHynma&;) oif&dk;nTef;wrf;rsm;udk
ajymif;vJcJhonf/ 1967 ckESpftxd rlvwef;? tv,fwef;?
txufwef;rsm;wGif jynfolYeDwdudk xnfhoGif;oifMum;
jyefonf/

1967 ckESpf ZGefvrS pwifNyD; tajccHynma&;
Oya' (1966) t& tajccHynma&; pepfopfudk taumif
txnfazmfonf/ rlvwef;? tv,fwef;? txufwef;
rsm;wGif jynfolYeDwd jyefjyKwfoGm;jyefonf/ jynfaxmifpk
qdk&S,fvpf orwjrefrmEkdifiHawmfacwf (1974-1988)
txd tajccHynm oif&dk;nTef;wrf;rsm;wGif jynfolYeDwd
bmom&yfudk vHk;0 oifMum; jcif; r&Sdawmhay/

q&mausmfa&;om;onfh jynfolYeDwdudk rnf
onfh tcsdefu jyXmef; oifMum;aMumif; yHkESdyfrSwfwrf; ryg
ojzifh rod&ay/ odkYaomf xdkpmtkyf pmrsufESm 23 wGif
]1947 ckESpfwGif olBuD;rsm;udk 5 ESpf wpfBudrf rJESifh a&G;
aumufMu&ef Oya' pnf;urf; jyKvkyfvdkufygonf} [l
rSwfcsufawGYojzifh vGwfvyfa&; r&rDacwfwGif oifMum;
cJhonfh jyXmef; pmtkyfjzpfrnf[k ,lq&ygonf/ ed'gef;wGif
pmtkyfudk a&;om;jyKpkolrSm wpfOD;wnf; r[kwfbJ
q&mausmfESifh OD;xGef;&Sdef (txufwef; q&mjzpf vufrSwf
&) [l awGY&ojzifh ESpfOD;aygif;a&;onf[k ,lq&ygonf/

pmtkyfyg tcef;acgif;pOfrsm;uvnf; pdwf0if
pm;zG,faumif;onf/ &Gm&Sd vlwdkY pka0;aexdkifrIudk od&Sd
atmifpHkprf;jcif;? &GmESifh &Gm\ tkyfcsKyfa&;? &GmESifhqdkifaom
t&m&Sdrsm;? &Gm\ aumfrDwDvlBuD;tzGJYESifh tvkyfwm0ef
rsm;? &GmolBuD;\ wm0ef0w&m;rsm;? &GmESifh &GmaumfrDwD\
wm0ef? NrdKUESifh&GmqufoG,fyHk? &GmrSNrdKUodkY a&TUajymif;aexdkif
jcif;taMumif;? NrdKU\tkyfcsKyfa&;? NrdKUolNrdKUom;tjzpf cHpm;
xdkufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;? NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;ESifh aqmif
&Guf&ef&Sdaom wm0ef0w&m;rsm;[l pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m
tcef;rsm; cGJxm;onfudk awGY&onf/

yxrydkif;wGif aus;&Gmwpf&Gm\ &Sdoifh &Sdxdkuf
aompHrsm;? tkyfcsKyfrIyHkpHrsm;? tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;wGif wm0ef
39

&yf&GmwpfckwGif pnf;urf;ao0yfjcif;?
rdrd0w&m;udk av;pm;
&dk;om;ajzmifhrwfpGm toufarG;jcif;?
tusifhpm&dw aumif;rGefjcif;? &yf&Gm
BuD;yGm;wdk;wuf
aumif;rGefjcif;? Nidrf0yfydjym;jcif;wdkYonf
ynmoifMum;a&;ESifh qufpyfaeonf/

,lxm;&olrsm; vdkufem&rnfhusifh0wfrsm;? &Gmol&Gmom;

rsm; vdkufemMu&rnfh pnf;urf;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/
aus;&Gm&Sd tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efrsm;udk ,lxm;&olrsm;onf
aus;&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;\ w&m;rQwa&;? oufomacsmifcsd
a&;? ynmA[kokwwdk;yGm;a&;? toufpnf;pdrfvHkNcHKa&;
wdkYudk &&Sd cHpm;Ekdifatmif wm0ef,l&rnf/ olwpfyg;\
"avhxHk;pHrsm;udk av;pm;jcif;? rajymifavSmif rIwfcsjcif;
oabmxm;BuD;jcif;wdkY vdktyfonf/

&yf&GmwpfckwGif pnf;urf;ao0yfjcif;? rdrd0w
&m;udk av;pm; &dk;om;ajzmifhrwfpGm toufarG;jcif;?
tusifhpm&dw aumif;rGefjcif;? &yf&Gm BuD;yGm;wdk;wuf
aumif;rGefjcif;? Nidrf0yfydjym;jcif;wdkYonf ynmoifMum;a&;
ESifh qufpyfaeonf/ ynmjrifhrS tqdkyg taetxm;rsm;
jrifh vmrnfudk axmufjyxm;onf/

&yf&GmwGif Nidrf0yfydjym;rI r&Sdjcif;onf pD;yGm;a&;
usyfwnf;jcif;? tusifhpm&dwysufjcif;? ynmA[kokw
acgif;yg;jcif;wdkYaMumifh jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vlwdkif;udk
toufarG;rI jynfhpHkpGm &Sdapjcif;? tusifhpm&dw ysuf,Gif;
olrsm;udk qHk;r oGefoifEkdifolrsm;&Sdjcif;? avmif;upm;ESifh
rl;,pfaomufpm;olrsm; uif;pifapjcif;? tpdk;&ESifh jynfol
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdkpdwf&Sdjcif;? ynmA[kok wdk;yGm;ap&ef
ausmif;rsm; pmMunfhwdkufrsm; xlaxmifay;&ef vdkaMumif;
vnf; aqG;aEG; wifjyxm;onf/

yxrydkif;wGif aus;&Gm? &yfuGufwpfckwGif &Sd
oifhonfh *kPft*Fgrsm;? aus;&Gm&yfuGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;
40

qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif wm0ef,l&rnfh olrsm;\ t&nf

tcsif;ESifh aqmif&Guf&rnfh 0w&m;rsm;? ausmif;? aq;ay;
cef;? usef;rma&;Xme? pmwdkuf? aps; ponfh t&nftcsif;
rsm;ESifh aus;&Gm &yfuGufrsm;wGif jynfhpHkygrS? vlwdkif;
pnf;urf;&SdpGmjzifh csrSwfxm;onfh Oya'rsm;udk av;pm;
vdkufemygrS EkdifiHom;aumif;rsm; jzpfEkdifrnfudk pdwfyg
0ifpm;zG,f a&;zGJY wifjyxm;onf/

'kwd,ydkif;wGif NrdKUaetkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh EkdifiHom;
rsm; vdkufem&rnfh pnf;urf;Oya'rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/
NrdKUwpfNrdKU\ t*Fg&yfrsm;? NrdKUwpfNrdKUwGif &Sdoifh &Sdxdkufaom
jynfolYtusKd;aqmif&Gufay;rnfh tpdk;&Xmersm;? NrdKUolNrdKU
om;rsm; cHpm;xdkufonfh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;
onf/

NrdKUolNrdKUom;wdkif; rdrd ESpfouf&m &yfuGufwGif
aexdkifydkifcGifh? vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh? w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD
toufarG;cGifh? rdrdESpfoufolESifh vufxyfydkifcGifhrsm;
&Sdonf/ jynfolwdkY taejzifh vGwfvyfcGifhudk pnf;urf;rJhpGm
jyKrlcGifhESifh cGJjcm;Ekdif&rnf/ EkdifiHESifh vlrsKd;tqifhtwef;
jrifha&;twGuf pnf;urf;&SdpGm aexdkif jyKrl ajymqdkoifh
onf/ vGwfvyfcGifhudk ajymNyD; trsm;olig vrf;rsm;ay:wGif
usifBuD; usifi,fpGefYjcif;? olwpfyg; om;ysKd? orD;ysKdwdkYudk
zsufqD;jcif;wdkY rjyKoifhaMumif;vnf; wdkufwGef;a&;om;
xm;onf/

EkdifiHa&;ESifh ywfoufNyD; ausmif;om;rsm;udk
tajccHrSpum avhusifh oifMum;ay;jcif;onf jynfolYeDwd
bmom&yf\ tESpfom& jzpfonf/ EkdifiHa&;udk em;rvnf
vQif? EkdifiHa&; tajccHrsm;r&SdvQif EkdifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;
ray:xGufEkdifay/ xdkYaMumifh EkdifiHa&;ESifhywfoufNyD; 'Drdk
ua&pD enf;pepft& &&Sdtyfaom EkdifiHa&; vGwfvyfcGifh
rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/

1/ rdrdwdkY0g'tvdkuf BudKufESpfouf&m EdkifiHa&;
ygwDwGif 0ifa&mufaqmif&Gufjcif;?

2/ touf 18 ESpf jynfholwdkif; usm;-r ra&G;
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif rJqEay;Ekdifjcif;?

3/ BudKufESpfoufaom 0g'udk vGwfvyfpGm
a0zefajymqdkEkdifjcif;?

4/ tpnf;t&Hk;? or*toif;tzGJYrsm; vGwf
vyfpGm pnf;&Hk;zJGYpnf; wnfaxmifEkdifjcif;?

5/ trsKd;orD;rsm; trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh wef;wl
tcGifhta&;&&Sdjcif;wdkYudkvnf; azmfjyxm;onf/

]EkdifiHa&;ygwDwdkYonf EkdifiHawmf\ aumif;&m

aumif;aMumif;udk rdrdwdkY0g'ESifh vkyfief;pOft& vkyfaqmif

Mu&ef zGJYpnf;xm;ojzifh ywf0ef;usif tajctae? vlrsKd;
"avhxHk;pH? ,Ofaus;rIpepf? awmfoifhaom tcsdeftcg
udk Munfh rdrdwdkY vkyfief;pOfudk trsm;jynfolwdkY eSpf
oufvmatmif um,uHajrmuf vkyfudkif jyjcif;jzifh rdrd\
ygwDtpnf;t&Hk; or*rsm;tm; tiftm; BuD;rm;vmatmif
vkyfudkifjyoMu&rnf} qdkonfh ta&;tzGJYrsKd;jzifh EdkifiHa&;
pdwf"mwf? EkdifiHa&; todw&m;rsm;udk tajccHusus a&;
jyxm;aMumif;vnf; awGY&onf/

vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifhonf vlom;\ arG;&myg
tcGifhta&;wpfck jzpfonf/ vGwfvyfpGm azmfjya&;om;
ajymqdkcGifh qHk;IH;jcif;onf vlYtcGifhta&; qHk;IH;jcif;
jzpfonf/ jynfolYqEudk av;pm;aom wdkif;jynfwGif
'Drdkua&pD xHk;wrf;pOfvmt& jynfoljynfom;wdkYtm;
vGwfvyfpGm azmfxkwfajymqdkcGifhudk ay;Mu&onf/ vGwf
vyfpGm ajymqdkazmfxkwf jyocGifh&rS tpdk;&wdkY\ trSm;rsm;?
jynfoljynfom;wdkY\ vdkvm;csufrsm;udk trSeftwdkif;
odEkdifNyD; tajctaeESifh avsmfuefoifhjrwfatmif aqmif
&GufEkdifrnf jzpfonf/

vlwdkif;onf vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmf ajymqdk&m
wGifvnf;
1/ ykefuefx~uGatmif vIHYaqmfjcif;?

2/ olwpfyg;udk ykwfcwf? r[kwfrw&m;
pGwfpGJ ajymqdkjcif;?

3/ pufqkyf&GH&SmzG,f npfywfMurf;wrf;aom
pum;wdkYjzifh ajymqdkjcif;rsKd; rjzpfatmif owdrl&rnf jzpf
aMumif;vnf; wifjy aqG;aEG;xm;onf/

pmtkyfyg vGwfvyfpGm a&;om; yHkESdyfxkwf a0
cGifh tydkif;onf rsufarSmufacwf umvtxd acwfrD ae
ojzifh azmfjyvdkygonf/

pme,fZif;qdkonfrSm wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;\
ynmA[kokwwdk;wuf todPf&ifhoefatmif rsufpd
zGifhay;aom vufeufrsm; jzpfonf/ ,Ofaus;acwfrDaom
EkdifiHrsm;wGif yHkESdyfwdkufwdkY\ vGwfvyfcGifhudk ay;Mu&onf/
,cktcg a&S;acwfuxuf owif;pmq&mrsm;onf
ta&;yg t&ma&muf ta&;BuD;aom udpay:aygufwdkif;
zdwfac:jcif;cH&NyD; &Sif;vif;yGJvkyfum jynfolwdkYudk trSef
twdkif;odap&ef wifjyMu&onf/

pme,fZif;wdkYudk a&;om; &dkufEdSyf xkwfa0
jzefYjzL;&mwGif yHkESdyfwdkufrsm; taejzifh vGwfvyfcGifh r&ygu
jynfolwdkY\ em;? rsufpd ydwfonfESifh wl\? jynfolwdkY\

vdkvm;csuf qEtppftrSefudk od&Sd&ef cJ,Of;rnf jzpf

onf/

jynfolwpfa,muf taejzifh rdrd\ xifjrif
csuf? rdrd\ vdktifqEudk
1/ wdkif;jynfqlylatmif vIHYaqmfrIr[kwfvQif?

2/ npfnrf;Murf;wrf;pGm a&;om;xm;jcif;
r[kwfvQif?

3/ olwpfyg; toa&ysufap&ef ykwfcwfa&;
om;xm;jcif; r[kwfvQif vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;yHkESdyfcGifh &Sd
ap&rnf[lonfh azmfjyxm;rIrsKd;udk awGY&ygonf/

EkdifiHa&;t& vGwfvyfpGm pka0; pnf;&Hk;cGifhESifh
ywfoufNyD; vGwfvyfpGm pka0;pnf;&Hk;cGifhonf vGwfvyf
pGmajymqdkcGifhESifh qufpyfaeonf/ EkdifiHa&;toif;tzGJYrsm;
onf w&m;yGJrsm;? tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmpk&Hk;
aqmif&GufcGifh jyK&efvdkonf/ atmufygpnf;urf; Oya'
rsm;ESifh rqefYusifvQif jynfolwdkif; vGwfvyfpGm pka0;
pnf;&Hk; ajymqdkcGifhudk &&Sd&rnf jzpfonf/

1/ trsm;jynfolESifh tpdk;&wdkY\ Nidrf;csrf;rIudk
rxdcdkufjcif;?

2/ vltrsm; oGm;vm toHk;jyK&m vrf;us,fBuD;
rsm;rS vGwfuif; trsm;jynfolwdkY jzwfoef;oGm;vmrIudk
taESmuft,Sufrjzpfapjcif;?

3/ &kef;&if;qefcwfrI t"du&kPf;rsm; rjzpf
yGm;jcif;?

4/ tmPmydkif tpdk;&wdkYtm; qefYusifbuf jyK
vmatmif vlxktm; vIHYaqmfay;jcif;?

5/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;onf NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;
twGuf tusKd;&Sdapjcif;?

6/ tpdk;&wdkYu uefYowf e,fajrtjzpf owf
rSwfxm;aom ae&mwdkYrS uif;vGwfapjcif;wdkYudkvnf;
vGwfvyfpGm pka0;ajymqdkvdkolwdkif; vdkufem&rnfh tcsuf
rsm; taejzifh axmufjyxm;onfudk awGY&ygonf/

aemufydkif;wGif tpdk;&wm0ef? wdkif;oljynfom;
wdkYwm0ef? jynfolY0efxrf;wdkY\ wm0ef? usifhoHk;vdkufem
tyfonfh pnf;urfrsm;ponfwdkYudk aqG;aEG;jyxm;onf/
NcHKajym&vQif pmtkyfav;onf ausmif;oHk; pmtkyfi,f
av;wpfckom jzpfaomfvnf; ,aeYwdkif acwfrD wdk;wuf
onfh t,ltq? tawG;tac:? a0zeftBuHjyKrIrsm;jzifh
jynfh aeojzifh jyKpkwifjyaom q&mausmfESifh q&m
OD;xGef;&Sdef wdkYudk aus;Zl;wif&rnf jzpfonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHynma&;pepfwGif udkvdkeDacwf? t
41

rsKd;om;a&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; Edk;Mum;aecsdef jynfolYeDwdbm

om&yfudk wdkif;oljynfom;? ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;
tusKd;iSm jyXmef;oifMum;cJhonf/ jynfolYeDwdonf EkdifiHol
EkdifiHom;wdkif;ESifhqdkifonfh vdkufem&rnfh usifh0wfrsm;?
apmifhxdef;&rnfh 0w&m;rsm;? jyKoifh jyKxdkufonfh ,Of
aus;aom EkdifiHBuD;om; yDozG,f tqHk;trrsm; jzpfyg
onf/

jynfolYeDwdwGif EkdifiHa&;ESifh ruif;ay/ EkdifiH
a&;onf EkdifiHolEdkifiHom;wdkif; odoifhodxdkuf? jyKoifh
jyKxdkufonfh wm0efwpf&yf taejzifh oifMum;jcif;
aMumifhvnf; wpfygwDpepf xGef;um;cJhonfh 1967
ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif ausmif;oif bmom&yf wpfcktaejzifh
xnfhoGif; oifMum;jcif; rjyKawmhaMumif; avhvm awGY&Sd
&onf/

jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD\ rl0g'ESifh
oabmw&m;a&;&mrsm;udkom ynma&;wGif xnfhoGif;
oifMum;&ef tm;xkwfvmjcif;? EkdifiHa&;qdkonfh pum;
vHk;udk aMumufjcif;aMumifh EkdifiHa&;ESifh uif;a0;ap&ef
ynma&;wGif jynfolYeDwdtpm;? pm&dwynma&;udk oGyf
oGif;vmjcif;? ynma&;wGif jynfolYeDwDudk roifrae&
yHkpHrsKd;r[kwfbJ oifcsifrSoif (pmar;yGJwGifvnf; rar;
ojzifh) vkyfaqmifvmjcif;onf jynfolYeDwdESifh uif;a0;
aponfh taMumif;w&m;rsm; jzpfvmonf/

&v'ftaejzifh EkdifiHa&; todw&m; r&Sdaom
rsKd;qufrsm; ay:xGufvmonf/ EkdifiHa&;qdkonfrSm pm;
aumif;aom toD;wpfckvdk rxifawmh/ ausmif;rsm;wGif
EkdifiHa&;onf ajymjy& oifMum;jy&onfh udpr[kwf/
q&mrsm;onf wpfygwDpepfatmufwGif EkdifiHa&;t&
vrf;pOfygwDodkY rjzpfrae 0ifMu&aomfvnf;? EkdifiHa&;
qdkonfrSm ajymwmem;axmif? cdkif;wmvkyftqifh? jyef
rajym? em;axmiftqifh? axmufcHrIudkom jyKcGifh&SdNyD;?
uefYuGufcGifh r&Sdonfh EkdifiHa&;rsKd;ESifhom BuHKawGYMu&onf/
odkYaomf 1988 aemufydkif;wGif 0efxrf;[lu ygwDEkdifiHa&;
uif;&Sif;&rnf qdkjyefojzifh EdkifiHa&;onf ausmif;rsm;wGif
ajymoifhonfht&m? a0zefaqG;aEG;oifhonfh taMumif;
t&mrsm; jzpfrvmjyefay/

EkdifiHa&;tod? EkdifiHa&;pmay? EdkifiHa&;ta[m
tajym? EkdifiHa&;oabmw&m; tppftrSefrsm;ESifh uif;
a0;cJhjcif;aMumifh EkdifiHa&;rsKd;qufrsm; ysufokOf;cJh&onf/
1988 ckESpf ta&;tcif;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; OD;aqmif
onf? vIyf&Sm;onfqdkaomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;tod? EkdifiHa&;
42

oabmw&m; jynfh0pGmjzifh EkdifiHa&; AsL[mrsm;udk ravh

vm roHk;owfwwfjcif;? EkdifiHa&; todtm;enf;jcif;
aMumifh udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfcsufrsm; rcsEkdifonfhtwGuf [dkvl
ajym [kwfEkd;Ekd;? onfvlajym [kwfEdk;Ekd;? vufeufudkifvQif
aumif;Edk;Edk;? bmawmfvSef&rSef;rod? awmfvSefvdkufvQif
aumif;Ekd;Edk;rsm; jzpfcJhMu&onf/

EkdifiHa&; tcGifhtvrf; qdkonfrSm ESpfBudrfjyef &
Ekdif&ef cufcJwwfygonf/ tajctae? tcsdeftcg ay;vQif
ay;ovdk qHk;jzwfvkyfaqmif udkifwG,fEkdifrSomvQif EkdifiH
a&; tajymif;tvJwpfckudk ydkifEkdifpGm &,lEkdifrnf jzpfonf/
EkdifiHa&;tjrifwGif jynfolYeDwd tajccHrQyif r&Sdaom
vlrsKd;jzpfcJh&jcif;aMumifh y&rf;ywmEkdifiHa&;rQom/

vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif abmvHk; uefcsifwdkif;uef?
uGrf;wHawG; axG;csifwdkif;axG;? trsm;jynfolydkif,mOfrsm;
udk pD;oluvnf; pnf;urf;r&Sd? ,mOfarmif; ,mOfaemuf
awGuvnf; &dkif;pdkif;? pnf;urf;rJh trIdufypf? vrf;jzwf
ul;onfh jrif;usm;udk vrf;oGm;vrf;vmawGuvnf; rod?
,mOfarmif;awGuvnf; &yfay;&rSef; rod? jzwfcsif&m
jzwfojzifh ,mOfwdkufrIawG jzpfyGm;? zrf;qD; 'Pf&dkufrI
awGjzpf& pnf;r&Sd urf;r&Sd jzpfcsifwdkif; jzpfae&jcif;onf
jynfolYeDwD tajccHrsm; tm;enf;cJhjcif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/

ynma&;wGif ]trsKd;om;pnf;urf;tp pmoif
ausmif;u} [l a~uG;aMumf aeygonf/ odkYaomf pnf;urf;
&Sdatmifoif&rnfudkawmh arhaeMuonf/ ausmif;rsm;wGif
tajccHvm&rnfudk tajccH ray;vdkufEkdifonfh tcgwGif
tajcrcdkif tajc,dkifvmawmhonf/ ESdyfuGyfjcif;onf
pnf;urf;r[kwfyg/ wm;jrpfjcif;onf csKyfjc,fjcif;vnf;
jzpfEkdifygonf/ [dk[mrvkyf&? onf[mrvkyf& qdkonfrSm
rvkyfoifh rvkyfxdkufonfh udprsm;udk wm;jrpfjcif;om
jzpfoifhygonf/

vkyfoifh vkyfxdkufonfh vlYtcGifhta&;udk wm;
jrpfjcif;rsm;onf zdESdyfjcif; jzpfygonf/ aMumuf acgif;iHkY
aejcif;udk yDwdjzpfum cHpm;aeMuonfh ynma&;udk jynf
olYeDwD odaomq&m? jynfolYeDwd odaom ausmif;
om;rsm;jzifhom awmfvSef ajymif;vJEkdifrnf jzpfygonf/
wifnGefY

ausmif;om;awG oabmwlwJh

yifvHkpmcsKyfopf

vSa&T

yifvkHpmcsKyfqdkwm t*Fvdyf vufatmufuae awmifwef;ESifhjynfr waygif;wpnf;wnf;
vGwf vyfa&; &,lEkdifa&;tvdkYiSm ]wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh twlvufwGJum Nidrf;csrf;pGm aexdkifygrnf} [laom
uwdu0wfaMumifh 1947 ckESpf azaz:0g&D (12) &uf? Ak'[l;aeY eHeuf (11) em&DrSm vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhMuwJh
ordkif;0ifpmcsKyf jzpfygw,f/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; yl;wGJ vufrSwf
a&;xdk;cJhMuw,f/

yifvkHpmcsKyftaMumif;udk usaemfoifwJh vlrI odyHbmomwGJ? q,fhwpfwef; CDC Grade 11
(A) rSm oifygw,f/ yifvkHpmcsKyf jzpfay:vm&wJh ta&;BuD;wJh taMumif;t&mawGudk rdwLqGJay;NyD;

43

ausmif;om;awGudk avhvmcdkif;ygw,f/ olwdkYawGrSm&SdwJh

yifvkHeJY oufqdkifwJh taMumif;awGudk avhvmxm;zdkY vkd
tyfaMumif;udk ausmif;om;awGudk ajymjzpfygw,f/

ausmif;om;awGudk tkyfpkESpfck cGJNyD; wpku Arm
udk,fpm;jyKtzGJYeJY aemufwpku wdkif;&if;om; udk,fpm;jyK
wJh tzGJYjzpfygw,f/ 'DvdkaqG;aEG;rIav; jzpfvmzdkY 45 rdepf
pmoifcsdef 4 csdefavmufudk okH;cJh&ygw,f/ aqG;aEG;yGJ
vkyfawmh xifxm;wmxuf tcsdefykdMumwmudk awGY&yg
w,f/ aqG;aEG;yGJMumcsdef wem&DcGJxd MumcJhygw,f/ tckw
avm Mum;ae&wJh acwfopfNidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJxuf
tcsdefykdMumw,fvdkY ajymEdkifygw,f/

Armwdkif;&if;om; acgif;aqmiftjzpf aqmif
&GufwJh ausmif;om;ajymqdkoGm;wm awmfawmfaumif;
w,fvdkY ajym&ygr,f/ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm&SdwJh 'kdYwdkif;&if;om;
nDtudk armifESrawG OruGJodkufrysuf aexdkifzdkY aqG;aEG;
zdkYvmwJh taMumif;udk pum;OD;csD ajymoGm;wm 'DaeY Nidrf;
csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;aewJh jrefrmjynfu acgif;aqmifawG
avhvmoifhw,fvdkY xifrdygw,f/

ucsifacgif;aqmifawGeJY Nidrf;csrf;a&;pum;
oGm;ajymwJh jrefrmppfwyfu AdkvfrSL;BuD;xuf usaemfh
txufwef; ausmif;om;awGu ydkawmfr,f xifygw,f/

Armacgif;aqmifawG ajymtNyD;rSm wdkif;&if;om;
udk,fpm;jyK tzJGYu tqdkwifoGif;ygw,f/ wdkif;wyg;e,fcsJU
vufatmufuae vGwfajrmufzdkY wckwnf;aom enf;
vrf;u usaemfwdkY nDtudkawG tcsif;csif; cspfcspfcifcif
aexdkifMuzdkY vdkw,fqdkwm oabmwlaMumif;/ 'gaMumifh
'DvdkrsKd; tpnf;ta0;udk wufa&mufvmwm jzpfw,f/
usaemfwdkY wdkif;&if;om;zufu vdkwmudk tm;remwrf;
ajymoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/ usaemfwdkY wifjywdkif; tm;vkH;
oabmwlzdkY r[kwfbJ ndEIdif;MuzdkYudk wdkif;&if;om; acgif;
aqmifae&muae ajymNyD;? jynfreJYtwlwl vGwfvyfa&;
,lzdkY usaemfwdkYzufu awmif;qdkcsuf (6) csufudk wifoGif;
aMumif; ajymqdkoGm;ygw,f/

wu,fawmhvnf;
i,fpOfawmifaus;t&G,fav;awG&JU
wkdif;jynf uHMurmtay:rSm
cHpm;odjrifEkdifrI?
pmoifcef;twGif; pkaygif;avhvmEkdifrIeJY
jyemawGudk tjrifoabmxm;
BuD;BuD;xm;NyD; avhvm aqG;aEG;
wifjycGihfawGuom...

cHrI &&SdrS pDrHudef;rsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:&ef/

4/ jynfe,fumuG,fa&;wyf wnfaxmifcGifh/

5/ wdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ &dk;&m? ,Ofaus;rI? "avh
xkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm vkyfydkifcGifh/

6/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif; (Oyrm-q&m0ef?
tif*sifeD,m) bmom&yfrsm;udk oif,l&mwGif wdkif;&if;
om; a'otwGuf vdktyfaom zGHYNzdK;a&; vkyfief;rsm; vkyf
aqmifa&; txl;tcGifhta&;ay;&ef/

Armjynf udk,fpm;vS,ftaeeJY aqmif&GufwJh
ausmif;om;awG&JU jyefvnfaqG;aEG;csufu eHygwf (2)
wdkif;&if;om;wdkY ydkifqdkifwJh obm0o,HZmwudk xkwf,l
okH;pGJ&mwGif tusKd;tjrwf\ (70) &mcdkifEIef;udk wdkif;&if;
om;wdkY ydkifqdkifcGifh &&Sda&;qdkwJh acgif;pOfu taustvnf
aqG;aEG;MuwmawGY&ygw,f/ jynfaxmifpk zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufzdkY
tm;vkH; yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&rSmjzpfwJhtwGuf tusKd;t
jrwf cGJa0wmudk ( 50-50) eJY oabmwlvdkufMuygw,f/

aemufxyf aqG;aEG;csufuvnf; pdwf0ifpm;
p&maumif;wJhtcsuf jzpfygw,f/ eHygwfpOf (3) jzpfyg
w,f/ vlxkaxmufcHrI 3 ykH 2 ykH &rSom pDrHudef; taumif
txnfaz:Ekdifr,fqdk&if wdkif;jynf&JU t"du pDrHudef;rsm;udk
taumiftxnfaz:&mrSm aESmifhaES;EdkifwJh twGuf 'Dudp
tem*wf jynfaxmifpkudk vnf; ( 50-50) eJY aps;wnfh vdkufMuygw,f/ 'gayr,fh

1/ zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk wnfaqmufa&;/
vlxkudk pDrHudef;awGeJY ywfoufwJh qdk;usKd;-aumif;usKd;eJY

2/ wdkif;&if;om;wdkY ydkifqdkifwJh obm0o,H aemufcHtcsuftvufawGudk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk BudKwiftod
Zmwudk xkwf,lokH;pGJ&mwGif tusKd;tjrwf\ (70) ay;xm;&rSmjzpfwJhtjyif vGwfvyfwJh pHkprf;avhvmrIawG
&mcdkifEIef;udk wdkif;&if;om;wdkY ydkifqdkifcGifh &&Sda&;/
vnf; vkyfudkifcGifhay;zdkY vdktyfw,fvdkY wkdif;&if;om; udk,f

3/ wdkif;&if;om;a'o&Sd obm0o,HZmw pm;vS,ftzGJY wifjyMuw,f/ tJ'gudk Armjynftpdk;& udk,f
rsm;udk xkwf,lokH;pGJ&mwGif a'ocHvlxk\ 3 ykH 2 ykH axmuf
44

pm;vS,f ausmif;om;awGuvnf; oabmxm;BuD;

aMumif; jyowJh taeeJY oabmwlnDMuygw,f/

tMumqkH; aqG;aEG;rIuawmh jynfe,fwyf
xm;&SdcGifhudp jzpfygw,f/ Armudk,fpm;jyK udk,fpm;vS,f
awG wifjywmu zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkwyfrSm wdkif;&if;
om;wdkYudk vlrsKd;tvkduf tcsKd;us xnfh0ifrSmjzpfwJh t
wGuf rvdktyfawmhbl;vdkY wifjyygw,f/ wdkif;&if;om;
udk,fpm;vS,fawGzufu wifjycsufu jynfaxmifpkwyf
udkvnf; tcsKd;us xnfh0ifrSm jzpfovdk? jynfe,fwyf
xm;&SdcGifhonf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;&JU tpdwftydkif; jzpfwJh
twGuf xm;&SdoifhaMumif; jyefvnfacsyygw,f/ 'Dae
&mrSm uav;awG&JU emMunf;csufudk uGufceJ jrifvdkuf&
wm wcku ppfwyfudk rsm;rsm;xm;vdkY raumif;bl;/ enf;Ekdif
orQ enf;atmif b,fvdkvkyfrvJ qdkwmudk t"du aqG;
aEG;Muygw,f/ aemufawmh zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkwyf
Munf;? a&? av okH;ckaygif; ta&twGufudk wpfodef;eJY aps;
wnfhoGm;NyD;? jynfe,fumuG,fa&;wyf ta&twGufudk
(10000) wpfaomif;tjzpf oabmwlvdkufMuygw,f/
ppftiftm;rsm;jym;vGef;wm[m wkdif;jynftwGuf epfem
csuf oufoufomjzpfw,fvdkY ausmif;om;awG cHpm;
aqG;aEG;Ekdifwm[m 0rf;omp&mygyJ/

yifvkH pmcsKyftaMumif;udk poifuwnf;u
aqG;aEG;yGJ vkyfcsifcJhygw,f/ ausmif;om;awG&JU qEudk
ar;wJhtcg wdkif;&if;om;vkyfcsifwJh ausmif;om;awGu
rsm;NyD;? Armudk,fpm;jyK ausmif;om; &Smr& jzpfcJhygw,f/
ausmif;om;awGudk Nidrf;csrf;wJh jynfaxmifpkudk wnf
axmifcsifw,fqdk&if wdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; pum;ajym
udk ajym&r,f/ pum;rajym&if 'Dvdk'ku yifv,f a0aeMu
OD;rSmyJvdkY rMumrMum ajymNyD; pnf;&kH;cJhMuwmyg/ aemuf
awmh oabmwlnDcsuf&NyD; 'Dvdk aqG;aEG;yGJav; jzpf
ajrmuf vmcJhwmyg/

tcsuf 6 csufu wlnDwJh tcsufawG &Sdae
ayr,fh aqG;aEG;jzpfatmif vTwfay;vdkufwJh tcg awmf
awmfav; oabmusp&maumif;wm awGY&ygw,f/ ol wdkY
uav;awGrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk tjrefvdkcsifwJh pdwfuvnf;
&Sdaeovdk r,kHMunfrIuvnf; &Sdaejyefao;w,f/ jynf
e,f umuG,fa&;wyf wnfaxmifcGifh r&&if aqG;aEG;yGJ
ysufEkdifwJh tqifhudk a&mufwmudk awGY&ygw,f/ aqG;aEG;
yGJ ysufr,fqdk&if jynfwGif;ppf jzpfrSmudk ESpfzufvkH;u
rvdkvm;wmudk jrifawmh tem*wfudk wnfaqmufr,fh
uav;awGrSm vuPmaumif;av;awG? arwmpdwf

av;awG &Sdw,fvdkY jrifvdkufawmh tm;&p&m? MunfEl;p&m

jzpfcJhygw,f/

uav;awGtrsm;pku u&ifuav;awG jzpfay
r,fh Armudk,fpm;jyKqdk&if wu,fh ArmvlrsKd;awGzufu
cHpm;NyD; wifjyMu? ajymMunfhMuwmyg/ wdkif;&if;om;
uav;awGzufu wifjycsufrSm wdkif;&if;om; a'oawG
rSm&SdwJh obm0 o,HZmwudk umuG,fvdkwJhpdwf? b,f
tmPmydkifawGrS vlxk&JU oabmwlnDrI r&Sd&if rvkyfEkdif
wmudk pmcsKyfxJrSm xnfhoGif;oGm;wm usaemfhtwGuf
oifcef;pmawG &&SdcJhygw,f/

tJ'DvkdeJY usaemf&JU 'Drkdua&pD pmoifcef;jzpfzdkY
BudK;pm;aeqJ ausmif;av;rSm yifvHkpmcsKyftopfudk wkdif;
&if;om;pHknD ausmif;om;awGeJY 'Dvdk csKyfqdkcJhMuygw,f/

wdkif;&if;jynfoltm;vkH;\ tusKd;udk arQmfudk;
um usaemfwdkY wdkif;&if;om; nDtudkrsm;onf yifvkHNrdKUwGif
usif;yaom nDvmcHrS atmufyg oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk
wnDwnGwfwnf; vufrSwfa&;xdk;tyfygonf/

1/ zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk wnfaqmufa&;
(udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;)

2/ wdkif;&if;om;wdkY ydkifqdkifwJh obm0o,H
Zmwudk xkwf,lokH;pGJ&mwGif tusKd;tjrwf\ (50)
&mcdkifEIef;udk wdkif;&if;om;wdkY ydkifqdkifcGifh&&Sda&;/

3/ wdkif;&if;om;a'o&Sd obm0o,HZmw
rsm;udk xkwf,lokH;pGJ&mwGif a'ocHvlxk\ 50 &mcdkifEIef;
axmufcHrI &&SdrS pDrHudef;rsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:&ef/

4/ jynfe,f umuG,fa&;wyfudk wyfom;OD;a&
10000 jzifh wnfaxmifcGifh&Sdonf/

5/ wdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ &dk;&m? ,Ofaus;rI? "avh
xkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm vkyfydkifcGifh/

6/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif; (Oyrm-q&m0ef?
tif*sifeD,m) bmom&yfrsm;udk oif,l&mwGif wdkif;&if;
om; a'otwGuf vdktyfaom zGHYNzdK;a&; vkyfief;rsm; vkyf
aqmifa&; txl;tcGifhta&;ay;&ef/

wu,fawmhvnf; i,fpOfawmifaus; t&G,f
av;awG&JU wkdif;jynf uHMurmtay:rSm cHpm;odjrifEkdifrI?
pmoifcef;twGif; pkaygif;avhvmEkdifrIeJY jyemawGudk
tjrifoabmxm;BuD;BuD; avhvm aqG;aEG; wifjycGifhawG
uom tem*wfwkdif;jynf&JU taocsmqHk; Nidrf;csrf; a&;eJY
zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;qdkwmudk ,HkMunfrdaMumif;yg/
vSa&T
45

jynfya&muf

jrefrmynmwwfrsm; tvdk&Sdonf

armif&rm

q&mawG em;aecef;rSm a&TjrefrmawGwifwJh
owif;awGudk [dkuvpf 'Duvpf vkyfaewJh tcsdef t&yf
tarmif;u redrfhrjrifh? tom;ta&uvnf; Oa&mywdkuf
om;eJYrwl? tm&Som;awG&JU tom;ta&rsKd;vnf; r[kwf
wJh touf 30 eD;yg; cefYrSef;&wJh vl&G,fwOD; CDC
ausmif;tkyfBuD; &kH;cef;udk 0ifa&mufvmygw,f/ olYudk
ac:vmwJh yk*dKvf? oif&dk;nTef;wrf;tBuHay; q&m udkodef;
Ekdifu rdwfqufay;ygw,f/
] Hi! My name is Khin Myint} vdkY
rdwfqufawmh usaemfu 'gqdkcifAsm;u jrefrmvm;vdkY
ar;awmh? usaemfh tazu Arm? taruawmh t*Fvdyf
vlrsKd;ygwJh/ aemufawmh olYudk usaemfwdkYu udkcifjrifhvdkYyJ
ac: Muw,f/
46

udkcifjrifh[m olY&JU arG;zGm;&mEkdifiH atmfpDrSm 0if
aiGaumif;wJh ausmif;q&mtvkyfudk acw&yfem;NyD; cGifh
ajcmufvESifh xdkif;jrefrme,fpyfu a&TUajymif; tvkyform;
awG&JU uav;awGudk t*Fvdyfpm vmoifay;aewJh q&m
wOD; jzpfygw,f/

&if;ESD;vmawmh jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;?
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47

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48

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49

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50

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ajym&&if vGefcJhwJh tESpf ESpfq,ftwGif; xdkif;EkdifiHrSm
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tcGifhta&;? jynfwGif;ppfeJY wdkif;&if;om; tcGifhta&;?
ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; tE&m,f? uav;ppfom;jyem? vl ukef
ul;jcif; wm;qD;a&;? a&TUajymif;vkyfom;rsm;udp? rJacgif
jrpf0Srf;EkdifiHrsm; zHGYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;? urmvHk;qdkif&m aiGaMu;
&efyHkaiG tzJGYtpnf;rsm;eJY ywfouf aumif;uGufqdk;uGuf? ppfajy;'kuonfrsm;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;?
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rsm;vGef;vdkY xnfhra&;Ekdifawmhyg/

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&ufwdkoifwef;awG jzpfwmaMumifh A[kokw enf;enf;
yg;yg;&wmuvJGvdkY trSefwu,f uRrf;usifolvnf; jzpf
rvmEkdifbl;/ a&wdkrSwfPfrSm cPavmufom &SdNyD;
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ynmtukefvHk;udk odovdkvdk jzpfaewmudkvnf; awGY&
jyefw,f/ bmom&yfwdkif;vdkvdk olwdkY rodwmr&dS qdkovdk
jzpfaeMuw,f/ wu,fuGif;qif;NyD; vkyfcdkif;awmh uRrf;
uRrf;usifusif rvkyfwwf? rudkifwwf jzpfaewmudkvnf;
awGY&jyefw,f/ 'gaMumifh oifwef;awG[m A[kokwawGeJY
tjrifwcsKdUudk jzefYa0ay;Ekdifayr,fh wzufrSm Munfhjyef
awmhvnf; Decent Education aumif;rGefpepfuswJh
ynma&; r[kwfjyefbl;/ Mum;jzwfNyD;ay;&wJh aq;rD;wdk
ynma&;rsKd; jzpfaewmudk;/

'Dawmh jyefaumuf&r,fqdk&if usaemfwdkY
wdkif;jynf[m aumif;rGef pepfuswJh ynma&;eJY a0;aewm
MumvSygNyD/ tckxufxdudk pepfusNyD; aumif;rGefwJh
ynma&;vrf;aMumif;ay: ra&mufEkdifao;bl;/ rwnf
aqmufEkdifao;bl;qdk&if olrsm;xuf aemufusaeyg
vdrfhOD;r,f/

ynma&;udk OD;pm;ay;zdkY wdkufwGef;vdkw,f/

ynma&;jzihfomvQif ....../
aZmfrif;
51

EkdifiHwum
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;
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vlrIzlvHka&;ESihf w&m;rQwrI tpDtpOftopf wpf&yfudk
rufqDudk tpdk;&u aMunmvdkufonf/ ukvor*
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wdk;wufrItwGuf ta&;BuD;aom tajymif;tvJ wpf&yf
jzpfaMumif; BudKqdkvdkufonf/

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tvm;tvm aumif;aew,f/ 'gayr,fh 'Dwkdif;jynf&JU
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ab;z,fxm;jcif;cHaewJh ta&;udp[m wu,fh jyem
BuD;yg/} ,leDquf Xmaeudk,fpm;vS,fu ajymjycJhonf/

wkdif;jynf\ a'otcsKdU zGHYNzdK;rIrSm puef'Dae;
AD;,m;wkdif;jynfrsm; tqifh&Sdaeaomfjim;vnf; tjcm;
ae&ma'orsm;rSmrl qm[m& tmz&du tv,fydkif;

EkdifiHrsm;uJhokdY cRwfNcHKusaeqJjzpfaMumif;vnf; olru

&Sif;jycJhonf/

rufqDudk aus;vufa'owGif 27 &mckdifEIef;
aom uav;i,frsm;rSm qif;&JrGJawrIatmufwGif &Sifoef
aexdkifMu&qJjzpfonf/ NrdKU jywGifrl 8 &mckdifEIef;om&Sdonf/

wkdif;&if;om; uav;i,frsm;rSm ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;pGm
usOfz,fxm;jcif; cHaeMu&onf/ ynma&;wef;wlnDrQrI
tcGifhta&; r&Sdjcif;ESihf tjcm;aom vlrI 0efaqmifjcif;rsm;
r&Sdjcif;wdkYjzihf &ifqkdifae&onf/

,ck tpDtpOf topftwGuf a':vm 41
bDvD,H csrSwfxm;NyD; wkdif;jynf0ifaiG\ 15 &mckdif
EIef;vnf; jzpfonf/ uav;i,frsm;\ ynmoifMum;cGihf
tcGihfta&; wdk;wufap&ef? usef;rma&;ESihf tm[m&
jynfh0ap&ef? apmfum;cH&rIrsm;? tMurf;zufrIrsm;rSm um
uG,fwm;qD;&efwdkYtwGuf toHk;jyKrnfjzpfonf/
(3.Jan .2011)
Source: IANS

2012 udk t*Fvdyf pum;ajymESpftjzpf xdkif;EkdifiH owfrSwf

2015 ckESpf tmqD,H rdom;pka'o (Asean
wnfaxmifa&;twGuf jyifqifaom
tm;jzifh xdkif;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh xdkif;EkdifiHom;rsm; t*F
vdyfpum; ydk ajymap&ef &nf&G,fNyD; ]t*Fvdyfpum;
ajymESpf 2012 ckESpf ]tpDtpOfudk pwif taumiftxnf
azmfaMumif; xdkif;ynma&;0efBuD; a0:&0yf tl,m tyif,m

community)

52

ul;u aMujimvdkufonf/

xdkif;EkdifiHonf tmqD,H rdom;pk0ifEkdifiH wpf
EkdifiH jzpfaomaMumifh t*Fvdyfbmompum;rSm a'owGif;
ESifh EkdifiHwumqufoG,fa&;twGuf tvGef ta&;ygvdrfh
rnf[k ajymcJhonf/

4if;twGuf ynma&;0efBuD;Xmeonf rdrdvuf

atmuf&Sd ausmif;rsm;wGif ]t*Fvdyfpum;ajymESpf 2012

ckESpf} tpDtpOfudk azmfaqmifoGm;rnf[k ajymqdkonf/

q&m? q&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;
t*Fvdyfpum;jzifh qufoG,fajymqdk&rnfh &ufudk oDwif;
ywf wpfywfvQif wpf&uf owfrSwfay;rnf jzpfonf/

t*Fvdyfpum;ajymqdk&m ausmif;ol? ausmif;
om;rsm; taeESifh o'gESifhywfouf awG;yljcif;r&SdbJ
ajym&Jqdk&J &Sdapvdkonf[k rpwm a0:&0yfu qdkygonf/

oifMum;a&;ESifh ajymqdka&;wGif t*Fvdyf

bmompum; uRrf;usifrI wdk;wufatmif wpfEkdifiHvHk;&Sd

q&m q&mrrsm;tm;vHk;udk ynma&;0efBuD;Xmeu oif
wef;awG tqufrjywf ay;oGm;rnf jzpfonf/

q&m q&mrrsm;tm; oifwef;ay;&m 0dkif;0ef;
ulnDay;yg&ef EkdifiHjcm; oH&Hk;rsm;? EkdifiHjcm;om; tzGJYtpnf;
rsm;? AUA ? NAdwdoQaumifpDESifh EkdifiHwumausmif;rsm;rS
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh q&mawGudk zdwfac:oGm;rnf[k qdk
onf/

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2 ck? ypnf;ud&d,m tpHktvifESihf okawoecef;rsm;?
wnf;cdk&dyfomESihf azsmfajza&; ae&mrsm;? a&ul;uefrsm;?
upm;uGif;rsm; yg&Sdonf/

taqmuftOD pwif aqmufvkyfonfhaeY
wGifvnf; Quy Nhon NrdKUwGif EkdifiHwum odyHnDvmcH
wpf&yfudk usif;yvsuf&Sdonf/ wkdif;jynfwGif;ESihf EkdifiH
wumrS ygarmu 110 OD;u pGrf;tif &lyaA' nDvmcHudk
usif;yjcif;jzpfonf/

yxrqHk; EkdifiHwum odyHESihf ynma&;pifwmudk

AD,uferfEkdifiH? tv,fydkif; Quy Nhon NrdKUwGif 'DZifbm
18 &ufaeYu tcrf;tem;jzihf zGihfvSpfum pwifwnf
aqmufaeMuonf/

EkdifiHwum odyHokawoe yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf
rIudk wdk;jrihf&eftwGuf &nf&G,fNyD; a'owGif; odyHynm&Sif
rsm;twGufvnf; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrsm; usif;yvsuf t
awGYtBuHKrsm; a0rQ&m ae&mXme wpfcktaejzihfvnf;
arQmfvifhxm;onf/

tar&duef a':vm 6 oef;wef taqmuftODudk 184000 pwk&ef;rDwm ajruGufwGif wnfaqmuf
vsuf&Sdonf/

Source: Bangkok Post

(2.Jan.2012)

Source: VNA (26.December.2012)

EkdifiHwumodyHESihf ynma&;pifwmudk AD,uferfwGif wnfaqmuf

53

trsKd;om;&ifMum;apha&;ESihf wkdif;jynf xlaxmifa7;twGuf ausmif;q&mrsm;

t"duus[k EI ajymMum;

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i,fu jzpfyGm;cJhwJh 0rf;enf;aMuuGJzG,f&m aoG;pGef;jzpf&yf
aemufykdif; 'DnDvmcH[m jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; nDvmcH
ygyJ/ wwkdif;jynfvHk; Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf ekdifiHa&; qE
&SdrIu t"dujzpfw,f/ ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm;taeeJY
rdrdwdkY ausmif;om;vli,fawGudk 'Drdkua&pD pHwefzdk;awG
&,f? Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk av;pm;zdkY&,f oifMum;ay;&r,hf
wm0ef&Sdygw,f/} ekdifiHwum ynma&;or*rsm;tzGJYcsKyf
EI \ twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfjzpfol Mr. Fred Van Leeuwen
u ajymMum;cJhonf/

tkdifA&DudkYpfekdifiH ynma&;or*\ {NyDv yxr
tywf 2012 wGif usif;yaom22 Budrfajrmuf nDvmcH
wGif trIaqmifopfrsm;udk a&G;cs,fchJonf/ ynma&;or*
u trsKd;om;&ifMum;apha&;eSihf wkdif;jynfjyefvnf xl
axmifa&;wdkYtwGuf ausmif;q&mrsm;rSm y"geusaom
54

ae&mwGif &SdaMumif; tav;teufxm; aqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/

tmz&dua'o EI wm0efcH Assibi Napoe
eSihftwl Mr. Van Leeuwen wdkY twlwufa&mufcJhonf/
or* zGJYpnf;yHkwGif *sef'gudprsm;udkvnf; tav;xm;&ef
Ms. Assibi Napoe u awmif;qdkcJhonf/ ]ekdifiHwum
ynma&; todkif;t0dkif;&JU aoG;pnf;nDnGwfrI[m EI &JU
t"du tiftm;jzpfw,f/ vlYtcGihfta&;awG rav;pm;?
rvdkufemrIawGtay:rSm wkHYjyefMur,f} [k Mr. van
Leeuwen u rdefYcGef;wGif ajymMum;cJhonf/
armuekdifiHwumynma&;or*owif;
(26 April 2012) Education International (EI)

wdkif;&if;om;a'o ynma&; zGHYNzdK;rI

ESihf trsKd;orD; pGrf;aqmif&nf
jrihfwifrItwGuf awmif;qdk

yk*vduausmif;wGif qif;&Jom; 25
&mckdifEIef; wufa&mufcGihf
yk*vduausmif;wGif ausmif;om; 4 OD;vQif 1
OD;udk vlrIa&;eSihf pD;yGm;a&; tcuftcJ&Sdaom qif;&Jom;
rsm;twGuf ae&may;&ef tdEd, w&m;&Hk;csKyfu Oya'jyK
jyXmef;vdkufonf/

uJhodkY Oya'jyKjcif;tay: ykk*vduausmif;
tcsKdUurl rauseyfMuyg/ zGJYpnf;yHk\ w&m;0ifrItay:
ar;cGef;xkwfaeMuonf/ okdYaomf w&m;&Hk;csKyf\ jyXmef;
csufudk tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;eSihf yk*vduausmif;rsm; tm;vHk;
u vdkufem&rnfjzpfonf/
tajccHtcGihfta&;

2009 ckeSpfu jyXmef;cJhonhf uav;rsm; roif
rae& tcrJh ynma&;tcGihfta&;t& tdEd, uav;wkdif;
onf touf 14 eSpftxd ausmif;wufMu&rnfjzpfonf/
Oya'rSm urmay:wGif roifrae& ynma&;udk
tpdk;&u wkduf&dkufwm0ef,l taumiftxnfaz:onhf
yxrqHk; aqmif&GufrIjzpfonf/

]tdEd,&Jh w&m;&Hk;csKyf qHk;jzwfcsufudk usaemf
wdkY *kPf,l BudKqdkygw,f/ 'gayr,hf vdktyfwJh t&if; tjrpf
awG csrSwfay;NyD; xdxda&mufa&mufeJY BuD;MuyfekdifzdkYu
ta&;BuD;w,f/} tdEd,ekdifiHvHk;qkdif&m rlvwef; q&mrsm;
tzGJYcsKyf twGif;a&;rSL;eSihf EI trIaqmifwpfOD;jzpfol Mr.
S. Eswaran u qdkygonf/

*sef'g rQwrIeSihf pmoifcef;twGif; cGJjcm;rIwdkYudk
wm;qD;a&;wdkYrSm ta&;BuD;onhf tcsufrsm;jzpfaMumif;
ausmif;q&m or*rsm;taejzihf vkyfief;pOfwGif yg0if
aqmif&GufcGihf &SdoihfaMumif; olu &Sif;jycJhonf/

]yk*vduausmif;rSm 'D 25 &mcdkifEIef;aom ae&m
udk b,fvdk xm;ay;&r,fqkdwmuawmh odyf r&Sif;vif;
ao;bl;/} olu xyfajymcJhonf/ ]tjcm;aom uav;awG
aum b,fvdkvkyfrSmvJ/ t&nftaoG; jynhfrDwJh ynma&;
udk uav;wkdif; &&Sdoihfw,f/}

jrefrmjynfwGif; yk*vdausmif;rsm;eSihf top ten
ausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; qif;&Jom; jrefrmuav;rsm;
twGuf tcrJhae&m 25 &mckdifEIef; rxm;oihfbl;vm;/

Source: EI (26 May 2012

ekdifiHwumor*tzGJYcsKyf 4 ck wdkYyg0ifaom
u pD;yGm;a&;
tusyftwnf;umvwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; pGrf;aqmif&nf
udk jrihfwif&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf/ wdkif;&if;om;a'o
ynma&;zGHYNzdK;rIeSihf trsKd;orD;rsm; pGrf;&nfjrihfwifrItwGuf
tvGeftrif; ta&;MuD;aeNyDjzpfaMumif;udk axmufjyxm;
onf/ ukvor* 56 Budrfajrmuf trsKd;orD;tqihftwef;
nDvmcHudk 27 azaz:0g&DrS 9 &uf rwfv 2012 cktxd
usif;ypOfumvrsm;wGif ekdifiHwum tpdk;&rsm;odkY wkduf
wGef; vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/

Global Union Federations (GUFs)

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Education International (28 Feb. 2012)

55

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56

Abreu

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Source: IANS (23 January 2012)

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57

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(20 January 2012) HndustanTimes/edu

Source: Dailymail UK

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ckESpf aESmif;ykdif; usr aetdrf tus,fcsKyfuae vGwfvmcJh
wJh aemufykdif;rSm EkdifiHa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIawGtjzpf EkdifiH
a&; tusOf;om;awG vGwfvmwmawG? trsKd;om; jyef
vnf &ifMum;apha&;twGuf ajcvSrf;wcsKdUawG? aemuf
usr&JU ygwDjzpfwJh trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pD tzGJYcsKyf taeeJY

jyefvnf rSwfyHkwifNyD; a&G;aumufyGJrSm yg0if ,SOfNydKifcJhwm

awG? tJvdkajcvSrf;awGukd tm;vHk;yg0ifjcif;&JU vuPm
awGvdkY jrifcJhMuygw,f/ aemufykdif;rSm usrwdkYawGvnf;
a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf jyifqifcJhMuygw,f/ tJ'DrSm usr
owdxm;rdwmu tav;ay;rI[m pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyif ajymif;
vJrIqDukd OD;wnfcsuf ajymif;oGm;wmygyJ/ tJ'geJY ywf
oufNyD; uGJjym;jcm;em;wJh tjrifawG &SdcJhMuygw,f/

jrefrmEkdifiH&JU jyKjyifajymif;vJrI t&Sdeft[kefeJY
ywfoufNyD; pdwfvIyf&Sm;Muw,fvdkYvnf; usr Mum;odcJh
&ygw,f/ wNydKifwnf;rSmyJ ta&xlaeNyD jzpfwJh vkyfief;&Sif
wcsKdU tygt0if wjcm;olawGu bmjyKjyifajymif;vJrIvJ
qdkNyD; ar;cGef;xkwfMuygw,f/ 'gaMumihfrdkY reform ]jyKjyif
ajymif;vJrI} qdkwJh pum;vHk;ukd toHk;jyKolawGu pdwf
BudKuf t"dyg,f zGihfaeMuwmrdkY usrtaeeJY wdkif;jynfxJu
wdk;wufrIawG taMumif;yJ ykdajymcsifygw,f/ 'gayr,hf
usrtwGufawmh usrwdkY ]EkdfifiHom;awG&JU tajctaeawG
wdk;wufvmrIukdyJ jyKjyifajymif;vJrI} vdkY t"dyg,f zGihfcsif
ygw,f/

Commitment taMumif;udk ajym&r,f
qkd&ifawmh usrtaeeJY jrefrmEdkifiH[m jyKjyifajymif;vJ
rIawG vkyfae&muae aemufukd jyefqkwfEdkifovm;vkdY t
ar;cH&wJh tcgrsKd;rSm jyefajzcJhwmu aemufjyefqkwf-r
qkwf qdkwm[m ppfbuf taeeJY jyKjyifajymif;vJrI vkyfief;
pOfawGtay: b,fvkdoabmxm;vJ qdkwmay: rlwnfae
ygw,fvkdY jyefajzcJhygw,f/ usrtaeeJY tJ'gudk tus,fcsJU
ajymcsifwmuawmh usrwkdY&JU atmifjrifrIawG? jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&; vkyfief;pOfawG aemufjyefvSnhfoGm;-roGm;
61

qdkwmawGu national commitment tay:rSm rlwnf

aeygw,f/ usrwkdY&JU EkdifiHukd wdk;wufvmapcsifol rSeforQ
[m tJ'Dh commitment rsKd; &Sd&ygr,f/ usrwdkY taeeJY
usrwkdY bmvdkcsifw,f qkdwmudk od&ygr,f/ 'gaMumihfrdkY vdkY
usrtaeeJY &dk;&Sif;wJh aqmifyk'fav; jzpfwJh ]urmhtajc
taeudk wdk;wufatmif jyKvkyfjcif;} qkdwJh aqmifyk'fav;
udk ESpfouf&jcif; jzpfygw,f/ usrwkYdtaeeJY jrefrmEkdifiH&JU
tajctaeukd wkd;wufapcsifygw,f/ usrwdkY jyKjyif
ajymif;vJrI (reform) vdkY ajymwJhtcg tJ'gudkyJ qdkvdkcsif
wm jzpfygw,f/ usrwdkY taeeJY jyKjyifajymif;vJrIvdkY ajymwJh
tcg tkyfpkwck? yk*dKvfwa,muf? tzGJYtpnf;wck twGuf
yJ tusKd;&Sdr,hf[mrsKd;udk rqdkvdkygbl;/ omrefvlxk w&yf
vHk;twGuf tusKd;&Sdr,hf t&mrsKd;ukdyJ qkdvdkygw,f/

usrtaeeJY omrefvlxk w&yfvHk;vdkY &nf&G,f
csuf&Sd&Sd oHk;&wmu usrwdkY EkdifiH[m vlrsKd;aygif;pHkeJY zGJYpnf;
xm;wJh EkdifiHjzpfygw,f/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHrSm usr
wdkY tm;vHk; yg0ifygw,f/

'gaMumihfrdkYvdkY trsKd;om;jyefvnf &ifMum;apha&;
[m usrwdkYtwGuf tvGefta&;BuD;ygw,f/ trsKd;om;
jyefvnf &ifMum;apha&; wnfaqmuf&muae tcsdefMum
vmwmeJYtrQ national commitment ukd usrwdkY vkyf
aqmif&ygr,f/ bmvdkYvJqkdawmh national commitment [m trsKd;om; jyefvnf &ifMum;apha&;eJYwuG EkdifiH
&JU &kyf0wKykdif;qdkif&m wkd;wufrIawGukdyg ,laqmifvmap
EkdifvdkY jzpfygw,f/

]usIH;aewJh EkdifiH} awGeJY usIH;&jcif;taMumif;?
b,fvdkjyKjyif&rvJ qkdwmawGukd usr taeeJY trsm;BuD;
avhvmaecJhygw,f/ usr avhvmcJhorQ t&mawG tm;vHk;
xJu ESpfNcdKufaerdwmuawmh Paul Collier a&;om;
azmfjycJhwJh taMumif;t&myg/ ol a&;om;xm;wmu jyKjyif
ajymif;vJrI enf;AsL[mawG tvkyfjzpfa&;twGuf twdkif;
twmwcktxd ynmwwfwJh vlOD;a& tvkHtavmuf &SdrI
[m tvGef ta&;BuD;um r&SdrjzpfvdkY qdkcJhygw,f/ ol qdkvdk
wmu EkdifiHrSm&SdwJh vlOD;a& tcsKd;tpm;&JU trsm;pk[m
tv,fwef;ynm &Sd&r,fvdkY qdkvdkwmyg/ tv,fwef;
ynmvkdY olajymoGm;cJhwmu usrpdwfudk ESpfNcdKufoGm;ap
wJh t&myg/ olu Ph.D bGJY&olawG? wuodkvfbGJY&awG &Sd
&r,fvdkY rajymcJhygbl;/ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;awGudk atmif
jrifpGm vkyfaqmifEkdifzkdY twGuf tv,fwef;ynmwwfwJh
vlOD;a& tajrmuftrsm;yJ vdktyfwmygvdkY ajymcJhwmyg/

]tJ'g[m usr&JU awG;ac:yHkeJYvnf; awmfawmf
62

av; avsmfnDygw,f/ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm tajccHynma&; vdk

tyfygw,f/ tJ'gudk t&ifuwnf;u usr tav;teuf
ajymcJhzl;ygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh wuodkvftqihf
ynma&;awG? bGJYvGef ynma&;ukdyJ tav;teufxm;
ajymMuwm rsm;ygw,f/ usrtaeeJY tajccH ynma&; qdk
wmukd &Sif;jy&&if tJ'g[m rlvwef; ynma&;udk qdkvdkwm
r[kwfygbl;/ usrqdkvdkwmu vlawG vHkavmufwJh
0ifaiG&atmif vkyfukdif pm;aomufzkdYtwGuf vdktyfwJh
ynma&;rsKd;ukd qdkvdkwmyg/ tJ'g[m &kd;&Sif;ygw,f/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSm&SdwJh vli,fawGudk Munhf&ifvnf;
tvkyfvufrJhEIef;u jrihfrm;aeygw,f/ tJ'Dh jyem[m
csdefukdufAHk;wckvdkygyJvdkY usr tjrJ ajymcJhygw,f/ tJvdk
tvkyfr&SdwJh vli,fawG[m olwkdY&JU rdbawGtay:rSm
b,f tcsdeftxd rSDckdaevdkY &rSmvJ/ aemufNyD;awmh b,fol
awGu olwkdYudk tvkyfcdkif;rSmvJ/ wcgwavrSm jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&; vrf;pOf[m rjywfrom; jzpfaewwfygw,f/
yGihfvif;vmwJh jrefrmjynfukd pdwf0ifpm;vdkY vGefcJhwJh wv
ESpfvavmufu vma&mufMuwJholawG rSwfcsufjyKMu
wmu tpkd;&taeeJY csrSwfxm;wJh vkyfief;pOfawGudk
b,folu taumiftxnf azmfrSmvJvdkY ar;Muygw,f/
b,folawGu tJ'Dh vkyfief;pOfawGudk taumiftxnf
azmf aqmif&GufMurSmygvJ/ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyfief;
pOfawG aemufjyefrvSnhfzdkY tmrcHEkdifwJh olawGudk usrwdkY
b,fvdk&SmrvJ/ 'Dawmh usrwdkY taeeJY capacity ]pGrf;
aqmif&nf}ukd vdktyfygw,f/ 'gayr,hf wcsKdU tzGJY
tpnf;awGu jrifovdk wtm;jrihfrm;wJh capacity awG
txd rvdktyfao;ygbl;/ tajccHuae wdk;wufzGHNzdK;vm
r,hf capacity awGyJ vdktyfygw,f/ tJ'Dhu@twGuf
vlBuD;rif;wkdY tm;vHk;qDu tultnD &csifygw,f/ jrefrm
EkdifiHrSm jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&; vkyfief;pOfawG atmifjrifzkdY
twGuf ckdifcefYwJh tajccHazmifa';&Sif;awG b,fvdk
wnfaqmuf&rvJ qdkwmudk vlBuD;rif;wkdYukd av;av;
eufeuf awG;apcsifygw,f/

tckavmavmq,f tcgrSmawmh &if;ESD;jrKyfESH
olawGtaeeJY &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIawGuae tusKd;tjrwf trsm;
BuD;&zdkY rawG;ygeJY/ &if;ESD;jrKyfESHolawG[m tusKd;tjrwfukd
arQmfvihfNyD; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIawG jyKvkyfMuw,f qdkwmudk
awmh usrem;vnfygw,f/ usrwdkY taeeJY tJ'Dhtcsuf
udkvnf; oabmwl vufcHygw,f/ 'gayr,hf &if;ESD;jrKyfESH
rIawGqDuae tusKd;tjrwf&zdkY usrwdkYbufuvnf;
arQmfvihfaeygw,f/ vma&muf &if;ESD;jrKyfESHolawG enf;wl

usrwdkY wdkif;jynftwGufvnf; tusKd;&SdzdkY vdktyfygw,f/

'gaMumihf usrwdkYtwGufvnf; av;av;euf
euf awG;ay;apcsifygw,f/ zdk&rfxJrSm &SdwJh a[majymol
speaker awG&JU pum;awGukdvnf; usr em;axmifcJhNyD;
ygNyD/ tJ'DhtxJu rSwfcsufwckuawmh usr&JU pdwfukd
qGJaqmifcJhygw,f/ tvGef&kd;&Sif;wJh rSwfcsufav;yg/ usr
wdkYtaeeJY rnDrQrIawGeJY jcpm;rIawGudk ukdifwG,f ajz&Sif;&
OD;r,f qdkwmygyJ/

usrtaeeJY tJ'gudk vHk;0 oabmwlygw,f/
usrwdkYtaeeJY &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIawGudk ykdrdkqGJaqmifEkdifzdkY
twGuf jcpm;rIawGeJY rnDrQrIawGudk wdkufzsuf&rSmyg/
&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI BuD;xGm;vmjcif;eJYtwl jcpm;zdkY tcGihfta&;

awG BuD;xGm;vmrSmudk tvdkr&Sdygbl;/ rnDrQrIawG BuD;xGm;

vmrSmudk tvdkr&Sdygbl;/ tcGihfta&;awG OD;pm;ay; cH&rI
awG &xm;NyD;om; vlawG ykdNyD; tcGihfta&;awG OD;pm;ay;
cH&rIawG &oGm;rSmukd rvdkvm;ygbl;/ usrwdkY taeeJY &if;ESD;
jrKyfESHrIawGudk vdkvm;w,fqkdwmu &dk;&dk;&Sif;&Sif;av;ygyJ/

tvkyftukdif tcGihftvrf;awGudk wwfEkdiforQ
rsm;rsm; zefwD;ay;csifvdkYyg/ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm tvkyftukdif
tcGihftvrf;awG zefwD;ay;zkdY[m tvGefYtvGefukd ta&;
BuD;ygw,f/ tvkyftukdif tcGihftvrf;awG rsm;jymvm
wmeJYtwl tvkyfvufrJh vli,fawGukd tvkyftukdifawG
rSm tqifoihfjzpfzkdYtwGuf oifMum;ay;r,hf oifwef;awG
vnf; vdktyfygw,f/ toufarG;rI oifwef;awGeJY for-

]]ynmwwfwJh vlOD;a& tvkHtavmuf &SdrI[m

tvGefta&;BuD;um r&SdrjzpfvdkY qdkcJhygw,f/
ol qdkvdkwmu EkdifiHrSm&SdwJh vlOD;a& tcsKd;tpm;&JU
trsm;pk[m tv,fwef;ynm &Sd&r,fvdkY qdkvdkwmyg/ }}

63

]]'gayr,hf tJvdk aemufus usefaejcif;

uvnf; wjcm;EkdifiHawG&JU
trSm;awGuaewqihf oif,lzkdY
tcGihftvrf;ukd &apygw,f/
tJ'Dhenf;eJY trSm;awGudk a&Smif&Sm;um
ausmfvTm;Ekdif&if c&D; ykdrdkwGifrSm
jzpfygw,f/ }}
mal ]w&m;0ifausmif;} r[kwfwJh oifMum;rIawGudk
a'gufwmbGJY tpDtpOfawGxuf trsm;BuD; ydkrdk vdktyfyg
w,f/ tJvdkajymwm[m usrtaeeJY tqihfjrihfynma&;
awGudk wefzdk;rxm;vdkY r[kwfygbl;/ usrtaeeJY tqihf
jrihf ynma&;awGukd t&rf; wefzkd;xm;ygw,f/

'gayr,hf usrwdkY EkdifiH&JU vdktyfcsufudk vuf
awGYusus Munhf&rSmyg/ tajccH uRrf;usifrIawG vdktyfae
wJh vlYtzGJYtpnf;u vlwa,muftaeeJY usr vlBuD;rif;
wdkYudk pum;ajymaewmyg/ tajccH uRrf;usifrIawGom
vlawGrSm jynhfpHkvm&if tm;vHk;[m jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&;
vrf;pOfrSm yg0ifvmEkdifrSmyg/

usrwdkY taeeJY national commitment ukd
tvdk&Sdygw,f/ tJ'gr&SdbJeJY usrwdkY a&SUqufEkdifrSm r[kwfyg
bl;/ usrwdkY taeeJY national commitment udk a'o
qdkif&m commitment awG? wurmvHk;qkdif&m commitment awGeJY csdwfqufNyD; wlnDwJh &nfrSef;csufawG
twGuf vkyfukdifcsifygw,f/ usrwdkY taeeJY ykdrdk <u,f0NyD;
ydkrdk Nidrf;csrf;wJh urmBuD;udk tvdk&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dhvdk ydkrdk
<u,f0NyD;? ydkrdk Nidrf;csrf;wJh urmBuD; wnfaqmuf&mrSm
usrwdkYtaeeJY tpdwftykdif;w&yf taeeJY yg0ifcsifygw,f/

usrwdkYtaeeJY ta&;rygol jzpfrSmudk rvdkvm;
ygbl;/ usrwdkY taeeJY aemufrSm jywfusefaecJhrSmudk tvdk
r&Sdygbl;/ usrwdkYtaeeJY rSm;wJh vrf;aMumif;ukd a&G;cs,fNyD;
ab;a&mufoGm;rSmudkvnf; tvdkr&Sdygbl;/

usrtaeeJY 'Dukda&mufvmwm vlBuD;rif;wdkY
bmvkyf&r,fukd ajymzdkY r[kwfygbl;/ usrajymcsifwmu
&kd;&kd;av;ygyJ/ usrwdkY EkdifiHrSm bmawGvdktyfaevJ qdkwm

64

udk ajymjyzkdYyg/ usrwdkYtaeeJY tajz &SmazGaewJh ae&mrSm

vlBuD;rif;wdkYqDu tultnDawG &csifygw,f/ wcsKdU EdkdifiH
awG[m jcpm;rI jyemawGukd xdef;csKyf avQmhcszdkY BudK;pm;
&if;eJY vuf&SdtcsdefrSm ratmifrjrif jzpfaeygw,f/ wcsdef
rSm olwkdY atmifjrifvmvdrhfr,fvdkY arQmfvihfygw,f/ usr
wdkY taeeJYvnf; jcpm;rI jyemudk ukdifwG,f ajz&Sif;&rSm
yg/ usrwdkY taeeJY tJ'grSm atmifjrifcsifygw,f/ usrwdkY
EkdifiHtaeeJY olrsm;awGxuf aemufus usefaew,fqdk
wmawmh rSefygw,f/ 'gayr,hf tJvdk aemufus usefaejcif;
uvnf; wjcm;EkdifiHawG&JU trSm;awGuaewqihf oif,lzkdY
tcGihftvrf;ukd &apygw,f/ tJ'Dhenf;eJY trSm;awGudk
a&Smif&Sm;um ausmfvTm;Ekdif&if c&D; ykdrdkwGifrSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumihf yHkrSefxuf ykdrdk jrefqefoGm;rSmjzpfNyD; wjcm;EkdifiH
awG&JU trSm;awGudk owd rxm;rdwmeJYpm&if ydkrdkjrefqefrSm
jzpfygw,f/

'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm vlBuD;rif;wdkYtm;vHk; 'grS
r[kwf vlBuD;rif;wdkYxJu wcsKdU&JU tBuHPfawGudk vdIuf
vIdufvSJvSJ Mum;emvdkygw,f/ tm;vHk;qDuawmh Mum;&
vdrhfr,fvdkY rxifygbl;/ bmvkdYwkef;qdkawmh tm;vHk;uae
tBuHPfawG ay;zkdYqdkwm tcsdefvHkavmufvdrhfr,fvdkY
usr rxifygbl;/

]trsKd;om; jyefvnf &ifMum;apha&;udk BudK;pm;
aeqJ jzpfwJh EkdifiHwEkdifiH&JU jyemukd b,fvdkukdifwG,f
ajz&Sif;&rvJ qdkwm tBuHPf &vdkygw,f/ usrwdkY
taeeJY national commitment uaewqihf trsKd;om;
jyefvnf &ifMum;apha&;eJY zGHYNzdK;a&;twGuf BudK;pm;aewmrdkY
aus;Zl;jyKNyD;awmh vufawGYusr,hf tdkif'D,mawG? tBuH
PfawG ay;MuNyD;awmh usrwdkYEkdifiHtwGuf tcGihf
tvrf;awGa&m vlBuD;rif;wkdYtwGuf tcGihftvrf;awGudk
yg awG;MuygvdkY ajymcsifygw,f/

usrtaeeJY vlBuD;rif;wdkY ar;vmr,hf ar;cGef;
awGudk ajzqdkoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'g[m usrajymcsifwm
awG tukefygyJ/ aus;Zl;jyKNyD;awmh usrwdkY EkdifiHukd ulnD
ay;Muyg/ vlBuD;rif;wkdY taeeJY tvGefYtvGef wefzdk;&SdwJh
tvkyfawGudk NyD;ajrmuf atmifjrifvdrhfr,fvdkY usr arQmf
vihfygw,f/ aus;Zl;wifygw,f/}
a':atmifqef;pkMunf
ta&SUtm&S urmhpD;yGm;a&;zdk&rf?
30 &uf? arv? 2012 (befaumufNrdKU)/

rwfv 3 &uf? 2012 taomuazmifa';&Sif;? orkdif;NrdKUr pmoifwdkuf? ordkif;vrf;qHk

udkpdk;xGef; (88 rsKd;quf ausmif;om;rsm;tzGJY)

r*Fvmyg/ uRefawmfu pdk;xGef;yg/ uRefawmfwdkYuawmh 88
ausmif;om;rsm; tzGJYuyg/ uRefawmf tck 88 ausmif;om;orkdif;av;
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[m rMumcifurS axmifu vGwfvmMuwmyg/ tckqkd&if olwdkYawG[m
wkdifyifNyD;awmh vuf&Sd usa&mufaewJh tarSmifxk usaewJh tzGJYtpnf;
uae yGihfvif;vlYtzGJYtpnf;aygY/ vlrItajcjyKtzGJYtpnf;awG t&yfzuf
tajcjyK tzGJYtpnf;awGeJY aygif;pnf;NyD;awmh uRefawmfwdkYukd,fwkdif
vlrIa&;vkyfief;awGvkyfr,f/ usefwJh vlrIa&; tzGJYtpnf;awGeJY vuf wGJ
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vmatmif wkdif;jynfu tckqkd&if ajymif;vJrIudk paeNyD/ tckwufvmwJh
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ausmfudkudk (Auorsm; tzGJYcsKyf)

uRefawmf ajymcsifwmu Auo[m orkdif;wavQmufvHk;
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uRefawmfwdkY AuoawGu Objectives 3 ck csxm;ygw,f/
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wkdif;&if;om; a'otoD;oD;? jynfe,feJY NrdKUawGrSm or*awG
jyefvnfzGJYpnf;r,f/ tJ'grS jrefrmjynf&JU ausmif;om;xkBuD;
jyefay:xGufvmrSm jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DrSmvnf; vufwavm wm0efeJY a&&Snfwm0efqdkNyD jyefydkif;ygw,f/ vufwavm
wm0efu or*awG jyefay:aygufzdkYtwGuf e,fpnf;&Hk;a&;awG oGm;zdkY jzpfygw,f/ a&&Snfwm0efuawmh
aemufrsKd;qufudk vufqihfurf;zdkY t*FgpHk Auo ay:xGufvma&;udk vkyfaqmifMurSmyg/ (2) tcsufu vlxk taxmuf
tuljyK vkyfief;awG vkyfaqmif&if;eJY ausmif;om;awG&JU ynma&;eJY tcGihfta&;udk wnfaqmufoGm;rSmyg/ uRefawmfwdkY
u 'Dtcsuf 3 ckeJYoGm;aew,f/ uRefawmf tcke ajymcJhovdkyJ uRefawmfwdkYcsnf;yJ oGm;vdkY r&ygbl;/ 'DrSm vmwufMuwJh
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taeeJY tjzLa&mifwGJvuf taeeJY BudK;pm;aqmif&Gufaeygw,f/
65

OD;at;jrihf (arwmtdrf ynm'ge)

uRefawmfu ausmif;q&m jzpfyg
w,f/ vGefcJhwJh tESpf 40 avmufuwnf;u
ausmif;q&myg/ tckvnf; uRefawmhfoabm eJY
uRefawmf uav;awGudk pmoifygw,f/
uRefawmfoifwJhae&mu usL;ausmfae&myg/
usL;ausmfqdkwm wJykwfav;? tdrfay:wufvdkY
r&bl;/ tdrfudk udkifvIyf&if vIyfw,f/ tJ'Dvdk
ae&mrSm oGm;oifw,f/ tdrfajc ckESpfaxmif
ausmf &Sdw,f/ uRefawmf oifcJhwJh uav;awG
u ajrmif;BudKajrmif;Mum;? trdIufyHkBudK trdIfuf yHk
Mum;u uav;awGyg/ &yfuGufxJrSm w&mudk 90 avmufu tJ'Dvdk uav;awGyg/ olwdkYrSm vdktyfcsufu 1 &mckdifEIef;? 2
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t&rf; 0rf;omygw,f/

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uRefawmfwdkY jrefrmEkdifiH&JU ynma&;u bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh tod
w&m;wpfckudk? taMumufw&m;wpfckeJY ydwfvdkufwJh tcgusaeawmh tJ'D
todw&m;wpfcku rodw&m;jzpfvmw,f/ rodw&m;jzpfwJh[mudk tckcsdefrSm
'gudkawmh vkyfoihfw,f/ yGifhvif;vmw,fvdkY odvmwJh tcsdefrSm uRefawmfwdkY
jyifqif&r,fh t&mawGu trsm;BuD;ygyJ/

OD;0dZmeE (Open eyes library + Education Center for youth)

OD;Zif;uawmh rEav;uae MuGvmwmyg/ Education Center for youth qdkNyD;
vkyfxm;w,f/ wu,fqdkawmh &[ef;awG OD;pm;ay;xm;wm/ 'DaeYvdk ynma&;
aqG;aEG;yGJ vmwwfcGihf&wJhtwGuf aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ OD;Zif;u bkef;BuD;wpfyg; jzpf
wJh taeeJY jrefrmh ynma&;udk bkef;BuD; &IaxmifhtaeeJY ajymcsifygw,f/ bkef;BuD;awGeJY
tajzxkwfMunfhwJhtcg usawmh bu &SdzkdY vdkw,fvdkY od&ygw,f/ jrefrmjynfrSm
at'D 11 &mpkavmufu Ak'bmom xGef;um;vmw,f/ tJ'DheJYtwl bkef;BuD;ausmif;
ynma&;yg xGef;um;vmygw,f/ bkef;awmfBuD; ausmif;awG[m vlYtzGJYtpnf;rSm
xGef;um;vmcJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh ,aeYacwfrSmawmh bkef;BuD;ausmif; ynma&;
usqif;vmygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh bkef;BuD;awGu Modernize rjzpfMubl;/
rBudKufMubl;/ tawG;acgifMuw,f/ bmvdkYvJqdkawmh Oyrm bkef;BuD; t*Fvdyfpm
oif wmudk oabmrusMubl;/

acwfrDynmawG wwfvmapzdkYtwGuf OD;Zif;wdkY ausmif;rSm &SdwJh oHCm 300 ausmfudk rEav; 'eduaA'u
q&mwpfa,muf ac: NyD; philosophy wdkY? logic wdkY oifay;w,f/ bkef;BuD;udk,fwkdifvnf; Comparative studies in
Buddhism udk oifay;w,f/ NyD;awmh OD;Zif;wkdY ToT vnf; vkyfay;ygw,f/ OD;Zif;wdkY t"du ay;csifwmuawmh
t,ltq a[mif;awGudk vHk;0 vTihfypfzdkY r[kwfbJ? EdIif;,SOf avhvmzdkYygvdkY ajym&if; ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f/
66

a':at;at;oif; (NAKO)

OD;jrihfaqG (ykvJ uGefysLwm pifwm)

tckacwf
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udk Principle txd ydkifEkdifatmif avhvmMuygvdkY
ajym&if; ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygw,f/

uRefrwdkY vkyfvdkY r&aewmudk ajymae&HkeJY
rNyD;ao;bJ vkyfvdkY&wmawGudk ajymMunhf&atmif/

uRefrwdkY ynma&; wuodkvfrSmwkef;
uvnf; CCA udk TCA eJY oifcJh&wmygyJ/ Oyrm
uRefrtaeeJY ausmif;om; wpf&mavmuf&SdwJh
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q&mrawGu qlnHw,fqdkNyD; tjypfwifMuyg
w,f/ Group Discussion taeeJY r&Ekdifbl;aygY/
tcktcsdefrSmawmh vdktyfwJh[mawGudk xkwfajym
vdkY &aeNyD qdkayr,fh vlawGu acguf&dk; usKd;aeMu
w,faygY/ rajym&Jbl; jzpfaew,faygY/

pkyHkcspf (jrefrmEkdifiH roefpGrf;olrsm;toif;)

usr pm poifcsdefrSm ajcaxmufeJYyJ oifygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh
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rwfwyf&yfwmaygY/ 'gayr,fh orD; rygcJh&bl;/ 'geJY tazhudk ausmif;udk ajymckdif;awmh
yg&r,f/ aemufwpfacgufwuf&r,fqdkNyD; rygcJh&ygbl;/ aemufNyD; Mum;&wmu
r*Fvm,lwJhtcsdefrSm tr*Fvmudk bmvdkY xnfh&rSmvJvdkY ajymcHcJh&ygw,f/

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aom tzGJYtpnf;awGu ynma&;udk vkyfwJhtcgrSm roefpGrf;awGvnf; &Sdaeyg
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tvif;quf (Blogger)

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67

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17 Zefe0g&Dv? 2012
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tqdkjyK ay;yg&ef av;pm;pGmjzihf awmif;qdkjcif;/

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awmhfrdbawGu pum;rajymwwf? em;rMum;olawGyg/ uRefawmfhrdcifbufrS uRefawmhftbkd;t&if;rSm ,cifu trsKd;
om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf pwifwnfaxmif&mwGif yg0ifcJhaom pma&;q&marmifaomfujzpfygonf/

uRefawmfonf arG;pOfu em;Mum;aomfvnf; 15 eSpfom;t&G,fwGif xdckdufrIjzpfum tMum;tm&Hk
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t&G,ftxd tvkyf&Smr& jzpfaeonfrSm ukd,fawGYyifjzpfygonf/ ,aeY jrefrmjynfwGif vlOD;a& oef; 60 &Sd&m 5
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roefpGrf;olrsm; onfvnf; yg0ifywfoufcsifygonf/

jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfwGif roefpGrf;olrsm;\ ta&;twGuf atmufygtcsuf 5 csufudk wifjy ta&;qdk
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yg0ifaqmif&GufcGihf &atmif tqkdwifoGif; ay;yg&ef/
68

3- roefpGrf;olrsm;qdkif&m txl;tcGihfta&;Oya' (Persons with for the disability right) udk jyXmef;ay;yg&ef/
4- roef;pGrf;olrsm;\ ta&;udk ajz&Sif;ekdif&ef roefpGrf;olrsm;qkdif&m 0efBuD;Xmeudk zGJYpnf;&eftwGuf jynfaxmifpk vTwf
awmfwGif tqdkwifoGif; aqG;aEG;&ef/
5- jrefrmpmeSihf pum;udk todtrSwfjyKovdk em;rMum;olrsm;\ vuf[efbmompum; (Myanmar sign language)
udk todtrSwfjyKydkifcGihfudk jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfwGif tqdkwifoGif; aqG;aEG;&ef/

uRefawmfonf roefpGrf;olrsm;\ tusKd;twGuf a&;om;wifjyjcif;jzpfygonf/

roefpGrf;olrsm;onf jrefrmhvlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif (ekdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;? usef;rma&;? bmoma&;eSihf vlrI
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uRefawmfhudk,fusKd;ryg? vuf&Sdjzpfysufaeaom trSefw&m;udk rD;armif;xdk;jyjcif; jzpfygonf/

uRefawmfonf rwluGJjym;jcif;eSihf omwlnDrQudk vufcHaom jrefrmekdifiHudk jrifawGYvdkygonf/
av;pm;pGmjzihf
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tMum;tm&Hk roefpGrf;ol

69

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qif;&JEGrf;yg;wJh trdIufaumuf
uav;i,fawG ydkrsm;vmae

jrefrmEkdifiHrSm qif;&Jom; rdom;pkawGu ayguf avmufBuD;yJ pepfopfawG bmawG ajymif;aeygap 'D
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vdkufaumufNyD; toufarG;0rf;ausmif; jyKaeMu&ygw,f/ ao;bl;qdk&if uRefawmfwdkYEkdif iHrSm uav;i,fawG olwdkY&JU
tem*wfawG uRefawmfwdkY&JU wkdif;jynfu jyKjyifajymif;vJ

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tzGJYuawmh jrefrmjynfrSm tem*wftwGuf &nf&G,fNyD; olawGrsm;vmw,f/
tJ'Dta&;udk uRefawmfwdkYu BudKNyD;awmh awG;
trdIufaumuf uav;i,fawGtwGuf usef;rma&;? pm&d
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70

aemuf 'D uav;awGu b,fvdkrsKd;ae&muae vma&muf

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uRefawmfwkdY apmifha&Smufay;aew,f/ uav;awGu
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('DADGbD 7 arv 2012)

71

xdkif;ynma&;tay: jrefrmq&mrESifh
rGefausmif;ol&JU tjrif

2015 ckESpfrSm ay:xGef;vmr,fh tmpD,H uGefjrL
ewDudk &nf&G,fNyD; xdkif;tpdk;&u ynma&;ajymif;vJzdkY
tBuD;tus,f &if;ESD;jrKyfESH aqmif&Gufaewmudk bef
aumufydkYpfeJYae&Sif;owif;pmawGrSmaeYpOfawGYae&onf/
txl;ojzifh ausmif;om;awGudk vyfawmh a0iSwmeJY
2012 udk t*FvdyfpmESpf owfrSwfrItay: a0zef aqG;aEG;
jiif;ckefwmawG yHkrSef awGY&onf/

'gaMumifh armuu xkdif;ynma&;eJY ywfoufNyD;
xdkif;yk*vduausmif;wpfausmif;rSm t*Fvdyfpm oifay;
aewJh jrefrmq&mrwpfOD;ESifh befaumuf Ramkhamhaeng wuodkvfrSm ynma&; rmpwmbGJY usrf;jyKaeol
rGefausmif;olwpfOD;udk qufoG,far;jref;NyD;? olwdkY
tawGYtBuHKawGudk wifjyvdkuf&ygonf/

72

q&mr rar
csif;rdkifNrdKU? yk*vduausmif; Sarasas Witaed Lanna
School oifMum;a&; tawGYtBuHK......

xdkif;EkdifiHu ausmif;wpfausmif;rSm pmoif
aewJh usrudk xdkif;uav;awGudk pmoif&wmeJY jrefrm
uav;awGudk pmoif&wm bmuGmvJ? xkdif;ausmif;awG&JU
oifMum;a&;pepfu b,fvdk&SdvJ? ausmif;om;awG&JU t
awG;tac: ydkif;eJY oifMum;rI cH,lyHk b,fvdk uGmjcm;rI&SdvJ
qdkwmawG ar;vmygw,f/

a,bl,stm;jzifh ausmif;om;awGuawmh t
wlwlygyJ/ pmudk pdwf0ifpm;wJh uav;&Sdovdk pdwfr0if
pm;wJh uav;awG &Sdwmuawmh ae&mcsif;rwlawmif
yHkpHcsif;u twlwlygyJ/ uGmjcm;rIawGuawmh? pmroifcif

rSm &Sd&r,fh uav;awGeJY q&mawG&JU pdwf"mwftiftm; jyif

qifrIu jrefrmjynfeJY tawmfudk uGmjcm;w,fvdkY qdk&
ygr,f/

pmroifcif ausmif;jyifyrSm pdwftaESmuf
t,SufawG jzpfvm&if pmoif&wm raysmfr&Tif jzpfwwf
ygw,f/ xdkif;rSmu aea&;xdkifa&;? oGm;a&;vma&;?
pm;a&;aomufa&;u tppt&m&m tqifajyawmh pdwf
xJrSm aemufusdrI rjzpfbl;/ usrwdkY pmoif&wm taESmuf
t,Suf bmrS r&Sdbl;aygY/

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rD;u rSefawmh pm;zdkY jyifqifcsdef odyfrukefawmhbl;/ tif
wmeufu aumif;awmh ausmif;oifcef;pmtwGuf jyif
qifwJh ae&mrSm pdwfat;at;csrf;csrf;eJY jynfhjynfhpHkpHk
vkyfvdkY&w,f/ ausmif;oGm;awmhvnf; bwfpfum;pD;wJh
tcsdef wdk;a0SYrae&awmh pdwfat;csrf;ompGm oGm;vdkY &yg
w,f/

ausmif;a&mufawmhvnf; ausmif;om;awGu
q&mq&mrqdk tvGef&dkaoav;pm;Muawmh? pdwfxJrSm
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r&Sdaeawmh oifMum;a&;tydkif;rSm udk,fa&mpdwfyg oif
Mum;ay;Ekdifygw,f/

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vSw,frqdkomayrJh olwdkYawG[m taumif;qHk; jzpf
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tzGJY&JU vufatmufrSm &Sdae&ygw,f/

usr pmoifaewJh ausmif;taMumif;ajym&r,f
qdk&if? oifcef;pm a&;qGJwJh pepfawG wpfESpfxuf wpfESpf
ydkaumif;rGefatmif BudK;pm;jyifqifaeovdk ausmif;wGif;
ydkif;rSmvnf; q&mq&mrrsm; oifMum;a&; aumif;-r
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tBuD;tuJawGu vdkufvHMunfhIaeygw,f/

ausmif;om;awG *DwtEkynm 0goemyg&if
twD;trIwfynm? yef;csD0goem ygoludkvnf; ygovdk
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tzJGYvdkuf cGJjcm;NyD; oifay;ygw,f/ 'Dvdk i,f&G,fwJh tcsdef

u pNyD; olwdkY 0goemyg&m vrf;av;awGudk a&G;cs,f wwf
atmif jyifqifay;wJh oabmygyJ/
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wpfywfrSm wpf&uf avhusifhMuwm &Sdygao;w,f/ tJvdk
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vli,fawGjzpfatmif vufawGY oifay;wJh oifcef;pmyg/
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tcJawG ajz&Sif;wwfatmif oifay;wmrsKd;vnf; &Sdyg
w,f/

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u wpfaoG;wpfoH wpfrdefYudk tNrJav;pm; em;axmif
wwfwmudkvnf; awGY&ygw,f/ ckqdk 2012 u xdkif;EkdifiH&JU
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vmatmif pdwfyg0ifpm;vkyfudkifvmMuwmudkawGYae&wm
awmfawmfav;udk pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;ygw,f/

jrefrmjynfu ausmif;om;eJY xdkif;EkdifiHausmif;
om;uGmjcm;rIudk ajym&&if jrefrmjynf ausmif;oifcef;pm
awGudk bmrqdk tvGwfusufrSwfNyD; atmifjrifrIudk ,lMu
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ausmif;om;b0u awmfawmf oem;p&maumif;w,fvdkY
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ausmif;u zdtm;ay;wmu wpfrsKd;? tdrf a&mufjyefawmh
vnf; rdbu pmusufqdkNyD; usL&SifwpfckNyD; wpfckeJY BudK;pm;
Mu&ygw,f/

xdkif;EkdifiHu ausmif;om;awGrSmawmh pdwfzdpD;rl
bmrS r&SdygbJ atmifjrifrI &Muygw,f/ tvGwfusuf
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aumif;vm;qdkNyD; qlylrlr&SdbJ wpfenf;r[kwf wpfenf;eJY
oifMum;enf; pepfrsKd;pHk toHk;jyKNyD; oifMum;ay;ygw,f/

'gayrJh xdkif;uav;awG&JU BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrlu
jrefrmuav;awGavmufawmh odyfr&Sdbl; qdk&ygr,f/
olwdkYu odyf rBudK;pm;awmh q&mbufu tawmf tm;pdkuf
73

rmpwmwef; ausmif;pwufwJhaeYrSm tjcm;EkdifiHu

ausmif;om;awGeJY q&mq&mrawG 0efxrf;awG udk,fpD
tvkyfIyfaeMuw,f/ yxrqkH;aeYqdkawmh tukefvkH;u
udk,fhtwGuf topftqef;awG jzpfaewmaygY/

pmoifcef;xJ 0ifvkdufwmeJY pmoifcef;xJrSm&Sd
wJh ypnf;awGudk rawGYzl;wJhtjyif tac:ta0:awGudk
awmif rac:wwfbl; jzpfcJh&w,f/ tJ'D oifMum;a&;
ypnf;awGu ukd,fwufcJhwJh jrefrmjynfu armfvNrdKif
wuokdvfrSmyJ r&Sdwmvm;? 'grSr[kwf udk,fuyJ jrefrm
jynf&JU tqifhjrifhwuodkvfawGrSm rwufcJhrdvdkYvm; rod
awmhatmifygyJ/

ausmif; 3 ywfavmuf wufNyD;wJh tcsdefrSmrS
aemufqkH;tywftwGuf wifjyrI (presentation)
vkyf&r,fwJh/ wifjyrI (presentation) vkyfzdkYtwGuf
udk,fh[mudk,f Power Point eJYjyifNyD; Projector
udkokH;&r,fqdkwmudk odvm&awmhw,f/ tJ'DawmhrS
atmf... Projector qdkwm 'gygvm;qdkwmudk pod
vmcJh&w,f/

ausmif;&JU yxrtywfrSmawmh tjcm;aom
EkdifiHjcm;ausmif;om;awG trsm;BuD;awGY&wmaygY/ q&m
uawmh pmtkyfxJu oDtdk&DawGudk &Sif;jyNyD; udk,fh&JU
tawGYtBuHKudk ar;wmaygY/ tJ'DrSm tjcm;ausmif;om;
awGu raMumufr&GHUeJY ajzqdkEkdifcJhayrJh udk,fuawmh
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rSm;aervm;qdkwJh pdk;&drfpdwfeJY wpfvESpfvausmfwJh txd
ausmif;rSm yg;pyfydwf aecJhrdw,f/

tjcm;EkdifiHuvmwJh ausmif;om;awGuawmh
olwdkYrodwJh taMumif;t&mawGqdk&ifvnf; q&mudk
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ckefvmNyD; ajcvufawG at;pufukefwmaygY/ 'gubmjzpf
vdkYvJvdkY pOf;pm;rdNyD; udk,fhudk,fudkyJ tm;rvdktm;r&jzpfum
presentation vkyfNyD;wdkif; 0rf;enf;0rf;om jzpfcJh&w,f/

0rf;enf;rdwmuawmh ukd,fom i,fi,fav;
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wdkYudk MunfhNyD; tm;r&wmawmh trSefygyJ/

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tifwmeufvm; olwkdYtem;rSm tukefjynfhpHkaeawmh
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oavmuf tawG;tac: ydkif;yg wkd;wufEkdifygw,f/

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ausmif;om;csif;wlayrJh tcGifhta&;csif; uGm
jcm;ygw,f/ tcGifhta&; uGmjcm;oGm;wmeJY tukefuGm
jcm;oGm;wmygyJ/ 'guvnf; jrefrm ausmif;om;awGnHhvdkY
r[kwfygbl;/ tcGifhta&;awG qHk;IH;cJh&vdkY 'DvdkjzpfMu
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jrefrmuav;awG rnHhbl;vdkY ajymcsifygw,f/
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jrefrmuav;awGtrsm;BuD; &Sdw,fqdkwmvnf; jynfwGif;
rSm q&mr vkyfwkef;u jrifawGYcJh&ygw,f/ usrwdkY jrefrm
EkdifiHu uav;awGuawmh tarSmifxJrSm udk,fydkiftvif;
&zdkY BudK;pm;ae&wJh Mu,fyGifhuav;awGvdkygyJ/

74

... ausmif;om;csif;wlayrJh
tcGifhta&;csif; uGmjcm;ygw,f/
tcGifhta&; uGmjcm;oGm;wmeJY
tukefuGm jcm;oGm;wmygyJ/
'guvnf;
jrefrm ausmif;om;awG nHhvdkY
r[kwfygbl;/
tcGifhta&;awG qHk;IH;cJh&vdkY
'DvdkjzpfMu&wmyg/

vnf; jrefrmjynfrSm (Bachelor) bGJY&cJhwJh olwpfa,muf

aygY/ olrsm;awGvnf; olwdkYEkdifiHu Bachelor bGJY &cJhvdkY
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olwdkYvdkrsKd; ynm&J&ifh yGJv,frwifh&wmvJqdkwmudk pOf;
pm;rdwdkif; 0rf;enf;cJh&w,f/

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eJY tjcm;EkdifiH&JU ynma&;uGmjcm;rIukd ydkNyD;em;vnfvm
ygw,f/

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tjyif vGefcJhwJh 2 ESpf 3 ESpfurS owif;rSmaMumfjimoGm;wJh

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(armuynma&;r*Zif;u awGYqHkar;jref;onf/)

75

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76

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aemufcHorkdif;aMumif;

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(ydkwef&S,f)? rdrdwdkY\ tuefYtowfrsm;? qufqHa&;rsm;?
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tcsufudk odem;vnfoihfygonf/

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ydkifqkdifcGihf &Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfygacs/

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cH} udk 1972 ckESpfwGif pawmh[krf;NrdKY usif;ycJhonf/
obm0ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m pdk;&drfruif; jzpfae&rIrsm;
tay: tm&Hkpdkufvmap&ef taxmuftuljzpfcJhNyD; nDvmcH
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77

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onf/ odkYjzihf a&&SnfwnfwHhaom zGHYNzdK;rI Sustainable
Development t,ltqrSm 1980 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif
ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&; zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrI
wdkYudk obm0ywf0ef;usifESihf t&if;tjrpfrsm; jyKef;wD;&rI
ESihf EdIif;,SOfNyD; rQajc&Sd&ef vkdtyfcsuf tay: &Ijrif vmwwf
jcif;yifjzpfonf/

]uREkfyfwdkY\ bHktem*wfb0} Our Common
Future pmtkyfudk obm0ywf0ef;usifESihf zGHYNzdK;rI urmh
aumfrpf&Sifu 1987 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0vkdufNyD;onfh
aemufwGif txufyg SD t,ltqrSm wurmvHk;
twkdif;twmjzihf t&Sdef& vIyfcwfvmawmhonf/ a&&Snf
wnfwHaom zGHYNzdK;rIudk aumfrpf&Sifu odkY t"dyg,f zGihf
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,lqaomfjim;vnf; rsufarSmufacwfESihf tem*wf vdk
tyfcsufwdkYtwGuf obm0 ywf0ef;usifudk xdckduf epfem
qHk;&HI;rI r&Sdapoifh[kvnf; qdkvdkygonf/

urmajr xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smufa&; or*
IUCN,
urmhukvor* ywf0ef;usif tpDtpOfESihf
obm0awm&dkif; urmh&efyHkaiG WWF tzGJYrsm;u 1991
ckESpfwGif yl;aygif;xkwfa0cJhaom ]ajrurmtwGuf jyKpk
apmihfa&Smufjcif;} - Caring for the Earth pmtkyfwGif
78

,cif bHktem*wfb0wGif yg&Sdonfh a&&SnfwnfwHh ckdifNrJ

aom zGHYNzdK;rI t"dyg,fudk xyfavmif;twnfjyKcJhonf/
t"dyg,fzGihfqdkrIwGif ]a*[pepfrsm; ecosystems \
qufvuf a0qm pnfyif &SifoefEdkifrIESihf twl vlom;b0
t&nftaoG; wdk;wufjrihfrm;vmjcif;} [k az: jycJhygonf/

b&efwvefaumfrpf&Sif\ t"dyg,fzGifhqdkrIwGif
],ckrsKd;qufrsm;ESihf aemifrsKd;quf toD;oD;wdkYtay:
av;pm;rI&Sdonfh taetxm;jzihf vlom;wdkY\ vdktyfcsuf
udk jznhfqnf;ay;jcif; } [ltav;xm; zGihfqdkNyD;? IUCN
\ t"dyg,fzGihfqkdrIwGifrl ]rsKd;qufrsm;twGuf ajrurm\
jznfhpGrf;ay;EkdifrIudk umuG,fapmihfa&Smufvsuf vlom;
b0t&nftaoG; wdk;wufapjcif;} [l azmfjyxm;yg
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vlom;ESihf obm0 a*[pepf 2 ck pvHk;tay: tusKd;jyKjcif;
rnfonf/

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nDvmcH - wGif tm*sif'g 21 taejzihf obm0
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udk yxr OD;pm;ay; xm;&SdcJhonf/ obm0 ywf0ef;usif
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tm&HkpdkufcJhjcif;yif/

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vrf;aMumif;rsm;udkvnf; arQmfrSef;MunfhcJhonf/ 2002
ckESpf? *Ref[efepfbwfNrdKU xdyfoD;nDvmcH usif;yonhf
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onf/

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wnfjyKvsuf xdyfoD;nDvmcHrS ]a&&SnfwnfwhH ckdifNrJ
aom zGHYNzdK;rItwGuf ynma&;q,fpkESpf Decade of Education for Sustainable Development} taejzihf
tqdkjyKcJhonf/ ]ynma&;ESihf oif,lrI} rSm a&&Snf wnfwHh
aom zGHYNzdK;rItwGuf tc&m usaeaMumif;udk tcsufjy
vdkufjcif;vnf;jzpf\/

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w&m;rsm;jzpfaMumif;vnf; axmufjyvmMuonf/

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abmifwdkY tay:wGifvnf; tav;teufxm;aMumif;
xyfrH aMunmcJhonf/ ]a&&SnfwnfNrJaom zGHYNzdK;rI
twGuf ynma&;q,fpkESpf} Decade of Education for
Sustainable Development udk xdyfoD; nDvmcHu
tqdkjyK wifoGif;cJhonf/ 2002 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif
usif;ycJhaom 57 Budrfajrmuf ukvor* taxGaxG nD
vmcHu ou&mZf 2005 ckESpfrS 2014 txd umvudk ]a&&Snf wnfNrJaom zGHYNzdK;rItwGufynma&; q,fpkESpf}
Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD) tjzpf w&m;0if aMunmcJhavonf/

ukvor*\ ynma&;OD;aqmif at*sifpD
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79

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81

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The Power to End of Poverty by Ban Ki-moon

87

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88

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89

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umuG,f apmifha&Smufa&;tzGJYawG xlaxmifEdkifcJhNyD; tpdk;&uaum? a'o
w&m;a&;XmeawGuyg avxkoefY&Sif;a&;? a&oefYjzefYjzL;a&;tjyif &Sm;yg;
wd&pmefeJY opfyifawGudk xdef;odrf;wJh vkyfief;awGudk vkyfaqmifedkifcJhygw,f/

91

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tw

olYudk&Smonf? rawGY/

****

odkYaomf olYtwGuf vlwdkif; vkyfaeMu\/ olaumif;zdkYtwGuf? NrJzdkYtwGuf
ezl;rSacR; ajcr usatmif BudK;pm;olu BudK;pm;? rw&m;enf;jzifh vlwdkY\ acR;enf;pmxJrS
acgif;yHkjzwfMuolu jzwfMu\/ olYtwGufaMumifh nDtpfudkcsif; rkef;wD;&onf/
rdwfaqGcsif;vnf; owffjzwfMu&onf/ aoG;pufwdkYvnf; ajr0,fuscJh&onf/ rsuf&nf
wdkYvnf; NzdKifNzKdif uscJh&onf/ tvGef wefcdk;BuD;olygay/
****

ol\ vdktifqEudk jznfhqnf;&ef vlwdkY vIyf&Sm;aeMuaeonf/ armyef;ae&\/
olYaMumihf avmb? a'gorD; awmufavmifMu&onf/ ylyefMu&onf/ idka~uG; Mu&onf/
rcsdwifuJ jzpfMu&onf/ olonf a&T? aiG? Opm? pnf;pdrf BuD;jrwfjcif;wdkYudk tvGefrufarm
onf/ t&m&mudk vdkcsifonf/ olonf b,fawmhrS tvdkjynfhonf r&Sd/ olYqErsm;um;
twdkif;rowf/ olYa'goonf tqHk;r&Sd/ olYrdkufrJjcif;um; ajymrukefEkdif/ olY tusKd;
twGufqdkvQif ol bmrqdk vkyfrnf/
****

92

jrifhZH


olonf olYudk,fol wyfruf? cspfcif tm;r&ao;? wpfyg;aomoludk
cspfcifwwf\? wyfrufarmwwf\/ odkY wpfyg;oludk wyfruffjcif;onf pifppf
tm;jzifh rdrdudk,fudk wyfrufcspfciffjcif;\ vGefuJrIom/ pifppfum; olonf olY
udk,foludkomtcspfqHk;/ Munfhav? cHpm;&vnf; ol? pHpm;&vnf; ol? em&vnf; ol?
ao&vnf; olyJ r[kwfavm/ wjcm; ]ol} u 0ifNyD; cHpm;? pHpm; ay;jcif; r&Sd/
****

olYtwGufum; vlwdkif; tvkyfvkyfaeMu\/ odkYaomf olqdkonfrSm
b,ft&mjzpfonfudk rodMu/ bmudk ]ol} [kac:rnfenf;/ pifppfawmh ]ol} qdk
onfrSm pdwfqdkaom t&mu apyg;csuft& vIyf&Sm;ae&aom &kyfaumifavm?
rnfonfht&monf olYudk udk,fpm;jyK oenf;/ &kyfavm? pdwfavm? vufwdkYonfyif
olavm? ajcaxmufonfyif ol jzpfoavm/ rnfonfht&m? rnfonfht*Fg olyg
enf;/
****

odkYqdkvQif olonf pifppftm;jzifh r&Sd/ r&Sdonfh t&mtwGufyif
&kef;uefvIyf&Sm;ae&onf wum;/ ynm&SifwdkYu olYtaMumif;udk Iaxmifh trsKd;rsKd;rS
avhvmMuonf/ olYoabmudk qef;ppfMuonf/ odkYaomf olwdkYonfyif ]ol} ESifh
ruif;Ekdif&um; ,if;avhvmcsufrsm;udk opmw&m;rsm;[k rowfrSwfEkdifay/ odkY
aomf aocsmonfawmh &Sdonf/ olonf rNrJ/ olYaMumifh qif;&J&\/ olonf
tpdk;r&ay/
****

rNrJaom ]ol}? 'ku\ t&if;cHjzpfaom ]ol}? tpdk;r&aom ]ol}? rnf
onfh t&myg[k vufndK;nTef r&aomol/ odkYaomf olYtwGuf vkyfae&olawG
csnf;om/ olu b,ft&menf;/
****

olYudk&Smonf? rawGY/

/
****

jrihfZH
(17? azaz:0g&D? 1971 nwGif &efukef 0dZmESihfodyHwuodkvf? orkdif;
e,fajr ]caygif;} ausmif;aqmif wGif rlva&;om; 32 ESpf wdwdtMum 17?
azaz:0g&D? 2003 AmE0gwl Vanuathu EkdifiH? ydkYApfvm (Port Vila) NrdKU ? awmifypd
zdwfwuodkvf (University of the South Pacific) wGif rl&if; a&;om;
xm;csufudk (pdk;pOf;rQ) wnf;jzwfum jyefvnful;,lazmfjyonf/)
(&wemrGefr*Zif;? atmufwdkbm 2004?)

(aqmhc&dw&JU w&m;cGifwpfausmhESihf tjcm; aqmif;yg;rsm;? jrihfZH?
tm;refopfpmay2005? pmtkyfrS ul;,lazmfjyygonf/)

93

Nidrf;csrf;a&; ausmufpm
ol&d,rsKd;

atmufazmfjyyg ar;cGef;rsm;ukd a&S;OD;pGmajzMunhfyg/

(1) Nidrf;csrf;a&;bmaMumifhta&;BuD;oenf;/
(2) Nidrf;csrf;a&;r&SdvQif bmawGjzpfvmEkdifrnfenf;/
(3)xm0&wnfNrJaom Nidrf;csrf;a&;ukd rnfokdY wnf
aqmufMurnfenf;.../

ar;cGef;wdkY\ obm0t& tcsKdUykpmrsm;rSm
tajzrSef wpfrsKd;wnf;om &Sdwwfygonf/ tcsKdU ar;cGef;
rsm;rSm tajzrSef wpfrsKd;ru &SdaeMuonf/ tcsKdUar;cGef;
rsm;uawmh ESpfy&dap' Mumonfhwkdif tajz vkH;0
r&SdMuao;yg/
94


uHaumif;axmufrpGmyif Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifhqkdif
aom tqkdygar;cGef;rsm;rSm tajzvkH;0 &Smr&Ekdifaom ar;
cGef;tkyfpkxJwGif ryg0ifay/ tajzrSefwpfrsKd;ru wGufq
Ekdifaom ar;cGef;rsm;xJwGif ygaeaomaMumifh vlwkdif;rSm
tajztrsKd;rsKd; &SdEkdifygonf/ xkdtcsufonfyif Nidrf;csrf;
a&;wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf arQmfvifhcsuf rqdwfokOf;
jcif;ESifh tm;omcsuf&Sdaejcif; jzpfonf/

Nidrf;csrf;a&;\ ta&;BuD;qkH; 0daoorsm;onf
Nidrf;csrf;a&;r&SdvQif jzpfay:vmEkdifaom y#dyursm; tay:
wGif rlwnfonf/ y#dyu[kqkdaomaMumifh tEIwfvu
Pm oabmaqmifonfhtjyif? jyemESifh twd'kursm;
ukd &nfnGef;ygonf/

tcsdefumvESifh ae&ma'orsm;om uGJcsifuGJ
rnf/ BuHK&wwfaom jyemESifh 'kursm;om acgif;pOf
ajymif;csif ajymif;rnf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;r&Sdjcif;aMumifh vlom;
wkdY cHpm;&ifqkdif&aom'kursm;? rajyvnfrIrsm;? aMuuGJ
p&mrsm;? aoG;ESifhrsuf&nfwkdY\ orkdif;rsm;onf tajccHtm;
jzifh uGmjcm;rI r&Sdyg/

rNidrf;csrf;Ekdifjcif;aMumifh aoG;ajr us&aom
ta&SU tv,fykdif;a'orS vlom;wpfa,muf\ aoG;wpf
pufonf tmz&du a'owpfck jynfwGif;ppfaMumifh
toufay;cJh&ol wpfa,muf\ aoG;ESifh wefzkd;csif; t
wlwlyifjzpfonf/

vlYtcGifhta&;onf urmay:&Sd vlom;wkdif;
twGuf nDwlnDrQ jzpfonfqkdvQif? vlYwefzkd;onfvnf;
xkdYtwlyif jzpfonf/ vlonf xkd'kut00ukd cHpm;
&ifqkdif&zkdY a&G;cs,fcGifh enf;yg;onfhwkdif arG;&myg tcGifh
ta&;wpf&yftaejzifh vufcHzkdY wm0ef vkH;0r&Sdyg/ xkdY
aMumifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;onf vlwkdif;twGuf ta&;yg&jcif;
jzpfonf/

w&kwfpum;ykH wpfckt& Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf
acR;xGuf rsm;xm;rS ppfyGJrsm;wGif aoG;xGufenf;vdrfhrnf
[kqkdonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&; &&Sd&ef raerem;
tvkyfvkyfav...? ppfyGJrsm; avsmhenf; csKyfNidrf;av jzpf
onf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf b,favmufyJ ay;qyf&
onfjzpfap... Nidrf;csrf;a&; &EkdifNyDqkdvQif ay;qyf&usKd; eyf
onfyif jzpfonf/

Ak'bmomoifMum;csuft& Nidrf;csrf;rI qkdonf
rSm twGif;pdwfoPmefwkdY\ at;csrf;wnfNidrfrIjzpfonf/
vlwpfOD; wpfa,mufcsif;taejzifh rdrdwkdY\ twGif;pdwfukd
Nidrf;csrf;atmif rwnfaqmufEkdifoa&GU jyify Nidrf;csrf;a&;

vnf; r&Ekdif[kqkdonf/ xkdtcsufonf vufawGYb0ESifh

vkH;0 xif[yfaom trSefw&m;jzpfonf/

xkdpum;ukdyif acwftjrifjzifh jyefvnf a[m
Mum;xm;aom jrefrmbkef;awmfBuD; t&SifPd&\
rdefYMum;csuftm; jyefvnf ukd;um;csifygonf/ q&mawmf
u ppfqkdonfrSm pdwfu ponfwJh../

trSefawmh ppfqkdonfrSm vlawGtMum; uGJjym;
rIyifjzpfonf/ vlawGukd uGJjym;apaom t&mrsm;xJwGif
bmoma&; ukd;uG,frI? vlrsKd;a&;? tom;ta&mifESifh EkdifiH
a&;,kHMunfrI rwlnDMujcif;wdkYonf t"du ae&mwGif &Sd
onf/ xkduGJjym;rIrsm; ykdrkd uGm[vmonfESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;
tpnf;ajyoGm;pNrJjzpfonf/

xkduGm[rIrsm;ukd &ifMum;aphay; r&Ekdifawmh
bl;vm;[k ar;p&m&Sdygonf/ w&m;rQwrI BuD;pkd;aom
t&yfa'owkdif;wGif tqkdyg uGJjym;rIrsm;&Sdaeonfhwkdif
Nidrf;csrf;pGm ,SOfwGJaexkdifEkdifaMumif; oufaorsm; &Sdyg
onf/ xkdYaMumifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;\ tjcm;toGifvuPmrSm
rnfokdYrQ rjiif;Ekdifaom w&m;rQwrI[k vufcHxm;zkdY vkd
tyfygonf/

uRefawmfwkdYonf w&m;rQwrIESifh ywfouf
vmvQif tcsKday: oumavmif;xm;aom pum;vkH;aygif;
rsm;pGmukd zwfzl; Mum;xm;zl;NyD;jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh w&m;
rQwrItaMumif; ajymMuwkdif; tpOftNrJ vG,faewwf
ovkd? rMumcPvnf; vGJaewwfygonf/ xkdodkY vGJae
wwfonfh tcgrsm;wGif trSefw&m;ukd jrwfEkd;apmifhodrI
ESifh ukd,fcsif;pmw&m;rsm; vufukdifxm;rIwkdY aysmufqkH;
aewwfaMumif; owdxm;rdzkdY vkdtyfygonf/

Nidrf;csrf;a&;ukd csOf;uyfazmfaqmifMuwkdif; tkyf
pk wpfpkESifh wpfpk? wpfzufESifh wpfzuf jyefvnf &ifMum;aph
a&;ukd a&S;OD;pGm pMu&ygonf/ jyefvnf&ifMum;apha&;
(wenf;tm;jzifh) jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;taMumif; ajymMu
onfhtcg AD,uferfbkef;awmfBuD; t&Sifwpfnef;[mh\
tqkdtrdefY wpfckukd axmufjyvkdygonf/

]jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;qkdwm ESpfOD;ESpfzufvkH;
ukd em;vnfrI &SdzkdYygyJ? tkyfpkwpfzufukd oGm;NyD;? tjcm;tkyfpk
u b,fvkd 'ku&ifqkdif cHpm;ae&w,fqkdwmukd ajymjyyg/
NyD;awmh tjcm;tkyfpkqD oGm;NyD;awmhvnf; yxrtkyfpku
b,fvkd 'ku&ifqkdif cHpm;ae&w,fqkdwmukd ajymjyay;yg}
[k qkdxm;ygonf/

jyefvnf oifhjrwfa&;vrf;aMumif;qDokdY oGm;
Mu&wkdif; uRefawmfwkdY &ifqkdif&rnfh tajccHtaMumif;
95

w&m;wpfck&Sdonf/ vufcHzkdY cg;oD;aumif; cg;oD; Edkifyg

onf? okdYaomf rsufESmvTJ r&yg/

xkdtcsufrSm tkyfpkwpfpkESifh wpfpktMum; qefY
usifzuftjrifrsm; ukdifpGJxm;wwfjcif;ESifh rdrdwkdYukd,fwkdif
cg;pnf;cHcJh&aom emusifzG,f&m orkdif;umvrsm; &Sdae
jcif;wkdYjzpfonf/ xkdrQomru wpfzufESifhwpfzuf tjyef
tvSef vTJcsvmcJhaom jypfwifrIrsm;? trSm;rsm;vnf; &Sdyg
ao;onf/

xkdtajctaersm;Mum;rS jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;
ukd azmfaqmif&onfrSm vGefpGm xdvG,f &SvG,faom udp
wpfckjzpfonf/ aocsmonfrSm jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;onf
aeYcsif;ncsif; azmfaqmif &aom t&mr[kwfovkd?
atmifyGJ vHk;0 r&Ekdifaom BudK;yrf;rIvnf; r[kwfyg/

AD,uferfq&mawmf rdefYqkdovkd tkyfpkwpfzuf
qDoGm;NyD; csOf;uyfrnfqkdvQifawmh ppfrSef&kd;ajzmifhaom
ESvkH;om;&SdzkdY yxrtaejzifh vkdtyfonf/

xkdYaemuf tjyeftvSef tjrifcsif;zvS,fEkdif
rnfh aphpyfaqG;aEG;rIrsm;ukd wnfaqmufMu&ygrnf/ xkd
awGYqkH aqG;aEG;rIrsm;onf ESpfOD;ESpfzufMum;wGif um&H
xm;aom oHo,ESifh tjrif rMunfvifrIrsm;ukd NzdKzsufzdkY
ueOD;ESifh ta&;BuD;qkH;aom ajcvSrf;rsm;vnf;jzpfonf/
xkdrSwzef awGYqkH aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;rSwqifh jyKjyif ajymif;vJ
a&;vkyf&ef ESpfzufvkH;u pdwfyg0ifpm;vmaom tajc
taersKd;txd t&Sdeft[kef jrifhay;&ygrnf/

xkdtajymif;tvJ jzpf&ef t"du armif;ESiftm;
rsm;rSm tjyeftvSef azmfjy&rnfh em;vnfrI? cGifhvGwfrIESifh
cspfjcif;arwmwkdYjzpfonf/ wpfa,mufukdwpfa,muf
cGifhvTwfjcif; r&SdbJ trkef;ESifh tmCmwrsm;ukd oifykef;acszkdY
qkdonfrSm rjzpfEkdifyg/ trSefawmh jyefvnfoifhjrwf
a&;onf cGifhvTwfjcif;ESifh onf;cH&ifhusufjcif; tEkynm
vnf; jzpfygonf/

tkyfpkwpfpku tjcm;tkyfpktay: pdwfapwem
aumif;jzifh ukd,fcsif;pmpdwf arG;EkdifNyDqkdvQif (okdYr[kwf)
xkdokYd pdwfapwem aumif;&SdaeaMumif; tjcm;wpfzufu
vnf; vufcH ,kHMunfvmNyDqkdvQif Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf
arQmfvifhcsufa&mifjcnf oef;vmNyD[kqkd&ygrnf/ xkdt
qifh rsm;wGif wpfzufukd wpfzufu vspfvsLIxm;cJhrIwdkYukd
]todtrSwfjyK em;vnfrI} wdkYjzifh tpm;xkd;ay;&ygrnf/

xkdenf;wlpGm wukd,faumif; qefcJhorQukd
]tjyeftvSef pdwf0ifpm;rI} jzifhif;? zdESdyf csKyfcs,fcJhorQukd
]yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;} jzifhif;? wm0efrJh cJhorQukd
96

okdYaomf olwkdY arhavsmhxm;onfrSm

jyefvnf oifhjrwfa&;wGifif;?
Nidrf;csrf;a&;wGifif; bufwpfbufxJu
vGwfvGwfuRwfuRwf tEkdif&oGm;onfrsKd;
vkH;0 r&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdtpm;
tqkH;owf olYbufukd,fhbuf tIH;ukd
ukd,fpDukd,fiS rQa0 &ifqkdif&onfom...

]wm0efcH,ljcif;} jzifhif;? wzufowf tcGifhaumif; ,l

cJhorQukd ]tcGifhta&; jyefay;jcif;} jzifhif; tvJtvS,f
jyK ay;qyfMu&ygvdrfhrnf/

xkdtcsufonf ]vufeufESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;
vJvS,fjcif;} qkdaom jzpf&yfxuf ykdNyD; vufawGYusyg
onf/

onfae&mwGif jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGuf
OD;pD;OD;aqmif jyKaeolrsm;\ tcef;u@rSm tvGefta&;
ygvmonf/ wae&m&mwGif rarQmfvifhaom tarSmifh
ya,m* wpfckck ay:vmonfESifh xkdBudK;yrf;rIjzpfpOf tm;
vkH;rSm a&pkef arsmoGm;&ouJhokdY jzpfavh&Sdonf/ wcgw&H
aemufwpfBudrf xyfrH BudK;pm;zdkY tcGifhta&;yif qkH;IH;oGm;
vkrwwf jzpfaponf/

jyem\ xkxnfu trSwfrxif ykd BuD;
us,f eufIdif; oGm;wwfonfvnf;&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh
vnf; urmay:wGif ratmifjrifEkdifao;aom jyefvnf
oifhjrwfa&; orkdif; oifcef;pmrsm;ukd uRefawmfwkdY awGY
ae&jcif; jzpfonf/

rnfodkYyifjzpfap jyefvnf oifhjrwfa&;awG
MuefYMum aESmifhaES;aeorQ vlom;wkdY cHpm; &ifqkdifae&
aom 'ku toD;oD;vnf; ajyvnf ukefaysmufEkdifrnf r
[kwfay/ xkdqif;&J'kursm; rcsKyfNidrf;oa&GU? tqkdyg
qif;&J'ku pufuGif;uvnf; tjcm;Nidrf;csrf;a&; &Sdonf[k
,lq&aom ae&mwkdif;ukd qufvuf Ncdrf;ajcmufaernf
om jzpfonf/

ukvor*rS tpjyK t&yfom;wpfOD; wpf
a,mufcsif;txd Nidrf;csrf;a&;ukd BudK;pm; azmfaqmifae

csdefwGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;\ pnf;tjyifbufwGif aevkdolrsm;ukd

vnf; 0rf;enf;zG,f&m awGYae&ygonf/ xkdolrsm;tm;
oabmxm; wif;rmolrsm;tjzpf a,bk,s owfrSwfavh
&SdMuonf/

xkdYxuf ykdrkdaom twGif;&kyf oPmefuawmh
xkd tkyfpkrsm;onf tjyeftvSef Nidrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJ
aexkdif &yfwnfjcif;ukd qEr&Sdonfhtjyif? olwkdYaoG;qm
onfrSm vGwfvGwfuRwfuRwf tEkdif&aprnfh wpfzuf
owf atmifyGJyif jzpfonf/

okdYaomf olwkdY arhavsmhxm;onfrSm jyefvnf
oifhjrwfa&;wGifif;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;wGifif; bufwpfbuf
xJu vGwfvGwfuRwfuRwf tEkdif&oGm;onfrsKd; vkH;0
r&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdtpm; tqkH;owf olYbufukd,fh
buf tIH;ukd ukd,fpDukd,fiS rQa0&ifqkdif&onfom &Sdyg
onf/

vli,fwpfa,mufu ajymzl;onf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;
pmcsKyfrsm; taMumif;ESihfywfouf Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf
pmcsKyfcsKyf qkdxm;jcif;rSm vkdtyfaumif;aom t&mrS [kwf
ygavp[k ol awG;rdygonfwJh/ pmcsKyfcsKyfxm;rS xkdNidrf;
csrf;a&; cdkifNrJrnfvm;../ pmcsKyfrygbJ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;?
wpfzufESifhwpfzuf cspfcif Nidrf;csrf;pGmae r&awmhNyDvm;
[kvnf; qufvuf pl;prf;jyefonf/

trSefawmh Nidrf;csrf;a&; pmcsKyfqkdonfrSm o
abmw&m;t&jzpfap? vufawGYusaom csOf;uyfrIt&
jzpfap... vkdtyfygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf vlwkdY\
ajymif;vJ azmufjyefwwfaom tjyKtrlESifh pdwfaepdwf
xm;rsm;aMumifh jzpfonf/ okdYaomf pmcsKyftm;ukd;jzifh rvGJ
ra&Smifom Nidrf;csrf;ae&aom tjzpfrSm tESpfom& r&Sd
ovkd tE&m,fvnf; rsm;ygonf/

trSefawmh Nidrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfonf csKyfaESmifrI
wpfckr[kwfyg/ tmrcHcsuf&Sdaom vGwfvyfrIom jzpfap
&ygrnf/ pmcsKyfay:wGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;vkduf jcif;onf
*kPfodumt&jzpfap...? usifh0wft&jzpfap rdrd bufrS
uwdu0wf wnfNrJrIukd tckdiftrm oufao jyKjcif;rSty
tjcm;t"dyg,f roufa&mufapoifhyg/

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wkwfwpfacsmif;eJY wm0ef,lNyD; awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif
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103


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a0pk&&if tdrfjyefw,f/

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tdrfrSmvnf; a':atmifqef;pkMunfyHkeJY AdkvfcsKyfatmif
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udkomul;vdkY trnfajymif ay;xm;w,f/

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104

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*kPfxl;aqmif a'gufwmbGJYudk tyfESif;onhftwGuf rsm;pGm auseyfNyD; xdckduf
105

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wuodkvfe,fajrwGif jyefvnf ajccscGihf &&SdavNyD/ ynmacwf\ jrefrm trsKd;orD;BuD;udk
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rwfwyf&yfNyD; vufckyfMobm tMumBuD;wD; *kPfjyKcJhMu\/ 1960 tv,fESpf umvrsm;
wGif EkdifiHa&;? 'eduaA'ESihf pD;yGm;a&; ynm&yfrsm;udk olr qnf;yl;cJh&m urmausmf
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rjzpf twKywdpmtkyf wpftkyfudk ausmif;awmfu arG;zGm;cJhjcif;yif/

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106


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jrefrmhESif;qDyef;rsm;ESihf ,SufzGJYxm;avNyD/

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wdkYESihftwl aexkdifcJhonf/

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107

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108

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awmifajc&if;u pmoifausmif; t0ifvrf; ywf0ef;usif\ &Icif;jrifuGif;rSm
MunfEl;p&m tvGef aumif;vS\/ om,maom eHeufcif;\ aea&mifjcnf ekek
eSihf avajynif;xJwGif ,drf;EGJY uckefaeMuonhf t&G,f tpm;rsKd;pHkeSihf opfyif
yef;rmvfrsm;? jzLeD0gndK ta&miftaoG; rsKd;pHkeSihf wdrfwdkufrsm;? pdrf;vJhaom
jrufcif;jyif warQmfwac:wGif jrL;xl; aqmhupm; uckefaeMuonhf rsKd;pdwf rwl
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aexkdifekdifyHkudkvnf; cPwmrQ MunhfcGihf&onfrSm pdwfcsrf;omp&m jzpfvkdYae
ygonf/

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onf vnf;aumif; urmOD;uwnf;u wnf&SdcJhonfom/ tvGef vdktyfae
aom Nidrf;csrf;a&; zwfpmrSm ta0;wGif &Sdraeyg/
109


obm0w&m;xJrS ouf&Sdtm;vHk;wdkY\ &Sifoef
rIwGifvnf;aumif;? &kef;uef vIyf&Sm;rIwGifvnf;aumif;?
Nidrf;at;rI oabmwGifvnf;aumif; yk*voabm
aqmifrIeSihf rwl? uGJjym; jcm;em;rIwdkYudk txift&Sm;
jrifawGY&ygrnf/ wlnDonf[k xif&onhf tajctaeudk
tekpdwf aphikMunhfonhftcg usaemfwdkY tm;vHk;\ uGJjym;
jcm;em;rI tzkHzHkrSm ay:vGifvkdY vmjyefygonf/ rwlnDrIudk
wckwfw& pOf;pm;wwfjcif;rSm vlom;\ obm0yifjzpfyg
vdrhfrnf/ rwlnDjcif;udk todtrSwfjyKjcif;? rwlnDjcif;
onf tiftm;? rwlnDrIrsm;Mum;u pnf;vHk;jcif;? rwlnD
rIrsm;Mum;u wlnDrIudk &SmazGekdifjcif;? rwlwmawG cGJvkyfwlwmawG wGJvkyf? rwlnDrIwGif vkdufavsmnDaxG &Sif
oefjcif;? rwlnDrIrsm;aMumihf a0qmjcif; ponfjzihf
rwlnDjcif;tay: taumif;jrif oHk;oyfrIwdkYuvnf; &Sdae
yg\/ pdk;&drfpdwfwdkY tenf;i,fawmh oufom&m &ovdkyif/

odkYaomfvnf; rwlnDonftwGufjzpfap? wlnD
vdkrIaMumihfjzpfap? twif;tusyf wlnDaponhftwGuf
jzpfap usaemfwdkY urmrSmawmh wif;ykwfBuD;rsm;? ausmuf
ql;cRefrsm; udkifaqmifum ajz&Sif;cJhzl;onhf urmOD;umv
jyemrsm;u &SdvdkYaeaeqJ/ wif;ykwfBuD;udk vTwfcs&J
aom owdudk vlom;onf ydkifqkdifcJhzl;aMumif; *la[mif;
eH&Hay:u rD;aoG;cJ? ajreDrIefYwdkYjzihf a&;jc,fxm;cJhonhf
ausmufacwf yef;csDvuf&mrsm;u oufaojyvdkYaeyg
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ajymif;vJcJhMuygavoenf;/ acwfudk a&GUapcJhonfrSm xdk
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aqmifekdifcJhzl;avNyD/ odkYtwGuf yk*vpGrf;&nfrsm;eSihf
rwlaom tawG;wdkY a0qmcGihf &cJh[efwlygonf/

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eSvHk;om;rsm;xJodkY a&mufapvdkaom apwemjzihf usaemf
ausmif;odkY vmcJhygonf/ ausmif;jcHpnf;&dk;0if; twGif;odkY
pwif0ifa&mufvQifyif tjcm;urmwpfckodkY a&muf&Sd
oGm;ovdk usaemf cHpm;rdvdkufavonf/
*******

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tMunfa&miftwi,fwdkYudk vG,ftdwfxJxnhfvsuf
tod? tawG;? tjrifwdkY &,l&ef vmaeMuaom usaemhf
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;rSm qifwlaeovdk xifjrif&
ygvdrhfrnf/ xdkdvG,ftdwfrsm;xJu pdk;&drfrIrsm;uawmh us
110

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wdkY urmyifjzpfonf/

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vnf; r[kwfjyefyg/

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vnf; &Sdaeygao;onf/

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t& wnfaqmuf&ef tBuHjyKxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
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tjrifta&GU jzpfonf/ yk*voabmeSihf rwljcm;em;rIudk
w&m;0if todtrSwf jyKekdifcJhjcif;yif/
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vnf; vrf;opf&Sm BudK;pm;aerIrsm;udk ynma&;\ tqihf
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onf/

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oabm? yk*vynma&;udk pmoifcef;rS tpjyKNyD; rl0g'rsm;
txd xnhfoGif; pOf;pm;&ygvdrhfrnf/

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tm;ray;cJhyg/ wefzdk;&Sdaom qdk&S,fvpfvlYabmifodkY c&D;
vrf;rSm tpuwnf;uyif tvGJBuD; vGJcJhygonf/ pHr0if
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pHwefzdk;rsm;?raeYursm;eSihfrwlaomywf0ef;usiftopfrSm
&kwfcsnf; a&mufvmawmhrnfavm/

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wdkYtm;vHk;rSm &SifoefrItwGuf &kef;uefMu&OD;rnf xifyg
111

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tyfygonf/ yk*voabmaqmifaom vlYtzGJYtpnf;
twGuf jyifqifp&mrsm; &Sdaeygonf/

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tjrifrsm; yGihfxGufvmaeonf/ ynma&;wGifvnf; ]wpf
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jyK rjzpfekdifyg/ uRefawmfwdkY tqifoihfjzpfygNyDvm;/

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112

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yk*vqefrIudk olwdkY wpfOD;csif;pDtvdkuf
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onf/

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ekdifcJhMujcif;yifjzpfonf/

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tvSqif? at;Nidrf;rIvnf;ay;NyD;? vif;vufaponhf aiG
vrif;BuD;\ yk*vqefrIudk olwdkY wpfOD;csif;tvkduf ydkif
qkdifekdif&ef BudK;pm;cJhonf[k qdkcsifygonf/

20 &mpk ukefqHk;csdefeSihf vpfb&,fynma&;
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cJhygoenf;/ odkYwnf;r[kwf aumif;jrwfaom &dk;&mrsm;eSihf
wGJvsuf rnfodkYqef;opfekdifcJhygoenf;/ 1868 ckeSpfu
ar*sDacwfajymif; wnfaqmufa&;umvu pvdkYyif &dk;&m
udk qef;opfcJhMuavonf/ (1885 ckeSpfwGif oDaygbk&if
ygawmfrlonf/) tusKd;quftaejzihf taemufwkdif;
zGHYNzdK;NyD; urmhtv,fwGif &dk;&mrysuf &ifabmifwef;
vkdufygekdifjcif;jzpfonf/ 21 &mpk tpydkif;wGifvnf; i,f
&G,f ekysKdpOf umvrsm;uwnf;u ]wpfoD;yk*v jzpfrI} udk
todtrSwf jyKoihfygaMumif; rdbrsm;eSihf ausmif;q&mrsm;
tm; xyfrH today;&awmhonf/

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vdktyfaerIudk axmufjycJhonf/ odkYwifjycJhygonf/

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orifrsuv
f Hk;udk tb,fol rsufpOf;cwf Munfvif oenf;/
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*******

pmoifcsdefrsm; wpfcsdefNyD; wcsdef ajymif;vJvdkY
aeonf/ aemufqHk; wpfaeYwmtwGuf ausmif;qif;
acgif;avmif;oH tqHk;wGif tjzLtpdrf;wdkY tdrfodkY jyef&ef
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&ygvdrhfrnf/ olwdkYvnf; tJonfavmufom vdktyfyg
onf/

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wkdif;? oifcef;pmrsm; jyifqifwkdif; rMumrMum owd&
aerdygonf/

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olYobm0tavsmufom jzpfMuukef\/
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r&rlvnf; rdrdbmom BudK;pm; tm;xkwf&m\/}

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ql;av;rsm;pGm &Sdygonf/ taeSmiftzGJY uif;uif;? Munf
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a0zefydkif;jcm; Munhf&IekdifpGrf;aom rsufvHk;rsm;vnf; &Sdae
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aom pdwfxm;rsm;udk ynmacwf\ qlnHaeaom
aMuG;aMumfoHrsm; atmuf0,f vrf;raysmufapcsifyg/ odkY
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tm;vHk;udk wpfyHkpHwnf;aom atmifjrifaprItwGuf
vrf;jyajryHk wpfckawmhvnf; r[kwfekdifyg/ rwlaom
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onf/
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30 {NyDv 2012/

nDtudkawGvdk uRefawmfwdkYwawG[m twlwuG

&SifoefaexdkifEkdifzdkY MudK;pm;Mu&vdrfhr,f/
'grSr[kwf&ifawmh iwHk;? itawGtaeeJY uRefawmfwdkY
twlwuG aoausysufpD;MurSmjzpfw,f/
Martin Luther King
(1929-1968)
rmwifvlomuif;
tar&duef (vlrJ) vlYtcGihfta&;vIyf&Sm;ol

113

q&mtwwfynmu@

q&m
ESifh
ynma&;

Teacher Education

cifESif;pdk;

114

q&mqdkwm

2007 ckESpfrSm ynma&;okawoDawGyg0ifwJh McKinsey qdkwJh tzGJYu
urmay:rSm bmvdkY wcsKdU EkdifiHawG&JU ausmif;ynma&;pepfawGu atmifjrifNyD; wcsKdU
ratmifjrif&wmvJqdkwmudk okaooe jyKvkyfcJhMuygw,f/

EkdifiHwumu ausmif;aygif; 25 ausmif; (xdyfwef; 10 ausmif;tygt0if) udk
olwdkY avhvmcJhMuygw,ff 1/

olwdkYaumufcsufcswJh ausmif;ynma&;pepf atmifjrifzdkY t"du oHk;csuf
xJrSm xdyfwef;uyg0ifwJh tcsufuawmh t&nftcsif;jynfhpHkNyD; vlrSefae&mrSefjzpf
atmif q&mq&mrawGudk vkyf&r,fqdkwmygyJ/

usrwdkY jrefrmvlrsKd;awGrSm oifq&m? jrifq&m? Mum;q&mqdkNyD; q&mudk
oHk;rsKd;cGJ ajymavh&SdMuw,f/ 'gYtjyif udk,f&dkaowJhvl? udk,fhxuf &mxl;tmPmjrifh
olawGudk q&mvdkY ac:avh&SdMuw,f/ qdkufum;q&m? jrif;vSnf;q&m? yef;csDq&m?
umwGef;q&m? pma&;q&m ... pwJh *kPfyk'fawGrSmvnf; q&mqdkwJh pum;vHk;ESpfvHk;udk
xnfhoGif;ac:qdkMuygw,f/


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udk,fudk b,fvdk q&mtjzpf owfrSwfMurvJ/ ywf0ef;
usifu b,fvdk owfrSwfwmudk cHcsifMuygovJ/

usr ajcmufwef;wkef;u ocsFmoifwJhq&mr
wa,muf&SdcJhygw,f/ ol b,fvdk pmoifvJqdkwm usr
rrSwfrdawmhbl;/ olppfwJh vpOfpmar;yGJrSm trSwf 100 r&
olwdkif;udk BudrfvHk;eJY vuf0g;rSm wa,mufwcsuf &dkuf
wmudkyJ rSwfrdaew,f/ ckcsdef jyefpOf;pm;rdwdkif; olbmvdkY
tJvdkvkyfwmvJqdkwm em;rvnfEkdifatmifyJ/ usrwdkYudk
pmBudK;pm;atmif vkyfwmvm;? ausmif;om;wkdif; trSwf
100 r&&if olYemrnfysufrSm pdk;&drfvdkYvm;/

tifwmeufay:rSm vli,fwa,muf&JU rSwfcsuf
udk awGYzl;w,f/ --- jrefrmEkdifiHu q&mq&mrawGu
urmay:rSm t&dkuftMurf;qHk;? tmPmtoHk;jyKqHk; q&m
q&mrawGxJ yg0ifEkdifw,fwJh/

wu,fawmh jrefrmjynfrSm apwemeJY oifMum;
ay;wJh q&mq&mrawGvnf; trsm;BuD; qHkcJhzl;ygw,f/
aemufNyD; tmPmoHk;wJh q&mq&mrqdkwm jrefrmEkdifiH
rSmwif r[kwfygbl;? EkdifiHwdkif;rSm &SdwwfMuygw,f/

usr puFmylrSm tv,fwef;tqifh (7 wef;eJY
tnD) ausmif;pwufwkef;u t*FvdyfpmoifwJh q&mr
wa,mufqdk pmoifaumif;ayr,fh t&rf; pdwfwdkwwfyg
w,f/ t*Fvdyfpm pmpDpmuHk; trSwfjcpfwJhtcg olnHhw,f
owfrSwfwJh rBudK;pm;bJ a&;xm;w,fvdkY xifwJh ausmif;
om;awG&JU pmtkyfawGudk twef;tjyifudk vTifhypfavh&Sd
w,f/ tJ'Dq&mr[m pmoifaumif;ayr,fh olYtwef;csdef
qdk aMumufae&wmeJYyJ pmudk aocsmrodvdkufwmawG
trsm;BuD;yg/

b,fvdk q&mq&mrjzpfr,fqdkwm wu,f
awmh udk,fwdkifu qHk;jzwf&w,fqdkwm usr udk,fwdkif
q&mr jzpfvmawmhrS odvdkuf&ygw,f/

puFmyledkifiH&Sd ydkvDwuepf (polytechnic)
wckrSm usr pmoifwJh tcg pmoifESpfukefwJh tcgwdkif; usr
oifwJhbmom&yfeJY? usrpmoifwJh yHkpHtay: ausmif;om;
awGu (ausmif;udk) rSwfcsufay;&ygw,f/ tJvdkpepfu
ausmif;om;awG trnfazmfjyjcif;r&SdbJ q&mwa,muf
[m bmawGvdktyfw,f bmawGaumif;rGefw,fqdkwm
od&atmif vkyfwmrsKd;yg/

tJ'Dtcgwdkif;rSm olwdkY trsm;qHk;ajymavh&Sdwm
usru pdwf&Snfw,f/ ausmif;om;awG bmajymajym
aocsm em;axmifNyD; olwdkYtajzudk vspfvsLrIbJ aocsm

jyefaqG;aEG;w,f/ olwdkYudk ydkpOf;pm;wwfvmatmif ar;

cGef;awG jyefar;wwfw,f/ wcsdefwnf;rSm olwdkYtay:
wif;usyfoifhwJh tcgvnf; wif;usyfw,f qdkwmygyJ/

q&mrjzpfvmwJh tcsdefupNyD; usrrSm cH,lcsuf
ESpfcsuf&Sdygw,f/ yxrtcsufuawmh ausmif;cef;xJ
0ifwJh tcgwdkif; usrom tJ'Dtcef;xJu ausmif;om;w
a,mufjzpfcJhr,fqdk&if b,fvdk oifMum;rIrsKd;udk oabm
us wefzdk;xm;rvJqdkwm tNrJpOf;pm;avh&Sdygw,f/
'kwd,tcsufuawmh tar&duefynm&Sif
William Arthur Ward &JU aqG;aEG;csufjzpfw,f/
]The mediocre teacher tells. The
good teacher explains. The superior teacher
demonstrates. The great teacher inspires.}

]omrefq&mu (ajym&Hk) ajymjyw,f? q&m
aumif; wa,mufu &Sif;jyw,f? ydkaumif;wJh q&mu
awmh vufawGY o&kyfjyw,f/ taumif;qHk;q&muawmh
(ausmif;om;awGtwGuf) pdwftm;xufoefrIawGudk ay;
Ekdifw,f} vdkY ajymcJhygw,f/}

olajymwJhtwdkif; ausmif;om;ausmif;olawG
twGuf pdwftm;xufoefrI ay;EkdifwJh q&mrrsKd; jzpf&r,f
qdkwJh &nfrSef;csufeJY BudK;pm;NyD; usr tNrJ pmoifwwfyg
w,f/
Teachers are the most important in a classroom.

pmoifcef;xJu ta&;BuD;wJhol

pmoifcef;xJrSm ta&;BuD;qHk;u q&mq&mr
awGyJvdkY usr jrifrdygw,f/ oif&dk;nGef;wrf;awG? oif
axmufulypnf;awG? oifMum;enf;pepf pwmawGudk
tpdk;&ujzpfap tzGJYtpnf;awGujzpfap wdk;wufaumif;
rGefatmif vkyfay;Ekdifayr,fh wu,fwrf;vufawGYrSm
tJ'gawGukd b,favmuf xdxda&mufa&muf toHk;csEkdif
rvJqdkwmuawmh pmoifcef;awGxJrSm aeYpOf oifMum;
aewJh q&mq&mrawGtay: vHk;0rlwnfygw,f/

rMumao;cif usr jrefrmjynfa&mufwkef;?
&efukefrSm&SdwJh bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; wcsKdUu q&m q&mr
awGeJY awGYjzpfcJhw,f/ olwdkYausmif;rSm ,ltef (UN) u
axmufyHhxm;wJh pmtkyfpmwef;awGudk xkwfjyMuw,f/
,ltefu vkyfwJh oifwef;awGrSm olwdkY wufzl;wJh t
aMumif; ajymjyMuw,f/

olwdkYeJY pum;ajym&if; owdxm;rdwmuawmh
115

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xm;wwfNyD; olwkdY twef;xJrSm jyeftoHk;cswwfMuw,f/
wcsKdUawGuawmh jyeftoHk;rcsMuwm awGY&ygw,f/

'gYtjyif EkdifiHwum ynma&;okawoDawG
awGY&Sdxm;Muwmuawmh pmoifcef;xJrSm ausmif;om;w
a,muf&JU pmoif,lrItay: q&mq&mrawGu trsm;BuD;
oufa&mufrI&Sdw,f qdkwmygyJ/ Oyrm... udk,fhudk em;vnf
w,fvdkYxifwJh q&mhtcsdefqdk bmom&yfudk rBudKuf&if
awmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfwwfwmrsKd;? pmoifaumif;wJh
q&maMumifh pmawmfwJh ausmif;om;wa,muf[m tJ'D
bmom&yfrSm ydkem;vnfoGm;wmrsKd;yJ/
Being adaptable to changes

ajymif;vJEkdifatmif avhusihf

jyifopfpma&;q&mwa,mufu ]The only
thing constant in life is change - b0rSm
rajymif;vJwJh t&mwckuawmh ajymif;vJjcif;yJ vdkY ajym
cJhygw,f/

olajymcJhovdk usrwdkY q&mq&mrawG[m ck
acwf ausmif;om;awGeJY vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfr,fh oif
Mum;rIrsKd;eJY oifMum;oifhygw,f/ ckacwfausmif;om;
awG[m usrwdkY ausmif;om;b0wkef;ueJY rwlawmhwm
udk em;vnfMu&ygr,f/ olwdkY oif,lenf;awG? pdwf"mwf
awG? olwdkYywf0ef;usifrSm jzpfysufaewmawG? urmBuD;rSm
ajymif;vJaewmawG... 'gawGtukefvHk;eJY vdkufavsm
nDaxGjzpfwJh oifMum;enf;pepftopfawG tawG;tac:
opfawGudk ajymif;vJvufcHwwfzdkY vdktyfygw,f/

xdkif;EkdifiH rJaqmufNrdKUrSm&SdwJh jrefrma&TUajymif;
tvkyform;awG&JU om;orD;awGtwGuf zGifhvSpfxm;wJh
ausmif;awGu q&mq&mrawGudk oifMum;enf;pepfeJY
oif&dk;nTef;wrf;awGeJY ywfoufNyD; usr oifwef;ay;cJh
wkef;u tjzpftysufav;udk owd&rdw,f/ wufa&muf
MuwJhtxJrSm t&G,ftrsKd;rsKd; q&mq&mrawG yg0ifMuyg
w,f/ awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u tm;wufoa&myJ usrwifjy
wJh oifMum;enf;pepfopfudk avhvmNyD; olwdkY tjrifawG
udkvnf; aqG;aEG;Muw,f/
tzGJYawGzGJYNyD; presentation vkyfcdkif;wJh tcg
q&mrwa,mufu twef;a&SUxGufNyD; olYtzGJYudk,fpm;
wifjyygw,f/ ]q&mrajymwm em;vnfMuvm;} vdkY
txyfxyfajymNyD; q&mravoHtjynfheJY &Sif;jywmrsKd;
116

jzpfaeawmh? tcef;xJrSm em;axmifaewJh wjcm; q&m

q&mrawGu NyHK;pdpd jzpfukefMuw,f/ ]em;vnfygw,f
q&mr} vdkY aemufovdkvdkeJY jyefajymMuw,f/ olYudk
ar;cGef; jyefxkwfawmhvnf; ar;cGef;xkwfwmrsm;vmawmh
pdwfr&Snfovdk jzpfvmw,f/

tJ'Dq&mruawmh olYyHkpH b,fvdkjzpfw,f
qdkwm odvdkufyHkr&bl;/ pmoifcef;xJrSm olvkyfaeMuyHkpH
twdkif; acguf&dk;usKd;vGef;aew,f/ usruawmh olYudk
Munfh&if; i,fi,fwkef;u BuHKcJhzl;wJh ]igajymwmrS trSef...
jyefar;cGef;rxkwfeJY} qdkwJh pwdkifrsKd;okH;MuwJh q&mr w
csKdUudk owd&rdw,f /
Th e benefit of questioning

arG;cGef;xkwfwwfygrS

twef;xJrSm ausmif;om;awGudk usru t&rf;
ar;cGef;xkwfavh&Sdw,f/ olwdkYudkvnf; usrudkjzpfap?
olwdkYtcsif;csif;jzpfap? udk,fhtawG;xJyJjzpfap oif,lae
wJh oifcef;pmeJY ywfoufwJh ar;cGef;awGar;zdkY tm;ay;
w,f/ wcgwav olwdkY ar;cGef;ar;vm&if csufcsif;
tajzray;bJ olwdkYudk vrf;pzGifhay;wJh oabmrsKd;eYJ ol wdkY
awG;Ekdifr,fh tajzrsKd;xGufr,fh ar;cGef;rsKd;udk jyefar;avh
&Sdw,f/

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q&mudk ar;? q&mu jyefajz... tJvdk wvrf;oGm; rjzpfoifh
ygbl;/ q&mq&mrawGtaeeJY ausmif;om;awGudk udk,fh
bmom ar;cGef;xkwf tajz&SmzdkY pOf;pm;wmrsKd;udk tm;ay;
oifhw,f/ txl;ojzifh Why (bmaMumifhvJ) qdkwJh
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w,f/

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awG;rdoGm;r,f/

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tavhtusifhrsKd; usrwdkYEkdfifiH&JU pmoifcef;awGxJrSm tjref
qHk; rdwfqufay;zdkY vdktyfaeygw,f /

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udk,fwdkifu tNrJavhvmoif,lae&ygr,f/
Being lifelong learners

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udk,fvkyfwwfwm vlYobm0yg/ ausmif;om;awGudk
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aeygw,f/

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vmygw,f/ ausmif;om;wa,mufudk bufaygif;pHk ynm
a&;rsKd; (holistic education) ay;zdkY vdktyfvmygNyD /

woufwmvHk; avhvmaer,fhol

tar&duefEkdifiHu ausmif;awGtaMumif; a&;
om;wJh tifwmeufpmrsufESmwckrSm 21 &mpk&JU q&m
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ae&ygr,f 2 /

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tar&duefpmMunfhwdkufrSL; John Cotton Dana
ajymcJhwmav;udk BudKufrdw,f -- ]Who dares to
teach must never cease to learn} -pmoifr,fhol[m tNrJwrf; avhvmae&rSmyg- wJh/}

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BuD;rSm udk,fodxm;wmawG udk,foifcJh&wmawGu
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vdkpdwf? avhvmwm udk,fhtwGufvnf; tusKd;&Sdw,f qdk How teachers see the purpose of education
wJh pdwfrsKd;xm;oifhygw,f/
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The mindset of teachers

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117

 tar&duefEkdifiH&Sd University of Mississippi &JU ynma&;XmerSm pmoifMum;aewJh Assistant

Professor Randall V. Bass u ynma&;&JU &nf&G,f
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'gaMumifhvnf; usr&JU ausmif;om;awGudk tNrJwef; holistic education ay;EkdifzdkY? olwdkYudk b0wavQmufvHk;
tNrJrjywf avhvmEkdifolawGjzpfatmif enf;ay;vrf;jy
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What kind of teacher do you want to be

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A teacher affects

eternity; he can

never tell where his influence stops.

Henry Adams

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zdkY vdkygw,f /

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tem*wf rsKd;qufopfawG&JU O,smOfrSL;awGygyJ/
cifESif;pdk;

References:
(1) McKinsey Report: How the world]s best
performing school systems come out on top
(2) eschoolnews: Five characteristics of an
effective 21st-century educator
(3) The purpose of education (Randall V.
Bass)

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aus;Zl;wif&ygw,f/
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Einstein (1879-1955)
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118

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120

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121

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122

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123

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puFmyl[m obm0&if;jrpf wpdk;wpdr&SdbJ bmaMumifh
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[k qdkonf/
124

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125

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126

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127

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128

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130

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Joan Gozzi Campbells Once Upon
a Time (Chicken Soup for the
Teachers soul)