Ha Hc Du M v Kh

TS. Trng Hu Tr

Quan h gia thnh phn v tnh cht s dng phn on xng

Phn on xng c s dng sn xut cc loi sn phNm sau:

Sn xut xng nhin liu Lm nguyn liu cho ho du Lm dung mi

Sn xut xng nhin liu

Nguyn tc hot ng ca ng c xng c im qu trnh chy kch n nh hng ca thnh phn HC ln qu trnh chy kch n Cc gii php lm tng kh nng chng kch n

Nguyn tc hot ng ca ng c xng

Hot ng ca ng c bao gm bn gia on: Ht, nn, chy sinh cng v x

Nguyn tc hot ng ca ng c xng

c im hot ng ca ng c xng
Mi chu trnh hot ng c thc hin ln lt bn k trong 2 vng quay ca trc khu Nhin liu c phi trn vi khng kh to hn hp chy trc khi np vo xylanh Qu trnh chy ca nhin liu ch c thc hin khi bugie bt la hoc khi mng la lan truyn n
Qu trnh chy ca nhin liu khng xy ra cng mt lc m xy ra trong khong thi gian nht nh. Qu trnh c bt u t bugie ri lan truyn theo mt mt cu vi mt vn tc nht nh.

Qu trnh chy kch n trong ng c xng

Qu trnh chy trong ng c xng c xem l bnh thng khi nhin liu ch c chy khi c mng la lan n, vn tc ca mng la vo khong 15 40 m/s Trong trng phn ln nhin liu trong bung chy t bt chy, khi hu nh nhin liu bt chy cng lc, vn tc mng la c th ln n 300m/s, kt qu lm cho nhit , p sut tng t ngt v gy ra nhng sng xung kch va p vo piston, xylanh to ra nhng ting g kim loi, Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng chy kch n

Bn cht ca qu trnh chy kch n

Bn cht ca hin tng kch n l s oxy ho cc hydrocacbon km bn to ra cc hp cht cha oxy nh peroxyt, hydroperoxyt, ru, xeton, axt . . . trong s cc hp cht ny th ng ch nht l cc hp cht peroxyt, hydroperoxyt y l nhng hp cht km bn d b phn hu to ra cc gc t do sinh ra cc phn ng chui dn n s t bc chy

Tc hi ca s chy kch n
Gim cng sut ca ng c Nng my, gim tui th Hng join lt gia np v thn my Lm xi mn piston v np Lm v cordons ca piston v xecmng Lm nng chy cc b piston v xupap Thi nhiu cht c hi ra mi trng

nh hng ca thnh phn HC ln qu trnh chy trong ng c

Qu trnh chy kch n ca ng ph thuc rt nhiu vo bn cht ho hc ca cc HC cha trong nhiu liu. Trong mi h HC th chng qu trnh chy kch n thay i theo trng lng v cu to phn t.

nh hng ca cc hp cht parafinic

Khi c cng mt cu trc loi thng, th mch cng di cng d t bt chy, kh nng chng kch n cng km Khi tng s lng nhnh ph gim chiu di mch th kh nng chng kch n li tng ln Khi c cng s nguyn t cacbon th i-p no c nhiu nhnh th kh nng chng kch n cao hn i vi cc i-p, khi mch nhnh cng chuyn vo gia mch, tc cng lm cho cu trc phn t thm gn cng c kh nng chng kch n cao

nh hng ca cc hp cht olefin

Kh nng chng kch n ca cc olefin nm trung gian gia n-p v i-p Tng chiu di ca mch cacbon, kh nng chng kch n cng gim Khi c cng mt chiu di mch cacbon nh nhau, nhng khi ni i cng chuyn dn vo gia mch, kh nng chng kch n cng tng ln Cc olefin c nhnh c kh nng chng kch n cao hn cc olefin mch thng Cc olefin khng k n v tr ca ni i, cng nh kch thc phn t ca n, khi chng c mch cacbon no vi di nh nhau, kh nng chng kch n ca chng vn nh nhau Cc diolefin (tr 1-3 butadien) cng c kh nng chng kch n cao hn cc n-parafin tng ng. Khi ni i chuyn vo gia mch, cng nh khi ni i nm lin hp vi nhau (cch u) kh nng chng kch n tng ln

nh hng ca cc hp cht naphtenic

Kh nng chng kch n km hn so vi cc olefin mch thng c cng s nguyn t cacbon (ch tr cyclopentan c kh nng chng kch n cao hn cc ng phn -olefin C5) Khi s vng naphten tng ln kh nng chng kch n gim xung Khi c cng tng s nguyn t carbon nhnh th N no c cha nhiu nhnh ph s kh nng chng kch n tt hn V tr cc nhnh ph trong vng naphten khng nh hng my n kh nng chng kch n ca n Khi nhnh ph ca vng naphten l mch nhnh th kh nng chng kch n s tng i vi cc vng khng no (cyclolefin) kh nng chng kch n cao hn i vi vng naphten tng ng.

nh hng ca cc hp cht aromatic

y l hp cht c kh nng chng kch n cao nht so vi tt c cc loi Khi vng thm c thm nhnh ph m s nguyn t ca nhnh ph cha qu 3, th kh nng chng kch n cng cao, sau nu nhnh ph di hn, th kh nng chng kch n li cng km i. Tuy nhin, khi nhnh ph l mch nhnh th kh nng chng kch n li tng Khi vng thm c cha cng nhiu gc metyl th kh nng chng kch n cng tt, nh toluen, xylen, mezitilen c kh nng chng kch n rt cao V tr ca cc nhnh ph ca vng thm c nh hng n tnh chng kch n. Khi khong cch gia cc nhnh ph ca vng thm cng xa, th kh nng chng kch n cng ln Khi nhnh ph ca vng thm c ni i, th kh nng chng kch n cao hn vng thm c nhnh ph khng c ni i tng ng

Kh nng chng kch n ca cc HC

Nh vy, c th sp xp kh nng chng kch n ca cc HC theo th t gim dn nh sau: Aromatic > olefin c mch nhnh > parafin c mch nhnh > naphten c mch nhnh khng no > olefin mch thng > naphten > parafin mch thng

Ch s octan (IO)

Ch s octan l mt i lng quy c c trng cho kh nng chng li s kch n ca xng, gi tr ca n c tnh bng phn trm th tch ca iso-octan (2,2,4-trimetylpentan) trong hn hp ca n vi n-heptan khi m hn hp ny c kh nng chng kch n tng ng vi kh nng chng kch n ca xng ang kho st. Trong hn hp ny th iso-octan c kh nng chng kch n tt nn IO ca n c quy c bng 100, cn n-heptan c kh nng chng kch n km nn IO ca n c quy c bng 0.

Ch s octan ca cc h HC

Ch s octan ca mt s HC C8

Phng php xc nh ch s octan

Tu theo phng php xc nh ch s octan m ta c nhiu gi tr khc nhau:
Phng php nghin cu : RON Phng php ng c : MON Ch s octan trn ng: IOR RON ca R100; RON

Cc gii php lm tng IO

Phng php ho hc Dng ph gia Dng cc cu t c IO cao phi trn

nh hng ca thnh phn phi HC

Mercaptan gy n mn trc tip, gy mi kh chu Hp cht ca lu hunh gy nhim mi trng, gy ng c b xc tc trn h thng ng x, nhim bNn du bi trn

Nguyn liu sn xut ho du

Sn xut Benzen, Toluen, Xylen (BTX) Sn xut olefin thp phn t

Sn xut BTX

T phn on xng, mun to ra BTX ngi ta s dng qu trnh Reforming xc tc (RC) Trong nh my lc du, qu trnh ny c dng nng cao ch s octan ca xng nhin liu. Trong thnh phn ca sn phNm thu c c cha khong 30-60% Ar, do c th tinh ch thu c BTX.

Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh

Cc phn ng chnh
Phn ng dehydro ho naphten to aromatic tng ng
R R + H2

Chuyn ho vng 5 cnh thnh 6 cnh sau kh hydro to aromatic

R R R

Phn ng dehydro vng ho cc n-parafin to naphten sau tip tc kh hydro

C-C-C-C-C-C-R R + H2

Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh

Cc phn ng ph
Cc phn ng t mch to ra olefin v cc paraffin c trng lng phn t nh hn Cc phn ng dehydro ho ngng t cc aromatic to ra cc . . . Ngoi nhng phn ng nu trn th trong qu trnh reforming cn xy ra nhiu dng phn ng khc nh cc phn ng ca cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon, hp cht olefin, hp cht iso parafin . . .

iu kin tng hiu sut thu nhn BTX

Xc tc hai chc Pt/Al2O3 hoc Pt/Renit to = 470oC - 540oC p sut hydro = 40 - 50 at Khong nhit si ca nguyn liu:
60-85oC: Phn on cha nhiu C6 cho hiu sut benzen cao nht 80-100oC: Phn on cha nhiu C7 cho hiu sut toluen cao nht 100-140oC: Phn on cha nhiu C8 cho hiu sut xylen cao nht Ngoi ra nguyn liu cn c ch s N+2Ar cao

nh hng ca thnh phn phi HC

Nhng hp cht phi HC thng lm ng c n xc tc ca qu trnh Cc hp cht ca S, d dng bin thnh H2S sau li hp thu rt mnh trn cc tm xc tc, khi s cnh tranh vi cc naphten, lm cho kh nng kh H2 ca cc N thnh cc Ar gim xung. V vy hm lng S < 10-15 ppm Cc hp cht ca nit trong phn on xng s bin thnh NH3 gy ng c cc tm axit ca cht mang, nn s lm gim hot tnh cc phn ng kh hydro vng ho ca cc parafin, ng phn ho vvv vy, ch cho php hm lng nit trong phn on xng di 1 phn triu. Mt s kim loi trong phn on xng c th lm ng xc tc, v vy hm lng ca chng cn phi c hn ch nh: Arsenic < 0,05 ppm Pb v Hg < 0,05 ppm.

Sn xut olefin thp phn t

sn xut cc olefin thp phn t (etylen, propylen, butadien) thng s dng kh thin nhin hoc kh du m giu etan v propan. Trong trng hp khng c kh hydrocacbon, ngi ta c th s dng phn on xng lm nguyn liu. Qu trnh sn xut cc olefin thp c thc hin ch yu di tc dng ca nhit rt cao (700-8000C) p sut thng v c gi l qu trnh nhit phn hay pyrolyse Trong thc t qu trnh ny tn ti mt s nhc im nh to nhiu cn, cc. Do khc phc cc nhc im ny ngi ta thng tin hnh qu trnh ny vi s c mt ca hi nc khi p sut ring phn ca cc hydrocacbon trong mi trng phn ng s gim xung ngim c cc phn ng to cc, ngoi ra khi nhit cao th cc c th tc dng vi hi nc theo phn ng sau: C + H2Ohi CO + H2 Qu trnh nhit phn vi s c mt ca hi nc c gi l qu trnh crckinh hi

Sn xut olefin thp phn t

Di tc dng ca nhit , cc HC s b phn hu, tc phn hy ny xy ra nhanh hay chm ty thuc vo bn cht loi HC Cc parafinic l loi c bn nhit thp nht, nn d dng b phn hy di tc dng ca nhit, t lin kt C-C to ra cc parafin v olefin c phn t b hn Cc parafin to thnh nu trng lng phn t cn ln th chng tip tc b b gy mch nh trn cho n khi to thnh parafin c trng lng phn t b nh ethan, propan khi qu trnh phn hy xy ra khng phi ch yu lin kt C-C to thnh phn t b hn, m ch yu l t lin kt C-H to nn cc olefin tng ng l etylen v propylen

Sn xut olefin thp phn t

Aromatic c bn nhit cao nht, nn s c mt ca chng s lm gim hiu sut thu olefin, mt khc trong iu kin crckinh hi Ar khng b ph v, m ch b tch dn hydro nn cng c kh nng ngng t to hp cht a vng, cc khng mong mun

Sn xut olefin thp phn t

Naphten c bn nhit nm trung gian gia parafin v aromatic S bin i ca hp cht Naphten
Ct t mch nhnh to ra olefin Ph v vng ca N nhiu vng Ph vng ca N n vng

Sn xut dung mi
Dung mi loi parafinic nh xng dung mi, hexan, heptan Dung mi loi aromatic nh benzen, toluen, xylen, solvent naphtan Dung mi loi cc hp cht cha clo nh cloroform, tetraclorua cacbon Dung mi loi cc hp cht cha nit nh amin, anilin

Cc loi dung mi
Loi dung mi Khong si, 0C Mc ch s dng

A B C D E F G White spirit

40-100 60-80 70-100 95-103 100-130 100-160 30-75 135-205

Keo, cao su, tNy vt m Trch ly du, m, cht bo, ch to nc hoa Trch ly du, m, cht bo, cng nghip cao su Kh nc ca ru Cng nghip cao su, sn v tNy bNn Cng nghip cao su, sn tNy bNn Trch ly hng liu, sn xut dc liu Dung mi nng dng trong cng nghip sn v Verni thay du thng