.

1947 . .
1965 .
.
1969.

1979 1972 .

ISBN 978-960-456-177-3

Copyright 2009 MA A. KYBENTIH, E ZHTH

1/2010
A
.

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(98-55 ..)
-

(, , ,
) .

, .
, , .
.
,
.
()
.
, Cauchy .

.
.
, .
, 2009

...................................................................................................................................... 1
1


1. ................................................................................ 7
2. ......................................................................................... 27

2.1 ......................................................................................................... 39
3. ..................................................................................................... 45

4. .................................................... 59
5.

5.1 ................................................................................................ 70
5.2 .................................................................................................. 71
6. .............................................................................................................................. 80

2


1.

1.1 .................................................................................................................... 87
1.2 ......................................................................................................................... 97

2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

...................................................................................................................... 113
.......................................................................... 114
() ..................................................... 116
............................................................................ 122
............................................................................................... 126

3. Cauchy

3.1 Cauchy .................................................................................................... 128

3.2 ............................................................................................................. 132

viii

4. .....................................................................144
5. .............................................................................................................................153
3

1.
2.
3.
4.

...............................................................................................161
.............................................................................................170
................................................................................................................191
.............................................................................................................................194
4

1. ...............................................................................................201
1.1 on ..........................................................206
1.2 ..............................................................................................215
2. .....................................................................................................217
2.1 ...........................................................................................220
3. .....................................................................................................223

4. ..........................................................................................................................230
5. .............................................................................................................................237
5

............................................................................................................243
.....................................................................................................................301
..................................................................................................309

1. .................................................................................313
2. ......................................................................................................315
3. ........................................................................................................316

ix

4. ...................................................................................................... 317
5. ........................................................................................................................ 318
6. .................................................................. 319
........................................................................................................................... 323
...................................................................................................................... 324


.
1. EIEI IAOPN , (. 552, 2001).
2. YNAMIKH TN HYMN ( ), (. 164, 2001).
.
1. OPIKE IEI, T , (. 480, 1987).
2. IAOPIKE IEI E EPIKE APAOY, T ,
(. 400, 1988).
3. IAOPIKE EIEI, T T, (. 478, 1991),
( ).
4. IAOPIKE EIEI (A), (. 560, 1998).
5. , (. 512, 2007).
6. YNAMIKH TN HYMN ( ), (. 128, 1993).
7. OIMO METABON, (. 320, 1994).
8. (. 384, 2009).
.
1. IAOPIKO OIMO
,
( , . 640, 2001 , . 312, 2001).
2.
, (. 624, 2005).
3.
, (. 240, 2007).
.
1. , , (. 628, 2005).
(, , )
2. , , (. 616, 2006).
( )
3. , , (. 504, 2005).
( , Fourier, ,
, )
.
1. (), (. 400, 1977).
2. (. 336, 2009).

, , .

.
,
. ,
.
,
, ,
.

.
19 Cauchy, Abel Riemann
,
.
( Dedekind), (Riemann, Weierstrass), (Cantor).
(Ascoli, Hilbert).

,
.
, , ,

lim f ( x ) ,

x x0

lim f ( x ) = f (x0 )

x x0

x x0 f ( x ) f (x0 ) , .

(.. ).
; , .
, , , ( ), ,
.
, ..
, .
, ,
, ( ).
,
, (.. ),
.
( .. )
() .

, , .
,
.
, .
[1], [7], [9], [11], [12], [14], [9] ( ),
[2], [3], [10], [13].
[4], [5], [6], [8].

( )

X X ,
:
i) X ,
ii) ,
iii) .
( X , )
.
( X , ) ,
d X = d .
1 2 X
1 2 , (1 2 ) , 1 2 2
1 .
= {, }
= P ( ) = { X },
, X .
[7],
. 8, [14], , [4],
[5], [6], [8].

1
X .. x , y , z X .
x x0 , x
x0 , X ( )
.
( )
X.

d : X o+ = {x o : x 0}
o , ( ) X
:
[ M1 ]

d( x , y ) = 0

x=y,

[ M2 ]

d( x , y ) = d( y , x ) ,

"x , y X

( ),

[ M3 ]

d( x , z ) d(x , y ) + d( y , z ) ,

"x , y , z X

( ).

Minkowski
[ 3 ] Minkowski (, 5)
1

1 + 1 |p + + n + n p p 1 p + + n p p + 1 p + + n p p ,

(1 , 2 , , n ) , ( 1 , 2 , , n ) on `n p 1 .
( )
o
x , y o :

d( x , y ) = x - y ,

"x , y o .

x = (x1 , x2 ) , y = ( y1 , y2 )

o2

d2 (x , y ) = (x1 - y1 )2 + ( x2 - y2 )2 ,
x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ,

"x , y o2 ,

y = ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) o3

d2 (x , y ) = (x1 - y1 )2 + ( x2 - y2 )2 + (x3 - y3 )2 ,

"x , y o3 .

,
x = (x1 , x2 , , xn ) ,

y = ( y1 , y2 , , yn )

on
d2 (x , y ) = (x1 - y1 )2 + + ( xn - yn )2 ,

"x , y on .

on

on d2 .
on , n 1 ( ):

d1 (x , y ) = x1 - y1 + x2 - y2 + + xn - yn ,
d (x , y ) = max { x1 - y1 , x2 - y2 , , xn - yn } ,
x = ( x1 , x2 , , xn ) , y = ( y1 , y2 , , yn ) on .
n =1 d2 , d1 , d

d( x , y ) = x - y ,

" x , y o .

o.

y
y2
x2

y
y2

d2 (x, y)

|x2y2|

d (x, y) = |x1y1|
x1

y1

d2 (x, y)
d (x, y) = |x2y2|

x2
O

|x1y1|
x1

y1

d1 (x, y) = |x1y1| + |x2y2|

d2 , d1 , d o2 (n = 2)
, Minkowski,

x = (x1 , x2 , , xn ) ,
y = ( y1 , y2 , , yn ) on

n
p p
d p ( x , y ) = xi - yi ,
i =1

p 1

on .
, p =1 , p = 2 p + ,

d1 (x , y ), d2 (x , y ), d ( x , y ) = lim d p (x , y ) .
p +

1
p

( d (x , y ) d p ( x , y ) n d ( x , y ) p + .)
d2 , d1 , d
. ( d2 [ M3 ]
Minkowski, p = 2 ).


X K = o
` ,

10

"x , y X
" , "x X

fi x + y X

fi x X

p : X o + = {x o : x 0} :
[ N1 ]

p(x ) = 0 x = O , O X ,

[N 2 ]

p( x ) = p(x ) ,

" K , " x X (),

[N 3 ]

p(x + y ) p( x ) + p( y ) ,

" x, y X

( ),

X .
p(x ) = x , "x X .

x - y

x-y x + y ,

" x, y X

[N 2 ] , [N 3 ] .

o
x p(x ) = x ,

"x o ( ),

o2

x p2 ( x ) = x 2 = x12 + x22 ,

x = ( x1 , x2 ) o2 ,

o3

x p2 ( x ) = x 2 = x12 + x22 + x32 ,

x = ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) o3

on ( )

x p2 ( x ) = x 2 = x12 + x22 + + xn2 ,

x = ( x1 , x2 , , xn ) on .

( )
X
X ( )

d( x , y ) = x - y ,

" x , y X .

X , .

11

d :
i) d( x + z , y + z ) = d(x , y )
( ),
ii) d( x , y ) = d(x , y )

(o ).

,
x d(O , x ) = x ,

"x X

, d

d( x , y ) = d(x - x , y - x ) = d(O, y - x ) = d(O, x - y ) = x - y



x , y X .

on
x 1 = x1 + x2 + + xn
x

= max { x1 , x2 , , xn }

x = (x1 , x2 , , xn ) on .

x (n = 1) ,

x 2,

x 1,

x on , n 1 ,

d( x , y ) = x - y (n = 1) , d1 (x , y ) , d2 ( x , y ) , d ( x , y ) ,

"x , y on ,

() on , n 1 .
, Minkowski

n
x = (x1 , x2 , , xn ) on x p = xi
i =1

pp

p 1

on .
, p = 1, p = 2 p + ,
x 1, x 2 , x

= lim x p .
p +

12

1
p

p + .)

) d X X d () ( X , d ) .
X X
(, ) .
, .
) ( , d ) Y X ,

dY : Y Y o+ ,

dY ( x , y ) = d(x , y ) ,

"x , y Y

Y d .
(Y , dY ) ( X , d ) .
! ( , ) Y X ,
, Y

d( x , y ) = x - y ,

"x , y Y ,

(Y , ) , Y X .

)
X

"x , y X ,

0, x = y ,
d0 (x , y ) =
1 , x y ,

.
, X ( X , d0 )
.

X (.. X = on , n 1 ),
( X , d0 )

"x y o ,

0 , 1

13

d0 ( x , y ) = 1 d(x , y ) = .
, d0 ,
X .

X ,

d : X X + = {x : x 0}
:
[ M1]

d (x , x ) = 0 ,

"x X

[ M2 ]

d ( x , y ) = d ( y , x ) ,

"x , y X

[ M3 ]

d ( x , z ) d (x , y ) + d ( y , z ) ,

"x , y , z X

X .
:
d ,
x y , d ( x , y ) = 0 .
, f : X o ,

d : X X o+ ,
d ( x , y ) = f (x ) - f ( y ) , "x , y X , X , x0 , y0 X , x0 y0 ,

f ( x0 ) = f ( y0 ) ,
d ( x0 , y0 ) = 0 , x0 y0 .

f , d
X .

o = o {-, + }
, o .
d : o o o+ ,
"x , y o ,

d(x , y ) =

y
x
1+ x 1+ y

14

o .
x
, x o (
1+ x
) o ( -1, + 1) .

f ( x ) =

1
2

(1 + x )

>0 ,

lim f (x ) = 1 ,

x +

f (x ) =

"x 0

f ( x ) =

1
(1 - x )2

>0 ,

"x 0 ,

lim f (x ) = -1 .

x -

[ M1 ] d(x , y ) = 0 x = y .

y
x
d( x , y ) = 0
= 0 x(1 + y ) = y(1 + x )
1+ x 1+ y
x , y ( xy > 0) .
,

x(1 + y ) = y(1 + x ) ,

x > 0 , y > 0

x(1 - y ) = y(1 - x ) ,

x < 0 , y < 0

x = y . (, f ).
.
[ M2 ] d( x , y ) = d( y , x ) ,

- = ,
o .

[ M3 ] d( x , z ) d(x , y ) + d( y , z ) , + + , , o .
f , f (o) = ( -1, 1) .
f (0) = 0 .

y = f (x ) > 0

fi y =

x
x
, x > 0 fi y =
,
1+ x
1+ x

fi x =

y
y
=
, y (0, 1) .
1- y 1- y

fi y =

x
,
1+ x

x >0

y = f (x ) < 0

x < 0 fi y =

x
,
1- x

x <0

15

fi x =

y
y
=
, y (-1, 0) .
1+ y 1- y

o
- + , o = o {-, + } .

"x o : - < x < + .

f o [ -1, + 1] ,
f
f ( -) = -1 ,

f ( +) = 1 ,

f () o
[ -1, + 1] .
d o ,
d( -, + ) = 2 ,

d ( x , - ) =

x
+1 ,
1+ x

d ( x , + ) =

x
-1
1+ x

,
( y -) ,

( x -, x +) ,

( y +) ,

, d .
(o , d ) o .
(o , d ) o ,
(. 1, 4, 1, )
. 2, 2.4).

f (
)
g (x ) =

x
1+ 1+ x2

x o .

d(x , y ) = x - y , "x , y o
- + .
.. d( -, + ) , ;

16

1. ( , d ) ,
)

d1 (x , y ) = min{1, d(x , y )} ,

d2 (x , y ) =

x, y X

d(x , y )
,
1 + d( x , y )

x, y X

.
) [ 1 ] :

d1 (x , x ) = 0

d1 (x , y ) = 0 fi d(x , y ) = 0 fi x = y .

d1 (x , y ) = min{(1, d(x , y )} = min{1, d( y , x )} = d1 ( y , x ) .

[ 2 ] :

[ 3 ] :

d1 (x , z ) = min{1, d(x , z )} 1

(1)

d1 (x , z ) = min{1, d( x , z )} d( x , z )

(2)

x , z X .
,
i)

d( x , y ) 1

d( y , z ) 1 ,

(1),

d1 (x , z ) d1 (x , y ) + d1 ( y , z ) ,

ii)

d( x , y ) < 1 d( y , z ) < 1 ,

(2),

d1 (x , z ) d1 (x , y ) + d1 ( y , z ) ,
d1 (x , y ) = d( x , y ) , d1 ( y , z ) = d( y , z )
d1 (x , z ) d( x , z ) d(x , y ) + d( y , z ) ,

"x , y , z X .

) [ 1 ], [ 2 ] :
d(x , x ) = 0

d ( x , y ) = d ( y , x ) , "x , y X ,

d X .
[ M3 ] :
d2 (x , z ) =

d( x , y ) + d( y , z )
d( x , z )

,
1 + d( x , z ) 1 + d(x , y ) + d( y , z )

"x , y , z X

17

(x ) =

( (0) = 0 ,

x
, x 0
1+ x

lim ( x ) = 1 ( x ) =

x +

[0, + )
1
(1 + x )2

> 0 , "x 0 ).

d(x , y ) + d( y , z )
d(x , y )
d( y , z )

+
,
1 + d(x , y ) + d( y , z ) 1 + d(x , y ) 1 + d( y , z )

"x , y , z X

[ M3 ] d2 .

2. X d1 , d2 , , dn . -

) D1 (x , y ) = max{d1 (x , y ), , dn (x , y )} ,
) D2 (x , y ) = d1 (x , y ) + + dn (x , y ) ,
) D3 ( x ,

y ) = [d12 (x ,

y) +

+ dn2 (x ,

1
y )]2 ,

x , y X , X .

) [ M1 ], [ M2 ] .
[ M3 ] : ( ), (m
1, 2, , n)
D1 (x , z ) = dm (x , z ) dm ( x , y ) + dm ( y , z )
max{d1 (x , y ), , dn (x , y )} + max{d1 ( y , z ), , dn ( y , z )}
D1 (x , y ) + D1 ( y , z ) .

) [ M1 ], [ M2 ] .
[ M3 ] :
m

i =1

i =1

i =1

i =1

D2 (x , z ) = di (x , z ) [di (x , y ) + di ( y , z )]

= di (x , y ) + di ( y , z ) = D2 ( x , y ) + D2 ( y , z ) .

18

) [ M1 ], [ M2 ]
[ M3 ] :
1

n
2 n
2 2
D3 (x , z ) = di2 (x , z ) [di (x , y ) + di ( y , z )]
i =1
i =1

n
2
di2 (x , y ) +
i =1

n 2
2
di ( y , z ) =
i =1

= D3 (x , y ) + D3 ( y , z )
Minkowski ( p = 2 ).

Minkowski p 1
1

n
p
D p (x , y ) = (di (x , y )) p ,
i =1

p 1

X .

3.
() ( xn ) :

i)

l1 ,
( ),

xn < +

n =1

ii) l ,
iii) l p ( p 1) ( xn ) ,

xn

<+.

n =1

c0 ,
c
l
( ) -

19

/ :
x = ( xn ) ,

y = ( yn ) ,

x + y = ( xn + yn ) ,

o ,

x = (xn ) ,

x = ( xn ) ,

"x , y X fi x + y X ,
" o , "x X fi x X

X c0 c l .
l p ( p 1) , o ,
x = (xn ) , y = ( yn ) , x , y l p

"n k , xn + yn

( xn + yn ) p 2 p (max{ xn , yn }) p
p

2 p ( xn + yn )
x + y l p x l p .

c0 c c l .
, l p ( p 1) c0 , c, l .
,

l p , c 0 , c , l

.

:
)

: l o + ,

pp
x p = xn

n =1

= sup{ xn , n k}
1

: l p o+ , p 1 ,

) ( xn ) l sup xn , n k
, .
[N1 ] , [N 2 ]
[N 3 ] , x = (xn ) , y = ( yn ) l ,

20

xn + yn x n + yn ,

x+y

+ y

"n k

"x , y l .

) x p , x l p
( l p , p 1 )

xn

<+.

n =1

[N1 ] , [N 2 ] (
) [N 3 ]
Minkowski ( )
1

pp
pp
pp
+

i i
i
i ,

i =1
i =1

i =1

p 1.

d p ( x , y ) = xn - yn
n =1

pp
,

p 1

l p

d (x , y ) = sup{ xn - yn , n k}
l .

p = 2
1

2 2
d2 (x , y ) = xn - yn ,
n =1

x , y l2

(l2 , d2 ) ilbert.

4. , S x = (xn ) ,
xn o ,

d(x , y ) =

x n - yn

1 + xn - yn

n =1 2

"x , y S

S .

21

sup{d(x , y ) , x , y S} = 1 .

xn - yn

1 + x n - yn

2n

1
2n

"n k

( ), -

n =1

Weierstrass .
, d( x , y ) .
[ M1 ] , [ M2 ] .
[ M3 ] ( . 1, ))

xn - z n
1 + xn - z n

xn - yn + yn - z n

1 + xn - yn + yn - z n

xn - yn
1 + xn - yn + yn - z n
x n - yn
1 + xn - yn

=
+

yn - z n
1 + xn - yn + yn - z n

yn - z n
1 + yn - z n

"n k

( )

xn - z n

2n 1 + x

n =1

- zn

xn - yn

1 + x n - yn

n =1 2

yn - z n

1 + yn - z n

n =1 2

d( x , z ) d( x , y ) + d( y , z ) , "x , y , z S .
x = ( xn ) , y = ( yn ) , xn = 2 ,
yn = 0 , "n k = 2

4 -0
4
= ,
5
n =1 2 1 + 4 - 0

d(2 x , 2 y ) =

2-0
4
= ,
1
+
2
0
3
n =1 2

2d(x , y ) = 2

d(2 x , 2 y ) 2d( x , y ) .
, ,
S .

22

d( x , y )

n
n =1 2

=1 ,

"x , y S

sup{d(x , y ), x , y S} 1 .

1
> 0 , - 1 x , y S

xn - yn = , "n k

1 xn - yn

d ( x , y ) = n
=
.
1+
n =1 2 1 + xn - yn

1
- 1

1-

= d ( x , y ) ,
1+

( supremum)
sup{d(x , y ), x , y S} = 1 .

5.

) X = C([, ])
[, ] .

o+ :

i)

f = sup{ f (x ) , x [, ]} ,

f X

p
p
ii) f p = f ( x ) dx ,

p 1 , f X

X = C([, ]) .

) Y = C1 ([, ])
, [, ] .
Y o+ .

g = sup{ g (x ) , x [, ]} + sup{ g ( x ) , x [, ]}
Y = C1 ([, ]) .

23

( X , Y .)

[, ] () f , g , g [, ] .
, supremum
[, ] .
) .

f = 0 fi f ( x ) = 0 , "x [, ]

[1 ] O = 0 , O : [, ] {0} ,

f = O X = C([, ]) .

[ 2 ]: f

= sup{ f (x ) , x [, ]} = sup{ f ( x ) , x [, ]} =
= sup{ f (x ) , x [, ]} = f , o, f .

[ 3 ]: f1 + f 2 = sup{ f1 ( x ) + f 2 (x ) , x [, ]} = f1 (x0 ) + f 2 (x0 )

x0 [, ] ] ( Weierstrass),
[, ] .
,

f1 + f 2

f1 + f 2 = f1 (x0 ) + f 2 (x0 ) f1 ( x0 ) + f 2 (x0 )

sup{ f1 ( x ) , x [, ]} + sup{ f 2 (x ) , x [, ]} = f1 + f2 .
ii) f
[, ] .

[, ] , -

[1 ]: O = 0

f = 0 fi

F (x ), x [, ] f
t

f (x )

dx = F (t ) - F () ,

f (x ) dx = 0 .

"t [, ]

0 f (x ) dx f (x ) dx + f (x ) dx = f (x ) dx = 0 ,
p

f (x )

dx = 0 , t [, ] fi F (t ) = F () ,

t [, ] ,

"t [, ] .

24

, F [, ] , o f [, ] , f = O
X.
[N 2 ] : .
[N 2 ] : Minkowski : f1 , f2 C([, ])
p 1 ,
1

f (x ) + f (x ) p dx p f (x ) p dx p
2
1

p
p
+ f 2 (x ) dx ,

p 1 .

To [N 3 ]
, p = 1 C([, ])

=
f (x ) dx .
1

f1

d1 =

f1

x
f2

f2

d1 (f1, f2) = | f1(x)f2(x)| dx

d (f1, f2) = sup{| f1(x)f2(x)|, x[, ]}

( )

( )

X = C([, ]) :

d ( f1 , f 2 ) = sup { f1 (x ) - f 2 ( x ) , x [, ]}

"f1 , f 2 ,

p
p
d p ( f1 , f 2 ) = f1 ( x ) - f 2 (x ) dx , p 1 ,

"f1 , f 2 .

25

) [N1 ] , [N 2 ] ), i).
[N 3 ] : Weierstrass

g1 + g 2 = g1 (x0 ) + g 2 (x0 ) + g1(x1 ) + g 2 (x1 )

g1 ( x0 ) + g 2 ( x0 ) + g1(x1 ) + g 2 ( x1 )

= ( g1 (x0 ) + g1(x1 ) ) + ( g 2 (x0 ) + g 2 (x1 ) )

g1 + g 2 .

d( g1 , g 2 ) = sup{ g1 ( x ) - g 2 ( x ) , x [, ]}
+ sup{ g1(x ) - g 2 (x ) , x [, ]}
" g1 , g 2 Y = C1 ([, ]) .

6. l x = (xn )

xn

. l

n =1

()

x l x = sup xi , n k
i =1

l .

x = (xn ) , y = ( yn ) , xn , yn o ,
x + y = (xn + yn ) x = ( xn ) , x , y l o
l .
,

n =1

n =1

x n , yn

xn + yn x n + yn ,

( xn + yn )

n =1

"n k

, x + y l .

26

, x l

xn

n =1

n =1

xn = xn .

n =1

(Sn ) ,

Sn = x1 + x2 + + xn , lim Sn =
x +

( Sn ) ( Sn - Sn - , "n k ),

lim Sn = o+ , Sn = x1 + x2 + + xn , n k .

n+

, ( Sn ) ,

sup{ Sn , n k} = sup xi , n k
i =1

o+ = {x o : x 0} , .
.
[N1 ]: O = 0 , O = (0, 0, , 0, )

x = 0 fi sup xi , n k = 0
i =1

xi = 0 ,

"n k

i =1

xn = 0 , "n k , x = O .
[N 2 ] : E .
[N 3 ] :

x + y = sup (xi + yi ) , n k <

i =1

n0

( xi + yi ) + ,

>0

i =1

, supremum: " > 0 , n0 k

x + y - <

n0

( xi + y i ) .
i =1

27

x+y <

n0

n0

n0

i =1

i =1

i =1

( xi + yi ) + = xi + yi +
n0

n0

i =1

i =1

xi + yi +

sup xi , n k + sup yi , n k +
i =1

i =1

fi x + y < x + y + ,

" > 0

n0 > 0 .
, 0 ,

x+y x + y ,

"x , y l .

2
( X , d ) , X d
X .

> 0

> 0 . (, ) = {x X , d(, x ) < } .

> 0

> 0 . (, ) = {x X , d(, x ) } .

> 0
> 0 .
S(, ) = {x X , d(, x ) = } .

,
( X , d )
.

28

(o3 , d2 ) ,
.
, ,
( ).

1. ( X , d0 ) (1)
d0 (x , y ) = 0 , x = y

d( x , y ) = 1 , x y

, 0 < < 1 ,
(, ) = {x X , d(, x ) < } = {x X , d(, x ) = 0} = {} ,

B(, ) = {x X , d(, x ) } = {x X , d(, x ) = 0} = {} ,

S(, ) = {x X , d(, x ) = } = ,
S(, 1) = {x X : d(, x ) = 1} = X - {} ,

> 1 ,
(, ) = {x X , d(, x ) < } = {x X , d(, x ) = 0 d(, x ) = 1} = X ,
(, ) = {x X , d(, x ) } = {x X , d(, x ) = 0 d(, x ) = 1} = X , 1
S(, ) = {x X , d(, x ) = } = , > 1 .

2. o2 (1)
(o2 , d2 ) , (o2 , d1 ) , (o2 , d ) .
= (1 , 2 ) o2 > 0 ,
.

d2 (, ) = {x o2 : d2 (, x ) = (x1 - 1 )2 + (x2 - 2 )2 < }

d1 (, ) = {x o2 : d1 (, x ) = x1 - 1 + x2 - 2 < }
d (, ) = {x o2 : d (, x ) = max{ x1 - 1 , x2 - 2 } < }
, , .

29

y
2+

y
2+

2
1

Bd2 (, ):
(x11)2 + (x22)2 < 2
()

2
1 1 1+

Bd1 (, ):
|1x1| + |2x2| <
()

1 1 1+

Bd (, ):
|1x1| < , |2x2| <
()

,
d2 (, x ) : , Bd1 (, ): , Bd (, ): .

Sd2 (, ) = {x o2 : d2 (, x ) = (x1 - 1 )2 + ( x2 - 2 )2 = } ,

Sd1 (, ) = {x o2 : d1 (, x ) = x1 - 1 + x2 - 2 = } ,

Sd (, ) = x o2 : d (, x ) = max{ x1 - 1 , x2 - 2 } =

Sd2 (, ): ,

Sd1 (, x ):

Sd (, x ): .

3. ( X , d ) , X = C([, ])
[, ] , d

d( f , g ) = max{ f (x ) - g (x ) , x [, ]} ,

"f , g X .

f 0 X > 0 , ( f 0 , ) ( f 0 , )
, S( f 0 , ) .

( f 0 , ) = { f X : max{ f0 ( x ) - f ( x ) , x [, ]} < } =
= { f X : "x [, ] , f0 ( x ) - < f (x ) < f 0 (x ) + } ,

30

f [, ] ,

y = f0 (x ) - ,

y = f0 (x ) + ,

x [, ]

.
B( f 0 , )
f X

y = f0 (x ) - ,

y = f0 (x ) + ,

x [, ]

S( f 0 , ) = { f X , d( f 0 , f ) = }
f0 ( x ) - , f0 ( x ) + , x [, ] .
y

f0

f0+

f0

B(f0 ,), B (f0 , )

S(f0 , )

( , ) ( ) ,

d ( x , y ) = x - y , "x , y X .

( ).

) ,
( ).

31

,
x = + t ( - ) ,

t o

( t = 0 ) ( t = 1 ).
,

x - = t ( - ) fi x - = t - ,

> 0

x - -

t
.
-
-

, t B(, ) .
(, ) ,
S(, )
, t = ( / - ) .

.
(o, d1 ) ,
d1 (x , y ) = min{1, d( x , y )} ,

d(x , y ) = x - y , "x , y o ,

, 0 < 1 o
d1 (, ) = {x o : d1 (, x ) < } = {x o : - x < } = d (, ) ,

d1 (, ) = {x o : d1 (, x ) } = {x o : - x } = d (, ) .
d (, ) , Bd (, ) (o, ) ( ), .
, > 1 0 < 1 , .
S(, ) (o, d1 ) , 0 < 1
, > 1 .
d1 , o , > 1 x = n , y = 0 , n k
d1 ( n, 0) = d1 ( n, 0) = min{1, n} = 1 = d1 (n, 0) .

32

) B(, ) (, )
, , > 0 .
A ( , ) ,
x y A

[ x , y] = x + t ( y - x ) = (1 - t )x + ty ,

t [0, 1]

A .
x , y B(, )

[ x , y]: z = x + t ( y - x ) = (1 - t )x + ty ,

t [0, 1] .

z - = (1 - t )x + ty - = (1 - t )x - + t - t + ty =

= (1 - t )( x - ) + t ( y - )
(1 - t ) x - + t y - < (1 - t ) + t = ,

t [0, 1] ,

z B(, ) , (, ) .
(, )
.

) (O, 1 ) O o , 0 ,
(O, 2 ) (O, 1 ) , 2 < 1 .
, (, ) = + (O , ) ,

>0 .

4
( , ) x , y X , x y .
, B( x , 1 ) , B( y , 2 )

x - y < 1 + 2 ,

B(x , 1 ) B( x , 2 ) .

( X , ) [x , y]
( t = 0 z = y t = 1 z = x ):
z = tx + (1 - t ) y ,

t [0, 1] .

(1)

33

x - y < 1 + 2 z

z - x < 1

z - y < 2 .

(2)

(2) (1)

(1 - t ) x - y < 1

t x - y < 2

(3)

t 0 [0, 1] (3).

, t 0 = 2 [0, 1] (3),
1 + 2

2
1

1 - + x - y < 1 + x - y < 1 x - y < 1 + 2

1
2
1
2

2
x - y < 2 x - y < 1 + 2 ,
1 + 2
x - y < 1 + 2 .
[ x , y]
z = x + t ( y - x ) , t [0, 1] ,

t0 =

1
[0, 1] .
1 + 2

.
.. ( , d0 ) ,

2
2
1 = , 2 =
3
3

x, y X ,

x y ,

d0 (x , y ) = 1 < 1 + 2 =

4
3

2
B( x , 1 ) = x , = {z X , d0 (x , z ) = 0} = {x} ,
3

2
B( y , 1 ) = y , = {z X , d0 ( y , z ) = 0} = { y}
3
B(x , 1 ) ( y , 2 ) = , d0 (x , y ) < 1 + 2 .