1

, . 1.1 1.3 ,
.

1.1
M = {a1 , a2 , . . . , an } .
1.1. M
v(M ).
1.1. M = {1, 6, 10, 15} v(M ) = 4, a
N = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} v(N ) = 8.
A = {a1 , a2 , . . . , am } B = {b1 , b2 , . . . , bn },
m n. (ai , bj ), ai A, bj B.
1.1. (ai , bj ) mn.
. ( 1.1), m n , (ai , bj )
, i j . ,
,
.. mn.
1

1.1:
a1 , b 1
a2 , b 1
...
ai , b 1
...
am , b1

a1 , b2
a2 , b2
...
ai , b 2
...
am , b2

...
...
...
...
...
...

a1 , bj
a2 , bj
...
ai , b j
...
am , b j

...
...
...
...
...
...

a1 , b n
a2 , b n
...
ai , bn
...
am , b n

1.2. ,
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9},
B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. 9 10 = 90 .

1.2 k
:



...
k

A = {a1 , a2 , . . . , an1 } v(A) = n1 ;

B = { b1 , b2 , . . . , bn2 } v(B) = n2 ;
C = { c1 , c2 , . . . , cn3 } v(C) = n3 ;
X = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xnk } v(X) = nk .

k (ai1 , bi2 , ci3 , . . . , xik ),

ai1 A, bi2 B, ci3 C .., k
xik X.
1.2. k (ai1 , bi2 , ci3 , . . . , xik )

n1 n2 n3 nk .
k = 2 1.1. k = 3,
(ai , bj ) M n1 n2 .
(ai , bj , ck ) ,
(ai , bj ) M , ck C.

n1 n2 n3 .
( k = 3) k.
. k ai1 A,
bi2 B, ci3 C, ..,
xik X. k ,
n1 , n2 , n3 , . . . , nk . , n1 n2 n3 nk
.
1.3. 3 ,
2 D 4.
D 324 = 24 .

1.4.
: , 30 ;
0001 9999; , 2 11 {A, B, C, E, H, K, M, O, P, T, X}.
, , 30, 9999, 11, 11.
30 9999 11 11 = 36 296 370.
, A k,
A1 , A2 , . . . , Ak A = A1 A2 Ak .
, 1.2
v(A1 A2 Ak ) = v(A1 )v(A2 ) v(Ak ).

1.3
= {a1 , a2 , . . . , an },
n . .

1.2. k (ai1 , ai2 , . . . , aik ) k.

,
:
: , .
, , .
k n ;
:
, .
k .
;
: , , ;
: ,
, .
1.1.
1 n.
, .

1.4
1.3. k
n
n k .
, k n.
,
, .
.
1.5. = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} 3 : (1, 3, 4), (5, 2, 1), (1, 4, 3).

(5, 2, 1) , .
(1, 3, 4) (1, 4, 3) ,
.
n k Vnk .
1.1.
Vnk = n(n 1)(n 2) (n k + 1).

(1.1)

. n k k: (ai1 , ai2 , . . . , aik ).

ai1 n ,
n . ai2
n 1 ,
. aik
n k + 1 , k 1
n k + 1 .
k
n, n 1, . . . , n k + 1. , 1.2 n k
n(n 1)(n 2) (n k + 1).
1.6. = {a, b, c, d}
(a, b), (a, c), (a, d), (b, a), (b, c), (b, d), (c, a), (c, b), (c, d), (d, a), (d, b), (d, c).
n = 4, k = 2, V42 = 4 3 = 12.

1.5
, k = n,
.., . n . , n
,

. Pn n
, 1.1 k = n
Pn = n(n 1)(n 2) 3 2 1 .
1 2 3 (n 1) n n
n! . , 0! = 1! = 1.
Pn Vnk
Pn = n! ,
Vnk =

n!

(n k)!

(1.2)
(1.3)

Pn
n .
1.7. {1, 2, 3} P3 = 3! = 1 2 3 = 6 :
(1, 2, 3), (1, 3, 2), (2, 3, 1), (2, 1, 3), (3, 1, 2), (3, 2, 1).

1.6
1.4. k
n n k ( n
k ).
, k n
.
, .. , ,
. (1, 5, 2, 3)
(5, 2, 1, 3) . Cnk
n k , .
1.2.
Cnk =

n!

k!(n k)!

(1.4)

.
(ai1 , ai2 , . . . , aik ).
Pk = k!
k. Cnk k! , .. Cnk k! = Vnk
Cnk =

Vnk
n!
=

k!
k!(n k)!

1.2.
Cnk
(n)1
k , ..
( )
n
n!
k
Cn =
=

(1.5)
k
k!(n k)!
1.8. n = 6
6!
= 15 .
Cnk = C62 = 2!4!
, (n = 6), a
(k = 2), . , ,
,
. 6 2 .

1.7
1.5. k
n
n k .
k
n ,
, ;
, ..,
k. ,
1

, k k .
k
k
n
| n{z n} = n .
k

Venk n
k ,
Venk = nk .

(1.6)

1.9.
1 13 k = 13,
{1, x, 2} n = 3, .. Ve313 = 313 = 1 594 323.

1.8
1.6. k
n n k .
,
a1 , a2 .., an .

(1, 2, 3, 1, 2), (3, 2, 1, 1, 2), (1, 1, 2, 3, 2)
5 {1, 2, 3} .
enk
C
n k .
1.3.

(n + k 1)!
ek = C k

C
n
n+k1 =
k!(n 1)!

(1.7)

. n = 5, k = 3, . , ,

(a2 , a2 , a3 ).
(a1 , a2 , a2 , a2 , a3 , a3 , a4 , a5 ), 5 + 3 ( n + k ).
a1 |a2 a2 a2 |a3 a3 |a4 |a5 .
, 4 = 5 1 (
n 1). , , 7 = 8 1
( n + k 1).
, 4 7 , ..
C74 . n
k , n 1
n + k 1 , ..
n1
Cn+k1
=

(n + k 1)!
(n + k 1)!
k

=
= Cn+k1
(n 1)!(n + k 1 n + 1)!
(n 1)!k!

1.9
n s ,
n1 , n2
.., s ns ,
n1 + n2 + + ns = n.
.
,
.
1.10. = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} 2 3 2 . (1, 2, 3), (4, 5)
(3, 2, 1), (5, 4) , (1, 2, 3), (4, 5) (2, 3, 4), (1, 5)
.
Cnn1 ,n2 ,...,ns
n s nk k
(1 k s). .
1.4.
Cnn1 ,n2 ,...,ns =

n!

n1 !n2 ! ns !

(1.8)

10

1.3. nk = 0. nk ! =
0! = 1. , k
.
n!
1.4. Cnk = k!(nk)!
n , n1 = k
, n2 = n k .

1.11. 10
4 , 3, 3, 2 2 ?
n = 10, s = 4, n1 = 3, n2 = 3, n3 = 2, n4 = 2

10!
= 25200 .
3!3!2!2!

1.10

(x + y)0 = 1,
(x + y)1 = 1 x + 1 y,
(x + y)2 = 1 x2 + 2 xy + 1 y 2 ,
(x + y)3 = 1 x3 + 3 x2 y + 3 xy 2 + 1 y 3
(x + y)n n = 0, 1, 2, 3 xk y nk
(0 k n) .

n:
(x + y)n = Cn0 x0 y n + Cn1 x1 y n1 + + Cnk xk y nk + + Cnn xn y 0 .

(1.9)

.
Cnk xk y nk

, (1.9)

n

n
(x + y) =
Cnk xk y nk .
(1.10)
k=0

11

1.12. n = 4
(x + y)4 = C40 x0 y 4 + C41 x1 y 3 + C42 x2 y 2 + C43 x3 y 1 + C44 x4 y 0 .
C40 = C44 = 1, C41 = C43 =

4!
4!
= 4, C42 =
= 6,
1!3!
2!2!

(x + y)4 = x4 + 4x3 y + 6x2 y 2 + 4xy 3 + y 4 .

:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Cn0 = Cnn = 1;
Cn1 = Cnn1 = n;
Cnk = Cnnk 0 k n;
k
Cnk1 + Cnk = Cn+1
1 k n;
0
1
k
Cn + Cn + + Cn + + Cnn1 + Cnn = 2n n 0;
Cn0 + Cn2 + Cn4 + = Cn1 + Cn3 + Cn5 + = 2n1 .

1 4
(1.4), 5 6 (1.9),
x = y = 1 x = 1, y = 1.
1 4 , , :
C00
C10
C20
C30

C11
C21

C31

C22
C32

C33

..............................
Cn0

Cn1 . . . . . . . . . Cnn1

Cnn

1 , , 3,
. 4 ,
. ,
n , (n + 1) .
1.13. n = 6.

12

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

2
3

4
5

1
3
6

10
15

1
1
4
10

20

1
5

15

1
6

n. n e
Cnk =

n(n 1) (n k + 1)
,
1 2k

(1.11)

(1.4). (1.11) k ,
n 1,
1 k.
k 3.
1.14.
48
2
C50
= C50
=

50 49
= 25 49 = 1225.
12

1.15.
17
3
C20
= C20
=

20 19 18
= 20 19 3 = 1140.
123

13

1.11
1.1. 10
?
1.2.
0, 1, 2, 3, 4?
1.3.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9?
1.4.
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9?
1.5.
, 50?
1.6. 52
26 , ?
1.7. ,
.
?
1.8.
, ?
1.9. ?
1.10. ?
1.11. .
1, 2, . . . n?
1.12. 20 1 20 10 .
,
20 ?
1.13.
,
(26 )?
1.14. 52 6
. ,
?
1.15. N M .
n , , k
(M N, k n N )?
1.16. = {a, b, c}. 7 , a
3 , b c 2 ?

14

1.17. 10
, 5 5 ?
1.18.
?
1.19. n
nn , ?
m n (m n).
1.20.
, ? ,
: ) ; )
?
1.21. n
k (k n) : ) ; )
.
1.22. 52
?
1.23. ,
() ().
?