Beginning

Address

Control

STDM

-
FCS

Encoding

? ? ? ?
K

GSM

GSM

GSM

GSMW

W
W

K K

K K

K K

W
W
K K

K K

K K

--

GSM

Introduction

(Frequency Division Multiple Access FDMA)

FDMA
(microprocessor)
K

(cell)

K(cellular telephone system)

--

GSM

(standards)

GSMGSM GSM
KGSMGSMGSM

J
History of Mobile CommunicationsJ J

(remote controllers)

(remote controllers for home entertainment equipment)

(cellular

(pagers)(cordless

telephones)

telephones)
K

(mobile)

(portable)

(subscriber)

(subscriber unit)

(Simplex) K
K
--

GSM

(Half-duplex) K

(release to (push to talk)

(Police
listen)

KEJ Fterminals)

EJ F

(Full-duplex) K

KEJ FGSM

EJ F

--

GSM

The Pre-Prevailing Stage J J J

E
F

EJ F

EJ F

--

GSM

only car telephone service

Heavy, bulky and expensive equipment

No handover capability

Poor grade of service

Low speech quality

KLow capacity

High market saturation

KNo frequency reuse

KPower level is not safe (very high)

KPower hungry transceivers

The First Generation Mobile Systems J J J

EEJ F
K

EJ F

--

GSM

(1970's-

K 1980's)

The System

W(Cellular system)
Frequency reuse

Adaptive power control

(Cell sectorization)

Cell splitting

Handover

Standard

KDepending on analog technology

KIncompatible systems

KLimited to voice service

KNo encryption

KDifferent operating frequency ranges

KSuffer from capacity saturation

KInsufficient transmission quality

KFrequency modulation (FM)

KFDMA transmission technology

The system

EJ F

--

GSM

Operational
year
1979

EF
Frequency range
(MHz)
800

1979

800

1981-85
1985

450
900
900

1985

450

1985
1989
1985
1990

450
900
450
900

Country

Japan

US

Scandinavia

UK

Germany

France

Italy

System

Nippon Telephone and Telegraphy

(NTT-MTS)
Advanced Mobile Phone Service
(AMPS)
Nordic Mobile Telephone
(NMT)
Total Access Communi. System
(TACS)
C450
Radiocom 2000
(NMT)
RTMS
TACS

EJ F

The Second Generation Mobile Systems J J J

--

GSM

The standard

The Pan-European digital cellular standard (GSM):GSM K

(Group Special Mobile)GSM

Electronic Association interim standard (IS-54)IS-54 K

IS-54

DAMPSAMPS

TDMA
KFDMA

Interim StandardIS-95 K

CDMA
Telecommunications Industry AssociationTIA

KIS-95

JDC K
Kpersonal handy phone system(PHS)

KCT-2DECT K

Objectives

KCommon standard

International roaming

Huge capacity

Digital encryption techniques

Noise and interference robust
--

GSM

Enhanced range of services

Low cost equipment

Low power consumption

Lightweight, compact, pocket

size terminals

TDMA digital transmission

Integrated services digital network

compatibility

The Third Generation Mobile SystemsJ J J

PSTN

KISDN

KEJ F

K L

The System

(Future Public Land Mobile Telecomm-FPLMTS

unication System)

K
ETSI

(Universal Mobile Telecommunication system)UMTS

- -

GSM

(International

Mobile

IMT200

KITUTelecommunication system in year 2000)

Objectives

KGlobal standard
K Global roaming

KMultimedia services

K Unique universal handset

KMultiple environment(indoor, outdoor, and vehicular scenarios)

KCircuit and packet switching mode of services

The standard

Direct sequence mode based on wide-band code division multiple access(WCDMA)

Multi-carrier mode based on CDMA2000

Time division duplex (TDD) mode based on TD-CDMA

K Unique universal handset

- -

KMultiple environment

GSM

EJ F

- -

GSM

GSMJ
GSMJ J

WGSM
Event

Year

225MHz

Committee of European Post & Telecoms (CEPT) recommended

225MHz in 900 MHz
.
CTEP(GSM)
Group special mobile (GSM) was established by the CPET

Essential elements of wireless transmission are specified

European Telecommunication Standards

responsibility for GSM specifications

Institute

took

over

the

The phase 1 GSM900 specifications are frozen

Adaptation to DCS 1800 commences

First GSM networks lunched

GSM has changed its name to the Global System for Mobile
communications for marketing reasons

Most European GSM networks turn commercial

Some 13 networks in 7 countries are "on air" by the end of the year

First roaming agreements in effect

By the end 1993, networks in 18 countries are operational

- -

GSM

Data transmission capabilities launched

The number of networks rises to 69 in 43 different countries by the end of

1994

The first PCS 1900 is launched in The USA

SMS

Facsimile, data and SMS roaming starts

GSM

Video signals are transmitted via GSM for demonstration purposes

50 000 GSM base stations are in use all over the world

GSM

GSM

133 networks in 81 countries operational

200 GSM networks from 109 countries operational with 44 million

subscribers worldwide

320 GSM networks in 118 countries with 135 million subscribers

worldwide

Wireless application protocol

130 countries, 260 million subscribers

362 million users

General packet radio services(GPRS)

- -

GSM

GSMJ J
GSM

(Downlink)J

(uplink)J

(Duplex)

(TDMA)

(8/Fram)

(13Kbits/sec)

InterleavingJ

Channel codingJ

error protection methods

Frequency HoppingJ

Adaptive equalizationJ
(GMSK)

- -

GSM

GSMJ J
GSM

GSMK

GSMJ J
K GSM

GSM
K

SIM GSMKGSM

KSIM

GSMJ J

KGSMK

The switching system(SS) W

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

- -

GSM

Home Location Register(HLR)

Visitor Location Register

Authentication Center (AUC)

(International Mobile Subscriber Identity(IMSI)F

(International Mobile station Equipment

IMSI Identity(IMEI))
(MNC) HMobile Country Code(MCC)

KPublic Land Mobile Network(PLMN)HMobile Network Code

Equipment Identity register (EIR)

The Base Station System(BSS) W

Base Station Controller(BSC)

K

Base Transceiver System(BTS)

K

- -

GSM

GSMJ J

GSMEJ F

GSM ( -)

Mobile Station(MS)

WEJ F
K vehicular station K

Kportable stations K

Khandheld stationsEF K

GSM

(main machine interface)

- -

GSM

GSM

GSM

SIM SIM

EJ F

Base Station System (BSS)

(BSC)(BTS)

KEJ F

- -

GSM

EJ F

Base transceiver station (BTS)

(BSIC)
K

K

Base Station Controller(BSC)

EJ F BTS

A-bisBTSBSCBTS
KBTSsBSCs

- -

GSM

EJ F

BTSBSC(BSS)

WMSCs BSCs
KChannel allocation K
KLink quality K

KPower budget control K

KSignaling and broadcast traffic control K

KFrequency hopping K

KHandover initiation K

- -

GSM

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

WEJ F

call handling that copes with mobile nature of subscribersK

K
Management of required logical radio link channel during callsK

(MSC)(BSS) K

Management of MSC-BSS signaling protocol

VLRMS K

Handling location registration and ensure interworking between MS and VLRK

BSS K

Control of inter-BSS handovers

VLRHLR K

Acting as a gateway mobile switching center to interrogate the HLR and VLRK

K
Exchange of signaling information with other system entitiesK

K K

Other normal functions of a local exchange switch in the fixed network

- -

GSM

EJ F
Home Location Register (HLR)

WEJ F(HLR)

KIdentity to mobile subscriber

Integrated

Kservices digital network directory number of mobile

Subscription

KServices restrictions

KLocation information for call routing

Kinformation on teleservices and bearer services

Ksupplementary services

- -

GSM

EJ F

Visitor Location Register

WEJ F(VLR)
KIdentity of mobile subscriber K

KAny temporary mobile subscriber identity K

KISDN directory number of mobile K

K
A directory number to route calls to a
Kroaming station

KLocation area where mobile is registered K

KCopy of subscriber data from HLR K

- -

GSM

EJ F
Equipment Identity register (EIR)

WEJ F

WValid list K

WSuspect list K

WFraudulent list K

EJ F
- -

GSM

Authentication Center (AUC)

(OMC) (HLR)

WEJ F

KKi K

KKi K

K K

EJ F

Operation and maintenance center (MOC)

EJ F

Operation and maintenance center switching K

part(OMC-S)
K

Operation and maintenance center radio K

part(OMC-R)
K

- -

GSM

EJ F

GSMJ

The Cellular StructureJ J

- -

GSM

K
K(handover)
EJ FK

EJ F
- -

GSM

Basic cellular concepts J J

K K
Channel reuse

EJ F

KGA

J F K

KE

- -

GSM

EJ F

K=7EJ FK

WK

K = i 2 + j2 + ij

where i and j are integers

Signal attenuation with distance

(R) (D) K


(C)

(I)

EJ FK

- -

GSM

K
K

D/R

EJ F

- -

GSM

CellJ J
K

K
K

KEJ F

EJ F

WEJ F

Equilateral triangle K

The square K

The regular hexagon K

- -

GSM

EJ F
The cell coverage

WEEJ FF K

KJ
KJ

KJ

EJ F
WEEJ FF K

KJ

KJ
KJ

- -

GSM

WEEJ FF K

KJ

KJ
KJ

EJ F
J J

Frequency reuse and the concept of a cluster

K


K
K

K
KEJ F

KD
KEJ F

- -

GSM

EJ F

EJ F
- -

GSM

D/RK

WD/RK
R

= 3K

D/R=4.6K=7EJ F

EJ F
- -

GSM

Location areaJ J
KEJ F

K
{

EJ F

- -

GSM

(MSC) J J

KEJ F

MSCEJ F

- -

GSM

PLMNJ J

GSMJ J

KEJ FGSM

GSMEJ F
- -

GSM

GSMJ

WGSM

BSMS890-915MHZWuplink P-GSM 900

MSBS935-960MHZW downlink

33cm =
BW=225MHz
Duplex distance=45MHz
Carrier=200KHz
Transmission rate = 270.8 Kbps
no. Of channels = 125
BSMS880-915MHZWuplink E-GSM 900

MSBS925-960MHZW downlink

33cm =
BW=235MHz
Duplex distance=45MHz
Carrier=200KHz

Transmission rate = 270 Kbps

no. Of channels = 175
BSMS1710-1785MHZuplink GSM 1800

MSBS1805-1880MHZW downlink
17cm =
BW=75MHz

Duplex distance=95MHz
- -

GSM

Carrier=200KHz

Transmission rate = 270 Kbps

no. Of channels = 373
BSMS1850-1910MHZuplink GSM 1900

MSBS1930-1990MHZW downlink

16cm =
BW=60MHz
Duplex distance=80MHz
Carrier=200KHz
Transmission rate = 270 Kbps
no. Of channels = 300

- -

W
W

K K

K K

K K

K
KGSM

W
W
K K

KGSM K

K K

- -

Frequency J

K Hz Hertz

c speed of light wavelength

K 3x108 m/s

= c/

(2-1)

Frequency spectrum J

radio wave frequency spectrum

EJ F K 300 THz 300 Hz

VLF

1Mm 10Km

0.3 30KHz

LF

10Km 1Km

30 300KHz

LW
MW

MF

1Km 100m

0.3 3MHz

SW

HF

100m 10m

3 30MHz

VHF

VHF

10m 1m

30 300MHz

UHF

UHF

1m 10cm

0.3 3GHz

SHF

10cm 1cm

3 30GHz

EHF

10cm 1mm

30 300GHz

FM

- -

EJ F

- -

Band width J

BW Band width

K Hertz E 50% F
bits

EJ F Kbit/sec
K

PDC
810-820 MHz
940-956 MHz
1429-1465 MHz
1477-1513 MHz

AMPS, TDMA,
CDMA
824-849 MHz
869-894 MHz

NMT
452-457 MHz
462-467 MHz

PHS
1895-1918 MHz

JCT
254-380 MHz

GSM, TDMA, CDMA

1850-1910 MHz
1930-1990 MHz

GSM
890-915 MHz
935-960 MHz
1710-1785 MHz
1805-1880 MHz

PACS
1850-1910 MHz
1930-1990 MHz

CT1+
885-887 MHz
930-932 MHz

PACS-UB
1919-1930MHz

CT2
864-868 MHz

Mobile phones

Cordless
telephones

DECT
1880-1900 MHz

K EJ F

- -

Channels J

channels

vKc = 3x108 m/s

v = c / r

r =1K relative permitivity r

K3x108 m/s

Modulation J

modulation

KPhase Frequency Amplitude

E0 and 1Fbits

KModem E F

wired local area networks

wireless networks K

(ASK) Amplitude shift keying

ASK EJ F

K 1 0

Ka 1 0

noise interference
- -

multi-path propagation
K

ASK EJ F

(FSK) Frequency shift keying

FSK ( J F

1 0 K
0f2 1K
K Kf2

FSKEJ F
- -

(PSK) Phase shift keying

PSK EJ F

10 180o

K
K

PSKEJ F

Minimum

FSK (MSK) shift keying

EJ F

odd bits even bits

Kf2=2f1 f2f1 K

f2 0 J
E180oF

0 1 J
E180oFf2

10 J
f2

- -

f21 J

Gaussian low-pass filter

Gaussian minimum shift keying

GSM K (GMSK)

KDECT

MSK EJ F

TDMA EF J

(FDMA) time division multiple access

EJ F K frequency domain
- -

KGSM

uplink 915MHZ 890MHZ

Kbase transceiver station (BTS) (MS) mobile station

downlink 960MHz 935MHz

124 K 20MHZ

K 200KHz

GSM FDMAEJ F
time domain

time division multiple

(TDMA) access

TDMA EJ F

time frame GSM FDMA

577s time slot 8 4.615ms

K
guard spaceK
- -

545.5s 148bit

114bit burst

K57bit

GSM digital cellular phones

space division multiple

K cells (SDMA)access

SDMA EJ F
f1 , f2, f3

124 GSM

K

GSMTDMAEJ F
- -

(CDMA) code division multiple access

analog modulation carrier signal

(AMF amplitude modulation

K (FM) frequency modulation

digital modulation
. PSK FSK ASK

SDMA EJ F

analog base-band

analog modulationKsignal
K radio carriersignal

EJ F
- -

K
K FDMA

repeaters
K

KEJ F
Path loss J

3x108 m/s

Pr (LOS) line of sight

Kd

K inverse square law Pr 1/d2

- -

gain

ShadowingJ

blocking shadowing

K EJ F

blocking shadowing EJ F
Multi-path propagationJ

multi-path propagation

J F

3sdelay spread
- -

Time dispersionJ

KTDMA
time dispersion

multi-path propagation EJ F

Time alignmentJ

time alignment

time domain

K frequency domain

- -

Kbit symbol

inter-symbol

K symbol rate KK(ISI) interference

Kshort term fading

long term fadingEJ F

K
K

Doppler shift
K

EJ F

- -

GSM channel coding

20ms
W260bit
K78bit 182bit
189bitK parity 3bit tail 4bit
78bit 387bit 1/2

K 20ms 456bit K
KGSMEJ F

- -

GSMEJ F

Antenna diversityJ

K
K

frequency diversity time diversity

K space diversity angle diversity

/4 dipole

K EJ F /2

K 10cm
- -

1/10
K

KEJ F

Interleaving

interleaving

Kbits

Adaptive EqualizationJ

K
burst time slot bits

Ktraining sequence
K
KEJ F 26bitGSM

- -

Frequency hoppingJ

frequency hopping

co-channel interference

GSM K

TDMA FDMA

K 577s

K 124

downlink

K45MHz uplink

slow frequency hopping

Kfast frequency hopping

K K

EJ F

Timing advance J

KEJ Fspace guard

K

- -

EJ F

GSMJ

MSKGSMEJ F

EJ F
KK

K

BTSK

KEJ F

- -

GSMEJ F

BTS (b) M(a)

GSM J

260bit 20ms

K20ms456biK13kb/s

- -

SegmentationJ

segmentsGSM

40ms 912bit 8 114bit

K20ms

GSM J

GSM

40ms K
114 912bit
114bit K 8bit
K 40msKEJ F
840ms
K
K

Encryption J

GSM encryption

114bitbinary

K
K114bit
K

Burst formattingJ

545.5s 148bit GSM

WEJ F

- -

3bit tail

57bituser data

1bitESF flag

26bit

1bitESF flag

57bituser data

3bit tail

15.25s

30.5s
K577stimeslot

GSM EJ F

- -

GSM burst EJ F

modulator

Gaussian Minimum GSM

-60db K (GMSK) Shift Keying

270.8Kbit/s

K 1.35bit/sec/Hz 200KHz
duplexer

- -

W
W

K K

K K
K K

W
W
K K

K K
K K

K K

--

GSMJ

GSM

KGSM

FDMAGSM

25
TDMA

K200KHzEcarrierF
124MHz

TDMA
577s15/26 ms

Kburst

EJ F

(TDMA-) Frame

K4.615 ms120/26 ms
--

GSMEJ F

K{

W
dedicated channelsJ

MS

common channels J

Idle Mode

Traffic GSM

KCCHControl Channels{TCH Channels

K
K

Basic Station

K
K

--

TCHsGSM

TCHs J J
(26 TDMA-frames)26Multi-frame

EJ F

24K120 ms

{ Traffic
slow associated control channel (SACCH)

--

TCHs

full rate TCHs (13.4kbps)

Khalf rate TCHs (7kbps)

KGSM

TCH/F

KTime Slot (TS)EF

TCH/H

TS0GSM

Broadcast station
K

TCH- data

KEJ FSACCH

--

EJ F
TCH/FJ J J

W GSM

Full Rate Speech Channel (TCH/FS)

13kbps

K22.8kbpsGSM

Full Rate Data Channel (TCH/F9.6) 9600bps

9600 bps
K22.8kbpsGSM

Full Rate Data Channel (TCH/F4.8) 4800bps

4800 bps
22.8kbpsGSM

Full Rate Data Channel (TCH/F2.4) 2400bps

2400 bps
22.8kbpsGSM
--

TCH/HJ J J
W GSM

Half Rate Speech Channel (TCH/HS)

{TCH/F

GSM

GSMK7kbps
K11.4kbps

Half Rate Data Channel (TCH/H4.8) 4800bps

4800 bps
11.4kbpsGSM

Half Rate Data Channel (TCH/H2.4) 2400bps

2400 bps
11.4kbpsGSM

CCHsJ J
WGSM
Broadcast channel (BCH)

Common control channel (CCCHF

Dedicated control channel (DCCH F

--

EJ F

KGSM

CCCHBCH

TS0 CCCHBCH
control channel 51

multi-frame

--

EJ F

GSM broadcast channels

KTCHsTS0...TS7

KK34 GSM

BCH 51
CCCH

CCCH

Kidle frameTS0

DCCH

KDCCH
K

Broadcast Channels (BCH)J J J

--

TCHsKGSMTS0
K

BCH

synchronizationBCH

TS0BCH

DCCHTCH

Kdummy bursts
KDCCHTCH

TS0
BCH

K51

W BCH

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

K
KBCCH

K54 51BCCH

BCCHTS 0W
E SCH FCCHFBCH

K51I
CCCHs

Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)

GSMTS 0

KFCCH

TS 0Synchronization Channel (SCH)

{FCCH
--

(FN)SCHK

(BSIC)27156470
KGSM

KE51FSCH

Common Control Channels (CCCH)J J J

GSMTS 0BCH

KBCH

Paging Channel J W CCCH

Random Access Channel (RACH)J (PCH)

Access Grant Channel(AGCH)J

K

CCCH

K
WCCCH

Paging Channel (PCH)

PCH

IMSI

KRACH

PCH
KGSM

Random Access Channel (RACH)

K KPCH

PCH

E FKGSMTS 0

KRACH
--

RACH K

KStand-alone Dedicated Control Channel(SDCCH)

AGCH

Access Grant Channel(AGCH)

CCCHAGCH
K

RACH
KCCCH

CCCHEJ F

RACHEJ F
--

Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)J J J

GSM

KK

DCCHs

KBCH

Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channels(SDCCH) K

Slow Associated Control Channels(SACCH) K

Fast Associated Control Channels(FACCH) K

Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channels(SDCCH)

SDCCHK TCH

MSC

SDCCHK

E F

KTCH

SDCCH
KCCCHBCH

Slow Associated Control Channels(SACCH)

SDCCH

SACCHK

KK

Time advance instructions

--

SDCCHK
KBCHTCH

L SDCCH

SDCCHKEEJ F F
K

Fast Associated Control Channels(FACCH)

SDCCH
FACCHSDCCH

K??FACCH
K TCH EbitsF

KTCH FACCH

Logical physical MappingJ

i r :

: ( Maping)

--

Burst structure and Types J

KKGSM

TCH ,DCCHnormal burst

SCH FCCHK

K RACH

EJ F K dummy
K

EJ F

K 20s

--

EJ F

4.615msEF

K{20s 147

--

[1] Ericsson Training Manuals.

[2] William Lee, Mobile Cellular Telecommunications, McGraw Hill, 2001.

[3]J. Schiller, Addison, Mobile Communication, Wesley, 2000.

[4]John Scourias,' Overview of the global system for mobile communications.
[5] Theedere S. Rappaport: Wireless communications.
[6]Philips: GSM system introduction.
[7] Giuseppe Bianchi: GSM- radio interface.

- -

...........................................................................................................................
......................................... GSMW
........................................................................................ Introduction
............................................................................................ J
....................................................................... GSMJ
.............................................................................. GSMJ
..................................................................... GSMJ
................................................................................ W
......................................................................................... Frequency J
............................................................ Frequency spectrum J
............................................................................. Band width J
........................................................................................ Channels J
.................................................................................................. J
............................................................................ Modulation J
................................................... TDMAEF J
...................................................................................... J
................................................................................... Path lossJ
..................................................................................... ShadowingJ
.............................................. Multi-path propagationJ
....................................................................... Time dispersionJ
....................................................................... Time alignmentJ
.................................................................................. J
............................................................................................J
.................................................................................................. J
................................................................ Antenna diversityJ
........................................................................ Interleaving J
............................................................ Adaptive EqualizationJ
................................................................... Frequency hoppingJ
--

............................................................Timing advanceJ
.............................................................................. GSMJ
........................................................... GSMJ
.................................................................. SegmentationJ
........................................................................... GSMJ
..................................................................... EncryptionJ
......................................................................Burst formattingJ
............................................................................................. J
.............................................................................................. W
...................................................................................... GSMJ
................................................................................................ J
..........................Logical physical MappingJ
.............................................. Burst structure and TypesJ
.......................................................................................................................

--

EF
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