-1 .

-1-1 .
H 2 O(l) / OH

H2O
H O / H 2 O(l):

)H3O(aq
) OH(aq
) H 2 O(l) H 2 O(l .

)(aq

)3 (aq

K e H3O q . OH q :

Ke pKe pK e log K e :
H3O+ OH- .
-1-2 .

:
H
O

OH
pH < 7
3
. H3O OH :
. pH > 7

H 3O OH :
: pH 14

. pH = 7

pH
H3O OH

H 3O OH

H 3O OH

 -2 KA / .

-2-1 .
)HA(aq) H 2 O(l
A H3O
:
: :
A H3O
K A KA .
HA

)(aq

)(aq

K A 10 pKA

pKA HA/A- pK A log K A :

pKA / ( 3 . )79
:

BH H2O
: BH+/B BH+ B H3O :
BH+/B B H 3O :
KA
BH
-2-2 pH . pKA
A H2 O
/ A/B B H3O :
B H3O
B H3O
B log H O
pK A log
KA
log K A log
3
A
A
A

pH pK A log
A

pK A log
pH
A

 -2-3 K .

- A1 A1/B1 B2 : A2/B2
)B1(aq) A2(aq
) A1(aq) B2(aq :

B
H
O

A2
B1 A 2
K
1
3
pK A1 pK A 2

A1
K
*
K 10
K

K
K A2
A1
A1 B2
B2 H3O
KA1 KA2 A1/B1 .A2/B2 pKA1 = -logKA1 . pKA2 = -logKA2

-3 .

-3-1 .
. pH

)HA(aq) H2 O(l
AH C A(aq) H3O(aq) :
:

xf
n f (H 3 O ) H3 O f V
10 pH

x max
n0
CV
C
3-1

A1 A2 . C
A1 A2 1 A1
2 A2 ). (1 > 2
pH
10

pH1 A1 pH2 (pH1 < pH2) : A2:

C

 KA .
A . H3O
q
q
K AH K A :
AH q

K Qr,q

-3-2 K
. K = KA KA .
:
C A1 A2 1 > 2
( KA1 > KA2 )pKA1 < pKA2 . pH1 < pH2
:

KA

pKA

)C(mol

pH

: A1

6,3.10-5

4,20

10-2

3,1

13%

: A2

1,8.10-5

4,75

10-2

3,4

4%

A1 . A2 -3-1 .
. pH

)B(aq) H 2 O(l
B C BH(aq) OH(aq) :
:

Ke
xf
n f (OH ) OH f V
K e pH

10

n0
x max
C
CV
C H3O
f

 B1 B2 . C
B1 B2 1 B1
2 B2 ). (1 > 2
K e pH

pH1 B1 pH2 (pH1 > pH2) : B210 :

C
KA .
BH . OH
q
q
K Qr,q
K B : Bq
Ke
K

KA

BH . OH H3O K
q
q
e

K
KA
Bq . H3O
q

-3-2 K
K
KA :
KA e
K
KA .
:
C B1 B2 1 > 2 KA1
( < KA2 )pKA1 > pKA2 . pH1 > pH2
:

KA

pKA

)C(mol

pH

: B1

2,0.10-11

10,7

10-2

11,4

25%

: B2

6,3.10-10

9,20

10-2

10,6

4%

B1
B2

 -4 .
-4-1 .
-2-2 / A/B :
B
pH pK A log
A
:
B
pH = pKA log 0 B A :A
B

pH > pKA 0 log : B A : .

A

B 0
log
B

: .
:
pH < pKAA

pH

pH = pKA

B A

A B

A/B

NH 4 / NH 3 : pKA = 9,2
NH4 pH < 9,2
NH3 pH > 9,2

A B

 NH 4 NH 3
NH 3
NH4
pH
pK A 9, 2
0
14
NH4 / NH3
-4-2 .

A . B
A

A
:
A B
:

B
A B

%
100

%CH3COO

80

A B

60
40

%CH3COOH

pK A

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

20
0

CH3COOH/CH3COO -4-3 .
HIn/In- HIn In-
HIn/In- pKAi HIn :

)HIn (aq) H 2 O(l

)In (aq
) H3O(aq

HIn In pH = pKAi HIn In- .

In
HIn 1
HIn 10
log
log
1
HIn

HIn
In
In

B
A :

pH pK A log

pK Ai pH 1

pH pK Ai 1

In

In
10
HIn

B
A :

pH pK A log

pH pK Ai 1

In
log
1
HIn
pH pK Ai 1

: : BBT

pH

HIn

pK Ai 1

-5 .

pK Ai

In-

pK Ai 1

A
B .
- : 1
-5-1 .
)
- (

.
-5-2 .

HA H3O Cl

B
A .
.

( ) OH H3O 2H2O :
HA RCOOH OH-
( ) OH AH A H2O :
-5-3 .

Na OH
( H3O+ ) OH H3O 2H2O :
B ( H3O+
) H3O B H2O BH :
-5-4 .
) (Na+ + OH- VB = 5 ml CB = 20 mmol.l-1 CH3COOH VA = 20 ml . CA = 10 mmol.l-1
pH ( pHf = 4,8 . )VA + VB
. :
CH3COO H 2 O

xf

CH 3COOH OH

0
xf

n 0 OH

n 0 AH

n 0 AH x f n 0 OH x f

 n 0 HA CA .VA 2.104 mol : OH- n 0 OH 104 mol :

xf :
n f (OH ) n 0 (OH ) x f :

): nf(OH-
n f (OH ) OH . VA VB

n 0 OH C B .VB 104 mol

x max

) x f n 0 (OH ) n f (OH
) n f (OH ) n f (OH
OH

f
VTOT
VA VB
Ke
n f (OH )
. VA VB

H3O

1014
n f (OH ) 4,8 . 5 20 .103 1,57.10 11 mol
10

xf :
x f 104 1,57.1011 104 mol
xf
-
1 :

x max
1 .

-6
-6-1 (. )1

CB = 20 mmol.l-

4,60
pH-mtre
CH3COOH
CA VA = 20 ml

)(Na+ + OH-

 ()1
) pH f (VB

pH :

dpH
dVB

pH
10

.E

pH E

) (T1
)(T

) (T2

4
2

)VB (ml
14

12

10

VB,E

-6-2 .
CH3COOH OH CH3COO H2 O : CA .VA CB .VB,E 10ml :
n 0 (CH3COOH) n E (OH ) : E
3
VB,E
10.10
2
1
CA CB

10
mol.l
CA 20.103
VA
20.103

-7

-7-1 (. )2
VB = 10 ml NH3 CB
) (H3O+ + Cl- CA = 10-2 mol.l-1
pH ( )2 .

VB,E


dpH
dVB

()2
pH
) pH f (VA
) (T1

10

)(T
) (T2

.E

8
6

pH E

4
2

)VA (ml
0
28

24

20

16

12

VA,E
-7-2 .

NH3 H3O NH4 H2 O : CB .VB CA .VA,E 20ml :

n 0 (NH3 ) n E (H3O ) : E
3
VA,E
20.10
2
1
CB CA
CA 102

2.10
mol.l
VB
10.103

VA,E

-8 .

-8-1 .
) (T1 ) (T2 )( pH = f(V ( )1 ())2 ) (T ) (T1 ) (T2 ) (T1 ) (T2
) (T )( pH = f(V ( )1 (. ))2

 -8-2 :
dpH
g(V
)

(. )1

B
dVB
dpH
g(VA ) (. )2

dVA
dpH
E

dV
-8-3 .
( ) .
pHE ( )
.
:
( )1 pHE = 8,3 - ( )2 pHE = 5,6

10

8,1
6, 2 4, 2

 9 100

10 100

 11 100

12 100

 12 100

13 101

 13 101