Thc phm chuyn gen

Vietsciences-Nguyn Ln Dng

07/02/2008

Nhng bi cng tc gi
Thc phm chuyn gen hay Thc phm bin i gen (GMF-genetically modified food) l thc phm m bn thn chng hoc ch bin t cc c th ng, thc vt mang cc gen ti t hp c chuyn vo mt cch nhn to nhm phc v cc li ch kinh t.

Nhn dn Kenya ang xem kt qu thc nghim v cy ng khng su nh c chuyn gen Bt (gen dit su ca vi khun Bacillus thuringiensis

Dn s th gii tng ln qu 6 t ngi v d kin s vt qu 12 t ngi sau 50 nm ti. Vn cung cp lng thc, thc phm cho nhn loi l mt vn rt ln. Trong cc gii php c nhiu nc quan tm l vic m rng vic nghin cu v trin khai cc loi thc phm chuyn gen. Thc phm chuyn gen (GMF) l nhng thc phm c sinh ra hay ch bin t cc c th chuyn gen (GMO- genetically modified organisms). Vic chuyn cc gen c li vo cy trng hay vt nui l mt thnh tu v i ca K thut di truyn (genetic engineering). GMF xut hin t thp k 90 ca th k trc vi cc cy thc phm nh la m, u tng, ng, c chua...

Trong khong thi gian 1996-2005 cy trng chuyn gen c trin khai trn mt din tch rt rng ln khong 900 000 km2, c ti 55% l Hoa K. n nm 2005 ti Brazil c 94 000km2 u tng chuyn gen c gieo trng. Theo thng k nm 2003 th cy trng chuyn gen ch yu c trin khai ti Hoa K (63%), Argentina (21%), Canada (6%), Brazil (4%), Trung Quc (4%), Nam Phi (1%).T nm 2000 c 13 nc thc hin vic trin khai cy trng chuyn gen. Ngoi cc nc ni trn cn c Australia, Bulgaria, Php, c, Mexico, Rumani, Ty Ban Nha v Uruguay.

c bit l ng (Bt corn) mang gen Bt (chng su hi) c gieo trng rt rng ri v thu c hiu qu kinh t cao hn r rt. Ngoi ra l u tng khng c vi thuc tr c glyphosate nn c nng dn rt nhiu cng sc tr c. Nm 2006 ti M 89% din tch trng u tng, 83% din tch trng bng v 61% din tch trng ng l c trng bi cc ging chuyn gen (GMO hay GMC-genetically modified cultures). Bng v ng GMC ngoi kh nng chng su hi cng cn c c thm c kh nng khng thuc tr c. T nm 1994 Cng ty Calgene (M) a ra th trng loi c chua chuyn gen Flavr Savr. Ma h 1996 st c chua chuyn gen Flavr Savr bt u c bn Chu u.

Chuyn gen khng su bnh

u tng khng thuc tr c c a vo th trng t 1996. Ging u tng ny c trng rng ri c cc nc nh Argentina, Brazil, Nam Phi, n v Trung Quc. Ng khng su hi cng nhanh chng c trng nhiu nc. Trong tng lai Chui chuyn gen c coi nh mt loi ni phn ng sinh hc (bioreactor) mang khng nguyn thay cho vaccine phng chng bnh vim gan B do HBV... Chuyn gen thay th vic tim vaccin cn thc hin thnh cng khoai ty v c chua.

u chuyn gen

Ni phn ng sinh hc (bioreactor) sn xut thay vaccine

Ngoi vic chuyn c vo cy trng gen khng su hi, gen khng thuc dit c ngi ta cn chuyn c c gen khng vi mt s bnh do virt, vi khun v nm gy ra cy trng. Bn cnh l vic chuyn gen chu lnh cho cc cy lng thc, thc phm trng cc nc n i, c bit l cho thuc l v khoai ty, vn l nhng cy t chu lnh Cng c nhng thnh cng trong vic chuyn gen khng hn v khng mn cho cy trng. cc nh nghin cu Vin Cng ngh khoa hc thc vt Thy S thnh cng trong vic to ra ging la vng cha phong ph beta-caroten (vitamin A) v ging la ny c Qu Rockefeller ti tr trin khai mt s nc ang pht trin. Vi ging la ny ngi ta hy vng se cu c nhiu ngi trong s 500 000 ngi b m la trn th gii hng nm.

Gn y mt s thc vt chuyn gen cn c dng thu ht kim loi nng trong t v lm gii ta tnh trng nhim mi trng bi kim loi nng. Ta thnh Vatican v mt s quc gia, mt s T chc bo v mi trng a ra nhiu l do phn i cy trng chuyn gen. C l do l cc phn hoa t cy chuyn gen Btdit su hi c th lm cht bm v mt s cn trng c ch. C l do l gen khng thuc dit c c th chuyn sang c lm gim hiu lc ca cc thuc tr c. Mt s kin li cho rng cy chuyn gen c th to nn cc d ng nguyn (allergen) mi gy nn hin tng d ng ngi. Mt s nh khoa hc khc lo ngi v tc hi lu di ca cy chuyn gen. Tuy c nhng phn ng gay gt t mt s quc gia Chu u v mt s t chc quc t nhng cha c chng minh no c xc nhn rng ri v din tch nui trng ng thc vt chuyn gen (GMO) vn ang ngy cng tng nhanh.

Ti H Ni c mt Hi tho khoa hc rt ng ch gia cc nh khoa hc M v Vit Nam v vn ny.Gio s Wayne Parrot - mt chuyn gia v t v cy trng ti i hc Georgia - nhn mnh tim nng ca thc vt chuyn gen, nht l ng cc v hoa qu. ng ni: "Vic thiu thng tin v thc vt chuyn gen gy ra nhng ni nghi ng v s hi cho ngi s dng. Thc t, cng ngh gen lm tng nng sut, dn ti s gim gi ng cc trn ton cu, khin t l suy dinh dng trong cng ng th gii ngy mt gim". Tip theo, GS. Parrot gii thiu mt s thnh tu mi nht ca cng ngh sinh hc, ng dng trn u nnh v ng chuyn gen M. Hai loi thc vt ny, sau khi c chuyn gen, c kh nng khng su bnh v cho nng sut cao hn hn.

Bn v cc vn lin quan n mi trng v v sinh an ton ca thc phm chuyn gen,Tin s Subhash Gupta, Cc kim tra sc khe ng thc vt thuc B Nng nghip M, cho bit: " M, sn phm cng ngh sinh hc phi tri qua cc cuc kho st k lng bi nhiu t chc trc khi c a ra s dng cho ngi hoc ng vt. V cc t chc ny c nhng kinh nghim cn thit, nn h c kh nng b sung, ti u ha v xut nhng quy nh mi cho thc phm chuyn gen". ng Gupta cng nhn mnh rng, quy trnh ny l rt cn thit v chng to nim tin cho ngi s dng sn phm cng ngh sinh hc.
Vit Nam t c mt s thnh tu ng ghi nhn v nghin cu gen, nh vic pht hin cc gen khng su v thuc dit c, cng cc gen ch th lin quan n kh nng chng bnh o n, bc l ca la, nhn gen, ch th phn t ADN, nghin cu di truyn min dch thc vt, sn xut vacxin cho gia sc, gia cm...Tuy nhin, cng ngh sinh hc ng dng trong nng nghip nc ta vn cn gp nhiu kh khn, nh thiu cc chuyn gia gii, b hn ch v u t, hn ch v cng ngh, v t chc, trin khai... Trong thi gian ti, Vit Nam s tp trung mi nhn vo nghin cu cng ngh gen, ch th phn t bn gen, h gen chc nng (funcional genomics), di truyn min dch, bnh hc phn t.

Vit Nam vn cha xy dng xong quy ch Qun l v an ton sinh hc v c l phi ti nm 2010 mi c th hon thnh (!). Vic thiu mt quy ch v an ton sinh hc, cng nh nhng vn v s hu tr tu, ro cn k thut i vi thng mi, nhn hiu sn phm... chnh l nguyn nhn khin sn phm cng ngh sinh hc ca Vit Nam cha nng cao nhanh chng c sn lng, cht lng v kh t chn vo th trng quc t. Thc ra th hu ht cc mu thc n chn nui trn th trng Vit Nam hin u cha sn phm bin i gen (nh ng v u tng) vi mt t l no , theo iu tra mi y ca B Nng nghip v PTNT. Phn ln chng c nhp chnh thc qua cc cng ty lin doanh vi nc ngoi, v cha c kim sot. T thng 8/2005, Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Quy ch qun l an ton sinh hc i vi sinh vt bin i gen, sn phm, hng ho c ngun gc t sinh vt bin i gen. Theo , cho php nghin cu, sn xut, kinh doanh sinh vt bin i gen hoc sn phm ca chng c cp giy chng nhn an ton, song trn nhn phi ghi r: "Sn phm c s dng cng ngh chuyn gen. Nhng n nay, do thiu vn bn hng dn thc hin nn quy ch trn vn cha thc s pht huy tc dng. Qua iu tra trn, B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn cng nhn nh, rt c th mt s thc phm ch bin t u tng, ng, ci du... ang c lu hnh trn th trng c cha sn phm bin i gen m ngoi nhn mc khng h ghi r. PGS L Trn Bnh, Vin trng Vin Cng ngh sinh hc c mt kin rt ng ch :"Vic pht trin thc phm bin i gen cng ging nh vic i my bay, bit r l s c ri ro l my bay c th gp tai nn, nhng chng ta khng th khng i m ch c cch chun b tt nht m bo cho chuyn bay an ton". Mt thi gian di, cc nc EU khng chu nhp thc phm chuyn gene ca M, nhng v sau

ny h ch yu cu thc phm chuyn gen phi c l lch chuyn gen r rng . T gia thp k 90 ca th k trc hn 60% sn phm lng thc, thc phm ch bin cc siu th M nh bnh pizza, khoai ty lt, xi-r ng, bt m, u tng, ci du, u l cc thc phm chuyn gen. V kin cho rng sinh vt bin i gen c th gy tc hi v lu di nh chuyn gen sang cc loi khc, gy bng pht dch, ngi n vo s b t bin... PGS L Trn Bnh cho rng: nhng kin nh vy xut pht t vic thiu hiu bit, v khng chng minh c tc hi ca chng. C ngi v ra vin cnh rng cc loi c di c th nhn c gen khng thuc ca la, tr thnh siu c v khng th dit ni. Thc t, hin tng t bin c, hay pht trin kh nng khng thuc l hon ton bnh thng, vn xy ra trong t nhin, ch khng ch ti khi c sinh vt bin i gen. Mt khc, i vi thc vt bc cao, vic gen ca cy ny "pht tn" sang cy kia ch c th xy ra thng qua th phn cho, v ch khi chng cng loi, hoc rt gn loi vi nhau. Trong lch s tin ha, cha bao gi cc loi xa nhau c th trn ln gen vo nhau c, nu chuyn xy ra th gi chng ta c loi k qui. Th gii hin c ti 50-60 triu ha cy trng bin i gen, m cha c trng hp no c ghi nhn l gy nh hng ti mi trng.
PGS L Trn Bnh khng nh vic a cc cy trng chuyn gen vo Vit Nam l chuyn ch c li m thi. ng cho bit: Vic nghin cu sn xut cc ging cy trng, vt nui chuyn gen thc s l mt c hi pht trin v l cng c mnh thc y nn kinh t. Ai ng ngoi cuc lc ny th s b mt c hi , ko t nc i chm li. Cng ngh chuyn gene nng cao nng sut cy trng, m bo an ninh lng thc, gim chi ph phng su bnh, to ra sn phm theo mun... Li ch ca n l rt ln. V d hin nay, vi cy bng thng, mt v cn n 16-17 ln phun thuc tr su. Trong khi vi cy su khng bng do ta to ra, th khng cn phun thuc khng su, m ch dng thuc khng bnh. Nh vy, gi thnh s r hn nhiu gi bng nhp khu. y vn khng cn l thch hay khng thch na, m l nu th trng Vit Nam khng chp nhn cy bng chuyn gene th mi mi chng ta s vn phi nhp 95-98% nguyn liu. Cng nh vy, cy u tng trung bnh cn phun thuc 6-7 ln/v. Hin nay, chng ta vn phi nhp mt lng ln nui gia sc. Nu c loi u tng chuyn gene khng su th s khng cn phi nhp khu na, v khi gi u tng trong nc rt r ri.

Ti ng tnh vi nhng kin c y c s khoa hc ny v mong mun Chnh ph sm ban hnh nhng vn bn chnh thc v Qun l an ton sinh hc i vi sinh vt chuyn gen (GMO) v thc phm chuyn gen (GMF) http://vietsciences.free.fr v http://vietsciences.org Nguyn Ln Dng