TRNG AI HOC A LAT

KY THUAT MOI TRNG

GIAO TRNH

TRAN KIM CNG

2005

Ky thuat moi trng

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MUC LUC
MUC LUC ............................................................................................................- 1 e ta ...................................................................................................................- 4 Chng 1 NHNG KHAI NIEM C BAN VE MOI TRNG VA BAO VE MOI TRNG .............................................................................................................- 5 1 MOI TRNG VA TAI NGUYEN ............................................................- 5 1- Moi trng ................................................................................................- 5 2 - Tai nguyen ...............................................................................................- 6 2 HE SINH THAI VA S PHAT TRIEN ......................................................- 6 1 - He sinh thai .............................................................................................- 6 2 - S phat trien cua he sinh thai va can bang sinh thai ................................- 8 3 - Nguon nang lng va cau truc dinh dng ..............................................- 9 3 NHNG VAN E BAO VE MOI TRNG ...........................................- 10 1 - Tac ong oi vi moi trng..................................................................- 10 2 - anh gia tac ong moi trng(TM) ....................................................- 12 4 CHIEN LC QUOC GIA va PHAP LUAT ...........................................- 12 1- Chien lc quoc gia ve bao ve moi trng va tai nguyen thien nhien ...- 12 2 - Chien lc bao ve moi trng va tai nguyen thien nhien Viet Nam .- 13 3 - Luat bao ve moi trng .........................................................................- 14 Chng 2 MOI TRNG KHONG KH............................................................- 15 1 KHAI QUAT CHUNG..............................................................................- 15 1- Lp kh quyen di thap .........................................................................- 15 2 - Lp kh quyen tren cao.........................................................................- 16 3 - Cau tao kh quyen theo chieu ng .......................................................- 16 4 - S khong ong nhat theo phng ngang cua kh quyen ........................- 17 2 CHE O NHIET CUA KHONG KH.....................................................- 18 1- S nong len va lanh i cua khong kh.....................................................- 18 2 - bien thien nhiet o cua khong kh ........................................................- 19 3 NHIET LC HOC KH QUYEN .............................................................- 19 1- Chuyen ong thang giang oan nhiet cua khong kh kho .....................- 19 2 - Chuyen ong thang giang oan nhiet cua khong kh am ......................- 20 3 S on nh trong chuyen ong oi lu ..................................................- 21 4 ONG LC HOC KH QUYEN .............................................................- 22 1 - Chuyen ong ngang cua kh quyen .......................................................- 22 2 - S dien bien cua gio ..............................................................................- 23 3 - Gio a phng ......................................................................................- 24 4 - Bao ........................................................................................................- 24 5 - o am khong kh ...................................................................................- 24 5 CAC CHAT GAY O NHIEM KHONG KH.............................................- 26 1 - Cac chat o nhiem s cap ........................................................................- 26 2 - Cac chat o nhiem th cap ......................................................................- 28 6 TAC ONG CUA KHONG KH .............................................................- 28 1 - Tac ong cua khong kh oi vi vat lieu ...............................................- 28 2 - Anh hng cua o nhiem khong kh en kh hau thi tiet .......................- 31 -

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Khoa Vat ly

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3 - Anh hng cua o nhiem khong kh en sc khoe con ngi va sinh vat- 32 7 HIEU NG NHA KNH ..........................................................................- 35 1 - Nguyen nhan va c che hieu ng nha knh............................................- 35 2 - Tac ong cua hieu ng nha knh..........................................................- 36 8 OZON VA TANG OZON ........................................................................- 37 1 - Ozon va s o nhiem ..............................................................................- 37 2 - Tac ong tch cc cua tang O3..............................................................- 37 3 - S Suy thoai tang Ozon .........................................................................- 38 9 CAC NGUON GAY O NHIEM KHONG KH ......................................- 38 1 - Nguon o nhiem do cong nghiep ............................................................- 39 2 - Nguon o nhiem do giao thong van tai ...................................................- 40 3 - Nguon o nhiem do sinh hoat .................................................................- 40 10 CAC GIAI PHAP PHONG CHONG O NHIEM VA LAM SACH MOI TRNG KHONG KH.................................................................................- 40 1 - Giai phap quy hoach..............................................................................- 40 2 - Giai phap cach ly ve sinh ......................................................................- 41 3 - Giai phap cong nghe ky thuat ................................................................- 41 4 - Giai phap ky thuat lam sach kh thai ....................................................- 42 5 - Giai phap sinh thai hoc ..........................................................................- 47 6 - Cac phng phap lam giam chat o nhiem khong kh t nguon ..............- 48 7 - Giai phap quan ly- luat bao ve moi trng khong kh ...........................- 49 11 TNH TOAN O NHIEM KHONG KH .................................................- 49 1 Anh hng cua cac yeu to kh tng en s phan bo bui va chat oc hai - 50 2 - Tnh toan nong o chat oc hai trong khong kh ...................................- 50 Chng 3 Moi trng nc .................................................................................- 53 1 Nguon nc va s o nhiem ........................................................................- 53 1 - Nguon nc va s phan bo t nhien ......................................................- 53 2 - S o nhiem nc ....................................................................................- 54 2 Qua trnh t lam sach cua nc..................................................................- 58 1- Qua trnh t lam sach cua nc mat .......................................................- 58 2- Qua trnh t lam sach cua nc ngam.....................................................- 61 3 Cac ch tieu anh gia chat lng nc .......................................................- 61 1 - Nhiet o .................................................................................................- 62 2 - Mau sac .................................................................................................- 62 3 - Chat ran l lng .....................................................................................- 62 4 - o uc ...................................................................................................- 63 5 - o cng .................................................................................................- 63 6 - o pH ....................................................................................................- 64 7- o axit va o kiem .................................................................................- 65 8 Cl ........................................................................................................- 65 9- SO42 ....................................................................................................- 66 10- NH3 ......................................................................................................- 66 11- NO3 va NO2.....................................................................................- 66 -

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12 - Phot phat ..............................................................................................- 66 13 - Nong o oxy hoa tan (DO) ..................................................................- 66 14 - Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa (BOD)...............................................................- 67 15 - Nhu cau oxy hoa hoc (COD) ...............................................................- 68 16 - Tieu chuan vi khuan hoc......................................................................- 68 4 cac bien phap ky thuat x ly nc ............................................................- 68 1- Cac bien phap bao ve chat lng nc ...................................................- 68 2 - X ly nc thai ......................................................................................- 71 3 - Cap nc tuan hoan va s dung lai nc thai trong x nghiep cong nghiep . 75 Chng 4 Moi trng at va s o nhiem ............................................................- 77 1 Khai quat chung........................................................................................- 77 1 - ac iem moi trng at .......................................................................- 77 2 - Nguon goc va cac tac nhan gay o nhiem moi trng at .......................- 78 2 CAC BIEN PHAP KY THUAT BAO VE MOI TRNG AT .............- 80 1- Chong xoi mon .......................................................................................- 80 2 - X ly phe thai ran do sinh hoat..............................................................- 81 3 - X ly phe thai ran cong nghiep .............................................................- 82 Chng 5 Cac loai o nhiem khac .....................................................................- 84 1 O NHIEM NHIET VA BIEN PHAP PHONG CHONG...........................- 84 1- Nguon goc va tac hai cua s o nhiem nhiet ............................................- 84 2 - Cac bien phap lam giam o nhiem nhiet .................................................- 84 2 O nhiem phong xa va bien phap phong chong........................................- 85 1- S phong xa va cac nguon gay o nhiem phong xa, tac hai cua phong xa . - 85 2 - Cac bien phap giam o nhiem phong xa .................................................- 85 3 O NHIEM TIENG ON VA BIEn PHAP PHONG CHONG .....................- 87 1- Khai niem ve am thanh va tieng on .......................................................- 87 2 - Cac nguon on trong i song va san xuat ..............................................- 89 3 - Tac hai cua tieng on ..............................................................................- 90 4 - Cac bien phap chong on ........................................................................- 90 5 - Kiem tra tieng on kiem soat o nhiem tieng on ......................................- 91 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO ...................................................................................- 92 -

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E TA
Giao trnh nay dung cho sinh vien Vat ly trng ai hoc a Lat. No co the dung lam tai lieu cho sinh vien cac nganh Moi trng, Sinh hoc, Hoa hoc, cung nh sinh vien cac trng ai hoc thuy li, ai hoc xay dng... va cac ban muon tm hieu them ve Ky thuat moi trng va Bao ve moi trng. Vi khuon kho so gi danh cho giao trnh, giao trnh ch e cap en nhng van e c ban nhat, chung nhat cua ky thuat moi trng va bao ve moi trng. Vi muc ch Hay cu lay hanh tinh xanh cua chung ta, hay bao ve Chiec noi - moi trng song cua chung ta, tac gia hy vong rang sau khi hoc xong hay oc qua giao trnh nay, moi ban sinh vien se y thc va ieu chnh c hanh vi cua mnh : li noi gia moi ngi, mot hi thuoc gia am ong, mot mau rac vo tnh tha xuong... V bien soan lan au, chac chan giao trnh con co nhieu phiem khuyet, rat mong s gop y cua cac ban sinh vien va ong nghiep. a Lat, thang 3/2001

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CHNG 1 NHNG KHAI NIEM C BAN VE MOI TRNG VA BAO VE MOI TRNG

1 MOI TRNG VA TAI NGUYEN

1- Moi trng
Tuy theo quan niem va muc ch nghien cu ve moi trng ma co nhieu nh ngha khac nhau. Tuy nhien co the neu mot nh ngha tong quat ve moi trng. Moi trng la mot tong the cac ieu kien cua the gii ben ngoai tac ong en s ton tai va phat trien cua moi s vat hien tng. Moi trng song o la tong hp cac ieu kien ben ngoai co anh hng en s song va phat trien cua cac sinh vat. Moi trng song cua con ngi la tong hp cac ieu kien vat ly, hoa hoc, sinh hoc, xa hoi co anh hng en s song va phat trien cua moi ca nhan va cong ong con ngi. Nh the moi trng song cua con ngi hieu theo ngha rong bao gon toan bo vu tru cua chung ta trong o co he mat tri va trai at la bo phan anh hng trc tiep en cuoc song cua con ngi. Moi trng thien nhien bao gom cac yeu to thien nhien : vat ly, hoa hoc va sinh hoc ton tai khach quan ngoai y muon con ngi. Moi trng nhan tao bao gom cac yeu to ly hoa sinh, xa hoi do con ngi tao nen va chu s chi phoi cua con ngi. Nhng s phan chia ve moi trng la e phuc vu s nghien cu va phan tch cac hien tng phc tap ve moi trng. trong thc te cac loai moi trng cung ton tai, an xen nhau, tng tac vi nhau rat chat che. Tom lai khai niem moi trng bao ham ngha rong, noi dung phong phu va a dang. v vay trong moi trng hp cu the phai phan biet ro rang. Ve mat vat ly trai at c chia lam 3 quyen : + Thach quyen (moi trng at) : la phan ran cua vo trai at co o sau khoang 60km bao gom cac khoang vat va at. + Thuy quyen (moi trng nc) : ch phan nc cua trai at bao gom cac ai dng, ao, ho, song, suoi, bang, tuyet, hi nc. + Kh quyen (moi trng khong kh) : bao gom tang khong kh bao quanh trai at. Ve mat sinh hoc tren trai at con co sinh quyen bao gom cac c the song va mot phan cua thach, thuy, kh quyen tao nen moi trng song cua sinh vat. Sinh quyen gom cac thanh phan hu sinh va vo sinh co quan he chat che va tng tac phc tap vi nhau. Khac vi cac quyen vat ly vo sinh, sinh quyen ngoai vat chat va nang lng con cha cac thong tin sinh hoc co tac dung duy tr cau truc va c che ton tai phat trien cua cac c the song ma dang phc tap va phat trien cao nhat la tr tue con ngi. Tr tue tac ong ngay mot manh me en s ton tai va phat trien cua trai at.

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Khoa Vat ly

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Ngay nay ngi ta a a vao khai niem tr quyen bao gom cac bo phan tren trai at trong o co tac ong cua tr tue con ngi, ni ang xay ra nhng bien ong rat ln ve moi trng ma ky thuat moi trng can nghien cu phan tch va e ra cac bien phap x ly e phong chong nhng tac ong xau. Cac thanh phan cua moi trng khong ton tai trang thai tnh ma luon van ong, thng dien ra theo chu trnh can bang t nhien. S can bang am bao s song tren trai at phat trien on nh. Neu cac chu trnh mat can bang th s co moi trng se xay ra anh hng en s ton tai va phat trien cua con ngi va sinh vat khu vc o hoac tham ch trong pham vi toan cau.

2 - Tai nguyen
Tai nguyen la tat ca moi dang vat chat hu dung cho con ngi va sinh vat, o la mot phan cua moi trng can thiet cho cuoc song; v du nh rng, nc, thc ong vat, khoang san, v.v. Tai nguyen c phan loai thanh tai nguyen thien nhien gan lien v cac nhan to thien nhien va tai nguyen con ngi gan lien vi cac nhan to con ngi va xa hoi. Trong s dung cu the tai nguyen thien nhien c phan theo dang vat chat cua no nh : tai nguyen (at, nc, bien, rng, kh hau, sinh hoc, ) Tai nguyen con ngi c phan thanh : tai nguyen (lao ong, thong tin, tr tue) * Trong khoa hoc tai nguyen c phan thanh 2 loai : - Tai nguyen tai tao c : la nhng tai nguyen c cung cap hau nh lien tuc va vo tan t vu tru vao trai at, no co the t duy tr hay t bo sung mot cach lien tuc; v du nh :nang lng mat tri, nc, gio, thuy trieu, tai nguyen sinh vat - Tai nguyen khong tai tao c : ton tai mot cach hu han, se b mat i hoac bien oi khong con gi c tnh chat ban au sau qua trnh s dung. V du : cac loai khoang san, nhien lieu hoa thach, thong tin di truyen cho the he sau b mai mot . *- Theo s ton tai ngi ta chia tai nguyen lam hai loai : - Tai nguyen de mat : no co the phuc hoi hoac khong phuc hoi c. Tai nguyen phuc hoi c la tai nguyen co the thay the hoac phuc hoi sau mot thi gian nao o vi ieu kien thch hp; v du nh cay trong, vat nuoi nguon nc v.v. Chu y rang co the co tai nguyen phuc hoi c nhng khong tai tao c ;v du nh : Rng nguyen sinh khi b con ngi khai thac pha huy co the phuc hoi c nhng khong tai tao c ay u cac giong loai ong thc vat quy hiem trc ay cua no. - Tai nguyen khong b mat nh : Tai nguyen (vu tru, kh hau, nc). Tuy nhien thanh phan, tnh chat cua nhng tai nguyen nay co the b bien oi di tac ong cua con ngi ; V du bc xa mat tri en trai at la khong oi, nhng do con ngi lam o nhiem khong kh ma lam cho nhiet o Trai at tang len, kh hau bien oi

2 HE SINH THAI VA S PHAT TRIEN

1 - He sinh thai
He sinh thai la mot n v khong gian hay n v cau truc trong o bao gom cac sinh vat song va cac chat vo sinh tac ong lan nhau tao ra mot s trao oi vat chat

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Khoa Vat ly

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gia cac bo phan sinh vat va cac thanh phan vo sinh. Noi cach khac he sinh thai la mot he thong tng tac cua mot cong ong sinh hoc va moi trng vo sinh. Sinh hoc la nganh khoa hoc nghien cu cac moi quan he gia cac sinh vat vi nhau va vi moi trng. *- He sinh thai hoan thien gom 4 thanh phan chnh sau : a - Cac chat vo sinh Bao gom cac chat vo c (C, N, CO2 , H2O, NaCl, O2 ) tham gia vao chu trnh tuan hoan vat chat cua sinh vat, cac chat huu c (protein, gluxid, lipid), che o kh hau ( nhiet o, anh sang, o am va cac yeu to vat ly khac). b - Cac sinh vat san xuat Bao gom thc vat va mot so vi khuan, chung co kha nang tong hp trc tiep cac hu c t cac chat vo c can thiet cho c the song nen con c goi la sinh vat t dng (cay xanh, tao, mot so vi khuan co kha nang quang hp hoac tong hp chat hu c ). Moi s song cua cac sinh vat khac eu phu thuoc vao kha nang san xuat cua cac sinh vat san xuat . c Cac sinh vat tieu thu Bao gom cac ong vat s dung trc tiep hay gian tiep cac chat hu c do thc vat san xuat ra, chung khong t san xuat ra chat hu c nen con c goi la sinh vat d dng. * Sinh vat tieu thu chia lam 3 loai : + Sinh vat tieu thu au tien (ong vat an thc vat). + Sinh vat tieu thu th hai (ong vat an tht). + Sinh vat tieu thu hon tap (ong vat va an thc vat va an tht). d Cac sinh vat phan huy Bao gom cac vi khuan va nam co kha nang phan huy cac hp chat hu c. S sinh dng cua cac sinh vat nay gan lien vi s phan ra cac chac hu c nen con c goi la sinh vat tieu hoa. Chung phan huy cac chat hu c phc tap trong xac chet cua sinh vat thanh nhng hp chat vo c n gian ma thc vat co the hap thu c. Sinh vat phan huy gi vai tro mat xch cuoi cung trong chu trnh song.

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Khoa Vat ly

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Quan he gia cac thanh phan chu yeu cua mot he c bieu dien theo s o sau :

Sinh vat san xuat

Cac chat vo sinh (moi trng ngoai) Sinh vat phan huy
Chu y rang cac sinh vat san xuat va tieu thu cung thc hien mot phan s phan huy trong qua trnh song cua chung nh ho hap, trao oi chat, Bai tiet. Nhng phan huy khong phai la chc nang chu yeu cua chung. Trong he sinh thai thng xuyen co vong tuan hoan vat chat i t moi trng vao c the cac sinh vat, t sinh vat nay sang sinh vat khac, roi lai t sinh vat ra moi trng. Vong tuan hoan nay goi la vong sinh a hoa. Co vo so vong tuan hoan vat chat. Dong nang lng xay ra ong thi vi vong tuan hoan vat chat trong he sinh thai. Nang lng cung cap cho moi hoat ong cua cac he sinh thai tren trai at la nguon nang lng mat tri . Khac vi vong tuan hoan vat chat la kn, vong nang lng la vong h, v qua moi mat xch cua chu trnh song nang lng lai phat tan i di dang nhiet. * He sinh thai co the phan chia theo qui mo : - He sinh thai nho (be nuoi ca, phong th nghiem, ) - He sinh thai va (mot th tran, mot ho nc, mot canh ong. ) - He sinh thai ln (ai dng, sa mac, thanh pho) * Phan chia theo ban chat hnh thanh : - He sinh thai t nhien ( ao, ho, rng ) - He sinh thai nhan tao ( o th, cong vien, canh ong, ) Tap hp cac he sinh thai tren trai at thanh he sinh thai khong lo chnh la sinh quyen.

Sinh vat tieu thu

2 - S phat trien cua he sinh thai va can bang sinh thai

Cac he sinh thai trai qua mot qua trnh phat trien co trat t, o la ket qua cua s bien oi moi trng vat ly do s song cua sinh vat gay nen. S phat trien cua he sinh thai co the thay qua nhieu v du : cong ong sinh hoc thay oi dan trong mot ho nc nhan tao sau mot thi gian, he sinh thai tren mot ao nui la hoat ong huy diet sau khi tat vai chuc nam, trong mot khu rng nhan tao, v.v . Trong t nhien, neu khong co s pha huy hay can thiep cua con ngi, hoa hoan, lu lut va cac hoat ong cua nui la th cac he sinh thai co khuynh hng phat trien cac

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Khoa Vat ly

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cong ong sinh hoc tng oi on nh vi sinh khoi ln nhat va s phong phu cua cac sinh vat tng ng vi cac ieu kien vat ly. Cac thanh phan cua he sinh thai luon b tac ong cua cac yeu to moi trng goi la cac yeu to sinh thai gom 3 loai : cac yeu to vo sinh, yeu to sinh vat va yeu to nhan tao. Cac yeu to vo sinh (kh hau) tao ieu kien song cho vi sinh vat va anh hng trc tiep hoac gian tiep en s ton tai va phat trien cua chung. Cac yeu to sinh vat la cac quan he tac ong qua lai gia cac sinh vat : Cong sinh, k sinh hay oi khang. Yeu to nhan tao la cac hoat ong cua con ngi giong nh mot yeu to a ly tac ong trc tiep en s ton tai va phat trien cua sinh vat. Can bang sinh thai la trang thai on nh trong o cac thanh phan sinh thai ieu kien can bang tng oi va cau truc toan he khong b thay oi : can bang gia cac sinh vat san xuat, tieu thu va phan huy, ton tai can bang gia cac loai co trong he. Cac he sinh thai t nhien co kha nang t ieu chnh trong mot pham vi nhat nh cua s thay oi cac yeu to sinh thai; o la trang thai can bang ong. Nh s t ieu chnh ma cac he sinh thai t nhien gi c s on nh khi chu s tac ong cua nhan to moi trng. S t ieu chnh cua he sinh thai la ket qua cua s t ieu chnh cua tng ca the, quan the hoac ca quan xa khi co s thay oi cua yeu to sinh thai. Cac yeu to sinh thai c chia lam 2 nhom : gii han va khong gii han. Cac yeu to sinh thai gii han v du nh nhiet o, lng oxy hoa tan trong nc; nong o muoi, thc an Cac yeu to sinh thai khong gii han v du nh anh sang, ia hnh. oi vi ong vat. Moi sinh vat hay moi quan the co mot gii han sinh thai nhat nh. Neu vt qua gii han nay he sinh thai mat kha nang t ieu chnh va co the dan en he sinh thai b pha huy. O nhiem la hien tng do hoat ong cua con ngi dan en s thay oi cac yeu to sinh thai ra ngoai gii han sinh thai cua cac sinh vat. e kiem soat o nhiem moi trng phai biet gii han sinh thai cua ca the, quan the va quan xa oi vi moi yeu to sinh thai. x ly o nhiem la a cac yeu to sinh thai tr ve gii han sinh thai cua ca the, quan the va quan xa. e x ly o nhiem can biet cau truc va chc nang cua he sinh thai va nguyen nhan lam cho cac yeu to sinh thai vt ra ngoai gii han; ay cung chnh la nhiem vu cua mon hoc ky thuat moi trng nham muc ch bao ve moi trng va s dung hp ly tai nguyen thien nhien.

3 - Nguon nang lng va cau truc dinh dng

Trong cac he sinh thai luon co s chuyen hoa nang lng, nhng s chuyen hoa nang lng nay khong theo chu trnh. Cac nguyen l nhiet ong hoc chi phoi phng thc va hieu suat s chuyen hoa nang lng; viec anh gia phng thc va chuyen hoa nang lng la van e quan trong cua sinh thai hoc. Nguon nang lng chu yeu cho sinh vat la mat tri. Khi nang lng mat tri i en tham thc vat, 56% b phan xa, 44% c cay xanh hap thu. Phan nang lng do cay xanh hap thu phu thuoc loai cay xanh va ieu kien moi trng. Phan nang lng anh sang do thc vat hap thu c tieu thu trong qua trnh ho hap va nhng qua trnh vat ly, ch co khoang 10% c dung trc tiep vao qua trnh quang hp. Nang suat sinh thai cua cay xanh nho hn 4% va thng trong khoang 1-2%.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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Chuoi chuyen hoa nang lng t thc vat qua mot loat cac sinh vat khac tao nen mot day chuyen thc an. Phan day chuyen thc an trong o mot nhom cac sinh vat s dung thc an theo cung mot cach goi la bac dinh dng. v du tat ca cac ong vat an co nh chau chau, trau, bo la cung mot bac dinh dng. S sap xep cac bac dinh dng trong mot he sinh thai goi la cau truc dinh dng. Cac he sinh thai thng co t 3 en 6 bac dinh dng, ngha la moi day chuyen thc an co t 3 en 6 cac sinh vat co cung mot kieu tiep nhan thc an. Do co ton that nang lng moi s chuyen hoa nen day chuyen thc an cang ngan th hieu suat s dung nang lng thc an cang cao. Cau truc dinh dng co xu hng phc tap dan t cac vung cc trai at en mien on i va xch ao. cac vung nay e mo ta cau truc dinh dng ngi ta dung khai niem li thc an thay cho day chuyen thc an. v du bien nam cc thng ch co day chuyen thc an ngan, co khi ch gom hai bac dinh dng nh thc vat troi noi ca voi. Trong khu rng on i co the ti 4050 loai chim dung hang tram loai con trung lam thc an, en khu rng nhiet i co ti hang tram loai chim dung hang ngan loai con trung lam thc an. Cac he sinh thai co cau truc n gian thng de b ton thng hn so vi cac he sinh thai co cau truc phc tap khi xay ra mot s thay oi sinh thai nao o. Do o he sinh thai phc tap co mot s an toan va tnh ben vng sinh thai hn cac he sinh thai n gian. Nh vay tnh on nh cua mot he sinh thai t le vi o phc tap trong cau truc dinh dng cua no. Mot trong nhng tac ong sinh thai chu yeu do con ngi gay ra lam cho he sinh thai b n gian hoa. V du trong nong nghiep a thay the hang tram loai cay co t nhien bang mot loai cay trong. Nh the, cac hoat ong cua con ngi nham phat trien kinh te - xa hoi phai han che en mc toi thieu nhng tac ong xau va phat huy nhng tac ong tch cc en he sinh thai mi co the co s phat trien ben vng.

3 NHNG VAN E BAO VE MOI TRNG

1 - Tac ong oi vi moi trng
Ngay t khi xuat hien con ngi a tac ong vao moi trng e song; song trong suot qua trnh lch s, nhng tac ong o la khong ang ke. Ch en khi hnh thanh khoa hoc ky thuat va cong nghe cung vi s phat trien cua no, con ngi mi tac ong ang ke vao moi trng va ngay cang manh me. en nay con ngi a lam chu toan bo hanh tinh, cac nhan to xa hoi va tien bo ky thuat, cong nghe a tac ong len moi trng lam cho hieu qua chon loc t nhien giam ti mc thap nhat, cac he sinh thai t nhien dan dan chuyen thanh he sinh thai nhan tao hoac b n gian hoa. Trai at - moi trng t nhien la nen tang cho s ton tai va phat trien cua con ngi, no cung cap moi nhu cau ve vat chat va nang lng. Vi s gia tang dan so va gia tang ve nhu cau vat chat va nang lng, con ngi sau khi s dung hoan tra lai moi trng di dang cac chat thai khong ngng tang len. Cung vi cac qua

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Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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trnh cong nghiep va o th hoa, nhng tac ong en moi trng neu khong kiem soat c se dan en tnh trang pha huy chnh moi trng song cua con ngi. Nhng hoat ong chnh lam o nhiem hoac gay tac oi vi moi trng co the chia lam 5 loai : a - Khai thac tai nguyen Tai nguyen thien nhien la mot yeu to cua qua trnh san xuat, la oi tng lao ong va c s vat chat cua san xuat. Cung vi s gia tang dan so va phat trien cua khoa hoc ky thuat, con ngi a khai thac tai nguyen vi cng o rat ln. Cac chu trnh vat chat t nhien b pha huy, nhieu he sinh thai t nhien b mat on nh, cau truc vat ly sinh quyen b thay oi. Viec khai thac rng qua mc dan en viec tan pha rng va thay oi cau truc tham thc vat tren trai at. Hau qua tiep theo la lam ham lng CO2 trong khong kh tang va O2 giam, nhiet o khong kh tang, xoi mon, lu lut, han han v.v Cac nganh cong nghiep khai khoang, khai mo a a mot lng ln cac chat phe thai oc hai t long at vao sinh quyen lam o nhiem tang nc mat va pha huy s can bang sinh thai trong moi trng nc, cau truc a tang va tham thc vat khu vc khai thac thay oi. Viec xay dng e ap lam ho cha nc cung co tac hai oi vi moi trng : can tr s di chuyen t nhien cua luong ca, thay oi o ben vng cua at, gay ngap lut va thay oi kh hau cuc bo vung ho cha. b - S dung hoa chat Con ngi trong hoat ong kinh te xa hoi a s dung mot lng ln cac hoa chat, s dung phan bon hoa hoc lam o nhiem at va nguon nc. Thuoc tr sau va diet co pha huy cay trong, xam nhap vao day chuyen thc an tac ong en nhieu sinh vat. Cac hoa chat s dung trong cong nghiep va cac nganh kinh te khac thai vao moi trng nhieu chat oc hai : Pb, Hg, phenol Nhng chat thai phong xa t cac trung tam cong nghiep va nghien cu khoa hoc, chat phong xa t cac vu no hat nhan hoac lan truyen trong khong kh, hoac tch tu lang xong mat at rat nguy hiem oi vi con ngi va sinh vat. c - S dung nhien lieu Trong hoac ong song con ngi s dung nhieu loai nhien lieu co truyen : than a, dau mo, kh ot, cui Viec ot cac loai nhien lieu lam nong trc tiep sinh quyen, thay oi kh hau cuc bo. ieu nguy hai la lam ham lng COx, SOx trong kh quyen tang dan en hieu ng nha knh lam tang nhiet o trai at, ma axt tac hai en sinh vat; lam o nhiem khong kh anh hng en sc khoe con ngi va sinh vat. d - Cong nghe nhan tao S tien bo khoa hoc ky thuat lam cho con ngi co kha nang khai thac thien nhien vi toc o ln. Viec ng dung thanh tu khoa hoc vao trong trot, chan nuoi a lam tang nhanh chu trnh vat chat dan en pha huy cau truc t nhien cua chu trnh, anh hng en thanh phan he sinh vat, thay oi chung loai va cau truc tham thc vat. Viec xa kh Freon trong cong nghiep lanh a gay hieu ng thung tang Ozon bao ve s song tren trai at. e - o th hoa

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Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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Cung vi s tang trng kinh te, the gii ang xay qua trnh o th hoa nhanh chong lam dien tch at canh tac va dien tch rng b thu hep, lam thay oi canh quan, a hnh gay hien tng xoi mon ngoai o, ngap lut trong thanh pho. Viec xay dng cac cong trnh va nha cao tang lam cho be mat at bien dang, cau truc at thay oi dan en s sut lun (v du Mexico lun 7,6m; Tokyo lun 3,4m). Moi trng o th b o nhiem : cac chat thai sinh hoat, chat thai cong nghiep lam o nhiem nghiem trong moi trng khong kh, at va nc, o nhiem tieng on, s tap trung dan so ln cung vi cac hoat ong cong nghiep, giao thong va cac hoat ong khac.

2 - anh gia tac ong moi trng(TM)

TM co vai tro rat quan trong trong viec to chc quan ly va bao ve moi trng. TM cua mot hoat ong phat trien kinh te - xa hoi la xac nh, phan tch va d bao nhng tac ong co li va co hai trc mat cung nh lau dai ma hoat ong o co the anh hng en thien nhien cung nh moi trng song cua con ngi. Cac hoat ong phat trien kinh te - xa hoi gom nhieu loai : Loai v mo tac ong en toan bo kinh te xa hoi Quoc gia, cua mot vung hoac mot nganh nh luat le chnh sach; chu trng chien lc, s o phan bo lc lng san xuat tren a ban ln. loai vi mo nh e an xay dng c ban, qui hoach phat trien kinh te, s o s dung tai nguyen a phng v.v. Muc ch cua TM la phan tch mot cach co can c khoa hoc nhng tac ong co li hoac co hai; t o e xuat cac phng an nham x ly hp ly cac mau thuan gia yeu cau phat trien kinh te xa hoi vi nhiem vu bao ve moi trng. TM con co muc ch gop them t lieu can thiet cho viec quyet nh hoat ong phat trien cac bao cao cua TM trong luan chng kinh te ky thuat moi trng giup cho c quan xet duyet d an hoat ong co u c s e la chon phng an toi u : TM la bien phap am bao cho viec thc hien cac muc tieu bao ve moi trng va phat trien ben vng dien ra hai hoa, can oi va gan bo.

4 CHIEN LC QUOC GIA va PHAP LUAT

VE BAO VE MOI TRNG va TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN

1- Chien lc quoc gia ve bao ve moi trng va tai nguyen thien nhien
Muc ch : Nham thoa man nhng nhu cau c ban ve vat chat va tinh than cho con ngi hien nay va cac the he mai sau, thong qua viec bao ve moi trng va quan ly mot cach khon kheo cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien cua quoc gia. Noi dung : Xay dng cac chu trng, chnh sach cac chng trnh va ke hoach hanh ong e bao ve moi trng va s dung hp ly cac tai nguyen thien nhien phu hp vi s phat trien kinh te cua at nc. Noi dung chien lc phai da tren viec phan

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Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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tch hien trang va d bao cac xu the dien bien, tren c s o e xuat phng hng bao ve va s dung hp ly tai nguyen moi trng. Nhiem vu : Duy tr cac qua trnh sinh thai chu yeu va cac he thong t nhien co y ngha quyet nh en i song con ngi. am bao s giau co cua at nc ve von gen cac loai cay trong va cac loai ong vat hoang dai co lien quan en li ch lau dai cua at nc va cua nhan loai. am bao viec s dung hp ly cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien, ieu khien viec s dung trong gii han co the phuc hoi c, am bao chat lng moi trng phu hp vi yeu cau ve i song va sc khoe con ngi. am bao viec on nh dan so mc can bang vi kha nang s dung hp ly cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien.

2 - Chien lc bao ve moi trng va tai nguyen thien nhien Viet Nam
Do tnh chien tranh keo dai, nhieu vung nc ta b tan pha. Trong na the ky qua dan so nc ta tang hn hai lan (gan 80 trieu vi mat o khoang 170 ngi/km2). Viec s dung at ai khong hp ly, nan chat pha rng v.v a lam cho at xoi mon, gay lu lut va han han nghiem trong. Viet nam la nc ang phat trien, nhu cau ve tai nguyen rat ln. Cung vi s phat trien kinh te, moi trng song nhieu vung a va se b o nhiem. Cac he sinh thai co nguy c b suy thoai. Chien lc quoc gia ve bao ve moi trng va tai nguyen thien nhien cua Viet Nam phai nham giai quyet c nhng van e c ban neu tren. Chien lc e ra phng hng s dung toi u cac tai nguyen cua at nc; vach ra nhng nguyen tac va muc tieu thc hien. Nhiem vu u tien hang au la on nh dan so. at ra chng trnh phuc hoi rng, phu xanh at trong oi troc. Ch ra nhng hoat ong e thu c li ch ln nhat t cac nguon tai nguyen, cai thien moi trng song ngay cang tot ep. oi vi cac tai nguyen tai tao c phai tao c san lng on nh toi a ma khong lam can kiet, bang cach han che va on nh nhu cau trong gii han toi a bang cach on nh dan so. oi vi cac tai nguyen khong tai tao c phai c s dung hp ly cho s phat trien tng lai ma khong c s dung phung ph v s tang dan so hoac tang mc song. e thc hien c nhiem vu chien lc nha nc phai da vao dan e ho phuc hoi va duy tr moi trng song cua chnh ho. muon vay phai nang cao nhan thc ve moi trng cua moi ngi dan thong qua moi hnh thc tuyen truyen, van ong giao duc, phong trao, to chc xa hoi v.v ay la nhiem vu lau dai, song sau moi khoang thi gian nhat nh, chien lc cung phai c ieu chnh va bo xung thch hp. Do ac iem ve a ly, nhieu van e trong chien lc cua nc ta co lien quan mat thiet en cac nc lang gieng. Do o nha nc can tang cng moi quan he quoc te ve van e moi trng nhat la viec quan ly cac tai nguyen nh cac song chnh xuat phat t ben ngoai nc ta. Bao ve moi trng la van e toan cau, v vay moi hoat ong ve moi trng phai co s phoi hp quoc te rong rai.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

3 - Luat bao ve moi trng

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Phap luat cua mot quoc gia ve bao ve moi trng va tai nguyen thien nhien la mot he thong cac quy nh phap ly ve s dung, bao ve, khoi phuc cai thien cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien, tao moi trng thuan li cho s song va phat trien con ngi. tuy theo ieu kien va ac iem ve chnh tr, kinh te, xa hoi, a l va lch s ma phap luat ve bao ve moi trng moi nc mot khac; song eu co nhng ac iem chung sau : - The hien s chu trong cua nha nc oi vi van e tai nguyen va moi trng. - Xac nh trach nhiem va quyen han phap che ve tai nguyen moi trng moi cap quan ly nha nc. - Phoi hp phap che bao ve moi trng vi phap che quan ly cac nganh san xuat. - Ket hp phong tranh, ngan nga thiet hai ve tai nguyen moi trng va khac phuc hau qua a xay ra; cai thien chat lng moi trng va tai nguyen, phuc vu li ch lau dai cua con ngi. Nhng nguyen tac phap che ve tai nguyen moi trng thng c the hien trong hien phap. Cac nguyen tac hien phap la c s e xac nh noi dung va phng hng cua he thong luat cac cap t trung ng en a phng. Luat bao ve moi trng cua nc ta c xay dng tren c s hien phap, c Quoc hoi thong qua ngay 27 thang 12 nam 1993 va co hieu lc t ngay 10 thang 01 nam 1994 gom li noi au, 7 chng va 55 ieu. Luat khang nh quyen con ngi c song trong moi trng trong lanh, xac nh nhiem vu bao ve moi cua nha nc, xem o la chc nang c ban va thng xuyen cua nha nc, xac nh trach nhiem cua moi to chc va ca nhan trong viec bao ve moi trng va tai nguyen thien nhien.

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Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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CHNG 2 MOI TRNG KHONG KH

1 KHAI QUAT CHUNG

1- Lp kh quyen di thap
a- Thanh phan kh Kh quyen la mot lp hon hp kh : N2 , O2 , Ar , CO2 , Ne , He , Kr , H2, O3 , hi nc v.v. Tuy nhien chu yeu la N2 , O2 , O3 , CO2 va H2O . Chung c phan bo trong kh quyen nh sau : - Nit chiem 78,09% nhieu nhat trong kh quyen, no c sinh ra di tac dung cua cac vi sinh vat re cay ho au, no de tr thanh hp chat c thc vat hap thu. - Oxy chiem 20,94% ong vai tro chu yeu trong cac phan ng hoa hoc trong kh quyen. No khong the thieu c trong s ho hap cua ong - thc vat, no la san pham cua tac dung quang hp cua thc vat. - CO2 chiem 0,032% c sinh ra do qua trnh ot chay cac chat hu c. No rat can thiet cho i song hu c. O3 co rat t tang thap kh quyen, ch sinh ra khi co sam set. o cao 20 30 km th hnh thanh mot tang day, no c hnh thanh t cac san pham cha oxy nh : SO2, NO2, Andehyt khi hap thu bc xa t ngoai : NO2 T ngoai NO + O ; O2 + O O3 Qua trnh ngc lai la s phan huy Ozon : O3 + NO NO2 + O2 S sinh huy Ozon co lien quan en viec ngan can bc xa t ngoai len mat at va nhiet o tang kh quyen tren cao. - Hi nc : Ni am en 4%, ni kho ch 0,01%. Lng hi nc trong kh quyen t nhng co vai tro rat quan trong trong viec bien oi thi tiet va qua trnh tuan hoan cua nc trong t nhien. b - Bui, nc va cac vat the ran Ngoai cac chat kh, trong kh quyen con co cac hat vat chat khac the long hoac ran co kch thc nho t 6.10- 8mm en 0,1mm nh bui, khoi, phan hoa, vi khuan Bui c gio cuon t mat at len, do nui la phun ra va do nham thach phong hoa sinh ra. Ngoai ra no con c tao ra t sao bang. Nhng hat nc, hat bang, hat bui nho bay l lng trong khong kh tao thanh may va sng mu. Chung anh hng en tam nhn xa nhng gi vai tro quan trong trong viec ngng ket cua hi nc trong kh quyen. Ngoai ra trong kh quyen con co cac hat ngng ket, ngng hoa, ien t, ion chung co tac dung hut am manh tao ieu kien cho hi nc ngng ket mac du hi nc trong kh quyen cha at bao hoa. Khoi trong kh quyen do viec ot nhien lieu bang phng phap co truyen sinh ra, do chay rng Khoi la cac hat vat chat rat nho chung lam van uc kh quyen va anh hng en tam nhn xa.

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Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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Nh vay, kh quyen hau nh trong suot nhng no la mot dung dch, trong o khong kh sach la dung moi, con cac loai hat khac la chat hoa tan.

2 - Lp kh quyen tren cao

Neu ch co hien tng khuech tan th tren cao ch co cac chat kh nhe nh Hyro, Heli Nhng kh quyen con co s oi lu theo chieu thang ng ma tren cao thanh phan chu yeu cua no van la Oxy va Nit. Ngc lai theo s phan tch pho cc quang th nhng lp rat cao cua kh quyen hau nh khong co s ton tai cua Hyro va Heli. T o cao 35km tr len, s oi lu giam va s khuech tan tang.

3 - Cau tao kh quyen theo chieu ng

Da vao cac ai lng vat ly ac trng, ngi ta chia kh quyen thanh 4 tang sau : a - Tang oi lu La tang thap nhat t mat at en o cao khoang 10km. o cao giam theo v o va thay oi t 7km en 18km. Khong kh tang nay luon chuyen ong theo ca chieu ngang lan chieu ng vi nhng khoi kh khong ong nhat do anh hng trc tiep cua bc xa mat at, nhiet o thay oi ln, lng hi nc nhieu. Cac hien tng thi tiet nh may, ma, giong, bao eu xay ra tang nay. Mat o khong kh tang nay ln, chiem 3/4 khoi lng toan bo kh quyen. ac iem cua tang nay la nhiet o giam theo o cao, trung bnh len cao 100m nhiet o giam xuong 0,60C, nh tang oi lu nhiet o co the thap ti 600C. * - Tang oi lu c chia lam 5 lp t ay en nh : + Lp ay (hay lp sat at) : t mat at en o cao 2m. bien thien nhiet o lp nay rat ln do anh hng bc xa mat at, chenh lech gia ay va nh co the ti 20C. ban ngay nhiet o ay ln, ban em ngc lai. + Lp di (hay lp ma sat) : la lp tiep theo len en o cao 12km. Chuyen ong cua khong kh lp nay chu anh hng ln cua ma sat va vat can tr tren mat at cung vi anh hng ln cua bc xa nhiet mat at ma lp nay thng sinh ra nhng xoay kh ln, nhieu ong va oi lu manh. lp nay nhiet o giam theo o cao, hi nc nhieu, may va sng mu day ac. o cao cua lp nay thay oi theo gi, mua va a phng : ban ngay cao hn ban em, mua he cao hn mua ong. + Lp gia : lp tiep theo en o cao 6km : anh hng cua mat at ch con la nhieu ong nhiet. S chuyen ong cua khong kh trong lp nay co lien quan en s chuyen ong cua khong kh trong ca tang oi lu, cho nen viec d bao thi tiet la nghien cu lp nay. + Lp tren : la lp trung gian gia lp gia va lp nh, nhiet o khong kh thng thap di 0oC. chuyen ong cua khong kh t chu anh hng cua mat at. May lp nay chu yeu la cac tinh the bang va mot lng nho hi nc cham ong, lng hi nc lp nay t, toc o gio ln. + Lp nh : la lp tren cung, nhiet o t giam theo o cao, co khi hnh thanh lp ang nhiet hoac nghch nhiet (nhiet o tang theo o cao). o cao lp nh giam

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Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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theo v o. Hi nc lp nay rat t, toc o khong kh t, co nhng dong kh chay xiet vi toc o hang tram km/h. b - Tang bnh lu o cao t 2080km, lng nc rat t, may do cac tinh the bang tao thanh. tang nay thng xuyen co s hnh thanh va phan giai O3 di tac dung tia t ngoai va anh sang Mat tri nen nhiet o thng xuyen thay oi. Phan bo O3 phu thuoc v o va mua. xch ao do bc xa tren cao manh, qua trnh can bang xay ra nhanh nen lng O3 t, vung cc th ngc lai. Mua xuan lng O3 nhieu nhat va mua thu t nhat. Lng O3 con phu thuoc thi tiet (gio xoay) tang bnh lu. c - Tang ien ly (ion) Tiep theo tang bnh lu en o cao 800km khong kh rat loang. Di tac dung cua bc xa Mat tri va tia vu tru cac phan t kh quyen b phan ly thanh cac ion. Ban ngay kh b ion hoa nhieu hn ban em. Khi ion hoa co s tang nhiet nen nhiet o tang nay rat cao. Nhiet o cua tang tang nhanh theo o cao t ay len en nh nhiet o tang t 80oC len en 1000oC. Tang ien ly dan ien manh, phan xa manh song vo tuyen nhat la song dai. d - Tang khuech tan La tang tren cung t o cao 800km tr len, la tang chuyen tiep gia kh quyen va khong gian vu tru. Nhiet o tang nay rat cao, phan t kh chuyen ong rat nhanh lai chu sc hut Trai at t, do o cac phan t kh khong ngng khuech tan vao khong gian vu tru. Nhng do mat o kh tang nay rat thap nen so phan t kh b mat khong nhieu. lng kh mat i c bu lai do nui la tren Trai at hoat ong phong ra chat kh. Do o lng kh quyen hau nh khong thay oi.

4 - S khong ong nhat theo phng ngang cua kh quyen

The hien chu yeu tang oi lu, no tao thanh cac vung co the tch kh rieng biet rat ln tng oi ong nhat ve tnh chat theo phng ngang goi la khong kh hay kh oan. Tnh chat cua khoi kh ac trng bang nhiet o va o am. Nhiet o cang cao o am tuyet oi cang ln va mat o kh cang nho. Trong tang oi lu, khong kh chu anh hng cua mat at nen tnh chat cua khoi kh phu thuoc vao khu vc hnh thanh va tnh chat vung mat at no i qua (goi la mat em). Do a hnh mat at co s phan bo cua bien va luc a nen hnh thanh nhieu loai khoi khong kh. Co 3 cach phan loai khoi khong kh : * - Phan loai theo a ly : Khoi khong kh Bac bang dng. Khoi khong kh on i hay cc i. Khoi khong kh nhiet i. Khoi khong kh xch ao. * - Phan loai theo ac tnh mat em : Khoi khong kh bien : o am ln. Khoi khong kh luc a : kho, he nong, ong lanh.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

* - Phan loai theo tnh chat nhiet so vi cac khoi kh xung quanh : Khoi khong kh nong. Khoi khong kh lanh.

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2 CHE O NHIET CUA KHONG KH

1- S nong len va lanh i cua khong kh
Khong kh b nong len do hap thu trc tiep nang lng Mat tri la nho, nhng do hat thu nhiet cua mat at la chu yeu. Ban ngay mat at c ot nong nen truyen nhiet cho khong kh, ban em mat at mat nhiet nen lanh hn khong kh, do o khong kh lai truyen nhiet cho mat at nen lanh i. Qua trnh nong len va lanh i, cung nh s truyen nhiet trong khong kh rat phc tap. S truyen nhiet t at vao khong kh theo nhieu cach khac nhau. a Dan nhiet phan t Khong kh dan nhiet kem. Phng thc dan nhiet phan t lam lp khong kh sat at nong len. S dan nhiet theo phng thc nay gi vai tro rat nho theo phng trnh :

Q1 = dT dz

dT dz

(1)

Vi : Q1 la thong lng nhiet. la he so dan nhiet phan t cua khoi kh (= 5.10 - 5). Gradien nhiet o theo phng ng. b - Phat xa Mat at hat thu nang lng bc xa Mat tri, sau o phat xa song dai vao lp khong kh sat at, lp nay lai phat xa lam nong cac lp tren va qua trnh c nh vay tiep tuc. Phng thc phat xa theo phng trnh :

Q2 = i

dT dz

(2)

Vi : Q2 la thong lng nhiet. i= 0,2 La he so dan nhiet bc xa cua khong kh. Tac dung lam nong khong kh bang phng thc nay cung nho. c - oi lu nhiet ay la nhan to chu yeu trong s truyen nhiet t at vao khong kh. Qua trnh xay ra do chuyen ong cua nhng the tch khong kh rieng biet theo chieu thang ng c quyet nh bi lp khong kh sat at nong len manh. oi lu nhiet co the la chuyen ong khong trat t, co the la nhng dong. Nhng the tch khong kh rieng biet va nhng xoay kh theo phng ng, hoac mot luong kh ln, manh co trat t hng t di len tren cao vi toc o co the hn 10m/s. Do a hnh mat at khong ong nhat ma khong kh nong len khong eu va do o s oi lu nhiet cung khong ong eu.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 19 -

S oi lu nhiet thng xay ra ban ngay luc a va ban em bien. d - Loan lu La s chuyen ong hon loan cua nhng khoi kh rieng biet trong dong khong kh ln, no xay ra do moi trng co o linh ong cao. Khi khong kh di chuyen tren be mat at khong bang phang nen co ma sat ln ma suat hien nhng xoay nho co kch thc khac nhau, nhng xoay nay va boc len va chuyen ong theo phng ngang theo luong gio ngang. Do chuyen ong loan lu ma co s xao tron khong kh va truyen nhiet theo phng ng. Phng thc nay con goi la giao lu nhiet, no tuan theo phng trnh

Q 3 = AC

dT dz

Vi : A la he so giao lu nhiet. C la t nhiet cua khong kh. AC 23,7 S loan lu cung ong vai tro chu yeu trong viec truyen nhiet t at vao kh quyen. e - Truyen nhiet dang tiem nhiet boc hi Qua trnh boc hi, ong ket hi nc cung gi vai tro quan trong trong s truyen nhiet t at vao khong kh. Theo tnh toan c mot gam nc ngng tu trong kh quyen se toa ra mot nhiet lng 600 calo.

(3)

2 - bien thien nhiet o cua khong kh

Mat at la nguon khong kh cung cap nang lng chu yeu cho khong kh. Do o nhiet o khong kh lp gan mat at la bien thien nhieu nhat, cang len cao anh hng cang t va do o bien thien cang nho. Nhiet o cua khong kh at cc ai vao khoang 23 gi chieu va cc tieu trc luc bnh minh. S bien thien ngay cua nhiet o khong kh phu thuoc vao cac yeu to nh : + V o : vung nhiet i co bien o khoang 12oC, vung on i khoang 8o -9o C, vung cc i khoang 3o4o C.

3 NHIET LC HOC KH QUYEN

1- Chuyen ong thang giang oan nhiet cua khong kh kho
Khoi khong kh cha bao hoa hi nc goi la khong kh kho. Khoi khong kh kho chuyen ong thang giang goi la qua trnh nhiet kho. Xet mot khoi kh kho thang oan nhiet t mat at. Do ap suat kh giam theo o cao nen khi thang khoi kh se gian n va sinh cong, do o noi nang khoi kh giam va nhiet o se giam. Ngc lai khi khoi kh kho giang, moi trng ngoai se nen dan khoi kh lai, noi nang cua khoi kh tang va nhiet o cua no tang. Qua trnh oan nhiet kho cua khoi kh tuan theo phng trnh :

dT A g k = = dz C p

(4)
Khoa Vat ly

Tran Kim Cng

Ky thuat moi trng

- 20 -

K la Gradien oan nhiet kho, n v la o/100m. A ng lng nhiet cua cong. CP la nhiet dung ang ap cua khong kh (CP = 0,238Cal/o). g la gia toc trong trng. => K = 0,98o/100m 1o/100m. Nh vay, trong qua trnh oan nhiet kho c len cao hoac xuong thap 100m th nhiet o giam hoac tang mot o. Quy c tai mat at z = 0, (4) co the viet dang : (5) (5) cho phep xac nh nhiet o T2 cua khoi kh o cao z theo nhiet o khoi kh mat at T1 trong qua trnh oan nhiet kho.

T2 T1 =

Z 100

2 - Chuyen ong thang giang oan nhiet cua khong kh am

Khong kh at trang thai bao hoa hi nc goi la khong kh am. Do s boc hi nc tren mat a cau la lien tuc nen lng hi nc trong khong kh tang len lien tuc va nhanh chong at bao hoa. Qua trnh chuyen ong thang giang oan nhiet cua khong kh am goi la qua trnh oan nhiet am. a - Mc ngng ket Qua trnh oan nhiet kho lam cho khi len cao nhiet o khoi kh giam, do o o am tng oi se tang va en o cao nao o hi nc se at bao hoa. Neu khoi kh tiep tuc len cao, khi nhiet o khoi kh ha thap hn iem sng th s ngng ket hi nc xay ra. o cao ma hi nc cha trong khoi kh ang thang at bao hoa goi la mc ngng ket. Nhiet o cua khoi kh bat au xay ra hien tng ngng ket hi nc goi la nhiet o am sng. Ky hieu z la o cao, la iem sng mat at, z la iem sng o cao z, ta co : z = 0,0018z (6) Tai mc ngng ket, nhiet o khoi kh bang nhiet o iem sng, nen t (5) ta co : Tz = z hay T z/100 = 0,0018z => z =122(T ) (7) (7) cho phep ta tnh o cao ngng ket neu biet nhiet o T va iem sng mat at. Biet o am tng oi R co the xac nh o cao ngng ket theo cong thc Ippolitop : z = 22(100 R) (8) Neu biet ap suat P va nhiet o khong kh T tai mat at th mc ngng ket c xac nh theo cong thc Laplace trong tnh hoc kh quyen :

z = 18400(1 + T) lg = 1 273

P0 P

(9)

Vi : , Po la ap suat khong kh tai zo = 0 (mc nc bien). b - Gradien oan nhiet am

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 21 -

Khi thang oan nhiet, nhiet o khoi kh giam dan cho ti mc ngng ket hi nc bat au ngng ket. hi nc ngng ket se toa nhiet lam nhiet o khoi kh tang. Do o Gradien oan nhiet am nho hn Gradien oan nhiet kho. Theo kh tng hoc : K hieu : a la Gradien oan nhiet am. L la tiem nhiet boc hi : L = 0,65T + 597. S la lng am rieng.

=> a = k +

L ds C P dz

(10)

ds <0 Khi len cao do ngng ket ma lng hi nc trong khoi kh giam tc dz nen a < K . Do S phu thuoc nhiet o va ap suat khong kh nen a cung thay oi theo ap suat va nhiet o cua khong kh nen a # const. Qua nghien cu ta thay : a cua khong kh co ap suat cao > a cua khong kh co ap suat thap. a cua khong kh co nhiet o cao < a cua khong kh co nhiet o thap.

3 S on nh trong chuyen ong oi lu

Trong kh quyen thng co chuyen ong oi lu va loan lu cua khong kh do nhieu nguyen nhan. Cac chuyen ong nay anh hng en s phan bo nhiet o cac o cao khac nhau. ay la yeu to c ban dan en nguyen nhan ong lc va nhiet lc gay chuyen ong thang giang cua khong kh. Di tac dung ngoai lc, mot khoi khong kh chuyen ong len cao goi la chuyen ong oi lu. Trang thai nay la bat on nh. Ngc lai khoi khong kh khong co chuyen ong oi lu la khoi khong kh on nh. Cng o chuyen ong oi lu phu thuoc s can bang nhiet o theo phng ng hay tang ket nhiet cua kh quyen. Tang ket nhiet c ac trng bang s phan bo nhiet o theo chieu ng trong kh quyen. S can bang theo phng ng co the on nh phiem nh hoac bat on nh, chung co the xay ra ong thi trong khi quyen. S can bang on nh cua mot lp kh la trang thai kh khoi kh b tac dung ngoai lc theo phng ng th trong khoi kh xuat hien noi lc lam can tr tac dung o va ay khoi kh ve v tr ban au. S can bang phiem nh cua mot lp kh la khi no chuyen ong theo phng ng khong xuat hien nhng lc tac dung nang cao hay ha thap khoi kh. ay la mot dang cua trang thai on nh. S can bang khong on nh cua mot lp kh la trang thai kh vi bat ky chuyen dch cng bc nao cua khoi kh, trong khoi kh se phat sinh nhng lc lam tiep tuc s dch chuyen theo hng o. Khoi kh khi o se chuyen ong co gia toc :

a=g

(T' T) T

(11)

Vi T la nhiet o khoi kh. T la nhiet o moi trng (khoi khong kh bao quanh).

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 22 -

Neu T > T => a > 0 khoi kh se i len. o la trang thai khong on nh. Neu T= T => a = 0 ; ch can tac ong nho (cung cap nhiet lng chang han cho khoi kh) no co the sinh ra chuyen ong thang hoac giang. ay la trang thai phiem nh. Neu T < T => a < 0 khoi khong kh co xu hng chuyen ong giang nhng pha di khong kh co ap suat va mat o ln hn se ay no tr lai. Khoi kh trang thai on nh. Nh vay gia toc cua khoi kh ac trng cho trang thai on nh cua khoi kh di tac ong cua nguyen nhan nhiet lc gay ra.

4 ONG LC HOC KH QUYEN

1 - Chuyen ong ngang cua kh quyen
Chuyen ong theo phng ngang cua kh quyen lien quan manh en s trao oi nhiet va hi nc gia cac khu vc tren a cau. Do s phan bo nhiet theo phng ngang khong eu nen kh ap cung phan bo khong eu dan en viec chuyen dch khong kh t ni ap suat cao en ni co ap suat thap. Co 4 lc gay ra chuyen ong ngang : a - Lc Gradien kh ap Gradien kh ap theo phng ngang la o giam kh ap tren mat phang ngang. Lc Gradien kh ap FG tac dung len mot n v khoi lng kh c xac nh bi :

(12) Vi la mat o kh; P/ n = Gradien ap suat theo phng n. Di tac dung cua FG, khoi kh chuyen ong theo phng Gradien kh ap. b - Lc Coriolis (lc lech hng a chuyen) Do chuyen ong quay cua Trai at ma khoi kh khoi lng m chuyen ong vi van r toc v se chu tac dung mot lc Coriolis :

FG =

1 P n

Ve o ln : FC = 2mvsin (14) xch ao = 0 => fC = 0, cc = 90o => FC = max. Lc Coriolis co phng vuong goc vi hng chuyen ong cua khoi kh nen khong lam thay oi van toc khoi kh ma ch lam thay oi hng chuyen ong cua khoi kh. c - Lc ma sat Co hai loai lc ma sat : ngoai lc ma sat va noi lc ma sat, chung eu co tac dung lam can tr chuyen ong cua khoi kh. Ma sat ngoai la do ma sat cua a hnh mat at ngan can chuyen ong cua khoi kh. r Goi v la toc o ngang cua gio, k la he so ma sat, ta co lc ma sat :

r r r FG = 2m[v, ] (13) r Vi la van toc quay cua Trai at.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 23 -

(15) Tuy theo ac iem mat em ma k thay oi trong khoang 1,2.10-4 en 0,2.104 N.s/m. Tren mat bien k nho hn tren at lien khoang 4 lan. Do ngoai ma sat ma cac phan t kh lp sat at chuyen ong b ham cham lai, nh noi ma sat s ham cham c truyen len cac lp kh pha tren. S loan lu lam tang cng s trao oi ong nang gia cac lp kh. Ket qua la cac lp kh pha tren chuyen ong nhanh hn b cham lai, lp kh pha di chuyen ong nhanh len. Nh the mc o loan lu anh hng rat ln en o ln cua lc ma sat trong kh quyen. Dang ma sat qui nh bi s loan lu la ma sat loan lu, ve o ln gap hang van lan lc noi ma sat trong khong kh. Thc nghiem chng to tac dung cua ngoai ma sat va noi ma sat mat at khong ngc hng chuyen ong cua khoi kh ma lech ve pha trai mot goc khoang 350. d - Lc ly tam Goi r la ban knh cong cua quy ao phan t kh, v la van toc cua phan t kh, ta co lc ly tam tac dung len phan t kh : (16) Thng th FL co gia tr nho. Tuy nhien oi vi nhng xoay kh co toc o ln va ban knh cong nho th FL > FG. Nhng xoay kh nh the thng xuat hien vao nhng ngay nong nc trong khoi kh bat on nh.

r r Fm = kv

FL =

v2 r

2 - S dien bien cua gio

a- Bien thien cua gio trong lp ma sat gan mat at, do tac dung cua ngoai lc ma sat lam toc o gio giam i. luc a bnh quan toc o gio bang 40% va mat bien bang 70% toc o gio a chuyen. Hng gio gan mat at thng lech ve ben phai hng Gradien kh ap mot goc khoang 600. Cang len cao anh hng cua ma sat giam, toc o gio luc au tang nhanh, sau o tang cham dan. Thc nghiem va tnh toan cho thay lp kh gan mat at, toc o gio tang gan ty le vi Logarit o cao. o cao ma anh hng cua lc ma sat tac dung goi la mc ma sat, khoang t mat em en mc ma sat goi la lp ma sat, o day cua no phu thuoc tang ket va trang thai cua kh quyen. Bien thien gio theo o cao con phu thuoc mc o loan lu trong kh quyen, phu thuoc o ln cua no; khi toc o gio ln, anh hng cua ma sat vi mat at ln hn khi toc o gio nho nen toc o gio bien thien ln va ngc lai. b - Bien thien cua gio theo thi gian - Bien thien theo gi trong ngay : quan sat cho thay gio cc tieu vao gan sang va cc ai vao khoang 13 - 14 gi. Bien thien gio ban ngay nhieu hn ban em. lp khong kh cao hn khoang 100m ve mua he va 50m ve mua ong th bien thien cua gio ngc lai vi qui luat tren. Nhng bien oi cua gio nh tren co the giai thch bang s oi lu va loan lu cua khong kh. Nhng bien oi nay the hien ro nhat tren luc a vao mua nong.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 24 -

- Bien oi cua gio theo mua : o bien oi phu thuoc chenh lech cua kh ap theo chieu ngang. Toc o gio mua ong ln hn toc o gio mua he. Ngoai ra s bien oi theo mua cua gio con phu thuoc vao cac ieu kien a ly tren mat at.

3 - Gio a phng
Gio a phng hnh thanh di tac ong cua cac ieu kien vat ly va a ly a phng. No anh hng en thi tiet a phng nh nhiet o, o am a- Gio at va gio bien Ban ngay gio thoi t bien vao at lien goi la gio bien. Ban em gio thoi ngc lai goi la gio at. Cac loai gio nay thng xay ra ven bien, ven ho ln, ven song ln. Nguyen nhan cua cac loai gio nay la do s nong len va lanh i cua at lien va bien khong eu. Vung ven b xuat hien vung hoan lu khep kn ( cac lp kh tren cao gio thoi theo hng ngc lai). b - Gio nui thung lung Gio sn nui ban em t sn nui xuong thung lung, ban ngay ngc lai. Nguyen nhan do s nong len va lanh i cua khong kh cung o cao khac nhau. Gio nay cung thc hien hoan lu khep kn theo ng vong len (hoac xuong) gia thung lung. Khong kh gia cac vach cua thung lung ban ngay nong len va ban em lanh i manh hn khong kh t do cua khong kh tren ong bang lan can. V the xuat hien gio ban ngay thoi len cao theo thung lung goi la gio thung lung, ban em thoi xuong di ve pha ong bang goi la gio nui. c - Gio phn La gio nong kho thoi t nui xuong. No xuat hien do nguyen nhan : mot pha ap suat kh giam va pha kia ap suat kh tang hoac khi chan nui ap suat thap hn nh nui. Gio phn la gio hoan lu ong lc, khong co vong tuan hoan khep kn. No co the keo dai t vai gi en vai thang. Trong khu vc co gio phn nhiet o khong kh tang; do o neu keo dai va manh no co the gay ra han han tren mot vung rong.

4 - Bao
Bao la do gio xoay rat manh tao nen, trung tam bao kh ap thap, ben ngoai kh ap cao. Gradien kh ap trung tam rat ln lam cho kh t mien kh ap cao chuyen vao rat manh hnh thanh xoay tron oc i len. Khi bao i qua vung nao no se lam kh ap ni o bien oi ot ngot : khi bao en gan vung o, kh ap giam rat nhanh, khi bao i qua kh ap tang ot ngot. Do kh ap thay oi nhanh nen toc o gio cung ot ngot thay oi, toc o gio co the ti tren 50m/s nen gio cua bao co sc pha hoai rat manh. Bao thng phat sinh t cac vung bien nhiet i o am cao. V the bao thng gay ma ln : lng ma co the len ti tren 100mm trong mot gi. Bao con gay ra song than cao hang chuc met gay nguy hiem cho tau thuyen va vung ven bien.

5 - o am khong kh
Do bc xa Mat tri ma nc boc hi vao kh quyen. o am khong kh ch mat o hi nc trong kh quyen. Co nhieu phng phap bieu th o am. a - o am tuyet oi (a)

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 25 -

Bieu th lng hi nc trong mot n v the tch khong kh thng o bang g/cm3 hay kg/m3. Viec o a rat kho nen trong thc te thng dung ap suat hi nc e bieu th a. b - Ap suat hi nc La ap lc do hi nc gay ra tren mot n v dien tch. n v o la mHg hay mbar. S phu thuoc cua E vao nhiet o co dang : E(mHg)

30 20 10

0 - 10

10

20

30

t(0C)

moi nhiet o, mat o hi nc nhieu th ap suat hi nc se ln, en mot gii han nhat nh hi nc se bat au ngng tu chuyen sang the long. Trang thai gii han nay goi la khong kh bao hoa hi nc va ap suat hi nc bao hoa (E) nhiet o o. c - o am tng oi R La ty so gia ap suat hi nc thc te (e) vi ap suat hi nc bao hoa E cung nhiet o :

R=

e 100% E

o am tng oi R cho biet mc o bao hoa hi nc trong khong kh. d - o thieu hut bao hoa d o thieu hut bao hoa la mot ai lng bieu th mc o bao hoa hi nc trong kh quyen : d=Ee o thieu hut bao hoa ln th o am tng oi nho va ngc lai. o am thay oi theo thi gian va khong gian. Trong ngay a ln nhat vao chieu toi va nho nhat luc bnh minh v ban ngay nc boc hi nhieu, con ban em hi nc ngng tu. o am tng oi trong ngay thay oi ngc vi a. Trong nam s thay oi cua a giong vi nhiet o : Ln nhat vao thang 7, nho nhat vao thang 1. Cang len cao a cang giam. mien nong a ln hn mien lanh. Gan bien a ln hn trong luc a.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng 5 CAC CHAT GAY O NHIEM KHONG KH

- 26 -

ong vat va thc vat tren Trai at can khong kh e song va phat trien. Moi trng khong kh a va ang b o nhiem do cac chat oc hai va bui ton tai trong khong kh, chung rat a dang nen kho phan loai chi tiet. Tuy nhien e de xet thng phan thanh 2 loai ln : - Cac chat o nhiem s cap : Bao gom tat ca nhng chat c phat ra trc tiep t nguon tao thanh. Cac chat o nhiem th cap : Bao gom nhng chat c tao ra trong kh quyen do tng tac hoa hoc cac chat o nhiem s cap vi nhau hoac vi kh quyen.

1 - Cac chat o nhiem s cap

a - Cac hp chat co cha Lu huynh (S) Cac hp chat co cha S trong kh quyen chu yeu la : SO2, SO3, H2S, H2SO4 va cac muoi sunfat. Kh SO2 khong mau, co v cay, mui kho chu. SO2 co nhieu cac lo luyen gang, lo ren, lo gia cong nong, lo ot than co S. Trong kh quyen do hien tng quang hoa va co xuc tac SO2 bien thanh SO3 ; SO3 tac dung vi hi nc trong kh quyen tao thanh H2SO4. Neu co NH3 trong kh quyen th se phan ng tao ra NH4SO4. Neu H2SO4 gap cac hat NaCl trong kh quyen th se tao ra Na2SO4 va HCl. Nh vay ket qua cuoi cung cua SO2 trong kh quyen la chuyen hoa thanh cac muoi sunfat va cac axit. H2S khong mau, co mui thoi kho chu, H2S c a vao kh quyen vi lng rat ln t cac nguon t nhien : chat hu c va rau co phan huy, vet nt cua nui la, cac cong ranh, cac ham lo khai thac than, trong cong nghiep do co s dung nhien lieu co cha sunfua v.v Trong kh quyen H2S co the b oxy hoa bi cac oxy nguyen t, oxy phan t va Ozon tao ra SO2 . H2S , O , O2 va O3 eu hoa tan trong nc, v vay toc o oxy hoa H2S trong sng mu hay may rat nhanh. b - Cacbon mono oxyt (CO) Kh CO khong mau, khong mui, khong v. CO la chat gay o nhiem pho bien phan di cua tang kh quyen. CO c tao ra do s chay khong hoan toan cua cac nhien lieu hoa thach. Nong o CO trong khong kh khong on nh, bien thien nhanh, chng to ngoai nguon nhan tao con co nguon CO t nhien ln. * Trong t nhien co 2 c che loai CO : - Phan ng cua CO vi goc Hydroxyt OH trong tang oi lu : CO + OH CO2 + H - Di chuyen ti tang bnh lu va tac dung vi OH o. * Cac nguon sinh san CO t nhien bao gom : - Cac qua trnh oxy hoa metan bi goc OH : CH4 + OH CH3 + H2O - S oxy hoa CH4 do OH khi au mot chuoi cac phan ng phc tap dan en hnh thanh CO. Lng CO sinh ra t qua trnh nay gap 10 lan lng CO sinh ra t cac nguon nhan tao.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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- CO tao ra t ai dng : cac nghien cu a anh gia lng CO tao ra t cac ai dng bang khoang 10% lng CO c tao ra t cac qua trnh chay. c - Cac hp chat cha Nit (N) Cac hp chat cha N quan trong trong kh quyen la N2O , NO , NO2 , NH3 va cac muoi nitrit, nitrat, amoni. - N2O la kh khong mau c tao ra chu yeu do cac nguon t nhien : do hoat ong cua vi khuan trong at va phan ng gia N2 vi O va O3 trong thng tang kh quyen. N2O c dung lam thuoc gay me. nhiet o thng N2O la kh tr va khong gay o nhiem. - NO c tao ra do qua trnh ot chay nhien lieu nhiet o cao (>1100oC) va hien tng phong ien trong khong kh (set). - NO2 tao ra trong kh quyen bi s oxy hoa NO : 1 NO + 2 O2 = NO2

- NH3 chu yeu c tao ra t cac nguon t nhien. - Cac muoi Nitrat va Amoni chu yeu c sinh ra trong kh quyen do s chuyen hoa cua NO, NO2 va NH3. d - Cac Hydro cacbon La hp chat Hydro va cacbon. No la thanh phan c ban cua kh t nhien, khong mau, khong mui. Qua trnh nhien lieu chay khong hoan toan, qua trnh san xuat, khai thac, van chuyen xang dau, s ro r ng ong dan kh ot v.v sinh ra kh Hydro cacbon. Nong o Hydro cacbon tong cong khong phai la ch th chnh xac ve kha nang o nhiem khong kh, do kha nang pha hoai cua cac Hydro cacbon trong kh quyen lai do cac san pham tao ra t cac phan ng cua chung; ma toc o phan ng cua cac Hydro cacbon khac nhau trong kh quyen rat khac nhau. e - Cac hp chat Halogen va cac kim loai nang Clo va HCl co nhieu nha may hoa chat. Viec ot than, giay, chat deo va nhien lieu ran cung tao ra Clo va HCl. Ch la nhien lieu dung trong cong nghiep. Hn 150 nghe va tren 400 qui trnh cong nghe s dung Pb. Khi chong kch no cho cac ong c ngi ta thng pha ch vao xang vi ty le 1%, no tao thanh hp chat Tetraetin Pb(C2H5)4 va Tetrametin ch Pb(CH3)4 la chat long bay hi nhiet o thap, co mui thm. Khi chay cac hp chat nay lam khong kh o nhiem Pb. Hg bay hi nhiet o thng. Hg co trong cong nghiep che bien muoi Hg, lam thuoc diet giun, thuoc li nieu, thuoc diet sau va diet nam benh trong nong nghiep. Cac loai thuoc diet sau bo, con trung, diet co : DDT, 666 la cac hp chat Clo hu c. Cac hp chat lan hu c : a tong hp tren 2000 chat loai nay. f - Cac chat dang hat Con goi la chat Sol kh. ngi ta phan loai cac chat dang hat theo thanh phan hoa hoc va kch thc dang hat. Ngi ta con phan thanh Sol kh s cap va th cap. Sol kh s cap la nhng Sol c phat tan di dang hat trc tiep t cac nguon : bui, khoi, v.v

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Sol kh th cap la Sol c tao ra trong kh quyen. V du : do cac phan ng hoa hoc trong pha kh, cac chat co kha nang ngng tu thanh dang hat c tao ra. Nguon s cap tao ra cac hat vi moi kch thc khac nhau con nguon th cap chu yeu tao ra hat kch thc rat nho. Khi trong khong kh, kch thc, thanh phan va so lng cua Sol kh b thay oi do c che cua mot so qua trnh vat ly va hoa hoc : sa lang len mat at lp kh gan mat at, ra troi theo nc ma oi vi hat lp kh cao tren 100 met v.v g - Kh Ozon va tang Ozon Trong kh quyen, O3 tap trung nhieu o cao 25 km vi nong o khoang 10mg/kg. Ozon la san pham cua cac chat cha oxy ( SO2, NO2, Andehyt) khi hap thu bc xa cua Mat tri.

2 - Cac chat o nhiem th cap

Cac chat gay o nhiem khong kh thng khong on nh ve mat hoa hoc va vat ly. Qua trnh bien oi cua he khong kh o nhiem theo quy luat la tien ti trang thai on nh vi nang lng t do cc tieu. Toc o phan ng va cac dang phan ng cung nh cac bc bien oi trung gian chu anh hng cua nhieu yeu to nh nong o tng oi cua chat tham gia phan ng, mc o quang hp, kha nang phan tan kh tng hoc, o am tng oi, a hnh a mao v.v V du : trng hp n gian nh hai chat tac dung vi nhau tao thanh muoi Halogen do phan ng cua sng axit vi cac oxyt kim loai. Khi co cac giot nc trong khong kh se dien ra cac phan ng trong dung dch nh tao sng mu trong axit do tac dung cua oxy hoa tan vi SO2. S tao thanh axit trong cac giot nc nay se c ay nhanh khi co mat mot so oxyt kim loai. Nh vay vai tro cua cac qua trnh xuc tac anh hng en toan bo tien trnh cua he. Trang thai be mat cua cac hat ran va long trong khong kh co lien quan en s hap thu va do o lien quan en viec thuc ay toc o phan ng. Cac phan ng quang hoa ong vai tro chu yeu trong o nhiem khong kh. S phan hoa au tien la s phan ly cua NO2 tao ra NO va O, goc nay se khi mau cho mot loat chuoi phan ng goc t do. So lng va cac loai goc t do cung nh cac hp chat kem ben vng c tao ra b chi phoi bi cac yeu to nang lng cua moi trng. Cac chat o nhiem th cap c tao ra trong cac qua trnh nay gay lo ngai nhieu nhat en o nhiem khong kh. Nhng chat nay bao gom Ozon, fomaldehyt, cac hydropeoxit hu c va nhng chat hoat ong khac, cung nh cac goc t do co thi gian ton tai ngan.

6 TAC ONG CUA KHONG KH

1 - Tac ong cua khong kh oi vi vat lieu
Khong kh o nhiem gay huy hoai nhieu vat lieu lam ton that kinh te ang ke. V du nh an mon kim loai, lam giam tuoi tho o dung v.v a - C che huy hoai

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+ S mai mon : Cac hat ran chuyen ong vi van toc cao trong khong kh co kha nang gay pha hoai do mai mon. + S lang ong : Cac hat ran va long co the lang ong len be mat vat the va lam ban no. Viec huy hoai chung nh co ra, ve sinh gay ra s mai mon hoac giam tuoi tho. + Phan ng hoa hoc trc tiep : Mot so chat o nhiem khong kh phan ng trc tiep va khong thuan nghch vi cac vat lieu gay nen s h hong. V du : H2S lam m uc cac dung cu bang bac, sng mu axit lam be mat cac vat lieu kim loai b an mon. Nhieu loai vat lieu lien quan en nong o cac hp chat co lu huynh trong khong kh v cac hp chat nay trong dung dch co hoat tnh ln. Cac loai vat lieu xay dng ke ca voi va xi mang b pha hoai dan trong khong kh cha cac chat nay. + Phan ng hoa hoc gian tiep : Mot so vat lieu hap thu cac chat o nhiem, nhng s pha hoai chung khong do chat o nhiem b hap thu ma do cac san pham chuyen hoa hoa hoc cua no. V du : da hap thu SO2, sau o do o am SO2 chuyen hoa thanh H2SO4 gay pha hoai da. + S an mon ien hoa : Cac kim loai en b pha hoai trong kh quyen phan ln do qua trnh ien hoa. Kim loai en tiep xuc vi kh quyen se hnh thanh tren mat cac pin ien hoa nho do s khac nhau ve thanh phan hoa hoc va tnh chat vat ly tren be mat kim loai. Neu be mat co chat ien ly (nh nc chang han) th se xuat hien dong ien va kim loai b an mon. Neu chat ien ly co cha cac chat o nhiem khong kh th o dan ien cua no tang len va qua trnh an mon xay ra nhanh hn. b - Cac yeu to anh hng en toc o pha hoai cua cac chat o nhiem khong kh + o am : o an mon vat lieu tang theo o am cua khong kh. oi vi moi loai vat lieu co mot o am khong kh gii han, ma vt qua no, toc o an mon tang len ot ngot. V du trong kh quyen co cha SO2 th o am gii han cua Al la 80%, Ni la 70%. + Nhiet o : Anh hng en toc o phan ng hoa hoc gay huy hoai vat lieu. Be mat vat lieu khi co nghch nhiet trong kh quyen th thng b mat nhiet va lanh i rat nhanh ti nhiet o thap hn nhiet o khong kh xung quanh. Neu nhiet o nay thap hn iem sng th hi nc se ngng ong tren be mat vat lieu. Khi co cac chat o nhiem th s am t be mat lam tang qua trnh huy hoai. + Anh sang Mat tri : Co the gay ra s pha hoai trc tiep oi vi mot so vat lieu. Ngoai ra no con la tac nhan sinh ra cac chat gay pha hoai nh tao ra O3 thong qua mot loat cac phan ng quang hoa phc tap trong kh quyen. + S chuyen ong cua khong kh : Toc o gio lien quan ln en cac chat o nhiem dang ran va long v no quyet nh v tr tac ong cua cac chat nay len be mat thang ng hay lang ong len be mat ngang. Hng gio cung la yeu to quan trong lien quan en s pha hoai cua cac chat o nhiem c tao ra t mot nguon nao o. + Cac yeu to khac : V tr, hnh dang va trnh t tiep xuc cua vat lieu vi cac chat o nhiem eu lien quan en toc o huy hoai. Be mat di vat lieu thng b an mon nhanh hn be mat tren. Mot so kim loai ban au khi tiep xuc vi khong kh sanh se hnh thanh mot mang oxyt tren be mat co tac dung bao ve neu sau o no tiep xuc vi cac chat o nhiem. c - Anh hng cua mot so chat o nhiem khong kh en vat lieu

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+ CO2 : Nong o kh CO2 trong cac vung cong nghiep nang cao hn nhieu gia tr bnh thng cua no. Anh hng chu yeu cua CO2 la pha hoai a trong cong trnh xay dng, nhat la cac loai a cacbonat nh a voi : CO2 + H2O H2CO3 ; H2CO3 tac dung len CaCO3 chuyen hoa no thanh dang bicacbonat de tan trong nc nen no b nc ra troi. + SO2 : Thng c tao ra cung mot phan SO3 trong qua trnh nung, ot SO2 vaSO3 cung phoi hp gay pha hoai vat lieu. oi vi kim loai no lam tang toc o an mon. V du : Al + SO2 + H2O Al2O3 + H2S oi vi vat lieu xay dng :SO2 gay pha hoai a voi, a hoa, voi, va xi mang; cac loai a cha cacbonat di tac dung cua SO2 se chuyen thanh dang sunfat de tan nen b ra troi. oi vi da : SO2 lam giam o ben cua da va cuoi cung pha huy no. Vi giay : trong giay thng co mot lng nho cac tap chat kim loai. Khi co o am SO2 + H2O H2SO4 lam cho giay don, de gay khi gap. Vi vai si : SO2 gay huy hoai ca si t nhien va si tong hp. + H2S : b oxy hoa trong khong kh thanh SO2 va SO3 nhat la trong ieu kien o am ln. Ngoai ra H2S con gay s pha hoai trc tiep. oi vi kim loai : Bac, ong b m uc khi tiep xuc vi H2S. oi vi sn : Do sn co cha hp chat ch, khi tiep xuc vi H2S chung tao nen sunfua mau en lam cho sn b en. + HF : La mot loai kh an mon va hut am manh, no tac dung len nhieu kim loai, cac vat lieu trang men va ke ca thuy tinh. + O3 va SMOG quang hoa : SMOG quang hoa la ten goi cho hon hp cac chat phan ng va cac san pham phan ng sinh ra kh Hydrocacbon. Kh quyen thng cha mot lng nho O3 ( 5.10- 8) c tao ra do tac dung cua anh sang Mat tri. Trong kh quyen b o nhiem cac NOx , cac Hydrocacbon, anh sang Mat tri thuc ay mot chuoi cac phan ng phc tap tao nen mot so anh hng bat li nh viem mat, huy hoai thc vat, giam tam nhn. Mot trong cac san pham phu cua cac phan ng nay la O3. Kha nang oxy hoa cua kh quyen co cha O3 a gay nen s pha hoai vat lieu. oi vi cao su va chat an hoi : Cac chat oxy hoa trong kh quyen nhat la O3 gay nt gay cao su. Cac chat an hoi loai khong no b O3 lam pha v cac lien ket kep trong mach cacbon. Cac loai cao su tong hp eu b O3 tac ong cung kieu. oi vi vai si va thuoc nhuom : O3 gay tac ong xau en cng o chu lc va o ben mau cua thuoc nhuom. Khi tiep xuc vi ieu kien SMOG, mot so loai si va thuoc nhuom b pha hoai. + Cac hat chat ran : Chu yeu la gay ban. Viec ve sinh lam cho vat lieu giam tuoi tho. - oi vi kim loai : Cac chat dang hat lam tang qua trnh an mon, nhat la khi co them cac kh o nhiem co tnh axit. V du neu trong kh quyen am co cha SO2 th hien tng han g sat c tang cng do cac chat dang hat. Lng cac thanh phan hoa tan trong nc cua hat, o pH cua dung dch tao thanh, nong o cac ion Clo va sunfat la nhng yeu to quan trong oi vi hien tng an mon loai nay.

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Ky thuat moi trng

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- oi vi vat lieu xay dng : Cac thanh phan hac n cua cac chat cha cacbon c sinh ra do s chay khong hoan toan cua than a va dau mo tch tu len cac cong trnh xay dng co tnh dnh va co tnh axit. S an mon cua chung dien ra trong thi gian dai v chung khong b nc ma ra troi. Bui tch tu tren cac bo phan cach ien cua ng day cao the gay phong ien khi am t. - oi vi cac be mat c sn : Lam cho sn bien chat do s tch tu cac chat dang hat nh lam bien mau sn. ien tr va cac chat chong an mon cua sn, vecni b giam nghiem trong do s co mat cua bui trong o, cac hat bui ong vai tro cot loi trong moi trng am t va chuyen cac chat an mon ti be mat kim loai nam pha di. - oi vi vai si : Viec lam sach vai si do bui lam giam tuoi tho cua no. Vai tr nen tch ien do ma sat vi cac bo phan bang kim loai cua may det, do o o am se b tang len do lc hut tnh ien cua cac hat. + Cac giot chat long : Cac giot chat long nho be gay ban cac be mat. Cac giot long tng oi ln cua nc ban t cac thiet b ra kh co the gay ban tram trong cho cac vung xung quanh. Co nhieu dung dch an mon c s dung trong cac qua trnh khac nhau, neu c xa ra trong khong kh di dang sng mu co the gay an mon nghiem trong.

2 - Anh hng cua o nhiem khong kh en kh hau thi tiet

a - Anh hng en kh hau toan cau Yeu to chu yeu anh hng en kh hau toan cau la s can bang nhiet cua Trai at. Nang lng Mat tri en Trai at, mot phan c kh quyen va Trai at hap thu, phan con lai phan xa vao khong gian vu tru. S can bang nhiet quyet nh s can bang sinh thai tren Trai at. Cac hien tng thi tiet nh gio, bao, may, ma lien quan en cac hien tng nay. Con ngi gay anh hng en s can bang nay qua viec thai CO2 va cac Sol kh vao kh quyen. o uc cua kh quyen cung la mot yeu to quan trong oi vi s can bang nhiet cua Trai at. Nhieu chat o nhiem dang kh va Sol kh tang cao kh quyen anh hng en s xam nhap cua anh sang Mat tri. Nong o cac chat o nhiem dang Sol kh mn tang se lam o uc kh quyen tang, lam tang o phan xa cua Trai at va do o lam giam nhiet o trung bnh cua Trai at. Hi nc va may mu trong kh quyen cung gay hieu ng tng t. tang cao cua kh quyen co s tch tu cac hp chat Clorofloro cacbon (CFC) hay Cloroflorometan (CFM) chung co ten goi chung la Freon. ay la nhng chat tr trong phan ng hoa hoc bnh thng. Nong o tang cao kh quyen cua chung khoang 60 100 phan trieu. Trong tang bnh lu (10 40km), nhng hp chat nay di anh hng cua bc xa t ngoai chung giai phong cac nguyen t Clo. Moi nguyen t Clo lai phan ng day chuyen vi hn 100.000 phan t O3, chuyen hoa O3 thanh O2. S giam O3 thanh O2 trong tang bnh lu lam cho cng o tia t ngoai be mat Trai at tang len gay nguy hiem cho con ngi va sinh vat. Lp O3 tang bnh lu con b pha huy bi cac may bay phan lc sieu am : ong c cua cac

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may bay nay thai ra kh NOx pha hoai cac phan t O3 bang cac phan ng co xuc tac. b - anh hng en kh hau thanh pho + Sng mu : vung o th thng keo dai hn so vi vung nong thon, v ay co san cac hat tao tam ngng tu nen tao ra cac hat sng co kch thc be hn. Sng mu tang lam giam s chieu nang gay tr ngai cho giao thong va can tr s thong gio. + Lng ma : Kh quyen thanh pho cha nhieu chat o nhiem, nhat la cac hat mn ong vai tro cac tam ngng tu, v vay lng ma trong va xung quanh cac thanh pho tang len. + S chieu nang : thanh pho lng hat bui nhieu lam giam ang ke nang lng Mat tri en mat at; ac biet oi vi cac thanh pho v o cao do Mat tri chieu xien goc, bc xa phai i qua quang ng bui nhieu hn. + Tam nhn : O nhiem khong kh lam giam tam nhn, anh hng xau en an toan giao thong van tai.

3 - Anh hng cua o nhiem khong kh en sc khoe con ngi va sinh vat
Cac chat oc hai trong khong kh xam nhap vao c the con ngi va ong vat qua ng ho hap la nguy hiem va thng gap nhat, tiep theo la xam nhap qua ng tieu hoa, qua da, qua tuyen mo hoi va lo chan long. Cac chat gay o nhiem khong kh rat a dang va hau qua chung gay ra oi vi con ngi va sinh vat cung rat a dang. Ta se neu ra mot so tac hai chnh cua mot so chat o nhiem pho bien. + Cac hat bui : Co ng knh ln hn 50m b loai phan tren cua he ho hap (mui va kh quan). Cac hat co ng knh < 5m co the xam nhap vao tan phe nang cua phoi. Bui gay nen benh phoi nhiem bui, benh ng ho hap : s phoi, viem phoi, viem phe quan, viem mui. Mot so bui kim loai co tnh phong xa gay ung th phoi : U, Co, Cr, nha ng. Bui gay benh ngoai da nh mun trng ca, viem da, tay da, nga cac bui ien hnh gay benh nay la bui cac lo ot, cac ni san xuat xi mang, sanh s, bui nha than, voi, dc pham, thuoc tr sau, ng, bui kiem, axt v.v Bui gay benh ng tieu hoa : bui ng lam hong men rang, gay sau rang. Bui kim loai, khoang gay hong niem mac da day, roi loan tieu hoa. Bui Pb gay thieu mau, roi loan than. Bui vi sinh vat gay dch benh. Bui lam cho cay co khong phat trien c, b vang la, rung la, giam nang suat va tham ch con b tieu diet : bui lo xi mang, lo gach, bui amiang, than, NaCl v.v + Cacbon oxit : La kh khong mau, khong mui, khong v. CO c tao ra do s chay khong hoan toan cua cac vat lieu co cha cacbon. Moi nam sinh ra khoang 250 trieu tan CO. Kh CO rat oc hai, ngi va ong vat co the chet ot ngot khi ht th phai kh CO, do no tac dung manh vi Hemoglobin (Hb), lay O2 va Hb tao thanh cacboxyhemoglobin, lam mat kha nang van chuyen O2 cua mau va gay ngat. HbO2 + CO HbCO2 + O2

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Nhiem oc cap CO thng b au au, u tai, chong mat, buon non, met moi, co giat, hon me. Nhiem oc man CO thng b au au dai dang, chong mat, met moi, sut can. Tren the gii hang nam co hang tram ngi chet do ngo oc kh CO. Thc vat t nhay cam vi CO so vi ong vat, nhng khi nong o CO cao se lam cho la rung, b xoan quan, cay non b chet, cay coi cham phat trien. + Kh sunfuroxit (SOx) : Trong khong kh SO2 la chu yeu, con SO3 vi ty le thap. Kh SO2 khong mau, co v cay, mui kho chu. SO2 co nhieu cac lo luyen gang, lo ren, lo gia cong nong, nhng lo ot than co lu huynh. Trong kh quyen SO2 do hien tng quang hoa va co xuc tac bien thanh SO3. SO2 tac dung vi hi nc trong kh quyen thanh H2SO4. Lng SO2 do san xuat thai vao trong kh quyen rat ln c 66 trieu tan moi nam, chu yeu do ot than va xang dau. SO2 va H2SO4 tac hai en sc khoe con ngi va ong vat. Vi nong o thap gay kch thch ho hap, vi nong o cao gay benh tat va co the b chet. oi vi thc vat SO2 co tac hai en s sinh trng cua rau qua, lam cho cay vang la, rung la, b chet. + Kh Clo va HCl : Co nhieu vung nha may hoa chat. Viec ot than, giay, chat deo va nhien lieu ran cung tao ra kh Clo va HCl. Kh Cl tac dung oan tren cua ng ho hap. Kh Cl gay oc hai cho con ngi va ong vat. Tiep xuc vi moi trng co nong o Cl cao se b xanh xao, vang vot, benh tat va co the b chet. Kh Cl vaHCl lam cay cham phat trien, nong o cao lam cay b chet. + Pb va cac hp chat cua no : Pb la nguyen lieu dung nhieu trong cong nghiep : hn 150 nghe va 400 qua trnh cong nghe s dung Pb. Pb rat oc oi vi ngi va ong vat. Pb qua ng ho hap, tieu hoa gay oc cho he than kinh, anh hng en s tao mau va lam roi loan tieu hoa. Ngi b nhiem Pb b au bung, tao bon, huyet ap cao, suy nhc than kinh, roi loan cam giac, te liet giam bach cau, viem da day, viem ruot v.v Xang pha Pb vi ty le 1% e tranh no sm, tao thanh Tetraetin ch Pb(C2H5)4 va Tetrametin ch Pb(CH4)4. chung la cac chat long, bay hi nhiet o thap, co mui thm. Nhng ni s dung xang nay khong kh se b nhiem Pb. Vi nong o Pb cao trong khong kh co the gay chet ngi va ong vat. + Hg : bay hi nhiet o thng. Hg co nhieu cong nghiep che tao muoi Hg, lam thuoc giun Calomin, thuoc li nieu, thuoc diet sau va nam benh trong nong nghiep. Hi Hg rat oc, vi nong o 10-4g/m3 khong kh a gay tai nan cho ngi va ong vat. Hi Hg xam nhap c the chu yeu qua ng ho hap, tieu hoa va qua da. Ngi b nhiem Hg se b run tay chan, rung m mat, mat ngu, giam tr nh, roi loan than kinh, viem rang li, viem ai trang, roi loan tieu hoa, roi loan kinh nguyet, say thai. + Hydro cacbon : La thanh phan c ban cua kh t nhien, khong mau khong mui.

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Qua trnh nhien lieu chay khong hoan toan, qua trnh san xuat cua nha may loc dau, khai thac va van chuyen xang dau, ro r ng ong dan kh ot v.v sinh ra kh Hydro cacbon. Etylen (C2H2) gay benh phoi cho ngi, lam sng tay mat, co the gay ung th phoi cho ong vat, lam cay vang la va co the b chet. Benzen (C6H6) dung trong ky thuat nhuom, dc pham, nc hoa, dung moi hoa tan dau m, sn, cao su, lam keo dan. Trong xang co 520% C6H6. Benzen xam nhap c the chu yeu theo ng ho hap, gay benh than kinh thieu mau, chay mau rang li, suy tuy, suy nhc, xanh xao, co the b chet do nhiem trung mau. + Nit oxyt : Co nhieu loai nhng chu yeu la nitrit oxyt (NO) va Nit dioxyt (NO2). Chung c hnh thanh trong kh quyen do phan ng cua N2 vi O2 ot chay nhiet o cao (> 1100oC) va nhanh chong lam lanh e khong b phan huy : N2 + xO2 <=> 2NOx Do hoat ong cua con ngi, hang nam co khoang 48 trieu tan NOx (chu yeu la NO2) thai ra. Khong kh thanh pho va khu cong nghiep b nhiem NOx manh no lam hnh thanh khoi quang hoc. NOx lam phai mau thuoc nhuom vai, lam hong vai, lam han r kim loai. NO2 la kh co mau hong. Trong phan ng quang hoa no hap thu bc xa t ngoai. Kh NO2 vi nong o 100PPm co the lam chet ngi va ong vat. Vi nong o thap no gay nguy hiem cho tim, gan, phoi, co the gay benh phoi va ung th. Mot so thc vat nhay cam vi moi trng se b tac hai cua NO2. NO tac dung manh vi Hb, nhng NO trong kh quyen kho tham nhap vao mau e tac dung vi Hb. + H2S : La chat kh khong mau, co mui hoi kho chu. H2S c tao ra trong t nhien do chat hu c, rau co thoi ra tao ra. No con sinh ra do vet nt cua nui la, cac cong ranh va ham lo khai thac than. Trong cong nghiep tao ra H2S la do s dung nhien lieu co cha sunfua. H2S gay nht au, met moi. Khi nong o cao gay ra hon me, co the lam chet ngi. Vi nong o 150PPm lam tieu chay va viem cuong phoi. H2S co the xuyen qua mang phoi i vao mach mau gay chet. H2S lam rung la cay, giam s sinh trng cay trong. + Thuoc tr sau bo, con trung : thng dung cac hp chat Clo hu c, lan hu c, Hg hu c, e diet sau bo bao ve cay trong, diet ruoi, muoi, kien, gian va cac sinh vat gay hai khac. Hp chat Clo hu c thng dung la DDT, 666. Cac loai thuoc nay co cau truc ben vng, tch luy lau trong c the. Chung i vao c the qua ng tieu hoa (95%) va ng ho hap. Trong c the chung b gi lai lp m di da, gan, than, tim, rat kho phan huy va c thoat ra ngoai rat cham theo phan va nc tieu. Chung gay nhiem oc cap va man tnh, suy nhc than kinh, viem day than kinh, viem gan, than, da day, ruot.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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+ Hp chat lan hu c : a tong hp tren 2000 chat loai nay. Cac hp chat nay vao c the qua ng ho hap tham qua da gay nhiem oc cap, lam anh hng than kinh va lam liet c. Tiep xuc lau vi chung co the b nhiem oc man, lam than kinh suy nhc. Cac loai thuoc tren c s dung trong nong nghiep va sinh hoat, chung khuech tan vao khong kh gay o nhiem, nhat la cac vung nong nghiep. + Amoniac (NH3) : s dung nhieu trong ky thuat lanh do gia thanh re va kha nang lam lanh cao. Ngoai ra NH3 con co cac nha may san xuat phan am, san xuat axit nitric, trong chat thai cua ngi va ong vat. NH3 co mui khai, la chat oc hai cho ngi va ong vat. Vi nong o cao lam la cay trang bach, lam om la va hoa, lam giam re cay, lam cay thap i, lam qua b tham tm va giam ty le hat giong nay mam. Ngoai nhng chat oc hai chu yeu tren, con rat nhieu loai chat hoa hoc, hp chat hoa hoc khac, cac loai khoi bui, cac loai vi khuan gay benh lam van uc va o nhiem moi trng khong kh, gay nguy hai cho ngi, ong vat va thc vat.

7 HIEU NG NHA KNH

1 - Nguyen nhan va c che hieu ng nha knh
Do viec ot nhien lieu hoa thach va s ho hap cua ngi va ong vat a thai vao kh quyen mot lng ln CO2. ngoai ra lng CO2 cua kh quyen con c bo sung do nui la. Mot na lng CO2 sinh ra c thc vat va nc bien hap thu. Phan CO2 do nc bien hap thu c hoa tan va ket tua trong nc bien. Cac loai thc vat di bien ong vai tro chu yeu trong viec duy tr s can bang CO2 gia kh quyen va be mat ai dng. Lng CO2 lai lu ton trong kh quyen, thc vat hut CO2 e ton tai va phat trien, nhng khi nong o CO2 qua cao th lai co hai. CO2 ton tai chu yeu vung oi lu. Nhiet o mat at c quy nh bi s can bang gia nang lng Mat tri chieu xuong Trai at va s bc xa nhiet cua Trai at vao vu tru. Bc xa Mat tri chu yeu la bc xa ngan, no de dang xuyen qua lp kh CO2 va O3 e en mat at. Ngc lai bc xa nhiet cua Trai at la bc xa song dai, no khong co kha nang xuyen qua lp kh CO2 v b kh CO2 va hi nc trong kh quyen hat thu. Do o nhiet o cua khong kh xung quanh Trai at tang len lam tang nhiet o be mat Trai at. Hien tng nay goi la hieu ng nha knh. Lp kh CO2 co tac dung tng t nh lp knh gi nhiet cua nha knh trong rau xanh x lanh. iem khac ay la vi quy mo toan cau. Nhiet o Trai at tang len se lam tan bang Bac cc va Nam cc, lam cho mc nc bien dang len, dan en nguy c ngap lut nhng vung ong bang thap. Nhiet o Trai at tang len se lam tang cac tran ma bao, lam thay oi thi tiet kh hau toan cau, lam thay oi cac quy luat thay oi thi tiet : hieu ng th cap la Ennino

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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va Enila, gay nen nhng hau qua lu lut, song than, lu quet v.v pha hoai nghiem trong. Theo tnh toan, neu nong o CO2 trong kh quyen tang gap oi th nhiet o trung bnh cua be mat Trai at se tang 3,6oC va trong vong 30 nam neu khong ngan chan c hieu ng nha knh th mc nc bien se dang len t 1,53,5m. t 1885 en 1940 nhiet o trung bnh be mat Trai at a tang khoang 0,5oC. theo tai lieu kh hau quoc te trong vong 135 nam gan ay nhiet o Trai at a tang gan 0,4oC. ba nam nong nhat la 1980, 1981, 1982. D bao cua hoi thao kh hau tai chau Au cho thay nhiet o Trai at se tang len 1,5 4,5oC vao nam 2050 neu khong co cac bien phap hu hieu ngan chan hieu ng nha knh. Trong so cac kh gay hieu ng nha knh, th nhieu nhat la CO2, tiep en la Clorofluorocacbon (CFC) va (CH4). Neu xet theo mc o tac ong do cac hoat ong cua con ngi oi vi s nong len cua Trai at, th viec s dung nang lng co tac ong ln nhat, sau o la cac hoat ong cong nghiep, (Hnh ve). CH4 16% cong nghiep 24% pha rng 14% nong nghiep13%

O3 8% NOx 6%

CFC 20%

CO2 50%

S dung nang lng 49%

Mot so loai kh hiem cung co kha nang lam tang nhiet o cua Trai at. Trong 16 loai kh hiem theo th t kha nang giam dan : NH4, N2O, CF3Cl, CF3Br, CF2Cl2, , SO2. Kh hau co tac ong sau sac en cac he sinh thai t nhien va xa hoi loai ngi, nhat la cac hoat ong nong nghiep va viec s dung cac nguon nc. Trong vong 20.000 nam qua, nhiet o Trai at a tang 4 5oC tiep theo la nhng bien oi sau sac ve rng, ho, thuy van, cung khong tac ong nhieu en con ngi v trc ay dan so con t, phng thc song n gian, nhu cau con t. Nhng ngay nay, vi dan so hien tai tren 6 ty ngi va vi phng thc san xuat hien ai, nhu cau tang manh, con ngi la nhan to quan trong anh hng en sinh quyen. V vay cac hoat ong cua con ngi can phai c xem xet e han che c toi a hieu ng nha knh.

2 - Tac ong cua hieu ng nha knh

- Tac ong en rng : thay oi ln en so lng ong thc vat cung nh so lng cua moi loai. Lam thay oi ieu kien sinh trng t nhien cua rng. - Tac ong en cay trong : Nhiet o Trai at tang gay tac ong khac nhau oi vi cac loai cay trong. Lua m va Ngo co the b cac Stress am o do tang qua trnh boc

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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hi va thoat hi nc. Lam tang s pha hoai cua sau bo. o am cua at giam se km ham qua trnh phan giai chat hu c nen con ngi phai s dung nhieu phan bon vo c. - Tac ong en che o nc : Do che o nhiet thay oi nen thuy van cung thay oi. Mua he kho nong se dai hn va qua trnh ra troi vung kh hau on hoa se tang len. Mc nc ngam ha xuong lam cay trong b thieu nc. - Tac ong en sc khoe con ngi : Nhieu benh tat xuat hien khi thi tiet bien oi : dch ta, cum, viem cuong phoi, nhc au, va do o am tng oi cua khong kh thay oi lam phat sinh nhieu benh nh benh phoi va benh ngoai da.

8 OZON VA TANG OZON

1 - Ozon va s o nhiem
O3 la loai kh hiem trong khong kh gan mat at, nhng lai tap trung thanh lp day cac o cao khac nhau tang bnh lu (16 40km). O3 mat at rat oc hai cho sc khoe con ngi. o cao mc nc bien nong o O3 khoang 0,05PPm. Tr so trung bnh vao mua ong la 0,02PPm, ve mua he la 0,07PPm. Nghien cu cho thay : Nong o O3 0,2PPm cha thay tac dung gay benh. Nong o ti 0,3PPm mui va hong b kch thch tay. Nong o 1,03,0PPm met moi sau hai gi tiep xuc. Nong o 0,8PPm nguy hiem oi vi phoi. oi vi thc vat vi nong o 0,2PPm O3 gay anh hng oi vi cay thuoc la, ca chua, au Ha lan va mot so cay trong khac. No km ham qua trnh sinh trng va lam giam nang suat cay trong. Vi nong o 1520PPm no gay benh om la, man non b kho heo. O3 gay tac hai ti cac loai si bong, si nilon, si nhan tao, lam hong mau thuoc nhuom, lam cng cao su. Theo tnh toan, neu nong o O3 trong kh quyen tang len hai lan th nhiet o mat at tang len 1oC. O3 la san pham cua cac chat cha O2 (SO2 , NO2 , andehyt) di tac dung cua bc xa t ngoai cua Mat tri : Hap thu t ngoai NO2 O + NO ; O + O2 O3 Qua trnh ot nhien lieu, nhat la cac ong c ot trong khong hoan thien a thai vao kh quyen mot lng ln CmHn va NOx.

2 - Tac ong tch cc cua tang O3

O3 gay o nhiem khong kh gan mat at, nhng tang bnh lu lai co li : no bao ve che chan bc xa t ngoai cua Mat tri chieu xuong Trai at bao am cho s song cua con ngi va ong vat. V tia t ngoai rat nguy hiem, tac ong en te bao, gay ot bien va ung th da. Phan ln bc xa t ngoai c tang O3 hap thu, no ieu

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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tiet kh hau va sinh thai Trai at. Neu tang O3 b choc thung se gay ra tham hoa sinh thai tren Trai at. Trong kh quyen O3 lien tuc c tao ra va mat i, thi gian song trung bnh cua mot phan t O3 ch vai phut. Tia t ngoai va la tac nhan tao O3 va la tac nhan huy O3 theo phan ng : O2 + bc xa t ngoai O ; O + O2 O3 O3 + bc xa t ngoai O2 + O

3 - S Suy thoai tang Ozon

Cac chat CFC, CH4, N2O, NO co kha nang phan ng vi O3 bien oi no thanh O2. CFC c san xuat trong cong nghe lanh, no xam nhap cham chap vao tang O3 cua kh quyen, di tac dung cua tia t ngoai o CFC b phan huy giai phong Cl. Moi nguyen t Clo phan ng day chuyen vi hang tram nghn phan t O3 bien no thanh O2 : Cl + O3 ClO + O2 ; ClO + O3 O2 + Cl Nh vay Clo nh mot xuc tac trong suot qua trnh cho en khi no bien thanh HCl gay ra ma axit. Tng t vai tro Clo con co Br, NO va OH o cao tren 40km thng ton tai he ion OH - : OH - + O3 H2O + O2 H2O + O OH - + O2 OH - cung co the c tai sinh bi qua trnh : CH4 + O CH3 + OH Qua trnh phan ng Nitrat hoa tao ra N2O, no xam nhap cham chap en tang bnh lu va b oxy hoa o thanh NO : N2O + O 2NO NO + O3 NO2 + O2 NO2 + O NO + O2 Nh vay NO c tai sinh. Hp chat trung gian NO2 co the hoa hp vi nc tao thanh axit ri xuong at theo nc ma. Ba qua trnh phan huy O3 tren ay : OH- cua H2O, NO cua NO2 va Clo cua CFC se ket thuc phan ng bang qua trnh tram tch HNO3 va HCl. Ngoai cac nguon nhan tao tao ra CFC, phan hoa hoc, ot chay sinh khoi, may bay, s dung nhien lieu hoa thach con co cac nguon t nhien nh nui la, sam chp va s phan huy t nhien trong ieu kien k kh cua CH4. Tat ca nhng tac nhan nay dan en s suy thoai tang o3 anh hng en moi trng toan cau. V vay trc mat can thiet phai han che viec san xuat kh CFC, v kh CFC khi thoat vao kh quyen co the con tac ong 2040 nam sau khi no xam nhap tang O3.

9 CAC NGUON GAY O NHIEM KHONG KH

Gom hai loai nguon thien nhien va nguon nhan tao. Ta ch xet cac nguon o nhiem nhan tao.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

1 - Nguon o nhiem do cong nghiep

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Cac ong thai cua cac nha may thai ra moi trng khong kh rat nhieu loai chat oc hai. Trong qua trnh san xuat, cac chat oc hai con thoat ra do boc hi, ro r, ton hao tren day chuyen san xuat, tren cac phng tien dan tai v.v ac iem cua chat thai cong nghiep la nong o chat oc hai rat cao va tap trung trong mot khong gian nho. Cac nguon o nhiem co the c phan loai theo : - Da tren o chenh lech gia nhiet o kh thai va nhiet o khong kh xung quanh phan ra nguon nong va nguon nguoi. - Da vao kch thc hnh hoc (o cao hoac hnh dang cua bo phan thai) ma phan thanh : nguon cao, nguon thap, nguon iem, nguon ng, nguon mat v.v Moi loai nha may tuy theo day chuyen cong nghe, nhien nguyen lieu s dung, ac iem va qui mo san xuat, mc o c gii hoa va hien ai hoa ma lng chat oc hai va loai chat oc hai se khac nhau. ta xet mot so loai nha may ien hnh : + Nha may hoa chat : Thai ra nhieu chung loai oc hai the kh va the ran. o cao cua cac ong thai thng khong cao nen chat thai thng gan mat at, chenh lech nhiet o cua kh thai va khong kh xung quanh thng nho nen chat oc hai kho bay len cao, kho bay xa nen nong o oc hai khu vc gan nguon thai thng ln. ac biet neu day chuyen san xuat khong kn, hoac ro r ng ong va thiet b may moc th chat oc hai de khuech tan ra khu vc xung quanh gay o nhiem. + Nha may luyen kim : Thng thai ra nhieu loai bui va nhieu loai chat oc hai. Bui co kch thc ln 10-100m cac cong oan : Khai thac quang, tuyen quang, sang va nghien quang v.v Bui nho va khoi thng thoat ra t cac lo cao, lo Mactin, lo nhiet luyen, tren cac bang chuyen, giai oan lam sach khuon uc. Cac qua trnh ot nhien lieu, luyen gang thep, luyen kim loai sinh ra nhieu chat oc hai : CO, SO2, NOx oxit ong, thach tn va nhieu bui ban. Cac chat thai o nhiem thng co nhiet o cao 300400oC, tham ch 800oC, cac ong khoi thng cao 8100m hoac hn. Tuy nhien khu vc gan nha may van b o nhiem neu khong co bien phap phong chong. + Nha may nhiet ien : Thng dung nhien lieu than hoac dau. Cac ong khoi, cac bai than, cac bang tai eu la nguon gay o nhiem nang cho khong kh. Cac ong khoi cao 80250m nhng van lam o nhiem khong kh va lu vc o nhiem kha rong. + Nha may c kh : Cac phan xng sn oc hai giong nha may hoa chat. Cac phan xng uc oc hai giong nha may luyen kim. + Nha may san xuat vat lieu xay dng : Nha may xi mang, nha may gach ngoi sanh s, xng tron be tong, lo nung voi v.v la nguon gay o nhiem ln cho moi trng khong kh. Cac chat oc hai thng thai ra nhieu bui, cac kh SO2, CO, NOx . + Cac nha may che bien thc pham, nha may det si, nha may thuoc la, nha may xa phong, nha may thuoc da v.v eu thai ra nhieu chat oc hai va bui.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

2 - Nguon o nhiem do giao thong van tai

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Nguon nay thai ra 2/3 lng CO va 1/2 lng kh Hydro cacbon, kh NOx, cac bui ban. Nguon o nhiem do giao thong van tai eu la nguon thap. Nguon nay pho bien cac thanh pho, khu ong dan c.

3 - Nguon o nhiem do sinh hoat

Cac bep un, lo si s dung nhien lieu hoa thach, cui eu gay o nhiem. So vi nguon do cong nghiep va giao thong van tai, nguon o nhiem do sinh hoat tao ra chat oc hai gay o nhiem khong kh t hn nhieu. Tuy nhien no gay o nhiem cuc bo v no gan con ngi, nen tac hai ln va nguy hiem. oi vi cac khu vc ong dan c, neu he thong thoat kh khong tot se lam cho nong o CO va khoi bui cao lam o nhiem nang moi trng khong kh gay tai hoa trc tiep cho con ngi. Ngoai ba nguon nhan tao chu yeu tren ay gay o nhiem moi trng khong kh, con rat nhieu nguon nhan tao khac gay o nhiem khong nho moi trng khong kh nh chay rng, cac hoat ong nong nghiep v.v

10 CAC GIAI PHAP PHONG CHONG O NHIEM VA LAM SACH MOI TRNG KHONG KH
O nhiem khong kh khong nhng lam ton that ve kinh te (lam hong vat lieu nha ca ) ma con lam anh hng nghiem trong en sc khoe con ngi. Do o viec nghien cu cac cong nghe lam sach khong kh va cac phng phap e kiem soat khong kh la can thiet. Muc ch cua viec kiem soat khong kh la ap dung cac bien phap e lam sach khong kh, tm cac nhien lieu, nguyen lieu t gay oc hai e thay the. ac biet can giam thai SOx, NOx, CO2 va cac kh nha knh khac. Viec kiem soat e han che oc hai tai nguon gom ba van e : - Thay oi qua trnh chu yeu trong san xuat e san xuat sach hn. - Thay the nhien lieu sach hn trong viec s dung nhien lieu. - Lam sach kh thai trc khi thai ra moi trng. Van e lam sach kh thai thng c quan tam nhieu nhat va c s dung rong rai nhat.

1 - Giai phap quy hoach

Viec quy hoach : o th, nong thon, khu cong nghiep, khu dan c hay trong mot cong trnh co y ngha quan trong trong viec phong chong o nhiem khong kh. Khi lap luan chng kinh te ky thuat phai tnh toan tac ong cua cong trnh en moi trng, phai am bao cong trnh khi s dung khong lam cho nong o chat oc hai cua khu vc vt qua gii han cho phep. oi vi khu cong nghiep, cac nguon oc hai nen bo tr cuoi hng gio chu yeu va can tap trung lai e x ly.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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Cac cong trnh phai c bo tr hp ly theo mat bang a hnh, ap ng yeu cau thong thoang va khong anh hng en cac cong trnh khac. Khi thiet ke quy hoach mot thanh pho hay mot khu cong nghiep phai nam vng so lieu a hnh, a chat, thuy van, kh hau cung nh quy mo phat trien lau dai. Nguyen tac thiet lap mat bang khu cong nghiep e phong chong o nhiem khong kh la : - Hnh thanh cac nha may vi cac to hp cong nghe oc lap. - Hp khoi. - Phan khu hp ly. - Tap trung hoa cac ng ong cong nghe. Trong nha may phai phan khu thuan tien e de dang tap trung cac nguon thai, cac thiet b lam sach, cac he thong thong gio x l khong kh, cac thiet b kiem tra kiem soat va bao ong o nhiem. Cac khu nha cung nh tng ngoi nha phai am bao s thong thoang va chieu sang t nhien tot. Khu hanh chnh cua nha may can co dai cay xanh bao boc xung quanh e giam anh hng cua chat oc hai, ngan bt khoi bui, tieng on va giam bt bc xa Mat tri.

2 - Giai phap cach ly ve sinh

c. Dai cach ly ve sinh phu thuoc cong nghe san xuat lng chat thai gay o nhiem khong kh : cong suat nha may, trnh o va ieu kien cong nghe (tien tien hay lac hau, kn hay h, cac trang thiet b lam sach). Dai cach ly ve sinh nham am bao nong o chat oc hai khu dan c khong vt qua nong o cho phep. e s dung hp ly at xay dng can tm cac bien phap cong nghe ky thuat e giam khoang cach cach ly. Dai cach ly ve sinh la khoang cach t nguon thai chat o nhiem ti khu dan

3 - Giai phap cong nghe ky thuat

ay la giai phap c ban v no at c hieu qua cao trong viec giam o oc hai, tham ch loai c chat oc hai thai ra moi trng. Noi dung cua giai phap la hoan thien cong nghe san xuat, s dung cong nghe tien tien hien ai, cong nghe san xuat kn, tang cng c gii hoa va t ong hoa day chuyen san xuat e tang nang suat lao ong, am bao chat lng san pham, am bao an toan cho ngi lao ong va ve sinh moi trng. Khi ap dung giai phap nay, chat oc hai khong toa ra hoac toa ra rat t vao moi trng, cac kh thai c thu gom tap trung dan theo ng ong kn e thai ra ngoai theo ieu khien cua con ngi. Xu hng hien nay la dung kh thai e tai san xuat, v du dung kh thai cua nha may nhiet ien e san xuat axit nitric, dung kh thai cua nha may hoa chat (co SO2) e san xuat axit sunfuric. Tien ti cong nghe san xuat kn khong co kh thai : phe thai cua nha may (hay cong oan) nay la nguyen lieu cho nha may (cong oan khac).

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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Giai phap nay con bao gom viec thay the chat oc hai dung trong san xuat bang chat khong oc hai hoac t oc hai hn, lam sach chat oc hai trong nguyen lieu san xuat nh tach lu huynh trong nhien lieu than dau, thay phng phap gia cong san xuat kho cac vat lieu sinh bui bang phng phap t, thay nung la bang nung ien, thay qua trnh san xuat gian oan bang san xuat lien tuc v.v Cac thiet b may moc san xuat, cac ng ong van chuyen can phai kn; ac biet neu thiet b may moc, ng ong co ap lc th cang phai kn va chu ap suat ln. Trong van chuyen hoac cat gi cac chat co cha chat oc hai phai tuyet oi kn khong c ro r.

4 - Giai phap ky thuat lam sach kh thai

a - Phng phap hap thu cac chat kh vao chat long Dong kh thai cha chat o nhiem can loai c dan en tiep xuc vi chat long hoa tan c chat o nhiem. Qua trnh nay gom ba giai oan : - Khuech tan cac phan t chat o nhiem qua chat kh ti be mat chat long hap thu. - Hoa tan chat o nhiem vao chat long tai be mat phan chia. - Khuech tan chat o nhiem a hoa tan t be mat phan chia vao trong chat long. Trng hp nay pha long va pha kh khong tron lan vao nhau. V du SO2 c loai khoi khong kh bang cach hap thu trong mot amin long co ap suat hi thap, do o amin khong bay hi vao pha kh khi qua trnh thc hien ap suat kh quyen va khong kh cung khong hoa tan vao amin. Nh the SO2 c van chuyen gia cac pha va cuoi cung b hoa tan trong amin. S hap thu kh c thc hien trong mot cot hay thap, o kh can lam sach i vao pha ay chuyen ong ngc vi dong chat long sach i vao pha nh. Cot c cha ay chat ran tr (hat gom chang han) e tao ieu kien cho chat kh va chat long tiep xuc nhau tot hn. Chat long vao

Kh ra Cac hat ran tr

Kh vao

Chat long ra

b - Phng phap hap thu cac chat kh len chat ran Khi mot phan t kh c hap thu len mot mat chat ran, no c gi lai do lc vat ly hoac lc hoa hoc. Nhng chat ran de hap thu la nhng chat co o xop ln (ty le dien tch be mat tren the tch ln) nh than hoat tnh, oxyt nhom, silicagel. Tng t nh s hap thu kh trong chat long, qua trnh hap thu kh len chat ran cung dien ra theo ba giai oan :

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- Cac phan t kh khuech tan t khong kh en be mat chat ran. - Cac phan t kh khuech tan vao cac lo rong cua chat ran. - Phan t kh that s hap thu len be mat chat ran. Cac chat hap thu co the chia lam ba nhom : - Cac chat ran khong phan cc, s hap thu chu yeu mang tnh vat ly. - Cac chat ran phan cc, s hap thu mang tnh hoa hoc nhng khong lam thay oi cau truc hoa hoc cua cac phan t hay be mat. - Cac be mat hap thu hoa hoc, hap thu cac phan t va giai phong chung sau khi a xay ra phan ng. Phan ng nay co the dien ra nh xuc tac va e lai be mat khong co thay oi g, hoac phan ng dien ra khong can xuc tac nhng can s thay the cac nguyen t be mat. Chat ran hap thu khong phan cc quan trong nhat la cabon, no lien ket rat hieu qua cac phan t khong phan cc nh CnHm. Cacbon hoat tnh (than cui) c s dung rong rai e loai CnHm, cac loai mui va cac tap chat vet ra khoi luong kh thai. Chat hap thu phan cc thng dung la SiO2, Al2O3 va cac oxyt cua mot so kim loai khac. Nhng chat nay hap thu ca phan t phan cc lan phan t khong phan cc, song chung hap thu cac phan t phan cc manh hn. Do vay chung c s dung e hap thu cac phan t phan cc nh : H2O, NH3, H2S, SO2 Cac chat hap phu co phan ng hoa hoc vi cac phan t chat oc hai trong khong kh rat a dang. c - Phng phap bien oi hoa hoc cac chat o nhiem * Hai loai kh oc hai chu yeu can loai khoi kh thai la SO2 va NOx : + Loai SO2 ra khoi kh thai : Lng SO2 thai ra nhieu nhat cac nha may nhiet ien va t cac qua trnh uc kim loai. Kh thai t ong khoi nha may nhiet ien thng cha SO2 vi nong o thap (< 0,5% theo the tch) nhng lu lng xa rat ln, v du mot nha may nhiet ien dung than cha 2% khoi lng lu huynh lam nhien lieu se tao ra 40 tan SO2 khi ot 1000 tan than. Kh thai t cac qua trnh uc kim loai co lu lng thap nhng nong o SO2 lai kha cao. Nh vay viec x ly kh thai trong ong khoi e loai SO2 la van e can quan tam trong cong nghiep. Qua trnh loai SO2 c phan thanh 5 loai : - Kiem tai sinh : Chat kiem phan ng hoa hoc vi SO2 trong ong khoi, sau o tach tai sinh kiem c tao lai va S c thu hoi (thng di dang SO2 long hay H2SO4). Cac tac nhan mang tnh kiem thng dung la MgO , Na2SO3 , cacbon kim loai, MnO2 . Phan ng (v du ) dien ra nh sau : SO2 (loang) + H2O + Na2SO3 NaHSO3 Tai sinh : 2 NaHSO3 SO2 (ac) + H2O + Na2SO3 - Kiem khong tai sinh : chat co tnh kiem phan ng hoa hoc vi SO2 trong ong khoi, san pham tao thanh c huy bo. Khi nay ngi ta dung chat co tnh kiem re tien nh : a voi, voi, olomit, cacbon ran thai ra t qua trnh san xuat axetylen. V du : CaCO3 + SO2 + O2 (cua khong kh) CaSO4 + CO2

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- Lo phun : chat cho them c phun trc tiep vao lo va san pham sunfat hoa c tach khoi kh thai cung vi nc va c loai bo. - S xuc tac : Dung chat xuc tac e ay qua trnh oxy hoa SO2 thanh SO3 va cuoi cung thu hoi c axit sunfuarit. Nhiet o V du : SO2 + khong kh SO3 V2O5 SO3 + H2O H2SO4 - Hap thu chat ran tai sinh : Dung than hoat tnh hap thu SO2 , sau o viec kh hap thu tao thanh H2SO4 : khong kh, nc SO2 H2SO4 Than hoat tnh + Loai NOx ra khoi kh thai : Ky thuat lam sach NOx trong dong kh thai hien nay cha c hoan thien v viec loai NOx kho khan hn so vi SO2. Do NO - mot oxyt Nit chu yeu trong ong khoi tng oi ben va khong hoat ong; mat khac kh ong khoi thng cha H2O , CO2 va SO2 hoat ong hn NO va nong o lai ln hn nen ngan tr viec loai NO . Viec nghien cu ky thuat loai NOx trong kh thai ong khoi la van e quan trong trong cong nghiep. V du : Kh NO thanh N2 : 2NO + 2CO N2 + 2CO2 xuc tac 2NO + 2H2 N2 + H2O xuc tac d - Cac phng phap loc bui + Phng phap c hoc : Hat bui chuyen ong trong khong kh vi khoi lng va van toc nao o, bang cach thay oi van toc va hng chuyen ong cua dong kh, theo nh luat quan tnh ta se tach c bui ra khoi hon hp kh. Theo nguyen ly nay, ngi ta che tao cac buong lang bui, buong loc bui, cac thiet b loc bui kieu quan tnh, kieu li tam loc kho hoac t. Cac li loc bui co the at co nh hoac quay c. Cac thiet b loc vai thng che tao dang tng ong n hoac chum ong. Khong kh co bui i qua cac vat lieu loc bui se c gi lai, con khong kh sach i qua va thoat ra ngoai. - Buong sa lang : Tach cac chat dang hat bang cach lam giam van toc cua luong kh e cac hat ran tach ra khoi dong ran tach ra khoi dong kh. buong sa lang la dung cu n gian va re tien, c s dung lam sach s cap e tach ra cac hat bui ln ket hp vi cac dung cu x ly khong kh o nhiem khac. Buong sa lang ac biet co hieu qua oi vi cac hat co kch thc trong pham vi 100m. Dong khong kh ban i vao buong, van toc giam u e cho phep cac hat bui ln b tach ra do trong lc.

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Khong kh ban

khong kh sach

Cac hat bui - Buong kh xoay tu : Khong kh ban i vao buong do cau tao cua buong se chuyen ong xoay tron, cac hat bui l lng trong dong kh b tac dung cua lc ly tam se chuyen ong dan ra sat thanh buong, ri xuong pha di va c gom lai. Buong xoay tu co hieu qua oi vi kch thc bui trong khoang 40m (95% lng bui c tach ra). Buong xoay tu co gia thanh re, chi ph hoat ong thap. Buong xoay tu co nhieu loai : kho, t (phoi hp phun nc), n dong va a dong. Khong kh sach ra

Khong kh ban vao

Hat bui ban - Bo loc tui : hoat ong nguyen ly giong vi may hut bui gia nh, khong kh c bm qua vai loc, cac hat bui se b vai loc gi lai tren cac tui loc vai thanh cac lp xop. Cac tui loc vai at hieu suat gan 100% oi vi cac hat bui nho en 1m, tham ch cac hat bui nho en 0,01m cung b gi lai.

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Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

khong kh sach

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Khong kh ban

- Bo loc kh t : thng dung la cho luong kh ban t di len ngc chieu cac tia nc phun t tren xuong. Cac hat bui ban trong luong kh se b cuon theo cac tia nc xuong di. Bo loc kh t c s dung rong rai trong cong nghiep, hieu suat trung bnh cua chung at khoang 96% oi vi kch thc cac hat trong khoang 2-3m. Co nhieu dang loc t khac nhau. Khong kh sach

Khong kh ban

Bui va nc + Phng phap tnh ien : ay la phng phap cho hieu qua loc cao, hieu suat at 98-99%.

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Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

Khong kh sach

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Bo gop ien cao the

Khong kh ban

Lay bui ban Thiet b chu yeu gom 2 cc dng va am. Ong ngoai la cc dng, day dan ien loi la cc am. Bui trong khong kh la nhng hat mang ien, di tac dung cua ien trng cac hat ien mang bui b phan li : cac hat bui mang ien tch am tien en gan vach ong se va cham nhau va ri xuong di tach khoi dong khong kh chuyen ong len pha tren. Bo gop ien tao ien the cao ap mot chieu (40.000-100.000von) do cac thiet b chuyen dung, bien ap va chnh lu cao ap tao ra. Hieu suat loc bang phng phap tnh ien cao chi ph van hanh thap nhng gia thanh lap at cao nen thng ap dung cho viec thu hoi cac kim loai quy hoac trng hp co yeu cau cao ve loc bui.

5 - Giai phap sinh thai hoc

e phong chong o nhiem khong kh va bao ve moi trng khong kh, bien phap tch cc nhat, quan trong va lau dai la am bao can bang sinh thai. V vay vai tro cua cay xanh vo cung quan trong. Cay xanh co tac dung ieu hoa kh hau. Ban ngay cay xanh hap thu bc xa Mat tri, hut nc t at e diep luc hoa : 5H2O C6H10O5 6CO2 + + 6O2 674 Calo 6H2O C6H12O6 Nh vay ban ngay cay xanh hap thu nhiet cua bc xa Mat tri, hat thu CO va thai kh O2 . Ban em ngc lai, cay xanh thai nhiet va CO2 , hap thu O2 nhng lng khong ang ke. Nh cay xanh, ni co nhieu cay xanh, nhiet o khong kh thap hn ni khac t 23oC, nhiet o san co thng thap hn san khac t 3-6oC.

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Nghien cu cho thay mot ngoi nha xung quanh co cay xanh co nhiet o mat ngoai tng thng thap hn 4-5oC va mat trong tng thap hn 4-6oC so vi mot ngoi nha khac khong co cay xanh xung quanh. Khao sat nhiet o khong kh o cao 0,8m tren ng giao thong thay thng cao hn 3-4oC so vi nhiet o khong kh cung o cao nhng di cay xanh ven ng. Cay xanh con co tac dung che nang, thu gi bui, che chan giam bt tieng on, tang ve ep my quan va gay cam giac thoa mai de chu cho con ngi. Khong kh cha bui khi i qua cay xanh mot so bui b gi lai va ri xuong, mot so bui b la cay gi lai. Ngoai ra cay xanh con ngan can bui t mat at boc len, lam cho khong kh ng pho t bui hn. Mot so cay xanh phan ng vi chat oc hai rat nhay, do o gan cac nguon o nhiem co the trong cac loai cay nay e ch th o oc hai cua khong kh.

6 - Cac phng phap lam giam chat o nhiem khong kh t nguon

a - oi vi SO2 oi vi cac qua trnh ot chay co the dung hai phng phap : + Thay the nhien lieu : S dung nhien lieu cha t hoac khong cha lu huynh. Nhc iem cua phng phap nay la nhien lieu khong co san; mat khac mot so thiet b a thiet ke e ot mot loai nhien lieu nao o khong de dang chuyen sang dung nhien lieu khac. + Loai lu huynh ra khoi nhien lieu. - Than a : Thng cha khoang 0,2-0,7% khoi lng lu huynh. Lu huynh ton tai trong than a di 3 dang : Pyrit, cac hp chat hu c va cac sunfat. Cac loai than a co ham lng S cao thng cha chu yeu la pyrit. S hu c lien ket trong phan t chat hu c nen khong loai c neu khong bien oi hoa hoc than. Sunfat trong than thng ham lng nho. Pyrit co the loai khoi than da vao s khac nhau ve ty khoi gia FeS2 va than sach. e loai FeS2 ngi ta nghien mn than sau o ra bang nc. Ngoai ra co the loai bang khong kh (qua trnh kho) hay ket tua tnh ien. Kh hoa than e tao nhieu lieu kh cung co the loai tr c S di dang H2S. - Dau mo : Tuy theo cong nghe tinh che ma dau nhien lieu cha t 0,5-5%S . Neu ham lng S < 1% th dau nhien lieu c coi la cha t S . Viec loai S ra khoi dau da tren phan ng gia dau va Hydro ap suat cao co xuc tac. Qua trnh nay goi la loai S bang Hydro. b - oi vi NOx Khac vi SO2 , NO c tao ra do phan ng gia N2 va O2 cua khong kh nhiet o cao trong qua trnh ot chay. Phu thuoc vao nhien lieu dung ma Nox nao o c tao ra t cac hp chat N trong chnh nhien lieu o. Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh tao NO la : + Nhiet o ot chay : toc o phan ng tao NO phu thuoc manh vao nhiet o, nhiet o cang cao th NO cang ln. + Ty le khong kh-nhien lieu.

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+ Mc o pha tron khong kh-nhien lieu-va cac san pham chay. Neu s pha tron nhien lieu- khong kh tot e qua trnh chay dien ra tot th lng NO tao thanh giam. Viec pha tron cac san pham chay c chuyen tr lai trong vung chay se lam giam nhiet o ngon la va giam s hnh thanh NO . + Toc o truyen nhiet : Neu nhanh se lam giam nh nhiet o chay nen giam s hnh thanh NO . + Loai nhien lieu : Neu cung phat ra mot nhiet lng th mc o tao NO giam dan theo trnh t than a, dau mo, kh ot. Co hai phng phap lam giam Nox t nguon : * Thay oi ieu kien van hanh : - ot chay trong ieu kien t d khong kh, khi o lng O2 d t nen viec tao NO se giam. - ot chay theo hai giai oan : Cho lng khong kh t hn mc can thiet vao lo trong qua trnh ot, sau o cho lng khong kh bo xung vao nhiet o thap hn e phan nhien lieu chay cha hoan toan cung san pham chay nguoi i trc khi hoan chnh qua trnh chay. Do vay tranh c s tiep xuc cua N2 va O2 nhiet o cao. - Tuan hoan kn kh ong khoi : Mot phan kh ong khoi c chuyen en vung ngon la e lam giam nhiet o ngon la va lng O2 d. * Thay oi ieu kien thiet ke : Hnh dang lo ot anh hng ln en s tao thanh NO. Cung nhiet lng tao ra, hnh dang lo ot nao cho nhiet o nh cao se tao nhieu NO hn hnh dang lo ot cho nhiet o eu.

7 - Giai phap quan ly- luat bao ve moi trng khong kh

Cac quoc gia can phai co luat bao ve moi trng khong kh, cac qui nh va tieu chuan ve ve sinh. Phai co cac c quan kiem soat va quan ly moi trng. Can co cac mang li ai tram quan sat va o lng trnh trang o nhiem khong kh. Can kiem soat chat che cac nguon gay o nhiem khong kh. Cac nha may va cac ni sinh chat o nhiem phai ang ky loai va lng chat oc hai thai ra, phai co bien phap phong chong o nhiem, phai ong thue moi trng va chu trach nhiem ve chat thai gay o nhiem theo luat. Can ap dung cong nghe tien tien, hien ai, cong nghe kn va cong nghe khong co chat thai. Tm nhien lieu t oc hai thay the. Cac n v san xuat co chat thaa oc hai phai co giay phep cua c quan quan ly moi trng mi c san xuat. Trong quan ly moi trng phai anh gia c mc o o nhiem hien tai, lap ban o chat o nhiem trong khong kh cho tng vung. Phai nh ky bo sung cac so lieu ve o nhiem. Phai kiem soat c chat thai, phai co cac he thong kiem tra t ong thng xuyen va bao ong khi nong o chat oc hai vt mc cho phep.

11 TNH TOAN O NHIEM KHONG KH

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1 Anh hng cua cac yeu to kh tng en s phan bo bui va chat oc hai
* Anh hng cua gio : Gio la yeu to anh hng ln nhat en s lan truyen cac chat o nhiem khong kh. Toc o gio phu thuoc chenh lech ap suat kh quyen. Khong kh sat at co toc o gio ban ngay ln hn ban em, khong kh lp tren cao th ngc lai. * Anh hng cua nhiet o : Nhiet o la yeu to anh hng en s phan bo chat o nhiem. S hap thu nhiet cua mat at co lien quan en s phan bo nhiet o khong kh theo chieu ng. Neu xay ra s phan bo nghch nhiet th se lam giam s oi lu, do o lam giam s khuech tan chat oc hai, lam tang nong o chat oc hai gan mat. Khi thiet ke lap at cac ong thai chat oc hai th mieng thai cua chung phai cao hn tang nghch nhiet. * Anh hng cua o am va ma : Ma va o am ln lam cho cac hat bui l lng trong khong kh hp vi nhau thanh cac hat to hn va nhanh chong chm lang xuong mat at. Cac vi sinh vat luon phat tan t mat at vao khong kh. Neu o am ln cac vi sinh vat se phat trien manh, bam vao cac hat bui l lng, bay i va lan truyen benh. o am lam cho phan ng hoa hoc cua cac chat thai (SOx) manh hn tao ra H2SO3 , H2SO4 . Ma se lam sach khong kh v no keo cac hat bui va hoa tan mot so chat oc hai xuong at, gay o nhiem moi trng at va nc. * Anh hng cua a hnh : a hnh anh hng s phan bo chat oc hai. Nhng vung khuat gio, sau cac oi go thng co nong o chat oc hai ln. * Anh hng cua nha ca, cong trnh : Khi gio thoi en khu vc co nha ca cong trnh th trng chuyen ong cua gio thay oi nen anh hng nhieu ti s phan bo chat oc hai. Trong vung gio quan, cac nguon gay o nhiem thap co anh hng ln. Goi h la chieu cao gii han cua nguon thap. H la chieu cao cua nha, b la chieu ngang cua nha (theo hng vuong goc vi hng gio thoi en). Thc nghiem cho thay : - oi vi nha co chieu ngang hep (b < 2,5H ) va ng oc lap (khoang cach gia cac nha d > 10 H) : h = 0,36 c + 2,5H - oi vi nha co chieu ngang rong (b > 2.5 H),va d >10H : h = 0,36 c + 1,7H - oi vi khu nha : h = 0,36 (c + x) + H Vi : c la khoang cach t tng sau cua nha ti nguon o nhiem. x la khoang cach thong thuy gia hai day nha. Cac nguon o nhiem co o cao ln hn h se khong gay o nhiem cho vung quan gio tren mai nha va sau nha.

2 - Tnh toan nong o chat oc hai trong khong kh

a- Phng trnh c ban :

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Qua trnh khuech tan cac chat gay o nhiem khong kh c ac trng bang tr so nong o chat o nhiem phan bo trong khong gian va thay oi theo thi gian, phu thuoc vao hng gio, toc o gio. Cac nguon gay o nhiem thai qua mieng thai, di tac dung cua gio, kh thai b uon cong theo chieu gio. Chat o nhiem khuech tan rong dan ra theo goc m cua luong kh t 100 - 200. Tiet dien ngang cua luong kh tang dan ty le vi bnh phng khoang cach. Vung khong kh gan mat at b o nhiem bat au t v tr cach chan ong thai t 4 20 lan chieu cao ong thai. v tr cach chan ong thai t 10 - 40 lan chieu cao ong thai co nong o o nhiem cc ai. mat cat ngang cua luong kh, nong o gia luong kh la ln nhat, cang ra xa truc luong, nong o cang giam. Neu khong co gio, luong kh thai phut thang len tren va gay o nhiem xung quanh ong thai. Trong trng hp tong quat, nong o trung bnh cua chat o nhiem phan bo trong khong gian va theo thi gian c xac nh t phng trnh vi phan c ban :

Vi : c la nong o chat o nhiem. x,y,z la 3 toa o khong gian cua iem khao sat. t la thi gian. Kx, Ky, Kz la cac thanh phan cua he so khuech tan chat o nhiem. u, v, w la thanh phan toc o gio theo phng x, y, z 1 la he so nhap them chat o nhiem tren dong khuech tan. 2 la he so lien quan en s chuyen hoa t chat o nhiem nay sang chat o nhiem khac do phan ng hoa hoc xay ra tren dong khuech tan. ay la phng trnh phc tap, viec giai cho trng hp tong quat la kho khan. Trong cac trng hp rieng phng trnh se n gian hn.

c c c c c c + u + v + w = (K x ) + (K y ) t y x z x x y y c + (K z ) + 1c 2 c z z

c =0 t + Nguon o nhiem on nh theo thi gian th . 2 c c = =0 z 2z + Tnh cho mat phang ngang (z = const) th .

+ Tnh cho s phan bo chat o nhiem theo truc x trung vi hng gio th v= 0. + Chuyen ong theo phng ng cua chat oc hai thng co van toc nho so vi toc o gio nen co the bo qua (w = 0). + oi vi hat bui nang th w bang toc o ri cua hat va co dau am, oi vi hat bui nhe th w = 0.

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Ky thuat moi trng

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+ Neu khong co s chuyen hoa chat o nhiem va khong co s bo sung chat o nhiem th 1 = 2 = 0. Viec tnh toan o nhiem khong kh phan thanh cac loai nguon sau : + Theo o cao : phan thanh nguon thap va nguon cao. Nguon thap la cac nguon thai t day chuyen cong nghe san xuat, t cac mieng thai cua he thong thong gio, t cac ca mai thoat kh cua nha xng v.v. chung co o cao nho. Cac nguon nay anh hng ln en vung lan can tren mat at. Nguon cao la phat ra t cac ong thai cao, qua trnh khuech tan t chu anh hng cac cong trnh lan can ve mat kh ong. + Theo the hnh : phan thanh nguon iem, nguon ng, nguon mat va nguon khong gian. Cac mieng ong thai, ong khoi, mieng thai cua thong gio c coi la nguon iem. Cac bang ca mai, cac day lo thai kh at ke nhau va thang hang cua he thong thong gio, cac oan ng co mat o xe chay ln, v.v la nguon ng. Cac bai cha (than, vat lieu, ) sinh bui, cac be cha hoa chat dien tch be mat ln, ao ho b o nhiem, v.v la nguon mat. Cac vung gio quan cua kh o nhiem tao thanh am may ban va tren mat at la nguon khong gian. + Theo nhiet o : phan thanh nguon nong va nguon nguoi. Cac lo nung, lo say,v.v kh thai cua chung co nhiet o cao la nguon nong. Cac ong kh thai co nhiet o thap la nguon nguoi. Thng trong kh thai co cha bui vi kch thc va khoi lng rieng khac nhau. e tnh toan phai chia ra khoang pho theo toc o ri w i cua chung moi khoang pho, t o tnh c c i va to hp lai tnh c . Neu co thiet b loc bui vi hieu suat >90% th hau het cac hat bui to va b gi lai, ch con cac hat bui nho thai ra. Khi tnh toan co the coi nh chung khuech tan giong nh o nhiem. Hien nay co hn 20 dang mo hnh tnh toan o nhiem khong kh, phan thanh cac loai sau : + Mo hnh thong ke kinh nghiem da tren c s ly thuyet toan hoc Gauss. + Mo hnh thong ke thuy ong (Berliand SNG). + Mo hnh so tr, giai phng trnh vi phan c ban bang so tr. Cac mo hnh tnh toan tren thng ap dung cho cac nguon cao. oi vi cac nguon thap th thng dung cong thc kinh nghiem, do s khuech tan chat o nhiem oi vi nguon thap phu thuoc nhieu yeu to rat kho xac nh bang ly thuyet.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 53 -

CHNG 3 MOI TRNG NC

1 Nguon nc va s o nhiem
1 - Nguon nc va s phan bo t nhien
Nc la nguon tai nguyen thien nhien gan lien vi s song cua sinh vat tren trai at. Ngay nay nc c coi la mot loai Khoang san ac biet v kha nang to ln cua no : tang tr mot nang lng ln, hoa tan nhieu chat, phuc vu nhieu nhu cau thiet yeu cua con ngi v.v Nc tren trai at phat sinh t ba nguon : trong long at, thien thach a lai, trong kh quyen. Lng nc chu yeu tren trai at bat nguon t long at (lp vo gia) trong qua trnh phan hoa cac lp a nhiet o cao. khi hnh thanh trong qua trnh nay va thoat dan ra lp vo ngoai th bien thanh the kh, bay hi va cuoi cung ngng tu thanh nuc tren cac vung trung tao thanh ai dng va song ho. Theo tnh toan, lng nc t do (thuy quyen) phu tren be mat trai at la tren 1,4 t Km3; so vi tr lng lp gia ( ~ 200 t Km3 ) th ch chiem <1%. Phan nc do vu tru va t lp tren cua kh quyen cung cap ch la lng rat nho. Lng nc ngot tren trai at ch co 2,53%, phan ln lng nay lai ong bang tai cac vung cc va bang ha. Nh the ch co mot phan rat nho cua nc hanh tinh (~1/7000) co vai tro quan trong trong viec bao ve s song tren hanh tinh o la lng nc ngot trong cac ho, song suoi trong kh am va trong long at. Nc trong t nhien luon van ong va thay oi trang thai. Chu trnh van ong t nhien cua nc tren trai at theo 5 dang c ban : Ma - Dong chay Tham - Boc hi - Ngng tu - Ma. Mc o boc hi cua nc va s ngng tu cua nc thay oi theo v o : giam dan t vung xch ao en 2 a cc. Ngoai ra lng ma phan bo tren cac vung khac nhau rat khong ong eu. Nc ngot co the s dung c chiem khong ay 1% lng nc cua thuy quyen. Nhng nh qua trnh khong lo la s tuan hoan cua nc ma lng nc ngot c phuc hoi lien tuc. ay chnh la nguyen nhan tao thanh nc ngot. S trao oi nc ngot trong song ho dien ra manh me hn nhieu so vi nc man va nc bang ha. Cac nguon nc bao gom khoi tnh cua thuy quyen va phan nc thng xuyen c phuc hoi do ket qua cua chu trnh t nhien. Nc song vi khoi lng khoang1200Km3 (<10-6 lng nc thuy quyen) nhng nh chu ky tuan hoan cha en 12 ngay ma nc song c tieu thu va phuc hoi. Tnh chat nay la nguyen nhan cua s oi mi thng xuyen nguon nc, cho phep con ngi s dung lien tuc nguon nc ngot can thiet. Chu trnh nc toan cau quyet nh kha nang cap nc ngot cho con ngi va sinh vat. S chenh lech gia lng ma va lng bay hi nc tren at lien quy nh lng nc tran ra bien. Do s xuat hien s song, vong tuan hoan cua nc ngay cang phc tap hn vi viec boc hi sinh ly cua c the song va cac hoat ong cua con ngi.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

2 - S o nhiem nc

- 54 -

Cung vi s phat trien cua cong nghiep, con ngi ngay cang tac ong nhieu len thuy quyen, lam ao lon he sinh thai nc, lam thay oi chu trnh t nhien trong thuy quyen, lam thay oi nc hanh tinh, lam o nhiem nguon nc. a - Cac nguon gay o nhiem nc + Do sinh hoat con ngi Trong hoat ong song con ngi a s dung mot lng nc rat ln, nhu cau nc tang len theo s phat trien cua xa hoi. Trong cac o th, nc thai sinh hoat t cac khu dan c va cac cong trnh cong cong co ham lng chat hu c cao lam moi trng thuan li cho cac vi khuan gay benh phat trien; gay hien tng nc ph dng. Ngoai ra nc ma trong cac vung o th cung co the gay o nhiem song ho. + Do hoat ong cong nghiep Gi v tr th hai sau yeu to con ngi lam anh hng en thuy quyen. S phat trien cong nghiep lam tang nhanh nhu cau ve nc; ac biet oi vi mot so nganh san xuat nh che bien thc pham, giay, hoa chat, dau mo, than va luyen kim. Ch 5 nganh nay a tieu thu gan 90% tong lng nc cong nghiep. V du e san xuat 1 lt bia can 15 lt nc, 1 lt dau loc can 200 lt nc, mot tan giay can 300m3 nc, 1 tan nha tong hp can 2000m3 nc. Thanh phan nc thai cong nghiep rat a dang va phc tap, phu thuoc loai hnh san xuat, day chuyen cong nghe, thanh phan nguyen lieu, chat lng san pham v.v Trong nc thai san xuat, ngoai cac can l lng con nhieu tap chat hoa hoc khac nh cac chat hu c (axt, este, fenol, dau m ), Cac chat oc (xianua, Asen, thuy ngan, ch, muoi ong), cac chat gay mui, cac muoi khoang va ca mot so chat ong v phong xa. + Do hoat ong cong nghiep S phat trien nong nghiep oi hoi lng nc ngay cang tang. Viec s dung nc cho nong nghiep lam thay oi s can bang nc luc a, lam giam chat lng nguon nc. Nc tieu t ong ruong va nc thai t chuong trai chan nuoi gay nhiem ban song ho. Thanh phan khoang chat trong nc tieu phu thuoc ac tnh at, che o ti, cau tao he thong tieu. Viec s dung phan hoa hoc, mot lng ln chat dinh dng Nit va Photpho co the troi vao nguon nc, gay hien tng ph dng trong nc. Cac hp chat hu c cha Clo nh thuoc tr sau, DDT, Adrin, Endosunfan, thuoc diet co, axt fenoxiaxetic, thuoc diet nam hecxaclorobenzen, pentaclorofenol v.v la cac chat ben vng, toc o phan huy trong nc rat cham, chung co the c tch tu trong bun, trong c the sinh vat, tan trong m ong vat nc v.v + Ho cha nc va cac hoat ong thuy ien Cac ho nc lam tang dien tch ngap nc va do o lam tang lng nc ton hao do bay hi. Cac nhu cau khac ve ni nh giao thong van tai, giai tr v.v eu gay nen s nhiem ban oi vi song ho. Tren the gii hiien nay, tong nhu cau nc chiem 10% tong dong chay cua song, trong o khoang mot na b mat i khong c hoan tra.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 55 -

b - O nhiem nc ve mat hoa hoc + O nhiem nc do cac chat hu c La dang o nhiem pho bien nhat. Bao gom : - Cac Protein : la chat hu c cao phan t, ton tai trong c the sinh vat. Trong nc Protein b phan huy nhanh dc tac dung cua cac vi sinh vat. S phan huy qua nhieu giai oan. Cac hp chat trung gian c tao ra nh amin axit, axit beo, axit thm, baz hu c, hp chat hu c cha S va P; nhieu chat c tao ra nay co tnh oc hai va co mui hoi. - Chat beo : bao gom m, dau ong thc vat, chung la cac este cua gluxerin va cac axit beo. Di tac dung cua vi khuan cac chat beo phan tch thanh gluxerin va cac axit beo. Cac axit beo tiep tuc b vi khuan phan huy thanh axit axetic, butyric co mui hoi. S phan huy chat beo trong nc lam cho o pH cua nc giam bat li cho hoat ong phan huy cac chat o nhiem cua vi khuan. - Xa phong : la muoi cua kim loai va axit beo. Xa phong cua nc thai sinh hoat la muoi cua cac kim loai la K, Na. Xa phong nay lam tang o pH cua nc lam kho khan cho viec phan giai sinh hoc cac chat ban khac. Vang bot xa phong ngan can s khuech tan oxy t khong kh vao nc, lam nong o oxy trong nc giam. Xa phong cong nghiep la muoi cua cac kim loai Ca, Fe, Al, Mn, Pb, Zn; chung khong tan trong nc, chung co tnh oc hai oi vi sinh vat nc. - Cac thuoc nhuom mau : a phan la cac chat hu c tong hp. Tuy thuoc cau tao phan t ma chung co tnh chat baz hoac axit chung lam giam gia tr s dung cua nc, lam mat my quan, lam giam s xam nhap cua anh sang vao trong nc gay tr ngai hoac tham ch loai tr qua trnh quang hp nen nong o oxy giam ti 0. Khi o s phan huy chat hu c do vi khuan yem kh thc hien tao ra san pham co mui hoi va oc. - Cac chat tay ra tong hp : ay la cac chat hu c hoat ong be mat cao phan t, cac phan t co o phan cc ln chung gay oc hai cho ca va cac sinh vat. Chung tao lp vang bot tren mat nc lam mat my quan va ngan can s khuech tan oxy t khong kh vao nc. Ngoai ra cac chat tay ra co tnh chat sinh hoa rat khac nhau tuy theo cau tao phan t cua chung, chung ben oi vi tac ong cua vi sinh vat nen thng van ton tai sau qua trnh x ly sinh hoc thong thng, do o tnh chat gay o nhiem moi trng la tram trong. - Cac chat Hydrocacbon, Hydratcacbon, ru, axit hu c : Cac chat nay co trong nc thai sinh hoat va nc thai cac nha may che bien thc pham. Cac chat hydrocacbon va hydratcacbon trong nc b vi khuan hao kh oxy hoa tao thanh san pham cuoi cung la CO2 va H2O; cac san pham trung gian cua qua trnh la ru, aldehyt, axit Cac chat tren gay o nhiem nc do : * Lam giam nong o oxy hoa tan do qua trnh oxy hoa sinh hoc. * Tao ra cac san pham oc hai nh aldehyt.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 56 -

* Tao ra lng ln axit hu c, nhat la viec phan huy yem kh. Hydratcacbon lam mat kha nang em cua chat thai, lam giam nong o pH, gay can tr hoat ong cua vi sinh vat. - Cac hp chat hu c dung lam thuoc tr sau : gay o nhiem nc va i vao cac he sinh thai nc theo cac con ng sau : * Theo nc tieu t vung san xuat nong nghiep * Theo nc ma vung khong kh b o nhiem cac hoa chat. * Kh hap phu sau khi a hap phu len cac hat at va cac hat chat ran l lng trong nc. Ve mat sinh thai hoc, cac chat nay gay nen 2 bat li chu yeu : * Nhieu chat ton tai lau dai trong moi trng va thong qua tch tu sinh hoc trong chuoi thc an ma co the at lieu lng nguy hiem cho sinh vat va con ngi. * Do con ngi la bac dinh dng cuoi cung trong chuoi thc an nen co the gay cho con ngi nhieu benh nguy hiem. - Dau mo : Khi gay o nhiem nc th anh hng se lan nhanh do vet dau loang. Chung can tr qua trnh khuech tan oxy t khong kh vao nc, lam chet cac sinh vat song be mat nc. Mot so chat co hoa tan se khuech tan vao nc co tnh oc nh Toluen, xylen, naptalen ; mot so chat chu s phan giai vi khuan; mot so dau dnh bam vao cac hat phu sa va lang ong xuong ay, ay xay ra qua trnh phan huy yem kh tao ra cac san pham oc hai co the gay huy diet sinh vat ay. - Cac chat hu c co tnh oc hai : Thng co trong chat thai cong nghiep nh fenol, xyanua . , cac chat nay lam chet vi khuan trong nc, lam cho nc mat kha nang t lam sach. Ngoai ra chung con gay chet ca va cac loai thuy san nong o thap. + O nhiem nc do cac chat vo c - Axit, kiem : nhieu chat thai cong nghiep cha axit vo c va kiem. Khi thai vao nc chung pha hoai he em t nhien cua nc va lam thay oi nong o pH. Co loai nc thai mang tnh kiem co pH > 12 va co loai nc thai mang tnh axit vi pH < 1. Du nc o nhiem axit hay kiem eu gay huy diet cac vi khuan va cac vi sinh vat, lam giam kha nang t lam sach cua nc. Khi pH thap lam cho H2S c tao ra, nhat la lp bun ay, gay o nhiem khong kh, cac ket cau beton, thep tiep xuc vi nc b an mon. - Cac hp chat vo c oc hai : co trong nc thai mot so nganh san xuat cong nghiep nh Cl t do, NH3, H2S cac sunfua hoa tan, cac muoi cua cac kim loai nang (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni . ) cac chat tren lam chet vi khuan va cac sinh vat nc nen lam mat kha nang t lam sach cua nc oi vi chat o nhiem hu c. Zn la nguyen to rat oc hai cho ca. Pb va As gay oc cho ngi. Cac kh Cl2, H2S, NH3 thng c tao ra trong nc b o nhiem rat oc cho ca. - Cac muoi hoa tan : co trong nc thai va nc t nhien nh Clorua, sunfat, nitrat, bicabonat, phot phat v.v nong o thap khong gay hai cho ca, nhng nong o cao se anh hng xau cho ca va cac thc vat song trong nc ngot. Cac muoi bicabonat, sunfat, clorua cua Ca va Mg lam cng nc bat li cho viec s dung. Ngoai ra cac muoi nay con an mon cac ket cau beton va kim loai trong nc. Mot so muoi tan cua kim loai tng oi khong oc nh Fe, Al nhng van gay o

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 57 -

nhiem nc do tao thanh hydroxit khong tan vi bicacbonat trong nc, v du nh Fe(OH)3 lam cho nc co mau o nau va tao lp lang ong ay song ho. - Cac muoi khong tan : nh cac hat set, thach anh, canxi, cacbonat, thng co trong nc thai cua mot so nha may ( gom, s, giay ), chung lam tang o uc cua nc, lam giam chat lng nc. - Phan bon hoa hoc : gay ph hoa va tang nong o NO3 trong nc. Hien tng ph hoa nc lam tang o phat trien cua tao va thc vat cap thap trong tang nc nhan c anh sang mat tri. Do o lam giam tram trong lng anh sang i ti tang nc pha di, hien tng quang hp tang nc pha di b ngan can, lam giam lng oxy giai phong, lam cho nc tang nay b thieu oxy. Ngoai ra khi tao va thc vat cap thap b chet, xac cua chung b chm xuong tang nc pha di hoac lang xuong ay, o chung b phan huy yem kh tao ra cac san pham oc hai. Nong o nitrat trong nc cao se anh hng en sc khoe con ngi. Trong ruot, cac nitrat b kh thanh nitrit va c hap thu vao mau ket hp vi hemoglobin tao thanh methemoglobin lam giam kha nang van chuyen oxy cua mau. - Cac kim loai nang : nh Ni, Se, Ag, Zn, Hg, Pb, Ba, Cr, Cu, thng trong nc di dang ion t do hay trong hp chat phu thuoc vao ieu kien oxy hoa kh. Chung anh hng nhieu en sc khoe con ngi va he sinh thai nc cung nh cac he thong x ly nc thai. Anh hng cua kim loai nang co tnh chat tch tu dan nen rat nguy hai. c - O nhiem nc be mat vat ly + Mau sac : nhieu chat thai cong nghiep cha cac chat co mau lam cho nc song ho nhan nc thai cung co mau. Mau nc thng do chat mau hu c va mot so chat vo c co mau, nhat la cac hp chat cua Fe va Cr gay nen. Mot so san pham phan huy cac manh vun hu c nh canh, la cay, go trong nc nh amin axt humic, cac humat v.v eu co mau. Ngoai ra cac chat ton tai di dang keo mang ien tch am cung gay mau. S o nhiem do cac chat mang mau gay ra the hien hai mat : - Lam giam my quan va giam chat lng s dung nc. - Khi kh trung nc bang Clo, cac hp chat hu c t nhien co trong nc o nhiem nay se phan ng tao ra cac san pham oc hai nh Clofooc v.v. + o uc : Cac loai nc thai thng co o uc ln. o uc do cac chat l lng gay ra. Khi thai ra song ho chung lam tang o uc cua song ho, lam cho o xuyen sau cua anh sang giam, cac chat gay uc nc co ca hu c va vo c. Cac chat hu c c vi khuan dung lam thc an, s phat trien cua chung va cac vi sinh vat song da vao vi khuan gay them o uc cho nc. Cac chat vo c thuc ay s phat trien cua tao va cung lam o uc cua nc tang them. Cac hat l lng gay o uc cho nc thng hap phu cac kim loai oc va cac vi sinh vat gay benh len be mat cua chung, qua trnh kh trung nc tr nen kem hieu qua do cac vi sinh vat co the ton tai tren cac hang hoc tren mat cac hat ma cac chat diet trung khong tiep xuc e tieu diet c chung. o uc ln lam qua trnh quang hp trong nc giam dan en nc tr nen yem kh.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 58 -

+ Nhiet o : viec xa nc t cac he thong lam mat vao song ho lam nhiet o nc song ho tang, gay nen hau qua la nong o oxy b giam nghiem trong, co the dan en tnh trang yem kh do 2 nguyen nhan : - Nhiet o nc tang, o hoa tan oxy giam. - Nhiet o nc tang, toc o cac phan ng oxy hoa sinh hoa tang lam tang toc o tieu thu oxy trong nc. Tnh trang yem kh do nhiet o nc tang se tao ieu kien cho s sinh cac san pham phan huy oc hai va do o nc cang b o nhiem. Nhiet o nc tang lam mot so loai thuy san va ca chet, nhng cac loai nam va co nc phat trien manh. S phan huy nam tao ra H2S, s phat trien co nc lam ngan can dong chay, gay ton kem cho viec x ly. d- O nhiem nc ve mat sinh ly + V cua nc : cac hp chat hoa hoc lam cho nc co v khong tot, nhieu chat ch vi lng nho cung lam cho v cua nc xau i. Cac qua trnh phan giai chat hu c, rong, tao, nam eu tao nhng san pham lam nc co v khac thng. Noi chung, khi nc b o nhiem, v cua nc bien oi lam giam gia tr s dung cua nc. + Mui cua nc : la mot ac trng quan trong ve mc o o nhiem. Cac chat gay mui nh NH3, fenol, Clo t do, cac sunfua v.v; mui cua nc cung gan lien vi s co mat cua nhieu chat hu c nh dau mo, rong tao va cac chat hu c ang b phan ra. Mot so vi sinh vat cung lam nc co mui nh ong vat n bao Dinobryon va tao Volvox gay mui tanh cua ca. Cac san pham phan huy Protein va cac chat hu c khac co trong nc thai eu co mui hoi thoi. Co nhieu mui nc rat kho chu ngay ca khi vi nong o nho phu thuoc vao pH cua nc. Khi nc b o nhiem va co mui hoi th gia tr s dung b giam nhieu va x ly rat ton kem. e - O nhiem nc ve mat sinh hoc Khi nc thai ra song ho trc tiep ma khong qua x ly se gay o nhiem nc ve mat sinh hoc nh : - Ton tai cac vi khuan, vi rut, ong vat nguyen sinh gay benh. - S ton tai cac chat oc lam giam s a dang cua he sinh thai va do o lam mat tnh on nh cua he. - Qua trnh sinh hoa xay ra trong nc o nhiem tao ra cac san pham oc hai lam nong o oxy giam xuong di mc can thiet e duy tr s song cua ong vat nc.

2 Qua trnh t lam sach cua nc

1- Qua trnh t lam sach cua nc mat
a - Khai niem La qua trnh phuc hoi lai trang thai chat lng nc ban au nh cac qua trnh thuy ong hoc, vat ly, hoa hoc, sinh hoc dien ra trong nguon nc. ay la qua trnh tong hp cac yeu to t nhien. Kha nang t lam sach cua nguon nc phu thuoc mot loat cac ieu kien nh thanh phan va tnh chat nc thai, ac iem hnh thai va che o thuy ong hoc cua nguon nc, ac iem kh hau khu vc, v.v

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 59 -

Khi chat o nhiem la nhng muoi vo c hoa tan trong nc thai xa vao dong chay th khong dien ra s thay oi ro ret nao ngoai s pha loang t nhien tang lien tuc do lu lng dong chay tang dan trong qua trnh chay ra bien. Nhng khi chat o nhiem la cac chat thai hu c th qua trnh lai khac, dong chay co xu hng t lam sach va khoi phuc t nhien theo thi gian do cac phan ng sinh hoa gay nen bi hoat ong cua cac vi sinh vat phan huy. Khi xa nc thai vao dong chay, nong o chat ban trong khu vc chu anh hng cua nc thai thay oi theo 5 vung : - Vung 1 : vung xao tron nc thai vi nc nguon nh qua trnh khuech tan tao ra, ay Cnt > C1max > Co. Vi : + Co la nong o chat ban trc iem xa nc thai + Cnt la nong o chat ban trong nc thai + Cmax la nong o chat ban ln nhat vung nc pha tron - Vung 2 : vung pha loang nc thai do s khuech tan chat ban trong dong chay theo 3 chieu : C2max > C0 - Vung 3 : vung xao tron hoan toan nc thai do khuech tan theo phng dong chay. Nong o chat ban tai moi iem trem mat cat ngang dong chay nh nhau : - Vung 4 : Vung phan huy hay chuyen hoa chat ban e phuc hoi lai trang thai nc ban au : C4 C0 - Vung 5 : vung chat lng nc c phuc hoi : C5 C0 Viec t lam sach cua dong chay la s tong hp cua hai qua trnh : qua trnh pha loang nc thai vi nc nguon vung 1 va 2, qua trnh phan huy chuyen hoa chat ban vung 3 va 4. b - Qua trnh pha loang nc thai vi nguon nc Khi xa nc thai vao dong chay, do che o thuy ong ma chat ban khuech tan vao dong chay. Qua trnh pha loang nay ac trng bang so lan pha loang n :

C3 > C 0

n=

Vi Ct la nong o chat ban ln nhat tai mat cat t cua dong chay. oi vi chat ban khong ben vng (b phan huy sinh hoa hay hoa ly theo thi gian), vung 1 va 2 ngoai s pha loang, nong o chat ban con b giam do phan huy. Khi o tai iem tnh toan nong o chat ban ln nhat Ctmax se la:

C nt C 0 Ct C0

Ct

max

= (C0 +

Cnt C0 n

k t ) 10 1

Vi k1 la he so phan huy chat ban theo thi gian t la thi gian cua qua trnh pha loang. Tai vung 3 oi vi chat ban ben vng (khong b phan huy theo thi gian) nong o cua chung la:

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 60 -

C3 =

Vi Qo Qn la lu lng nc nguon va nc thai. c- Cac yeu to anh hng en kha nang t lam sach cua dong chay + Nong o oxy hoa tan : Trong ieu kien hao kh ( lng O2 hoa tan trong nc ln ), cac vi sinh vat hao kh hoat ong manh, qua trnh phan huy chat hu c dien ra nhanh va tao ra cac san pham cuoi cung t oc hai, v du : Cacbon hu c + O2 CO2 Hydro hu c + O2 H2O Nit hu c + O2 NO-3 Lu huynh hu c + O2 SO42photpho hu c + O2 PO43Ngc lai, trong ieu kien yem kh (nong o O2 trong nc nho) th viec phan huy chat hu c lai do cac vi khuan yem kh am nhiem, san pham tao ra co mui hoi va oc hai, v du : Cacbon hu c CH4CO2 Nit hu c NH3 photpho hu c PH3 + Loai chat hu c : toc o t lam sach cua nc phu thuoc tnh chat cua chat hu c gay o nhiem. Co nhng chat hu c de phan huy nh Protein, ng, chat beo . Ngc lai co nhng chat hu c kho phan huy nh ligin, xenlulo, . Nhng chat hu c Clo hoa co o ben sinh hoc cao nh DDT, BHC cac chat mun la nhng chat hu c phc tap rat ben oi vi s phan huy sinh hoc nen thng ton tai di dang bun can mau nau hoac nau en. + Lc sinh hoc : nhng sinh vat ong vai tro chu yeu trong viec phan huy chat hu c trong nc. - Vi khuan : ong vai tro quan trong nhat, chung oxy hoa chat hu c tao nang lng can thiet cho s sinh trng va phat trien. - Tao : khong phan huy chat hu c. Tao cung cac thc vat trong nc quang hp hap thu CO2 va cac thanh phan dinh dng thc vat trong nc, tao ra O2. Do o tao co vai tro thuc ay s phan huy hao kh. - ong vat nguyen sinh : tieu thu cac chat hu c, dung tao va vi khuan lam thc an; nh vay chung co vai tro gi s can bang sinh hoc thch hp trong nc. - Giap xac : s dung tao va ong vat nguyen sinh lam thc an, vai tro tng t ong vat nguyen sinh. - Giun : dung bun can lang ong ay lam thc an nen co vai tro quan trong trong viec phan huy chat lang ong. + Cac chat oc (Kim loai nang, xyanua, fenol) : lam giam kha nang t lam sach cua nc do chung tieu diet cac vi sinh vat hoac ngan can s phat trien cua vi sinh vat. Mc o tac hai phu thuoc ban chat va nong o cua chat oc trong nc. + ac tnh vat ly cua dong chay : Toc o, lu lng, o sau, ac tnh ay (soi, cat, bun ong) cua dong chay la nhng yeu toc anh hng en toc o khuech tan oxy t khong kh vao nc va do o anh hng en toc o t lam sach cua nc.

C o Q o + C nt Q nt Q o + Q nt

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 61 -

+ S pha loang : co vai tro quan trong trong viec lam giam nong o o nhiem, tao ieu kien cho s phan huy hao kh. Viec pha loang gom nhieu nguon : nc ngam, song nhanh, nc tieu, nc ma v.v. + Thi tiet kh hau : Anh sang mat tri thuc ay qua trnh quang hp tao oxy, gio thuc ay s khuech tan oxy vao nc. Cac qua trnh nay tao ieu kien cho s phan huy hao kh. + S lang ong : Bun can ay song ho tao ra do s lang ong cua cac chat l lng va s ong tu cua cac chat keo trong nc thai tao thanh cac humus khong tan. S oxy hoa cac chat lang ong nay dien ra trong thi gian dai nen nhu cau oxy cao dan en thieu oxy hoa tan. Qua trnh phan huy yem kh trong lp bun can kem theo s tao kh lam bun can b ay noi len tren mat nc. + Nhiet o : anh hng en toc o cac phan ng sinh hoa nen anh hng en toc o t lam sach cua nc.

2- Qua trnh t lam sach cua nc ngam

a - Qua trnh loc Trong qua trnh nc o nhiem tham xuong at, cac chat l lng, cac chat dang hat, cac ket tua tao ra do cac phan ng hoa hoc se b cac lp at gi lai (loc). b - C che hap thu La c che chu yeu trong qua trnh lam giam o nhiem nc ngam. cac hat set, cac oxit va hydroxyt kim loai ong vai tro chat hap thu. Hau het cac chat gay o nhiem eu b hap thu di cac ieu kien thch hp, ngoai tr Clorua, nitrat va sunfat b hap thu mc o t hn. c - Cac qua trnh hoa hoc Hien tng ket tua hoa hoc trong nc ngam xay ra ni co nong o cac ion thanh phan u ln. C che ket tua co the loai tr c cac ion kim loai nh Ca, SO 2 , HCO3 , CN , 4 Mg, Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Mo, Ra, Zn va cac anion F . vung kho han th ket tua hoa hoc la c che chu yeu lam giam o nhiem. d - C che loai tr vi khuan vi rut Hau het cac vi khuan gay benh khong phat trien trong at c, nen cuoi cung se b tieu diet. Thi gian ton tai cua chung phu thuoc ieu kien moi trng. Cac vi khuan, vi rut trong nc di chuyen qua mang xop (at) cham hn nc, do o chung b loai tr dan. e - C che pha loang Cac chat gay o nhiem nc ngam khi chay qua moi trng xop nong o se giam dan. S phan tan thuy ong hoc dien ra mc o ca vi mo lan v mo lam cho nong o chat o nhiem giam xuong.

3 Cac ch tieu anh gia chat lng nc

Cac nganh hoat ong khac nhau cua con ngi can nc vi yeu cau chat lng khac nhau. yeu vau ve chat lng nc cua cac nganh the hien theo tieu chuan tng quoc gia hay quoc te (WHO). Neu nc khong am bao ung tieu

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 62 -

chuan th phai co bien phap x ly thch hp. ay ch neu mot so khai niem ve mot so ch tieu thng gap.

1 - Nhiet o
Nhiet o co vai tro quan trong oi vi cac qua trnh sinh hoa trong nc. Nhng thay oi ve nhiet o co anh hng nhieu en chat lng nc. Cac loai thuy san va cac thanh vien lien quan en day chuyen thc an trong he sinh thai nc rat nhay cam vi nhiet o. Cac vi sinh vat co than nhiet phu thuoc nhiet o moi trng; mat khac moi loai sinh vat ch co mot khoang nhiet o ton tai va mot khoang nhiet o phu hp e phat trien. Nh the nhiet o la yeu to quyet nh loai sinh vat nao ton tai va phat trien u the trong he sinh thai nc, do o anh hng en nong o va dang phan huy cac hp chat hu c co trong nc, nong o oxy hoa tan va cuoi cung la day chuyen thc an. Che o phan bo nhiet trong nc cung rat quan trong. oi vi cac dong chay, do co s xao tron gia cac lp nc nen s chenh lech nhiet o theo chieu sau khong ang ke. Ngc lai, vi cac the nc tnh nh ho cha th s phan tang nhiet theo chieu sau lai kha ro ret.

2 - Mau sac
Mau cua nc gay bi chat mang mau sinh ra do s tiep xuc cua nc vi cac manh vun hu c nh la cay, go v.v trong cac giai oan phan huy. Cac chat mang mau rat a dang, trong o tanin, axit humic, cac humat tao ra t s phan huy lignin c coi la nhng thanh phan gay mau chu yeu. Mau sac t nhien ton tai trong nc phan ln di dang cac hat keo mang ien tch am. V vay viec loai bo mau t nhien co the thc hien bang cach gay ong tu bi mot muoi cua ion kim loai hoa tr 3 nh Al hay Fe. Co hai loai mau : bieu kien va thc. Mau bieu kien do cac chat hu c l lng mang mau gay ra; mau thc do phan chat hu c di dang keo gay ra. Cng o mau tang theo o pH cua nc. Mau sac cua nc anh hng en my quan, kinh te va viec x ly mau. + Ve my quan : khi nc co mau, gia tr tham my cua nc b giam. Cac chat hu c co mau trong nc co the tac dung vi Clo trong qua trnh kh trung nc bang Clo tao nhng hp chat oc hai nh Clorofooc. + Ve kinh te : Nhieu nganh san xuat cong ngiep can dung nc khong mau. Viec loai mau cho nc gay ton kem. + Ve x ly mau : Cac so lieu ve mau sac cua nc cung vi cac thong tin khac dung e quyet nh mc o x ly, loai va lieu lng hoa chat can phai dung.

3 - Chat ran l lng

Co the coi rang tat ca cac chat ngoai tr nc co trong chat long eu thuoc chat ran. ngi ta coi nhng thanh phan con lai sau khi lam bay hi va say kho nc 103 1050C la chat ran. cac chat ran nay c phan thanh cac loai: chat ran hoa tan, chat ran bay hi, chat ran khong bay hi va chat ran l lng. Trong viec phan tch nc thai va nc o nhiem th chat ran l lng co vai tro quan trong.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 63 -

Viec xac nh ham lng chat ran l lng ac biet quan trong trong viec nghien cu s o nhiem nc. So lieu ve chat ran l lng la mot trong cac thong so e anh gia cng o nc thai sinh hoat va hieu qua cua cac thiet b x ly. oi vi dong chay th chat ran l lng c coi la chat lang ong v thi gian khong phai la yeu to gii han; s sa lang dien ra do qua trnh keo tu sinh hoa.

4 - o uc
o uc cua nc la mc o ngan can anh sang xuyen qua nc do cac chat l lng gay ra. Ve thanh phan hoa hoc, cac chat gay uc co the la vo c (cac hat keo at, a ) hoac hu c; nguon goc co the t nhien hoac nhan tao. Cac chat thai sinh hoat va cong nghiep co cha nhieu chat vo c va hu c gay o uc. Cac chat hu c la nguon thc an cho vi khuan va cac vi sinh vat khac dung vi khuan lam thc an, ket qua lam o uc cua nc tang them. Cac chat dinh dng vo c nh cac hp chat Nit, Phot pho co trong nc thai sinh hoat va nc tieu nong nghiep khi xa vao nc se lam o uc tang do chung thuc ay s phat trien cua tao. Do thanh phan cac chat gay o uc a dang nen viec x ly nc uc tr nen phc tap. o uc la mot ch tieu quan trong trong viec x ly nc do 4 nguyen nhan : + My quan : o uc cang ln th gia tr tham my cua nc cang giam va gia tr s dung cho sinh hoat cang giam. Mat khac o uc thng gan lien vi kha nang o nhiem nc nen gay nguy hai ve mat y te. + Kha nang loc : o uc cang ln th kha nang loc cang kho khan va ton kem. + Qua trnh kh trung : oi vi nc sinh hoat thng kh trung bang Clo hay Ozon. Khi nc co o uc ln, nhieu vi sinh vat gay benh co the hap phu len cac hat l lng va do o khong b tieu diet. V the phai co qui nh ve o uc ln nhat cho phep oi vi cap nc. + X ly nc : Vi qua trnh ong tu hoa hoc th viec o o uc c s dung e xac nh hieu qua x ly oi vi cac hoa chat, t o co c s e la chon hoa chat co hieu qua va kinh te nhat, cung nh xac nh lng hoa chat can dung hang ngay cho cac nha may x ly nc.

5 - o cng
Nc cng la nc co cha cac ion kim loai hoa tr 2. Cac ion nay tac dung vi xa phong tao ket tua va tac dung vi cac ion am co trong nc tao ra lp vang. Khi dung nc cng e tam giat th xa phong t tao ra bot nen ton xa phong. Trong ky thuat, nc cng tao mang cng trong cac ong dan nc, cac noi hi va cac bo phan khac gay nhieu bat li. Cac chat tay giat tong hp khac phuc c nhc iem tren cua nc cng, nhng lai gay o nhiem nc. o cng cua nc thay oi theo vung, phu thuoc cau tao a chat va nhieu yeu to khac. Nhn chung nc mat t cng hn nc ngam. Phan ln o cng cua nc c tao ra do nc tiep xuc vi at a. Do hoat ong cua vi khuan, CO2 c tao ra va nc trong at cha nhieu CO2, lng CO2 nay

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 64 -

can bang vi lng H2CO3 trong nc; ket qua lam pH cua nc giam, khi o cac chat co tnh baz nh a voi b hoa tan. o cng cua nc c phan lam hai loai : Theo ion kim loai va theo cac anion lien ket vi cac ion kim loai. o cng cua nc la mot ch tieu rat quan trong oi vi chat lng nc s dung cho sinh hoat va cong nghiep.

6 - o pH
dch. pH la mot ch tieu quan trong trong ky thuat moi trng v no co lien quan en qua trnh ong tu hoa hoc, sat trung, lam men nc va kiem soat an mon, s phat trien cua vi sinh vat v.v... + pH va s phat trien cua vi sinh vat Moi loai sinh vat co mot khoang pH gii han e phat trien, khoang nay thng t 3-4 n v. Gia tr toi u cho s phat trien c xem la gia tr trung bnh gia cc tieu va cc ai pH trong khoang o. Hau het cac vi khuan co pH toi u nam gan trung tnh (pH = 7). pH cua nhieu moi trng t nhien nam gan trung tnh, do o pH thng khong phai la yeu to quyet nh s song sot cua hau het cac vi sinh vat. + S bien oi pH do hoat ong cua vi sinh vat Cac qua trnh hoat ong cua vi khuan hao kh cung nh yem kh eu co tac dung lam thay oi pH cua moi trng. V du s len men cua cac hp chat hu c di tac dung cua vi khuan hao kh : ng c chuyen hoa thanh nhieu san pham, trong o co cac axit hu c c giai phong se lam giam pH cua moi trng. Qua trnh oxy hoa cac hp chat hu c di tac dung cua vi khuan yem kh tao ra CO2 lam giam pH cua moi trng. Cac vi sinh vat cung co the lam tang pH cua moi trng do chung tao ra cac san pham mang tnh kiem hoac do chung loai bo nhng ion nao o khoi moi trng. V du s chuyen hoa protein, cac axit amin v.v... oi vi nc thai sinh hoat do thng pH gan trung tnh nen viec x ly sinh hoc khong can quan tam en pH. oi vi nc thai cong nghiep can co s ieu chnh pH ban au e co pH trong khoang trung tnh trc khi x ly sinh hoc. Bien phap kinh te la tron cac loai nc thai cong nghiep vi nhau hoac tron vi nc thai sinh hoat e giam nhe viec trung hoa. Neu x ly yem kh cac chat thai cong nghiep hay bun can nc thai sinh hoat th phai quan tam en pH do cac vi sinh vat can cho qua trnh nay co khoang pH hep hn so vi cac vi sinh vat hao kh. + Tac dung chon loc cua pH Tng t nh nhiet o, pH co vai tro quyet nh s phat trien cua mot loai vi sinh vat trong moi trng. Tuy nhien, khac vi nhiet o, pH cua moi trng lai thng quyet nh chu yeu do chnh cac sinh vat. Moi tng quan ty oi gia cac loai sinh pH c nh ngha la pH = -lg(H+) vi H+ la nong o ion H+ trong dung

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 65 -

vat trong cung mot moi trng co the lam mot loai vi sinh vat phat trien va mot so loai vi sinh vat khac kem phat trien. Can chu y pH cua moi trng khong phai luon luon la ket qua hoat ong cua vi sinh vat, v nhieu muoi vo c co trong at va nc t nhien anh hng ti pH va viec xa thai vao cac dong chay t nhien co the tao ra moi trng kiem manh hay axit manh trong mot vung cuc bo. Tuy nhien kha nang lam thay oi pH cua cac vi sinh vat gay nen nhng tng tac ang ke gia cac loai va do o co the gay nen nhng bien oi manh me ve so lng tng oi gia cac loai vi sinh vat.

7- o axit va o kiem
o axit hay kiem cua nc c anh gia qua o pH. oi vi nc trung tnh co pH = 7, neu pH cua nc < 7 th nc mang tnh axit, neu pH > 7 th nc mang tnh kiem. Cang xa tr so pH = 7 th o axit hay kiem cua nc cang ln. o axit cua nc la yeu to quan trong oi vi tnh an mon vat lieu. Thanh phan an mon trong hau het cac loai nc la CO2, CO2 co trong nc do khuech tan t khong kh vao nc va do s oxy hoa sinh hoc chat hu c trong nc o nhiem; CO2 la san pham cuoi cung cua qua trnh oxy hoa sinh hoc trong ca hai ieu kien yem kh va hao kh. Trong nhieu loai chat thai cong nghiep th thanh phan an mon lai chu yeu do cac axit vo c gay nen. e x ly sinh hoc th o axit c dung lam c s cho tnh toan lng hoa chat thch hp cho vao e ieu chnh pH thuan li cho vi sinh vat hoat ong. Cac loai nc thai cong nghiep cha axit vo c can phai c lam trung hoa hoac x ly trc khi xa thai ra he thong thoat. Bien phap x ly da tren so lieu thc nghiem o ac o axit. o kiem la thc o kha nang em cua nc, no c s dung nhieu trong ky thuat x ly nc thai. o kiem cua nc c tao ra bi cac muoi cua axit yeu va cac baz manh. Cac thanh phan tao nen o kiem cua nc co the co nguon goc t nhien nh tac dung cua CO2 lam cac thanh phan co tnh kiem trong at : CO2 + Ca CO3 +H2O = Ca(H CO3)2 Hoac do s phat trien cua tao, lam giam lng CO2 va do o pH cua nc tang len. o kiem cua nc do nguon goc nhan tao nh cac nguon nc thai. So lieu o ac o kiem c s dung e kiem soat viec xa thai, no la mot trong cac yeu to e chon phng phap x ly chat thai.

8 Cl
Cl co trong nc do cac muoi clorua tan trong nc do cac nguon t trong at, NaCl t bien boc hi va i vao at lien do gio mang vao hoac do s xam nhap cua nc bien vao sau trong at lien nhat la nhng ni khai thac nc ngam manh hoac t nc tieu cua ngi. Khi nong o Cl trong nc cao, gia tr s dung cua nc giam.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

9- SO42

- 66 -

SO42 co nhieu trong nc t nhien. Ham lng SO42 la yeu to quan trong quy nh kha nang s dung cua nc cho sinh hoat va cong nghiep. Trong ieu kien hao kh, cac sunfat b kh do vi khuan thanh H2S gay mui hoi va oc. SO42- + chat hu c vi khuan S2- + H2O + CO2 S2- + 2H+ H2S Cac vi khuan hao kh co kha nang oxy hoa H2S thanh H2SO4. oi vi nc thai, cac vi khuan nay tao H2SO4 phan vach cong nam tren mc nc thai, ni co oxy : H2S + O2 vi khuan H2SO4 Do o phan beton phan nay cua cong dan thng b pha hoai.

10- NH3
NH3 co t nhien trong nc mat va nc thai sinh hoat. NH3 c tao ra do phan ln qua trnh thuy phan Ure. Trong ieu kien yem kh, do hoat ong cac vi khuan cac Nitrat b kh tao ra NH3. NH3 la san pham hoat ong cua cac vi sinh vat nen c dung lam dau hieu ve s o nhiem hoa hoc.

11- NO3 va NO2

Trong chu trnh Nit, Nitrat NO3 la dang oxy hoa cao nhat. Mot so loai nc ngam nong o NO3 co the kha cao. nhng nong o ln NO3 gay benh cho tre em. Do o co quy nh ve nong o NO3 toi a cho phep la 10m/l oi vi nc uong. Nitrit NO2 la chat trung gian trong chu trnh Nit, no c sinh ra trong nc do s phan huy sinh hoc cac chat protein, do o no c dung lam dau hieu cua s o nhiem chat hu c. Nong o NO2 toi a cho phep oi vi nc uong la 0,1mg/l.

12 - Phot phat
Phot phat co trong nc di dang phot phat vo c va hu c. Nc thai sinh hoat cha nhieu cac chat phot pho : Phot pho vo c t chat thai con ngi do qua trnh tieu hoa protein, phot phat trong chat tay ra tong hp. Phot pho la nguyen to khong the thieu trong cac qua trnh song; do o so lieu ve no rat quan trong e anh gia nang suat sinh hoc tiem nang cua nc; ngoai ra con dung e van hanh cac nha may x ly nc thai cung nh nghien cu s o nhiem dong chay.

13 - Nong o oxy hoa tan (DO)

Moi sinh vat eu can oxy di dang nao o e ton tai va phat trien. DO la yeu to quyet nh qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc la hao kh hay yem kh va do o vi sinh vat hao kh hay yem kh ong vai tro phan huy.

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Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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San pham phan huy cua vi sinh vat yem kh la cac san pham oc hai, san pham phan huy cua vi sinh vat hao kh khong mang tnh oc hai. Ca hai loai sinh vat nay cung ton tai trong t nhien. Nh the e giam bt o nhiem can tao moi trng hao kh. DO rat quan trong e anh gia cng o nc thai. Toc o oxy hoa sinh hoa c xac nh thong qua o ac DO ton d trong he sau nhng khoang thi gian khac nhau. DO lien quan en s an mon sat, thep nh trong cac he thong cap nc va noi hi. Viec xac nh DO e khong che s an mon nay. DO trong nc phu thuoc 5 yeu to : + Lng oxy khuech tan t khong kh vao nc : phu thuoc vao nhiet o nc, ap suat rieng cua oxy tren mat nc, s co mat cua cac kh khac va nong o oxy trong nc. + S tieu hao oxy do qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc chat hu c : Chu yeu do cac vi sinh vat hao kh gay nen. Lng tieu hao nay phu thuoc ban chat va lng chat o nhiem hu c, lng va loai vi khuan, nhiet o, the tch ao ho hay lu lng va toc o dong chay. + S tieu hao oxy do qua trnh phan huy chat hu c trong qua trnh ket tua ay va t cac nguon bo xung. Cac chat hu c lp ket tua ay b phan huy yem kh tao ra cac san pham yem kh, cac san pham nay khi i len cac lp nc pha tren se tiep tuc b phan huy hao kh, do o oxy b tieu ton. + S bo xung oxy do quang hp cua cac thc vat trong nc. Lng bo xung phu thuoc nhiet o, anh sang, o uc cua nc, nong o cac chat dinh dng, nong o CO2 cung nh thc vat. + S hao hut oxy hoa tan do s ho hap cua ong thc vat song trong nc, lng ton that nay co tnh chat lien tuc theo thi gian.

14 - Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa (BOD)

BOD la lng oxy can thiet phai cung cap e vi khuan phan huy cac chat hu c trong ieu kien hao kh. n v o BOD la mg/l. S phan huy hao kh mot chat hu c trai qua nhieu bc. Moi bc ch mot phan chat hu c ban au b oxy hoa thanh CO2 va H2O, phan con lai c s dung e tao ra chat hu c mi. Lng oxy a tieu hao trong qua trnh ti bc nao la gia tr BOD cua chat hu c c oxy hoa tnh ti bc o. Nh vay gia lng O2 tieu ton cho qua trnh sinh hoc va lng chat hu c trong nc co moi quan he chat che. Do o so lieu ve BOD c s dung e xac nh mc o o nhiem khi xa thai vao cac nguon t nhien trong ieu kien hao kh. BOD con dung trong viec thiet ke cac cong trnh x ly cung nh anh gia cac cong oan x ly. BOD la ket qua cua hoat ong sinh hoc va toc o phan ng nay c quy nh cac bi so lng, loai vi khuan va nhiet o. e th nghiem, nhiet o c gi khong oi 20oC, cac vi khuan chu yeu phan huy chat hu c san co trong nc t nhien va trong at.

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Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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Ly thuyet cho thay e oxy hoa sinh hoc hoan toan can 20 ngay. Tuy nhien thc nghiem cho thay BOD sau 5 ngay a at ti 75% so vi BOD tong cong, v vay th nghiem thng c tien hanh vi thi gian 5 ngay va ky hieu la BOD5 .

15 - Nhu cau oxy hoa hoc (COD)

COD la lng oxy can thiet e oxy hoa hoan toan chat hu c bang chat oxy hoa manh. n v tnh COD la mg/l. Cac chat hu c (tr so t at biet tr) eu co the b cac chat oxy hoa manh oxy hoa trong ieu kien axit; khi o lng oxy tieu hao lay t chat oxy hoa. Bang cach dung chat oxy hoa manh trong phan ng ngi ta tnh c lng chat oxy hoa a tham gia phan ng va suy ra COD. Can chu y khi xac nh COD theo phng phap nay, co mot so chat hu c nh cac hp chat thm, Pyridin khong b oxy hoa, ngc lai mot so chat vo c nh Fe2+, cac sunfua, sunfit cung b oxy hoa tao ra COD vo c. Th nhiem o ac COD c s dung rong rai trong kiem soat o nhiem moi trng do : - Cho ket qua nhanh (sau 3 gi) nen ap ng c yeu cau thc tien. - Co the t ong hoa viec xac nh, nen tiet kiem c thi gian va tang kha nang phan tch. - So lieu ve COD co the chuyen oi sang BOD khi viec th nghiem u nhieu e rut ra he so tng quan vi o tin cay ln. - Ket hp so lieu COD va BOD cho phep anh gia lng chat hu c tr oi vi s phan huy sinh hoc.

16 - Tieu chuan vi khuan hoc

Ve mat vi sinh hoc, o nhiem nc do phan ngi la lo ngai nhat v cha nhieu vi khuan gay benh. Ben canh cac vi khuan gay benh nay con mot so rat ln vi khuan E.coli; moi ngi bai tiet khoang 2.1011 E.coli/ngay. Do o E.coli trong nc c dung lam dau hieu ve kha nang ton tai cua cac vi sinh vat gay benh khac. Tieu chuan vi khuan hoc quy nh gii han toi a cho phep so lng E.coli trong 100ml nc. Ngoai cac ch tieu a neu tren ay, con co cac ch tieu khac nh cation cua cac kim loai Fe, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd..., cac hp chat hu c oc hai, chat phong xa, hoa chat lam thuoc tr sau va diet co v.v...

4 cac bien phap ky thuat x ly nc

va bao ve nguon nc

1- Cac bien phap bao ve chat lng nc

a - ieu kien ve sinh khi xa nc thai vao nguon nc mat

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 69 -

Tuy theo muc ch s dung ma co nhng yeu cau chat lng rieng. Viec quy nh ieu kien ve sinh khi xa thai vao nguon nc e han che lng chat ban thai vao moi trng, am bao an toan ve sinh cho viec s dung nguon nc. Tieu chuan chat lng nc nguon s dung ac trng bang nong o gii han cho phep Ccfi cua cac chat ban va oc hai trong nc. Trng hp chat thai cha nhieu chat oc hai xa vao song ho, Ccfi cua tng chat xac nh bi :

Vi Ci la nong o chat oc hai trong nc nguon theo tnh toan. n : la so chat oc hai trong nc thai. e bao ve nguon nc mat, am bao ch tieu Ccf th cac iem kiem tra phai v tr co ieu kien xao tron gia nc thai va nc nguon yeu nhat. Cac tnh toan e xac nh ieu kien xa nc thai vao nguon nc mat phai c tien hanh trong cac ieu kien bat li nhat cho qua trnh t lam sach cua nguon nc. b - To chc giam sat chat lng nc nguon Nham muc ch anh gia trnh trang nc, d bao mc o o nhiem nguon nc do s phat trien kinh te xa hoi, la c s e xay dng cac bien phap bao ve nguon nc co hieu qua. Noi dung c ban cua he thong giam sat chat lng nc trong he thong giam sat moi trng toan cau (GEMS) la: - anh gia tac ong do hoat ong con ngi oi vi chat lng nc va kha nang s dung nc cho cac muc ch khac nhau. - Xac nh chat lng nc t nhien. - Giam sat nguon goc va ng di chuyen cua cac chat ban va oc hai. - Xac nh xu hng thay oi chat lng nc pham vi v mo. e thc hien can phai to chc he thong giam sat bao gom cac tram giam sat c s, tram anh gia tac ong va tram anh gia chung. Tram giam sat c s at tai vung pha trc nguon gay o nhiem e thu thap so lieu nen ve chat lng nc t nhien. Cac tram nay luon v tr co nh. Tram anh gia tac ong at tai nguon nc b tac ong do cac hoat ong sinh hoat va san xuat. Theo muc ch s dung c chia lam 04 nhom : - Tram giam sat nc cung cap cho sinh hoat at tai khu lay nc vao nha may. - Tram giam sat nc cho thuy li at tai khu vc tram bm hoac ap chan nc. - Tram giam sat nc thuy san at tai vung song ho phuc vu nuoi thuy san. - Tram giam sat a nang c at tai vung nc c s dung cho nhieu muc ch khac nhau. Tram anh gia chung e anh gia xu hng thay oi chat lng nc vi quy mo ln, nhieu khi mang tnh toan cau. Cac tram nay ai dien cho mot vung rong ln trong o co nhieu loai hoat ong cua con ngi. Nhiem vu thng xuyen cua tram giam sat chat lng nc la theo doi che o thuy van, lay mau nc va phan tch cac ch tieu thuy hoa va thuy sinh cua nc. Tan so

C1 C C + 2 + ... + n 1 C cf1 C cf2 C cfn

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 70 -

lay mau va so lng cac ch tieu phan tch phu thuoc loai tram giam sat, loai va ac iem nguon nc, noi dung cac hoat ong kinh te xa hoi anh hng en nguon nc v.v Trng hp giam sat do s co moi trng th viec lay mau c thc hien hang ngay, tham ch nhieu lan trong mot ngay nhieu v tr khac nhau. Tan suat phu thuoc mc o s co, che o thuy van, a hnh, ac iem dan c va san xuat trong vung. c - Tang cng qua trnh t lam sach cua nguon nc Nguon nc tiep tuc x ly nc thai trong ieu kien t nhien am bao cho chu trnh thuy van toan cau dien ra on nh. Do nhu cau s dung nc ngay cang tang nen lng nc xa thai vao moi trng nhat la vao song ho ngay cang ln. Nh vay phai co bien phap nham lam han che lng chat ban thai ra nguon nc, ong thi tang cng kha nang t lam sach cua nguon nc. + Cac mieng xa nc thai ac biet : e lam giam nong o chat ban tai vung nhiem ban ln nhat trong dong chay (vung au) can co bien phap lam tang so lan pha loang ban au n. n phu thuoc nhieu vao ac iem cong nghe va cau tao cong xa : ket cau cong xa, v tr mieng xa, lu lng, thanh phan va tnh chat nc thai v.v... Mot trong cac mieng xa la mieng xa phan tan hay cong xa ejector e xa nc ra song ho : nc thai c xao tron ban au vi viec lam giau oxy. Cac mieng xa thai neu khong b anh hng cua giao thong thuy co the at gia dong song e tang cng kha nang pha loang. + Tang cng pha loang bang cach bo sung nguon nc sach : Nong o chat ban trong song ho sau khi xa thai se phu thuoc vao cac yeu to nh cac chat ban trong nc thai, lu lng nc song ho v.v... Viec bo sung nguon nc sach cho nguon nc sau khi xa thai chnh la lam tang so lan pha loang c ban no , tc lam giam nong o chat ban C trong vung b anh hng cua nc thai. Nguon nc sach bo sung c lay t cac ho cha nc, t song khac, hoac t ha lu dong song, ni chat lng nc a phuc hoi ve trang thai ban au. + Cung cap oxy cho nguon nc mat b nhiem ban nham muc ch : - Chong s phan tang nhiet o, chat kh va chat ban trong nguon nc mat. Khi suc kh, nc cac tang khac nhau c xao tron, nong o chat ban va nhiet o c ieu hoa, kha nang t lam sach cua nguon nc se tang. Cac thiet b suc kh c hoc nh canh khuay, tua bin v.v... - Lam bay hi cac chat ban de bay hi trong nc: cac san pham trao oi chat cua vi sinh vat trong qua trnh phan huy can ay nh axit hu c, phenol, este, aldehyt v.v... hoac kh N va P chong hien tng ph dng cua nc mat. - Tang cng qua trnh phan huy chat hu c trong nguon nc. Toc o phan huy chat hu c tang do nguon nc c lam giau oxy va so lan va cham gia cac phan t tham gia phan ng tang len. - Tang cng qua trnh diet vi khuan gay benh do nong o oxy c am bao lam cho cac vi khuan d dng hao kh phat trien, chung la oi khang cua cac loai vi khuan gay benh. Do o so lng vi khuan gay benh trong nguon nc se giam i ang ke.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 71 -

Bien phap cung cap oxy cho song ho b nhiem ban la mot trong cac bien phap quan trong trong cac giai phap tong the bao ve nguon nc. Ngoai viec tang cng qua trnh t lam sach, no con gop phan nang cao hieu suat sinh hoc va hieu qua s dung nguon nc. Cac cong trnh va thiet b e lam giau oxy nh ap tran, thac nc, gian phun..., cac thiet b khuay tron c hoc, cac thiet b cap kh nen e suc kh, cac thiet b cap kh theo nguyen ly thuy ong lc hoc (ejector). d - S dung tong hp va hp ly nguon nc Do nhu cau s dung nc ngay cang tang, lng nc xa thai tang theo, nguon nc sach b giam. Con ngi ngay cang cang thiep sau vao chu trnh thuy van toan cau. V the phai co chien lc va bien phap s dung hp ly nguon nc d tr. o chnh la s ieu hoa khoi lng va chat lng nc tieu thu gia cac thanh phan dung nc mot cach toi u. + S dung nc thai sinh hoat va nc thai mot so nganh cong nghiep e ti cay va nuoi trong thuy san : ay la bien phap tng oi toan dien ve 4 mat : Ky thuat, ve sinh, nong nghiep va kinh te. Hien nay the gii a s dung c 1/2 lng nc thai sinh hoat e ti cay va nuoi trong thuy san. Neu he thong ti nc c cai tien th co the con tiet kiem c hn na. + Xay dng cac ho nc va be cha : Co y ngha ln trong chu trnh thuy van va trong hoat ong kinh te-xa hoi : ieu chnh dong chay ve ca lu lng va toc o, ieu chnh lu - han v.v... ngoai ra cac ho cha con la nguon nang lng thuy ien rat ln, no con gop phan lam cai tao kh hau khu vc, ni nuoi ca, du lch, giao thong thuy ngan can s dang cao mc nc bien. Can chu y ho cha co tnh hai mat : chung lam ngap nhieu at nong lam nghiep, lam xoi l va nhiem man tr lai cac ca song giam phu sa cho ong bang, anh hng o am khu vc, xuat hien mot so benh dch, tang tan suat va cng o ong at v.v... + Bao ve tr lng nc trong qua trnh khai thac : phai s dung nc mot cach hp ly, han che toi a viec thai xa ban vao song ho, tranh ton that nc tren cac cong oan khai thac cung nh s dung. + Khai thac nc t cac cc va lam ngot nc bien : Mot lng ln nc ngot hien ang cac bang ha tai hai a cc va nui cao (24 trieu km3) vi chu ky tuan hoan 8.300 nam. Viec khai thac nc ay va giai quyet van e thieu nc va lam tang chu trnh thuy van. Cac d an keo bang t Nam cc ve Chau phi va Chau au t nhng nam 70 cua the ky 20, tuy nhien phai au t ky thuat va tai chnh rat ln. Hien nay ang co xu hng xay dng nha may ngot hoa nc bien do 2 ly do : Gia thanh ang giam dan so vi khai thac, nc luc a ang tang dan (do b o nhiem); ngoai ra cac chat thai do x ly nc bien - chu yeu la muoi - cung cap nguyen lieu cho cac nganh cong nghiep hoa chat.

2 - X ly nc thai
X ly nc thai la loai bo hoac han che nhng thanh phan gay o nhiem co trong nc thai, e khi thai ra song ho nc thai khong lam nhiem ban nguon nc.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 72 -

Do nc c s dung vao nhieu muc ch khac nhau nen yeu cau ve chat lng nc va do o mc o va bien phap x ly cung khac nhau. Viec la chon bien phap x ly con phu thuoc vao lu lng, thanh phan va tnh chat nc thai, v tr xa nc thai, kha nang t lam sach cua song ho tiep nhan nc thai, ieu kien t nhien khu vc, ieu kien kinh te - ky thuat v.v... Quan he gia yeu cau ve sinh khi xa nc thai vao nguon nc vi mc o x ly nc thai bieu dien bang bieu thc can bang vat chat : Cnt < C + nCcf Vi: Cnt : la nong o chat ban trong nc thai. C : la nong o chat ban trong song ho trc khi nhan nc thai. Ccf : la nong o gii han cho phep cua chat ban. n : la so lan pha loang nc thai vi nc song ho. Mc o x ly nc thai can thiet E la :

E=

C 0 C nt nt C0 nt

100%

Vi Cnt0 la nong o chat ban trc khi x ly. Do thanh phan nc thai a dang va phc tap, kha nang t lam sach cua cac nguon nc cung khac nhau nen co nhieu bien phap x ly nc thai khac nhau. Theo yeu cau x ly chia lam 3 mc : x ly s bo (bac 1), x ly tap trung (bac 2) va x ly triet e (bac 3). Theo ban chat qua trnh lam sach chia thanh cac phng phap x ly : c hoc, hoa hoc, sinh hoc v.v... Do nc thai cha nhieu tap chat khong tan va nhieu loai vi khuan gay benh nen ve nguyen tac nc thai phai c tach can va kh trung trc khi thai ra nguon. a- Cac phng phap x ly n gian + Ho x ly : cho nc can x ly chay xuong ho hay ranh ao. T ho hay ranh nc tham vao at va trai qua qua trnh lam sach. Phng phap nay ch dung cho lu lng nc nho va lp at pha di co o rong ln. Phng phap nay chi ph t nhng de gay o nhiem nc ngam nen can chu y en o sau t ho en mc nc ngam phai u ln e khong gay o nhiem nc ngam. + Bai ti : Neu dien tch at ai cho phep, nc thai c cho chay tren mot vung at co o doc va co tham thc vat thch hp goi la bai ti. Lp nc chay tran co chieu day, van toc va chieu dai ti ranh c tnh toan e gi c ieu kien hao kh va thi gian lu tren bai u cho qua trnh x ly. C che loai chat o nhiem ay la : tac dung loc phan nc tham xuong at, phan huy sinh hoc tren mat bai va trong lp at sat mat, qua trnh boc hi; san pham phan huy c re cay hap thu. Nc sau khi chay qua bai c tap trung vao ranh ao cuoi bai e dan ra kenh tieu. Giong nh ho x ly, phng phap nay cung phai chu y en chieu sau mc nc ngam tranh lam o nhiem no. Ngoai ra bai ti phai xa khu dan c e tranh gay o nhiem khong kh khu vc dan c. + Phng phap loang : Neu lu lng dong chay ln va lu lng dong nc thai khong ln th co the xa trc tiep nc thai vao dong v tr xa dan c, tat nhien

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 73 -

phai bao am nong o chat trong song sau khi xa khong vt gii han cho phep. Khi o chat o nhiem c pha loang va qua trnh t lam sach cua nc dien ra thuan li khong gay hai cho he sinh thai nc. Can chu y phng phap nay thng lam nong o oxy hoa tan giam do cac phan ng phan huy sinh hoc dien ra, do o co the anh hng en viec nuoi thuy san. + He thong ao x ly : Chat hu c co trong nc thai bao gom moi kch thc chuyen hoa thanh cac chat vo c trong ao rong va tng oi nong. Viec chuyen hoa trong ao la ket qua s chuyen oi ket hp cua tao va vi khuan. Neu cac ao hoat ong trong ieu kien yem kh hay va hao kh va yem kh th goi la ao chuyen oi. Cac ao yem kh c thiet ke e x ly s bo nc thai co cng o manh, ham lng chat ran cao. Cac chat ran lang xuong ay va b phan huy yem kh theo hai giai oan : trc tien cac hp chat hu c c oxy hoa thanh axit chu yeu la axit axetic, sau o axit nay chuyen hoa thanh metan. Phan chat long tren ao yem kh c dan vao ao chuyen oi e x ly, ay cac vi sinh vat b tieu diet. Cac ao ieu hoa c thiet ke ieu kien hoan toan hao kh, ay cac vi khuan va vi rut b tieu diet nhanh chong do khong co moi trng song thuan li. He thong ao x ly co u iem : - ap ng c mc o lam sach vi chi ph thap, bao tr t ton kem va nhan vien van hanh khong oi hoi co ky thuat cao. - Kha nang loai vi khuan gay benh cao hn nhieu so vi cac phng phap x ly khac. - Chu c s gia tai thuy lc va chat hu c ot ngot. Do thi gian lu trong ao dai (20-30ngay) nen am bao pha loang u e chong chu s qua tai ot ngot trong thi gian ngan. - X ly co hieu qua oi vi nhieu loai nc thai khac nhau. Gia tr pH cao trong ao ho lam cho cac ion kim loai nang ket tua dang hydroxit se c loai i trong lp bun can. - De thiet ke cac ao nen mc o x ly de thay oi. - Tao sinh ra trong ao la nguon thc an giau am e nuoi ca. - Nhc iem cua he thong ao x ly la oi hoi dien tch at ln hn so vi cac phng phap khac. b - X ly tap trung Thng dung cho nc thai thanh pho. S o cua day chuyen cong nghe cua tram x ly tap trung nh sau : + Ngan tiep nhan : cha nc thai tao ieu kien cho cac cong trnh pha sau hoat ong on nh va am bao che o t chay. + Song chan rac : thu vt rac va cac tap chat ran ln. Cac tap chat nay c nghien nho va a i x ly cung bun can.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 74 -

+ Be lang cat : tach cac tap chat vo c ln nh cat, x, tao ieu kien cho cac cong trnh x ly tiep theo va x ly bun can lam viec on nh. Nc thai

Ngan tiep nhan Song chan rac Cat kho

Be lang cat

San phi cat

Be lang 1

Can (s cap)

Rac nghien Bun a len men kho s dung lam phan bon

Kh nen X ly sinh hoc Bun hoat tnh tuan hoan

Be metan

San phi bun

Be lang 2

Be nen bun

Bun hoat tnh d

Chat kh trung Chat kh trung

May tron va be tiep xuc

Nc a x ly Song, ho + Be lang 1 : tach cac hp chat khong hoa tan (thng la hu c), am bao cho cac qua trnh sinh hoc pha sau hoat ong on nh. + X ly sinh hoc : nc thai c x ly sinh hoc trong cac ieu kien t nhien nh ho sinh vat, canh ong ti, canh ong loc... hoac trong ieu kien nhan tao nh be aeroten, biophil, kenh oxy hoa tuan hoan... dung e loai bo cac chat hu c hoa tan hoac dang keo trong nc thai. + Be lang 2 : tach bun c tao ra trong qua trnh x ly sinh hoc nc thai. Mot phan bun tach c a tr ve x ly sinh hoc. Phan con lai la bun hoat tnh d c tach be nen bun va x ly can cua be lang 1 be metan. + May tron va be tiep xuc : Kh trung nc thai vi cac cong trnh nh Clorat, may tron nc thai vi Clo, be tiep xuc Clo vi nc thai.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 75 -

+ Khau x ly bun can: vi cac cong trnh nh be on nh hao kh bun, be metan len men bun can, san phi bun e tach nc bun can sau khi len men. Cac cong trnh x ly nc thai bang phng phap sinh hoc trong ieu kien nhan tao can c cung cap kh cng bc nh cap kh nen, khuay tron c hoc... e cac cong trnh x ly sinh hoc nc thai va len men bun can lam viec on nh, cac qua trnh sinh hoa trong o dien ra bnh thng. Nc thai khi a en phai am bao yeu cau nh : 6,5 < pH < 8,5 ham lng can l lng < 150mg/l; ty le BOD5/N/P = 100/4/1, khong cha cac chat oc hai va cac chat hoat tnh be mat v.v... Do vay khi x ly tap trung nc thai sinh hoat vi nc thai cong nghiep can x ly s bo nc thai cong nghiep trc khi xa vao he thong chung. Cac cong trnh x ly s bo nc thai cong nghiep la : - Be trung hoa : trung hoa cac loai nc thai cha axit hoac cha kiem e am bao pH theo yeu cau. - Be oxy hoa : oxy hoa cac muoi kim loai nang, chuyen chung t dang oc sang khong oc va lang can. - Be tuyen noi: tach cac chat l lng, chat hoat tnh be mat, dau m... trong nc thai bang bot kh noi. - Be loc hap phu : kh mau va mot so chat oc hai hoa tan trong nc thai. Trng hp nc thai sau x ly tap trung con cha nhieu muoi Nit hoac Phot pho co the gay ph dng nc nguon, hoac nguon tiep nhan nc thai co kha nang t lam sach yeu; cung nh trong trng hp s dung lai nc thai cho cap nc tuan hoan hoac cho muc ch khac, can phai tiep tuc x ly triet e nc thai sau khau x ly tap trung. Cac cong trnh trong giai oan nay la : - Cac cong trnh x ly sinh hoc trong ieu kien nhan tao nh aeroten, biophil bac hai e oxy hoa hoan toan cac chat hu c trong nc thai. - Ho sinh vat e oxy hoa hoan toan cac chat hu c va kh N va P trong nc thai nh qua trnh quang hp, nitrat hoa va kh nitrat. - Cac be oxy hoa hoa hoc e kh nitrat va phot phat. - Cac be loc cat e tach can l lng. Viec chon phng phap, giai oan va cong trnh x ly nc thai da vao mc o x ly nc thai can thiet, lu lng nc thai, kha nang x ly tap trung nc thai sinh hoat vi nc thai san xuat, cac ieu kien a phng, cac yeu cau s dung nc thai Tram x ly nc thai thng bo tr cuoi dong chay va cuoi hng gio e khong anh hng en viec s dung nc va cac hoat ong kinh te xa hoi, sinh hoat cua dan c.

3 - Cap nc tuan hoan va s dung lai nc thai trong x nghiep cong nghiep
Bien phap bao ve moi trng co hieu qua nhat la han che xa chat thai san xuat cong nghiep vao moi trng. e thc hien ieu nay can ap dung cong nghe tien tien trong san xuat nh cong nghe sach. Khong co chat thai hoac thu hoi chat thai trong nha may.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 76 -

Khi thiet ke cac x nghiep, nha may phai xem xet kha nang tan dung chat thai va thu hoi chat quy. Da va thanh phan, so lng nc thai va ieu kien a phng co the chon trong cac bien phap sau : a - Dung lai nc thai sau khi x ly trong he thong cap nc tuan hoan cua nha may oi vi nc lam mat khong b nhiem ban th ch can cho nc thai qua he thong lam nguoi. Neu nc thai b nhiem ban ma khong b nong len (v du nc lam giau quang) th ch can cho qua cac cong trnh x ly (lang) hoac oi vi nc va b nong len va b nhiem ban cung co the cho qua x ly roi lam nguoi e co the dung lai trong san xuat. Lng nc ton that trong vong tuan hoan c bo sung. oi vi cac nha may x nghiep bang 5% en 10% lng nc dung trong san xuat. b - Dung lai nc cho qua trnh sau Nc thai co the dung lai cho cac qua trnh sau ma khong can x ly s bo neu yeu cau chat lng nc qua trnh sau thap hn. Viec dung nc lien tiep nh vay se cho hieu qua kinh te cao. Nh s dung noi tiep va tuan hoan, lng nc thai co the giam 20% en 30%. c - Dung nc thai va can phuc vu nong nghiep Mot so loai nc thai nh nc thai cong nghiep thc pham cha nhieu chat hu c va chat dinh dng nh N , P , K co the s dung e nuoi ca va ti ruong. Tieu chuan nc nuoi cac va ti cay phu thuoc nhieu yeu to : nong o nc thai, ieu kien kh hau, ac tnh at, loai ca nuoi, loai cay trong Nc thai cha cac chat vo c khong dung e ti ruong va nuoi ca v khong co hoac co t chat dinh dng. Hn na mot so chat vo c trong nc thai co the pha huy cau truc at va oc hai vi he vi sinh vat at. d - Thu hoi chat quy Trong nc thai cua nhieu nha may, x nghiep cha nhieu chat qu ( dau, m, Cr, ). Nhng chat nay can c thu hoi a ve phuc vu san xuat. Nong o chat qu trong nc thai moi phan xng khac nhau nen tram thu hoi chat qu la mot khau cong nghe trong moi phan xng. Viec thu hoi chat qu trong nc thai va lam giam nong o chat ban trong nc thai, va tao ieu kien thuan li cho viec x ly pha sau. Tuy thuoc thanh phan ly hoa va mc o qu cua chat thai ma chon bien phap thu hoi khac nhau. Vi s phat trien khoa hoc va ky thuat, hien nay a ng dung cong nghe sach ( khong chat thai) trong san xuat cong nghiep. ay la bien phap toi u e bao ve moi trng.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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CHNG 4 MOI TRNG AT VA S O NHIEM

1 Khai quat chung

1 - ac iem moi trng at
at va moi trng at la ni sinh vat tren can ton tai va phat trien no cung la ni phat sinh va phat trien loai ngi, la ni san xuat ra cac nguon thc pham chu yeu e nuoi song con ngi va cac ong thc vat a dang tren at. No cung la ni cha nhieu tai nguyen va khoang san. Hien nay do tnh trang tang dan so, s phat trien cua o th va cac khu nh c mi cung nh s phat trien cac cong trnh xay dng khac lam cho at trong va rng b thu hep dan; ieu nay se tac ong tieu cc en moi trng at t nhien : lam sa mac hoa, tang xoi mon, lam thay oi can bang sinh thai t nhien, lam tang kha nang thien tai nh bao lut, ong at v.v . a - S hnh thanh moi trng at a quyen at la ket qua hoat ong tong hp cua nam yeu to : a, thc vat, ong vat, kh hau, a hnh va thi gian. Ngoai ra con phai ke en yeu to con ngi tac ong lam nhieu tnh chat cua at thay oi. S hnh thanh at la mot qua trnh bien oi phc tap bi cac yeu to tren. a la nen mong cua at. Thanh phan khoang cua at chiem 95% trong lng kho. Nh co vong tuan hoan sinh hoc ma a vun bien dan thanh at. Sinh vat chet i e lai chat hu c goi la mun tao o ph nhieu cho at. Nh chat mun ma cac the he thc vat ke tiep nhau ton tai va phat trien. Vi sinh vat gi vai tro quan trong trong vong tuan hoan sinh hoc. Moi gam at co hang t vi sinh vat cac loai, chung tch luy mot nang lng ln cac nguyen to dinh dng hoa tan trong qua trnh phan hoa, ac biet a vao at Nit phan t t khong kh dang chat hu c cha Nit cua chnh ban than chung. Mat khac chung phan huy chat hu c thc vat roi tong hp nen chat hu c ac biet - chat mun trong at. ong vat nguyen sinh va cac ong vat khong xng song khac trong at cung gop phan quan trong vao viec hnh thanh at. Moi gam at co hang chuc van cac ong vat nay. Kh hau, nhat la nhiet o va o am, a anh hng ln en s hnh thanh at, tac ong en sinh vat va s chuyen hoa a thanh at. Nc co s anh hng en s hnh thanh at, no lam dung moi hoa tan nhieu chat cho sinh vat hap thu e phat trien.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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a hnh ong vai tro tai phan phoi lai nang lng ma thien nhien cap cho mat at : cung hap thu mot lng nhiet nh nhau nhng ni cao th lanh, ni thap th nong; cung lng ma nh nhau nhng vung cao th han, vung thap th lut. Thi gian la yeu to at biet, moi s bien oi can co thi gian. V the at bien oi va tien hoa theo thi gian. Con ngi thong qua hoat ong song, thong qua cac thanh tu khoa hoc k thuat a tac ong vao at ai ngay cang manh me. Tac ong nay co the tch cc phu hp vi qui luat t nhien va em lai li ch cho con ngi nh ti tieu nc, bon phan cho at xau, trong rng phu xanh at trong oi troc v.v hoac tieu cc lam o nhiem at bi chat oc hoa hoc, pha rng gay xoa mon at v.v b - Thanh phan va tnh chat cua at at cha khong kh, nc va chat ran. Chat vo c la thanh phan chu yeu cua at, chiem 97- 98% trong lng kho. O2 va Si chiem 82% trong lng at, ngoai ra Al, Fe va mot so nguyen to khac. Cac nguyen to can thiet cho cay trong nh H, C, S, P, N ch chiem 0,5% trong lng at - cac chat kho hoa tan nh SiO2 , Al2O3 tao nen bo xng - phan chu yeu cua at. Chat hu c ch chiem 2 - 3% trong lng kho nhng lai la bo phan quan trong nhat cua at. Nguon goc chat hu c trong at do xac chet tao nen. Chat hu c trong at bien oi theo hai qua trnh, qua trnh mun hoa tao thanh mun t xac sinh vat va tong hp mot so chat hu c t vo c nh vi khuan, qua trnh khoang hoa phan huy chat hu c thanh cac chat vo c nh muoi khoang, NH3, H2O, CO2 v.v at co tnh hap phu cao nh cac hat co kch thc < 1m, co dien tch be mat ln va mang mot lp ion tch ien quanh hat. Kha nang hap thu cua at la kha nang gi nc, gi chat dinh dng va ieu hoa dinh dng cho cay trong. Thng at nao co nhieu mun set th kha nang hap phu se cao. o pH cua at anh hng manh en s sinh trng cua sinh vat. at chua (pH < 7) do nhieu nguyen nhan nh ma cuon troi cac chat kiem tho Ca, Mg ch con chat gay chua H+, Al3+, do bon nhieu phan hoa hoc (NH4)2SO4 : cay hap thu NH4, con lai SO42- lam chua at, do ma axid v.v Thanh phan c gii cua at : cat (d = 0,02 2mm), bui (d = 2 20m), set (d < 2m) anh hng nhieu en cay trong va cac tnh chat nh o tham nc, kha nang hap phu, o thoang v.v cua at. c - Vai tro cua at oi vi con ngi Trang thai cua at (o am, xau, tot, ban, sach) co anh hng trc tiep hay gian tiep en i song con ngi. at la nen mong cho moi cong trnh xay dng. at cung cap trc tiep hoac gian tiep hau het cac nhu cau thiet yeu cho cuoc song nh khoang san, vat lieu, lng thc v.v at con lien quan en lch s, tam ly va tinh than con ngi.

2 - Nguon goc va cac tac nhan gay o nhiem moi trng at

at canh tac co the b bac mau, nhiem ban do tap quan khong ve sinh, do hoat ong nong nghiep vi phng thc canh tac lac hau, do xa thai khong hp l

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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vao at v.v gay nen. Ngoai ra o nhiem at do lu lut gay xoi mon, do chat o nhiem khong kh lang ong len mat at gay nen. Cac nguon goc gay o nhiem bao gom : a - Do hoat ong nong nghiep Phng thc canh tac lac hau ot pha rng lam nng ray, du canh, trong cay lng thc va cay cong nghiep ngan ngay tren vung at doc a tan pha at ai. Vi lng ma ln tap trung trong khoang thi gian ngan gay lu lut lam xoi mon lam cuon troi phu sa tren dien tch ln. Viec xay dng he thong ti tieu khong hp l gay thoai hoa moi trng, tao nen nhng vung at phen co o pH thap rat kho canh tac. S hoa phen cua at ma mot trong cac nguyen nhan gay nen la tieu nc triet e, lp at hu c che phu b ra troi, at b phi ra anh sang, cac hp chat cha S b oxy hoa thanh H2SO4 axid nay phan ng vi Al va Fe co san trong keo at tao thanh cac sunfat. Viec s dung phan bon hoa hoc khong ung qui cach, viec dung thuoc tr sau va diet co v.v a lam o nhiem at. b - Cac hoat ong cong nghiep Cac hoat ong cong nghiep xa vao at mot lng ln phe thai thong qua ong khoi, he thong thoat nc, bai tap trung rac , chung lam thay oi thanh phan cua at, thay oi pH, qua trnh nitrat hoa , he sinh vat at cung b anh hng. Qua trnh khai khoang gay o nhiem at nhieu nhat. Do khai mo mot lng ln phe thai c a t long at len be mat, tham thc vat trong khu vc khai khoang b pha huy lam at b xoi mon. Ngoai ra mot lng ln phe thai, x quang theo khoi va bui bay trong khong kh roi sau o lang ong lam cho at b o nhiem qui mo rong hn. Cac loai phe thai ran c tao nen trong hau het cac giai oan cong nghe cung nh trong qua trnh s dung san pham. Chung c tap trung tai nha may hoac van chuyen khoi khu vc, roi sau o bang cach nay hay cach khac cung tr lai moi trng at. Theo tnh chat ly hoa, cac phe thai cong nghiep c chia thanh 4 loai : - Phe thai vo c t cac nha may, x nghiep ma ien, thuy tinh, cong nghiep giay, can x cac tram x ly nc - Phe thai kho phan huy : dau m trong nc, si nhan tao, phe thai cong nghiep da - Phe thai de chay : t nha may loc dau, sa cha xe may, san xuat may lanh, thc pham - Phe thai ac biet oc hai : phe thai tac ong manh, phe thai chat phong xa ac iem cua chat thai cong nghiep gay o nhiem moi trng at la a dang ve thanh phan va kch thc, khong tap trung, nhieu nguon goc. Do o bien phap x ly rat phc tap. Cac hoat ong cong nghiep con gay o nhiem gian tiep moi trng at : xa kh oc H2S, SO2 t cac nha may x nghiep la nguyen nhan gay ma axid lam chua at, km ham s phat trien cua thc vat. Cac hoat ong xay dng cong nghiep nh ben bai, ng xa, nha may. , pha huy tham thc vat va canh quan khu vc, lam thay oi a hnh, can tr dong chay, gay xoi mon at v.v c - Sinh hoat cua con ngi

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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Hang ngay con ngi thai mot lng ln cac phe thai sinh hoat ran vao moi trng, cuoi cung bang nhieu con ng tr lai ve at. Trong sinh hoat o th rac va phan phe thai co ham lng chat hu c ln, o am cao. ay la moi trng cho cac loai vi khuan, ac biet la vi khuan gay benh phat trien. Moi trng at b o nhiem do cac tac nhan : vi khuan gay benh, cac chat oc hai, cac tap chat ran vo c phe thai ben vng. at la moi trng cho cac loai vi khuan phat trien. He vi sinh vat at rat a dang ve chung loai va phong phu ve so lng, cac loai vi khuan gay benh phat trien tot trong at b nhiem ban, cac phe thai hu c nh phan rac, phe thai cong nghiep thc pham Ngoai ra cac con trung gay benh cung phat trien trong at nhiem ban nay. ieu kien phat trien cua moi loai vi khuan gay benh phu thuoc lng ma, nhiet o, thc vat, anh sang, o am v.v e ch th cho o nhiem ban phan cua at, ngi ta dung ham lng vi khuan E. Coli va P. Bact. Cac chat oc hai nh thuoc tr sau, diet co va cac phe thai oc hai ran cong nghiep co the c tch tu lai trong moi trng at va gay o nhiem theo mot chuoi thc pham. Cac chat oc hai nguy hiem nh DDT, Endrin thng c tch tu trong nc va at, c sinh vat hap thu va gay o nhiem thc pham. Viec s dung vi lng ln thuoc tr sau va diet co se lam roi loan mot phan s can bang sinh thai, tieu diet nhieu sinh vat ngoai oi tng, gay anh hng xau en sc khoe con ngi. Cac chat hoa hoc mang tnh oc hai cao oi vi moi trng at la As, F, Pb. Chung c thc vat hap thu va qua ong vat an co ( tht, sa ) i vao c the ngi. Cac chat phong xa qua chat thai va cac vu no Hat nhan co the lang xuong at va c tch tu mat at va c mot so thc vat hap thu gay nguy hai cho ong vat an co. Cac chat ran vo c kch thc ln nh phe thai vat lieu xay dng, Polyetylen, nha tong hp v.v rat ben vng trong at, chung rat kho b phan huy va v the ngan can s phat trien cua tham thc vat, thay oi cau truc at va a hnh.

2 CAC BIEN PHAP KY THUAT BAO VE MOI TRNG AT

1- Chong xoi mon
Xoi mon la hien tng lp at mau m tren mat at b mat i do gio vung kh hau kho va nc chay vung kh hau am gay nen. cac vung at kh hau tng t Viet Nam, xoi mon chu yeu gay ra bi lng ma ln va rng b tan pha. Cng o xoi mon rat ln cac vung at oi troc, ni co o doc ln va co t o che phu cua cay xanh.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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Bien phap chong xoi mon chu yeu la lam giam o doc cung nh chieu dai sn doc, trong cay phuc hoi rng. e giam o doc va chieu dai sn doc co the thc hien cac bien phap nh ruong bac thang, ao mng, ap b, trong cac hang cay e ngan sn doc thanh nhieu oan ngan. Cac bien phap thuy li nh lam ap, xay dng he thong ti tieu hp ly, xay cac ap va gieng tieu nang tai nhng ni qua doc la cac bien phap chong xoi mon co hieu qua. Viec trong cay phuc hoi rng co vai tro rat quan trong trong viec bao ve at, nhat la oi vi at co o am ln e chong lai s xoi mon. Rng cay co tac dung ieu hoa lng nc ma v tan va re cay co tac dung lu tr nc, lam tang cng cau truc at, cai thien kh hau khu vc, giam toc o gio v.v Do o co tac dung rat ln va lau dai trong viec chong xoi mon.

2 - X ly phe thai ran do sinh hoat

ay la cong oan cuo cung cua cong tac ve sinh moi trng o th. Cong oan bao gom thu gom, van chuyen, tap trung, x ly va che bien, tieu diet vi khuan gay benh, chuyen hoa chat hu c de phan huy thanh dang khong hoi thoi va de s dung. Viec x ly nay khong nhng bao ve moi trng at ma con chong o nhiem moi trng khong kh va nc. Cac phe thai ran cung co the che bien thanh phan bon nong nghiep va nguyen lieu th cap cho cong nghiep. Phng phap x ly phe thai ran sinh hoat chia thanh hai loai : - Phng phap loai tr : giai quyet yeu cau moi trng. - Phng phap s dung lai : giai quyet yeu cau kinh te. Theo cong nghe, phng phap x ly chia thanh : -X ly s bo : tach rac va phan loai, giam the tch phe thai. -X ly sinh hoc : u hao kh e x ly phan hu c cua phe thai nh vi sinh vat - X ly nhiet : ot rac - X ly c hoc : ep nen phe thai e de s dung va vat chuyen - X ly hoa hoc : thuy phan, chng cat trong chan khong Viec chon bien phap x ly phu thuoc cac ieu kien kinh te ky thuat va hoan canh a phng. a - Nha may che bien rac Lam viec theo nguyen ly u hao kh nong. Cac phe thai hu c c oxy hoa hao kh va san pham cuoi cung la phan bon hu c hoac nhien lieu sinh hoc. Qua trnh x ly rac va phe thai ran ay gom cac giai oan : - Chuan b phe thai : can, phan loai, nh lng va thoi kh. - U hao kh nong trong lo quay nhiet o 50 70oC . - Nghien phe thai a x ly e a i s dung. b - U hao kh tai bai tap trung rac Vi cac o th co dan so trung bnh (< 0,5 trieu ngi), neu co dien tch at trong gan thanh pho co the dung bien phap nay. Thi gian u c vai thang. ay rac va phe thai ran c x ly tap trung cung vi bun can nc thai thanh pho. Qua trnh u hao kh c thc hien gom cac gian oan : - Chuan b phe thai : can, phan loai va nh lng.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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- Tron phe thai vi bun can va nc thai. - Vun ap hon hp thanh luong va quat kh vao luong. - Nghien, say hon hp va x ly e a i s dung. Nhiet o u thng la 30 40oC. Phng phap nay n gian song phu thuoc vao nhieu ieu kien kh hau va can dien tch ln. c - Poligon u yem kh ay la phng phap thong dung nhat. Phe thai c tap trung lai va phai ap ng c cac yeu cau ve ve sinh moi trng : khong gay o nhiem moi trng at, nc va khong kh, phai cach khu dan c va ng giao thong tren 500m, cach san bay tren 10km, at nen cua poligon khong c tham nc, mc nc ngam trong khu vc phai cach mat at tren 2m. Thi gian u rac poligon t 1520 nam. Trong poligon phe thai c u thanh nhieu lp. Khi o cao phe thai at 2m th ap at u va xung quanh pha tren poligon trong cay co, xung quanh poligon bo tr cac ranh thoat nc. Nc thoat c a ve tram x ly nc thai hoac e dung e ti cay. Sau khi lap at u, phe thai b phan huy yem kh. Kh sinh hoc c tao ra co the thu gom lam nhien lieu.

3 - X ly phe thai ran cong nghiep

Phe thai ran cong ngiep co the s dung lam nguyen lieu th cap cho qua trnh san xuat o hoac khac. Cac phe thai khong s dung lai c, tuy theo mc o gay ban va oc hai co the x ly theo phng phap sau : Mc oc ac iem phe thai hai Khong ban va khong oc hai I Chat hu c de oxy hoa sinh hoa Chat hu c t oc va kho hoa tan II trong nc Cac chat cha dau m III oc hai oi vi moi trng khong kh IV oc hai V Phng phap x ly Dung san nen hoac x ly nh phe thai sinh hoat Tap trung va x ly cung phe thai sinh hoat U cung phe thai sinh hoat

ot cung phe thai sinh hoat Tap trung trong cac poligon ac biet Chon hoac kh oc trong cac thiet b ac biet VI a - Chon cat va kh oc phe thai cong nghiep oc hai Cac chat oc hai nh Hg t cong nghiep hoa Clo, xianua t cong nghiep c kh, Cr t cong nghiep Crom, che bien dau, che tao may, luyen kim mau, Pb t che tao may v.v c trung hoa, x ly hoac kh oc trong cac thiet b ac biet trong hoac nha may. Ngi ta thng to chc cac poligon ac biet thanh hai dang : rieng re e chon hoac oxy hoa phe thai oc hai va tong hp e thu nhan, x ly hoac chon nhieu phe thai ran khac nhau. Cac phe thai ac biet oc hai c chon trong cac thung beton cot thep at sau di at khong tham nc t 10 12m. Cac chat hoat tnh phong xa c thu gom rieng

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 83 -

vao thung mat nhan va c van chuyen en cho chon bang cac xe ac biet chong phat xa. Viec chon cac chat ong v phong xa hien nay van cha giai quyet c triet e, My ngi ta chon no di dang dung dch cement trong lp nham thach, Nga chon di at gia 2 lp cach nc. b - ot phe thai ay khong phai la bien phap toi u v co the lam nhiem ban moi trng khong kh va khong tan dung c nhiet nang. Bien phap nay ch s dung khi khong co dien tch e xay dng c cac poligon hay khong van chuyen c phe thai. Nhiet o lo ot thng t 8001000oC. e kh het cac mui hoi va oc hai, nhiet o lo co the > 1000oC. Khi ot chung cac phe thai phai chu y lng nhiet giai phong, lng tro, kha nang gay no, nhiet o chay v.v cua moi loai phe thai. Co the tach cac vun kim loai bang cac thiet b t tnh. c - S dung lai phe thai ran ay la van e cua chien lc cong nghe sach trong san xuat e phat trien ben vng. Hien nay nhieu nc a va ang nghien cu cac bien phap s dung lai phe thai ran, no va mang y ngha ve sinh va co y ngha kinh te. T phe thai cong nghiep co the che tao ra cac loai nhien lieu, nguyen lieu khac. Co the dung nguyen ly pin axit e thu ien nang t phe thai.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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CHNG 5

CAC LOAI O NHIEM KHAC

1 O NHIEM NHIET VA BIEN PHAP PHONG CHONG

1- Nguon goc va tac hai cua s o nhiem nhiet
Nguon goc o nhiem nhiet chu yeu do ot chay nhien lieu : than cui, xang, dau v.v trong san xuat va trong i song con ngi. Trong giao thong van tai, cac nha may nhiet ien, lo luyen kim, cac lo nung noi chung v.v eu tao ra rat nhieu nhiet lng. Lng nhiet toa ra cua cac nguon tren eu trc tiep hay gian tiep thai vao moi trng khong kh. Trong cac thiet b lam lanh cac nha may thng dung nc. Nc c lay t song, ho, gieng vi lu lng ln. Ngoai ra con dung khong kh e lam mat may moc, thiet b. Do s tang dan so va phat trien san xuat, lng nhiet thai vao kh quyen ngay mot nhieu lam cho nhiet o kh quyen va nhiet o mat at tang len. ong thi vi s phat trien san xuat, moi trng khong kh ngay cang b o nhiem, lng nhiet bc xa Mat tri b Trai at hap thu ngay mot nhieu cang lam cho nhiet o trung bnh cua Trai at tang len, gay tac hai cho i song con ngi noi rieng va sinh vat noi chung. Nhiet o trung bnh cua Trai at tang se lam cho mc nc bien dang cao gay ngap lut va nhiem man cac ong bang ven bien, gay ra thien tai lu lut rat nguy hiem. O nhiem nhiet lam thay oi kh hau cuc bo trong vung, ac biet cac khu cong nghiep va o th. Thng khu vc nay co nhiet o cao hn vung nong thon hay rng nui t 1 en 30C. Lng nhiet sinh ra do hoat ong cua con ngi cho en nay a xap x 30% nang lng Mat tri chieu xuong Trai at. O nhiem nhiet gay nhieu tac hai cho s ton tai va phat trien cua con ngi va sinh vat noi chung, nhng ngc lai lai tao ieu kien cho cac loai vi khuan, vi trung, nam benh phat trien.

2 - Cac bien phap lam giam o nhiem nhiet

Trc tien phai cai tien ky thuat, thay oi day chuyen cong nghe, nang cao hieu suat cua cac may moc, thiet b e giam lng nhiet thai vao moi trng. S dung bien phap lam mat nhan tao nh ao, ho, cac thap lam mat thong gio t nhien hoac thong gio cng bc. Nh s boc hi cua nc ma khong kh c lam mat. Bien phap co hieu qua cao va mang tnh chat lau dai la trong cay xanh. Khi luc diep phat trien, cay xanh hap thu kh CO2 va nhiet, ong thi thai ra O2. Cay xanh hap thu bc xa Mat tri e quang hp, tao nen s ram mat t nhien. Bien phap ky thuat e giam o nhiem nhiet la dung day chuyen cac thiet b s dung nhiet : tan dung nhiet lng thai ra cac nha may cho muc ch s dung khac nh

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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cap nc nong cho sinh hoat, cap nhiet si am, lam am be bi, lam am cac ho nuoi ca trong mua ong v.v

2 O nhiem phong xa va bien phap phong chong

1- S phong xa va cac nguon gay o nhiem phong xa, tac hai cua phong xa
Cac ong v phong xa hien nay ang c s dung rat nhieu : Cac lo phan ng Hat nhan cua cac nha may ien hoac cua cac vien nghien cu, cac nguon phong xa s dung trong y hoc. Trong cac nganh san xuat cong nghiep, nong nghiep, ng nghiep eu dung cac ong v phong xa e kiem nghiem, san xuat rat co hieu qua. Ben canh nhng li tch to ln, s phong xa co the gay nhieu hiem hoa cho con ngi; v vay cac bien phap bao ve cho con ngi khoi cac tia phong xa rat quan trong. Ngoai cac nguon phong xa neu tren, cac vu th Hat nhan a lam moi trng b o nhiem phong xa nghiem trong. Viec chuan oan va ieu tr benh trong y hoc bang chieu xa cung lam tang s o nhiem phong xa. Tia phong xa chieu t ngoai vao c the goi la ngoai chieu. Chat phong xa xam nhap vao c the, en cac bo phan cua c the va gay tac dung chieu xa goi la noi chieu. Noi chieu nguy hiem hn ngoai chieu v thi gian chieu lau hn, dien chieu rong hn va viec loai chat phong xa ra khoi c the kho khan hn nhieu. Khi c the con ngi b chieu xa hoac song trong moi trng b nhiem phong xa th se b mac benh nhiem phong xa. + Benh nhiem phong xa cap tnh : Khi c the b nhiem xa vi lieu lng > 300Rem (lieu Rnghen tng ng sinh vat) sau thi gian chieu t vai giay en vai gi. Benh nhiem phong xa cap tnh thng xay ra trong nhng vu no Hat nhan hoac s co trong cac lo phan ng Hat nhan. + Benh nhiem phong xa man tnh : trieu chng benh xuat hien muon hang nam en nhieu nam sau khi b chieu xa hoac nhiem xa. Benh xay ra khi c the b nhiem lieu phong xa khoang 200Rem trong khoang thi gian ngan hoac < 200Rem trong khoang thi gian dai.

2 - Cac bien phap giam o nhiem phong xa

Trc het phai han che va tien ti cam hoan toan cac vu th Hat nhan tren Trai at. Viec khai thac quang phong xa, viec x ly va tinh che quang cung nh cac ong v phong xa phai c thc hien trong cac ieu kien an toan nghiem ngat, cac thiet b an toan phong xa phai co o tin cay hoat ong cao nhat. oi vi cac x nghiep, c quan, phong th nghiem dung ong v phong xa trong san xuat va nghien cu; trong y hoc dung e chuan tr benh bang cac tia chieu xa ch

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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nen s dung khi that can thiet. Khi s dung phai nen chu y en an toan phong xa, tm moi cach han che s o nhiem. + Khi tiep xuc vi cac nguon phong xa kn : Ch c tiep xuc vi tia phong xa, khong c tiep xuc vi cac chat phong xa. Bong phat tia Rnghen phai c boc bang vo ch. Cac chat phong xa phai c at trong hop ch kn, khi s dung ch he m hop, u e thao tac. Khi thao tac cang xa nguon cang nguy hiem. Phong s dung cac tia phong xa phai u rong, khong at nhieu o ac e han che phat sinh tia phong xa th cap, cac phong nay phai bo tr rieng biet, co tng beton day. Khi lam viec phai mang gang tay, i ung cao su, mat eo knh. Cac thao tac phai nhanh va chnh xac e giam thi gian tiep xuc vi tia phong xa. + Khi tiep xuc vi nguon phong xa h : Khi tiep xuc vi cac quang phong xa, dung dch long, kh, pin phong xa ngoai viec ngoai chieu, c the co the con b noi chieu do cac chat phong xa the kh, long, ran co the b xam nhap vao c the qua ng ho hap, tieu hoa hoac qua da. * Co 3 bien phap bao ve : - Bao ve sinh vat : Dung cac loai vitamin, cac chat khang sinh. Viec bao ve nay giup te bao tuy xng sinh chat e phuc hoi c the. - Bao ve vat ly : Dung cac phng tien can tia giong nh oi vi nguon phong xa kn. Trc cho ngoi lam viec phai co bc chan bang ch day 1,5-2mm, ao va gang ch day 0,3-0,5mm. Tng phai ngan khong cho tia phong xa lot sang phong khac. Tm bien phap cach xa nguon cang nhieu cang tot do lieu chieu ty le nghch vi bnh phng khoang cach. - Bao ve hoa hoc : Dung axit amin co nhom SH, hoac dung cac dan xuat pha huy nhom cacboxyl cua chung. Tac dung bao ve cua cac chat nay da vao c che vai tro cua Oxy trong chieu xa. Noi chung cac phong dung tia phong xa phai bo tr rieng biet va phai co chu vi bao ve, vat lieu ket cau cua phong phai co tnh hap thu phong xa kem va de co ra e tay xa; mat san phai bong, khong co khe h va chu c axit. San c lot bang nha tong hp, vai sn hoac cao su cng. Phan tng san en o cao 2m phai nhan, thng quet sn bong. Noi chung toan bo be mat bao che phai bong va thng quet sn e tranh bui bam. Phong phai c thong gio tot, lu lng thong gio toi thieu phai 5 lan/gi. phai bo tr he thong hut gio ra, lo thai kh ra ngoai phai at cuoi hng gio chnh va phai cao hn cac cong trnh lan can t 3-4m va phai cach xa v tr lay khong kh vao t nhat 20m. Khu vc th nghiem phong xa phai co u cac thiet b an toan ve sinh. Phong cha cac ong v phong xa phai at ngam di at, phai can c tia . Phai co u cac thiet b phong ho cho nhan vien lam viec, phai thc hien tot cac noi quy ve an toan phong xa. oi vi mo khai thac quang phai chu y phong chong nhiem xa. Mo phai c thong gio tot (t nhat 5 lan/gi), ng ong dan kh sach vao ni lam viec cang ngan cang tot, gia v tr lay kh sach va thai kh ban phai cach xa nhau > 100m. Cac ng

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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ham lo khong s dung na phai bt kn bang vat lieu khong tham kh. ng ong dan nc thai cua mo phai boc kn tranh chat phong xa khuech tan ra ngoai. Cac bai quang va nc thai cua nha may luyen quang phong xa phai c x ly nghiem ngat, at yeu cau ve sinh mi c thai ra ngoai. Tranh lam o nhiem moi trng khong kh xung quanh. Cac phe thai phong xa phai c chon cat trong cac ham ac biet kien co (nh beton chang han) o sau can thiet ni cach biet khu dan c.

3 O NHIEM TIENG ON VA BIEn PHAP PHONG CHONG

1- Khai niem ve am thanh va tieng on
Am thanh la cac dao ong c hoc lan truyen di dang song trong moi trng an hoi c thnh giac con ngi cam nhan. Tieng on la tap hp cac am thanh co cng o va tan so khac nhau, sap xep hon on, gay cam giac kho chu cho ngi nghe, can tr con ngi lam viec va ngh ngi. Nh vay viec phan biet am thanh va tieng on co tnh chat tng oi. Mot so am thanh nao o phat ra khong ung luc, gay cam giac kho chu cho ngi nghe, can tr s lam viec hoac ngh ngi eu c coi la tieng on. a- Cac ac tnh chu yeu cua am thanh + Tan so cua am thanh : n v o la Hz. Moi am thanh c ac trng bang tan so dao ong cua no. Tai ngi cam nhan c am thanh co tan so khoang 1620.000Hz. Dai am thanh c chia theo ten goi nh sau : Am thanh co tan so < 16Hz goi la ha am. Am thanh co tan so < 300Hz goi la am ha tan. Am thanh co tan so 300 1.000Hz goi la am trung tan. Am thanh co tan so > 1.000Hz goi la am cao tan. Am thanh co tan so > 20.000Hz goi la sieu am. o cao cua am thanh phu thuoc tan so am, am tram co tan so thap, am bong co tan so cao. + Cng o hay nang lng am thanh: Cng o am la nang lng am truyen qua mot n v dien tch, vuong goc vi phng truyen song am trong mot n v thi gian. Ky hieu I la cng o am, P la ap suat, mat o khoi lng moi trng, C la toc o am thanh trong moi trng. Ta co bieu thc lien he : 2

I=

P .C

Trong ky thuat, e thu hep pham vi cac tr so o, ngi ta dung thang logarit thay cho thang thap phan, goi la mc cng o am (mc ap suat am) - goi tat la mc am, n v o la dB. Mc cng o am Mc ap suat am

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Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

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L = 10. lg

I0 la cng o ngng nghe ; P0 la ap suat am ngng nghe I0 = 10-12W/m2 P0=2.10-5N/m2 Vi song am phang, trng am t do, trong ieu kien kh quyen bnh thng, mc cng o am va mc ap suat am co tr so nh nhau. Mc cong suat cua nguon am : Xac nh tng t nh mc cng o am :

I I0

(dB)

L = 20. lg

P P0

(dB)

L w = 10. lg

W : la cong suat cua nguon am. W0 : la cong suat nguon am ngng nghe, W0 = 10-12W. + o vang cua am thanh : Nhng am thanh co tan so khac nhau, co mc nang lng am bang nhau, nhng cam giac nghe ro cua tai ngi lai khac nhau, ta noi am co o vang khac nhau. Ngi ta dung am thanh tan so 1.000Hz lam am thanh chuan ve o vang cua am. V du : Am co cng o 50dB tan so 100Hz co o vang bang am co cng o 30dB tan so 1.000Hz. n v o o vang la phone, moi dB tan so 1.000Hz tng ng vi 1 phone. Trong v du tren am co o vang la 30 phone. Ngoai ra con co n v Sone - no cho biet am thanh vung nay to gap bao nhieu lan am thanh khac. o vang cua am 40 phone la 1 sone. o vang cua am 50 phone la 2 sone. o vang cua am 60 phone la 4 sone. Khi o vang cua am tang 10 phone th tr so o vang tnh theo sone se tang gap oi. Cac may o o on dung o mc vang cua am theo n v dexiben A (ky hieu la dBA) - la mc cng o am chung cua tat ca cac giai octa tan so a c quy ve tan so 1.000Hz. Nh the am thanh o bang dBA la am thanh ng lng. Khi dung dBA e ch am khong can noi am thanh o co tan so bao nhieu. Tr so dBA giup cho viec anh gia s bo ve mat o nhiem xem tieng on co vt qua mc cho phep hay khong. + Dai tan so am thanh : C quan thnh giac cua ngi khong phan ng theo o tang tuyet oi cua tan so am ma phan ng theo mc tang tng oi cua tan so am. Khi tan so tang gap oi th o cao cua am tang len 1 tone, ta goi la 1 octa tan so. Nh vay trong dai tan so am thanh ma gii han tren cao gap oi gii han di c chia thanh 11 octa co tr so trung bnh so hoc nh sau : 16 ; 63 ; 125 ; 250 ; 500 ; 1000 ; 2000 ; 4000 ; 8000 ; 16000. V du trong octa t 40 en 80 Hz tr so trung bnh la 60 Hz. Tieu chuan ve sinh ve mc cho phep cua tieng on thng c quy nh 8 octa : 63 ; 125 ; 250 ; 500 ; 1000 ; 2000 ; 4000 ; 8000 Hz. b- Phan loai tieng on

W W0

(dB)

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 89 -

+ Theo tnh chat vat ly : Chia lam 2 loai tieng on on nh va tieng on khong on nh. Tieng on on nh co mc thay oi cng o am khong qua 5dB trong suot thi gian co tieng on. Neu vt tr so 5dB th goi la tieng on khong on nh. * Tieng on khong on nh chia lam 3 dang : - Tieng on dao ong : mc am thanh thay oi lien tuc theo thi gian. - Tieng on ngat quang : am thanh ngat quang, khong lien tuc. -Tieng on xung : am thanh va ap ke tiep nhau. + Theo phan bo nang lng : cac dai octa tan so, chia thanh tieng on dai rong va dai hep. - Tieng on dai rong : nang lng am phan bo ong eu cac dai tan so. Tieng on dai hep (con goi la tieng on am sac) : mot tan so am trong pho co cng o am cao hn cac tan so con lai trong octa t 6dB tr len. Tieng on dai hep co tac dung kch thch manh hn tieng on dai rong. + Theo ac tnh cua nguon on chia lam 4 loai : - Tieng on c hoc cac may. - Tieng on va cham cac qua trnh san xuat : Ren, dap, tan, - Tieng on kh ong may bay, quat gio, - Tieng no hoac song xung kch.

2 - Cac nguon on trong i song va san xuat

Nguon on phat ra moi ni, moi luc do cac hoat ong cua con ngi gay nen hoac do t nhien : sam set, gio bao a - Tieng on giao thong Khi cac phng tien giao thong hoat ong se gay on t : ong c, s rung ong cua cac bo phan cua phng tien, qua ong xa kh, m ong ca phng tien, tieng rt cua phanh ham Ngoai cac phng tien giao thong mat at, con co nguon on tren khong do may bay gay ra, ac biet may bay phan lc khi khi ong, cat canh, tang toc, len cao, ha canh se phat ra tieng on rat manh. May bay sieu am ch khach bay o cao 12000m co the gay ra o on tren mat at en 127dB, ngoai ra no con gay o nhiem moi trng, pha huy tan O3 cua kh quyen. b - Tieng on do san xuat Cac qua trnh chan ong, chuyen ong, va ap cua may moc thiet b, cac dong chat long hay kh chuyen ong eu gay ra tieng on. Tieng on t cac may phat ra thng rat ln. Cng o am thanh ty le nghch vi bnh phng khoang cach ti nguon on. V vay cac nguon gay on ln can at xa khu dan c, hoac phai co bien phap che chan thch hp. c - Tieng on do sinh hoat cua con ngi Moi hoat ong sinh hoat cua con ngi eu sinh on : tro chuyen, i lai, hat ho, an uong

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 90 -

Mc on thap nhat cac ng pho t xe co la 45 en 50dBA, cac ng pho ong uc nhon nhp mc on co the len ti 90 en 95dBA. Mc on thap nhat cac khu nha tap the la 30 en 35dBA.

3 - Tac hai cua tieng on

Tieng on co anh hng xau en sc khoe con ngi : tac hai en thnh giac, gay roi loan tam sinh ly nh he than kinh, tim mach, noi tiet tieng on lam giam nang suat lao ong cua con ngi, lam phat sinh hoac tang cac tai nan lao ong, lam giam tuoi tho. Tieng on 35dBA gay cam giac khong thoai mai, tieng on 40dBA gay cam giac kho chu va kho ngu, mc on 50dBA co the gay roi loan than kinh vo nao. Mc on 80dBA lam giam mc nghe 4 octa tan so 250 ; 500 ; 1.000 ; 4.000Hz, lam giam s chu y, de met moi, tang cac qua trnh c che he than kinh trung ng, gay mach cham, giam huyet ap tam thu va tang huyet ap tam trng. Tieng on 150dB (tieng bom, mm, sung) co the lam rach mang nh, lech v tr cac xng tai gia, lam ton thng tai trong, chay mau tai, gay au nhc d doi tai va toan than. Nhng ngi thng xuyen tiep xuc vi tieng on, ton thng thnh giac qua mot so giai oan : moi met c quan thnh giac, o nhay thnh giac cua tai giam, cac te bao than kinh cua thnh giac b thoai hoa hay huy hoai - giai oan iec nghe nghiep.

4 - Cac bien phap chong on

a - Quy hoach kien truc xay dng hp ly Han che s lan truyen tieng on ngay trong noi bo nha may. Gia nha may va khu dan c can co khu em, co dai cay xanh cach ly, hai ben ng pho trong cay xanh e chong on va chong o nhiem khong kh. Cng o am mot iem cach nguon r(m) xac nh bi : L(r) = LW - 10logF - 20 logr - 10log Vi LW la mc cong suat cua nguon (dB). la goc v tr cua nguon am trong khong gian. Neu nguon am at trong khong gian th = 4 ; 10log = 11 Neu nguon am at tren mat phang th = 2 ; 10log = 8 Neu nguon am at canh goc nh dien = ; 10log = 5 Neu nguon am at canh goc tam dien = /2 ; 10log = 2 Am thanh khi lan truyen trong khong kh b tat dan nen : (dB) Vi La la o tat dan cua am thanh trong khong kh (dB/km). Neu co nhieu nguon on cung tac dung th mc on tong cong la : - Trng hp co n nguon co mc cong suat nh nhau va bang L1 : L = L1 + 10.lgn (dB) - Trng hp co hai nguon mc cong suat la L1 va L2 (L1 > L2) : L = L1 + L

L a r L(r) = LW - 10logF - 20 logr - 10log - 1.000

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 91 -

L la mc tang them, phu thuoc hieu (L1 - L2). Trng hp co nhieu nguon vi mc cong suat khac nhau th nhom hai nguon mot t mc ln nhat en mc nho nhat va tnh tng t nh tren. Khi quy hoach nha may can bo tr cac nguon on cuoi hng gio chnh trong nam e de x ly, xung quanh nguon on nen trong cay xanh. Cac trung tam ieu khien nen at rieng va ngan cach vi nguon on. b - Giam on tai nguon ay la bien phap chu yeu. Muon vay phai hien ai hoa thiet b, hoan thien qua trnh cong nghe : thiet ke, che tao, lap at, van hanh, bao dng. Bo tr cung nh to chc thi gian hoat ong cua cac nguon on hp ly. T ong hoa cac khau ieu khien, giam bt so lng nhan vien cung nh thi gian lam viec trong moi trng on. c - Cach am giam chan ong Dung goi be may co lo xo hoac cao su an hoi cao, s dung cac ket cau treo co lo xo an hoi. d - Giam tieng on tren ng lan truyen Chu yeu la hut am va cach am. Nguyen ly hut am la da vao s bien oi nang lng am thanh thanh nang lng nhiet, c hoac dang nang lng khac. Nguyen ly cach am : Song am ti be mat ket cau, ket cau nay b dao ong cng bc tr thanh nguon am mi va bc xa nang lng sang khong gian ben canh. Kha nang hut am cua vat lieu phu thuoc tnh xop cua vat lieu, cang xop hut am cang tot. Kha nang cach am cua ket cau phu thuoc kch thc, trong lng, o cng cua ket cau vao ma sat trong cua vat lieu va dai tan so cua tieng on. Thng phoi hp ca cach am va hut am e chong on. e - Tuyen truyen giao duc Tuyen truyen ve tac hai tieng on va cac bien phap chong on thong qua cac phng tien thong tin ai chung. Giao duc con ngi y thc t giac, ton trong ngi khac trong sinh hoat va ngh ngi.

5 - Kiem tra tieng on kiem soat o nhiem tieng on

Can to chc kiem tra tieng on cac khu dan c, nha , nha ngh, benh vien, trng hoc, cong s va cac ni san xuat. Tren c s o e ra cac bien phap chong on hp ly. Can co luat kiem soat o nhiem tieng on, e ra cac quy nh cu the, cac tieu chuan tieng on cho phep; moi ngi , moi c quan phai chap hanh luat.

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 92 -

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1- Giao trnh moi trng va bao ve moi trng - Nguyen Khac Cng - Trng H ky thuat thanh pho Ho Ch Minh. 2- Giao trnh ky thuat moi trng - Tang Van oan, Tran c Ha - NXB giao duc 1995. 3- Introduction to environmental technology - Neal K.Ostler, Editor - Salt Lake commumity college 1996. 4- C s khoa hoc moi trng Le Thac Can Vien ai hoc m Ha Noi

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly

Ky thuat moi trng

- 93 -

e ta Giao trnh nay dung cho sinh vien Vat ly trng ai hoc a Lat. No co the dung lam tai lieu cho sinh vien cac nganh Moi trng, Sinh hoc, Hoa hoc, cung nh sinh vien cac trng ai hoc thuy li, ai hoc xay dng... va cac ban muon tm hieu them ve Ky thuat moi trng va Bao ve moi trng. Vi khuon kho so gi danh cho giao trnh, giao trnh ch e cap en nhng van e c ban nhat, chung nhat cua ky thuat moi trng va bao ve moi trng. Vi muc ch Hay cu lay hanh tinh xanh cua chung ta, hay bao ve Chiec noi - moi trng song cua chung ta, tac gia hy vong rang sau khi hoc xong hay oc qua giao trnh nay, moi ban sinh vien se y thc va ieu chnh c hanh vi cua mnh : li noi gia moi ngi, mot hi thuoc gia am ong, mot mau rac vo tnh tha xuong... V bien soan lan au, chac chan giao trnh con co nhieu phiem khuyet, rat mong s gop y cua cac ban sinh vien va ong nghiep. a Lat, thang 3/2001

Tran Kim Cng

Khoa Vat ly