I HC QUC GIA TP.HCM VIN MI TRNG V TI NGUYN TP.

HCM

MN HC:

QUN L CHT THI RN V CHT THI NGUY HI

CHUYN :

CHT THI NGUY HI T CHT THI SINH HOT

GVHD : TS. Nguyn Nh Sang

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php

TP H Ch Minh, 2010

MC LC
PHN M U............................................................................................................ 4 L do chn ti.....................................................................................................4 Phng php nghin cu.........................................................................................4 Mc tiu nghin cu:...............................................................................................4 Khi nim cht thi sinh hot- cht thi nguy hi....................................................5 Cht thi sinh hot:..............................................................................................5 Cht thi nguy hi:...............................................................................................5 c im, thanh phn, s lng cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi trong sinh hot ............................................................................................................................... 7 Thc trng rc thi v rc thi sinh hot..............................................................7 ............................................................................................................................... 7 c im cht thi nguy hi.................................................................................8 Thnh phn.......................................................................................................... 9 Thnh phn hu c..................................................................................................9 CHNG 2: PHN LOI CHT THI SINH HOT- CHT THI NGUY HI V TC HI N SC KHO V MI TRNG..............................................................................11 Cc loi cht thi nguy hot v c tnh trong cht thi sinh hot.........................11 Phn tch tc hi....................................................................................................17 Nhng sn phm to hng thm thi:..............................................................17 Bao b nc chi ra nh v sinh, bn cu, cc cht ty ra:.............................18 Bao b nc nh bong, sn ni tht, (Sn phm ca qu trnh chng ct du m, tinh du)......................................................................................................21 Long no thi..................................................................................................... 22 Bao b bt git, du gi u, du x, x bng, sa tm......................................23 Bao b thuc xt cn trng c hi (Bnh xt mui, kin, gin, ), thuc dit nm, k sinh trng, thuc dit cn trng c hi (phn ui kin, bt dit kin, )..........25 Tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn sinh hot trong gia nh............................27 CHNG 3: XUT CC GII PHP QUN L- THU GOM- KHUYN CO NGI TIU DNG....................................................................................................................... 30 Cc gii php qun l- thu gom.............................................................................30 Cc gii php qun l.........................................................................................31 Cc khuyn co vi ngi tiu dng......................................................................33 CHNG 4: NGHIN CU IN HNH........................................................................35

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php
M t khu vc nghin cu.....................................................................................35 Hin trng pht thi..............................................................................................36 Hin trng thu gom- qun l..................................................................................36 Quy trnh thu gom cht thi rn sinh hot.............................................................37 M phng bng hnh nh quy trnh thu gom CTRSH..................................................38 Quy trnh thu gom- ti ch cht thi rn sinh hot.................................................38 KT LUN................................................................................................................. 40 TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................41

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php

PHN M U t nc ta hin nay ang trn pht trin theo hng cng nghip ho v hin i ho. Cng vi s pht trin trn, qu trnh th ho Vit Nam cng ang pht trin khng ngng c v tc ln qui m, v s lng ln cht lng. Bn cnh nhng mt tch cc, nhng tin b vt bc ni trn vn cn tn ti nhng mt tiu cc, nhng hn ch m khng mt nc ang pht trin no khng phi i mt, l tnh trng mi trng ngy cng b nhim c th l nhim v t, nc, khng kh v tnh trng ti nguyn thin nhin ngy cng tr nn cn kit, cng nh hng lot cc vn mi trng khc cn c gii quyt. Hin nay, i vi cc thnh ph trng im th vn ny cng tr nn trm trng hn, i hi cn c quan tm su sc v kp thi gii quyt mt cch nghim tc, trit . L do chn ti Lng cht thi pht sinh t nhng hot ng trn ngy cng tng, a dng v thnh phn v nguy c gy nhim ln hn. Mt trong nhng ngun gy nhim ch yu l cht thi rn pht sinh t hot ng sn xut, kinh t v sinh hot hng ngy. Chng ta u nhn thy rc l mt phn ca cuc sng, bt k hot ng no ca con ngi cng u pht sinh ra rc. X hi ngy cng pht trin, lng rc thi pht sinh ngy cng ln. v dn tr thnh mi e do ca cuc sng. Trong khi lng rc thi pht sinh trong sinh hot ca ca chng ta c khng t cc thnh phn c hi, gy tc hi n khng ch mi trng xung quanh, mi trng sng ca chng ta m cn chnh sc kho ca con ngi. Chn ti Qung l cht thi nguy hi trong cht thi sinh hot nhm c ci nhn tng quan v rc sinh hot v cc cht thi nguy hi trong sinh hot hng n mc tiu xy dng thc cng ng trong thu gom cc loi rc thi c hi bo v khng ch mi trng m cn chnh sc kho ca cng ng. Phng php nghin cu Phng php nghin cu ti liu. Phng php thu thp s liu

Mc tiu nghin cu: Nhn dng cc thnh phn ca cht thi sinh hot. Nhn bit cc cht thi nguy hi trong rc thi sinh hot. xut cc gii php v qun l cht thi sinh hot, cht thi nguy hi trong sinh hot.

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V CHT THI SINH HOT Khi nim cht thi sinh hot- cht thi nguy hi Cht thi sinh hot: Cht thi rn sinh hot (rc thi sinh hot) la vt cht dang rn c thai bo trong hoat ng sinh hot hng ngy ca con ngi. Cht thi rn sinh hot l cht thi rn pht thi trong sinh hot c nhn, h gia nh, ni cng cng nh vn phng, khch sn, siu th, trng hc. Rc thi khac vi cac vt dung khac o la chc nng khng s dung va c loai bo bi con ngi. Cht thi nguy hi: Theo Quy ch qun l cht thi nguy hi nm 1999: Cht thi nguy hi l cht thi c cha cc cht hoc hp cht c mt trong cc c tnh gy nguy hi trc tip (d chy, d n, lm ng c, d n mn, d ly nhim v cc c tnh gy nguy hi khc), hoc tng tc vi cc cht khc gy nguy hi ti mi trng v sc kho con ngi Lut bo v mi trng ban hnh sau ny nu nh ngha ngn gn hn, r rng hn v gn nh l s khi qut ca nh ngha trong Quy ch qun l cht thi nguy hi Theo Lut Bo v mi trng th cht thi nguy hi (CTNH) l cht cha yu t c hi, phng x, d chy, d n, d n mn, d ly nhim, gy ng c hoc c tnh khc: D n: Cc cht thi th rn hoc lng c th n do kt qu ca phn ng ha hc khi tip xc vi la hoc do b va p, ma st s to ra cc loi kh nhit , p sut v tc gy thit hi cho mi trng xung quanh. Chnh v d n nn chng c th gy tn thng da, bng v thm ch l t vong; ph hy cng trnh v thm ch cht ngi.

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php
Cht thi nguy hi pht sinh t sn xut cng nghip.

D chy: Cht thi lng c nhit bt chy thp hn 60 C, cht rn c kh nng t bc chy hoc pht la do b ma st, hp thu m, do thay i ha hc t pht trong cc iu kin bnh thng, kh nn c th chy. c tnh d chy s gy ra ha hon, bng, lm nhim khng kh v ngun nc. xy ha: Cht thi c kh nng nhanh chng thc hin phn ng xy ha ta nhit mnh khi tip xc vi cc cht khc, c th gy ra hoc gp phn t chy cc cht , s gy ra chy n, gy nhim c ngun nc v khng kh. n mn: Cc cht hoc hn hp cc cht c tnh axt mnh (pH bng 2 hoc nh hn 2), hoc kim mnh (pH bng 12,5 hoc ln hn 12,5). Vic n mn c th gy chy da, nh hng n phi v mt, gy h hi vt liu cng trnh.

Cht thi nguy hi pht sinh t nng nghip v y t.

C c tnh: u tin l c tnh cp, cc cht thi c th gy t vong, tn thng nghim trng hoc c hi cho sc khe qua ng n ung, h hp hoc qua da. c tnh t t hoc mn tnh, cc cht thi c th gy ra cc nh hng t t hoc mn tnh, k c gy ung th, do n phi, ht th phi hoc ngm qua da. Sinh kh c, cc cht thi cha cc thnh phn m khi tip xc vi khng kh hoc vi nc s gii phng ra kh c, gy nguy him n con ngi v sinh vt. c bit l nhim ngun nc nghim trng. C c tnh sinh thi: Cc cht thi c th gy ra cc tc hi nhanh chng hoc t t i vi mi trng thng qua tch ly sinh hc v/hoc gy tc hi n cc h sinh vt. D ly nhim: Cht thi nu khng c qun l cht ch, khng m bo an ton trong thu gom, lu gi, vn chuyn, x l th cc ri ro, s c s gy hu qu rt nghim trng, nh hng n mi trng sng v sc khe cng ng. Ty thuc vo c tnh v bn cht ca cht thi m khi thi vo mi trng s gy nn cc tc ng khc nhau, lan truyn bnh.

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php Ngoi ra, cht thi nguy hi cn tn ti nhiu trong cht thi sinh hot, l cc sn phm thng c s dng trong sinh hot c cha cc thnh phn nguy hi (hazardous substances) khi chng b thi b. Cht thi nguy hi trong sinh hot (CTNH sinh hot) c th c mt hoc ton b cc c tnh nguy hi nh: chy n, n mn, gy ng c hoc tng tc vi cc cht khc gy nguy hi ti mi trng v sc kho con ngi c im, thanh phn, s lng cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi trong sinh hot Thc trng rc thi v rc thi sinh hot Lng rc thi tng tng ngy Theo T.S Phm Vn Hi- Gim c Trung tm Khoa hc mi trng v Pht trin (Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc k thut - Bo h lao ng), hin nay ti tt c cc thnh ph, th x trong c nc u thnh lp cc cng ty v sinh mi trng c chc nng thu gom v x l rc thi. Tuy nhin, hiu qu hot ng ca cc cng ty ny vn cn thp, ch t t 30-80% lng rc thi pht sinh. Cc bin php x l ch yu vn l chn lp, cn phng php thiu t ch p dng cho cht thi y t. c tnh lng cht thi pht sinh trn ton quc khong hn 15 triu tn/nm, trong c khong hn 150.000 tn l cht thi nguy hi. D bo n nm 2010, lng cht thi rn c th tng t 24% n 30%. Cc thnh ph Vit Nam l ngun pht sinh chnh rc thi sinh hot, tuy ch chim 24% dn s ca c nc nhng li pht sinh ti 50% tng lng rc thi sinh hot v 80% cht thi rn. c tnh mi ngi dn th Vit Nam pht thi trung bnh khong 2-3 kg cht thi rn mi ngy, gp i lng pht thi bnh qun u ngi nng thn. [Bo in t vn ha doanh nhn - vhdn.vn]

Cn u l dng sng xanh

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php c im cht thi nguy hi Nhiu sn phm thng c s dng trong h gia nh v sinh hot khc c cha cht c hi nh: pin, acquy, sn, thuc ty, Nhng sn phm ny s tr thnh cht thi nguy hi (CTNH) khi chng b thi b. Theo Vin k thut nhit i v Bo v mi trng TP. HCM (VKTN&BVMT TP.HCM), t l CTNH ln trong rc sinh hot th ti Vit Nam l khong 0,1%, vi khi lng cht thi sinh hot th l 6.400.000 tn/nm [Bo co din bin mi trng Vit Nam 2004 Cht thi rn] th hng nm ti nc ta khi lng CTNH vo khong 6.400 tn/nm Cng nh cc loi CTNH khc, CTNH HG v sinh hot khc cng c cc c tnh c hi nh d chy n, n mn, gy ng c, v v c s dng trong cc h gia nh nn chng cn c c im l phn tn trn din rng, tip xc vi nhiu ngi. V d 1: Sn, pin, cht ty ra trong nh tm, dung mi, thuc tr su (thuc bo v thc vt), du nht, sn, dung mi pha long sn, thuc ung theo toa bc s - cc sn phm ny v nhiu sn phm khc cha cc ha cht nguy hi n sc khe con ngi nu chng khng c s dng, lu tr, hoc thi b ng cch. Cc sn phm ny c nguy c n, gy chy, n mn, hoc gy c cho ngi, ng vt v mi trng. Sn phm gia dng nh bt git, thuc nh bng nn nh, sn v nhng cht ty ra king, g, kim lai, l nng, toilt v cc vt cha nhng ha cht nguy hi nh ammnic, axt sunfurc, v axt phtphorc, kim, chlorine, formaldehide (phc-mn) v phenol. Nhng hnh vi n gin nh git thm, ra chn hoc sn tng c th d dng dn vic bn tip xc vi cc sn phm c th gy hi cho sc khe ca mnh. Nc ra chn cng c hi phn ln cha chlorine dng m c, l cht gy c nu nhim vo bn trong c th liu lng ln. Formaldehide c th hin din trong phn ln cc gia nh mt s sn phm nh sn latex, vi, vt liu bng nha trong xe hi v g. y l mt trong cc cht nhim c bn cht l hp cht hu c bay hi v l mt cht gy ung th ; gy kch ng mt, da v hng cng nh gy triu chng nh cm, ni m ay v cc bnh v thn kinh. C l mt hng ng s nht trong s cc sn phm ca cng ngh lm p l nc hoa. Phn ln ph n s dng nc hoa thng xuyn nhng iu m nhiu ngi khng bit l cng nghip nc hoa khng c quy nh. L do ngnh ny c lut php bo v l cho php nh sn xut gi b mt thnh phn hng liu. Nhiu ha cht c trong nc hoa d hp thu vo da t tch ly trong cc c quan chnh ca c th. Trong khi cha c nghin cu y khoa nghim tc no c thc hin v nh hng ca nc hoa, mt s bc s v nh khoa hc tin rng nc hoa c th gy hi cho sc khe nh khi thuc l, phn no do 95% ha cht s dng trong hng liu l nhng hp cht tng hp c ngun gc t du m. Cc hp cht ny bao gm dn xut ca benzene, aldehydes v nhiu cht c khc c kh nng gy ung th, qui thai, ri lon h thn kinh trung ng v d ng. Cc mi hng ha cht ny cn c th tm thy trong nc hoa xt phng, khn giy, bt git, nc lm mm vi

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php V d 2: Vo thi im nm 2007, trung bnh mt h gia nh M c khong 50 kg cht thi nguy hi trong tng hm, nh xe, tng p mi, nh kho, vn, hoc ni sinh hat. Cc sn phm ny em n nhng cht c trong khi s dng. K n, cc ha cht lm nhim ngun nc cp khi thi vo cng rnh m cha c x l. Th ba, khi qung vo rc, cc cht thi c th lm nh hng n sc khe ca cng nhn v sinh, hoc chng c th din ra cc phn ng ha hc trong xe ch rc hoc trong lng bi rc. Trong tng lai, khi thu nhp ca ngi dn ngy cng c nng cao, khi lng cht thi th cng nh khi lng CTNH HG s gia tng nhanh chng. Khi , nu cc loi cht thi ny khng c kim sot cht ch chng s tc ng xu n mi trng v sc kho con ngi. Hin nay, trong bo co ca cc c quan qun l cha quan tm ng mc v cha c bin php kim sot hiu qu CTNH HG. Ngoi ra, thng tin v CTNH cng nh cc sn phm cha cht c hi trong gia nh cha c ph bin y n ngi dn. Trn thc t, CTNH HG vn c thi b chung vi rc sinh hot, vic ny gy kh khn cho cng tc thu gom v x l loi hnh cht thi ny Thnh phn Cht thi rn h gia nh (rc thi sinh hot gia nh) gm hai thnh phn chnh: hu c v v c. Ty theo iu kin c th tng vng nh mc sng, thu nhp, m mi ni c thnh phn cht thi sinh hot khc nhau.

Thnh phn hu c

Sau y l bng thng k mt s thnh phn v t trng c bn trong cht thi rn sinh hot qua mt s cng trnh nghin cu cng b.
Bng 1.1: Thnh phn CTRSH c trng

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php

Bng 1.2: Thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot c trng ca mt s nc Cc Thnh phn nc thu nhp thp Cht thi thc phm Giy Carton Cht do Si, vi Cao su Da Cht thi vn G Thy tinh V hp kim loi Nhm t ct, tro 1 40 1 30 15 15 40 85

Cc nc thu nhp TB

Cc nc thu nhp cao

20 65

6 30 20 45 5 15 2-8 26 02 02 10 20 14 4 12 28 01 0 - 10

1 -10 15 15 15

8 30 26 2 10 14

15 1 10

1 10 1- 10

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php
bi, Ngun: Integrated Solid Waste Management, McGRAW-HILL 1993

CHNG 2: PHN LOI CHT THI SINH HOT- CHT THI NGUY HI V TC HI N SC KHO V MI TRNG Cc loi cht thi nguy hot v c tnh trong cht thi sinh hot Trong rc thi sinh hot bao gm nhiu loi cht c hi khc nhau, cc cht c ny c nhng c tnh khc nhau vo c nhng tc hi khc nhau khng ch n mi trng t nhin m cn n con ngi c bit l nhng ngi tip xc hng ngy trong sinh hot. Bng sau s phn tch k c tnh vo ngun gc pht sinh ca cc c cht trong rc thi sinh hot. Bng 2.1: Cc cht thi trong cht thi sinh hot- cc tc ng n con ngi vo mi trng
Tn TT cht thi nguy hi chnh Formaldehyde 1 Nhng sn phm to hng thm P dichlorobenzene thi Aerosol propellants C, nguy hi chnh Thnh phn Tnh cht

Tc ng n con ngi v mi trng Nhng sn phm ny c tnh chy cao v cng gy kch ng mnh cho mt, da, v c hng. Ngoi ra, nhng cht ny cng gy t vong nu n phi bi ngi hay sc vt. Hu ht cc loi sn phm ny u d gy kch ng cho da, mt v s t chy c hng nu ta nut phi.

Mui hypochlorite Bao b nc chi ra nh v sinh, Cht ty trng bn cu Hydrochloric acid

, S, AM

Bao b nc lau king

Ammonia. , S, C Isopropanol

C th gy kch ng cho da, mt, mi, v c hng. Nu nut phi, c th lm cho ngi ta l m, v thc, hay t vong. Nhng ho cht dng trong sn phm ny c tnh bc hi cao, c th gy bng, d gy m lo nu tip xc vi mt, gy t vong nu nut phi chng.

Bao b nc thng cng

Thuc ty. AM, , S Sulfuric acid

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php
Tn TT 5 cht thi nguy hi chnh Bao b thuc st trng, kh khun Dung mi hu c Cht hot ng b mt (Nc lau bp, nc lau my tnh, Cht to hng ti vi,) Cht dit khun Thnh phn Tnh cht

nguy hi chnh AM, , S D gy kch ng vi mt, da, lm

Tc ng n con ngi v mi trng

bng c hng nu nut phi.

Naphthalene 6 Long no thi P dichlorobenzene , S

Ammonia. Ethelyne glycol Bao b cht ty ramonobuytl acetate a nng Sodium hypochlorite Trisodium phosphate Cationic. 8 Bao b bt git Anionic. Non ionic. , S

, S, AM

D gy kch ng vi mt v da. Trong mt s trng hp c th gy bun nn, kh chu khi ngi phi mi ca long no do trong n c s dng Naphthalene. Hu ht nhng sn phm ny c th gy kch ng vi mt, da, mi, c hng v gy ng c nu ta nut phi chng. Mt vi sn phm ty ra a nng c th sinh mi, gy c cho cn trng.

Bao b thuc git ty

Sodium hypochlorite. , S, AM Chlorine.

Lye. Bao b nc ra 10 chn. (Oven Cleaners) 11 Sodium hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide. Bao b nc nh Sn phm ca qu trnh , S bng ni tht chng ct du m. , S

Nhng sn phm ny c th gy kch ng da, lm cho mt s ngi b d ng do mn cm vi mt s thnh phn ho hc c trong n. Trong mt vi trng hp, n c th l tc nhn gy bnh hen suyn. Kch ng da, mt, thm ch c th gy m nu chng tip xc trc tip vi mt.Khng c trn thuc ty vi cht ty ra khc v vic c th lm pht sinh cc hi acid nguy him, gy c cho h hp. Gy n mn, kch ng vi da, mt v gy t vong nu nut phi.

C th gy kch ng vi da, mt, ng h hp. Nu nut phi c

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php
Tn TT cht thi nguy hi chnh Tinh du. Cht hot ng b mt. Citric acid. Bao b du gi 12 u, du x, x bng, sa tm. Sodium Chloride. Sodium Laureth Sulfate. Cc cht to hng. Permethrin. Bao b thuc xt cn trng c hi 13 (Bnh xt mui, kin, gin, ) Diazinon. N, , S Propoxur. Chlorpyrifos. Chlorine. Bao b thuc dit 14 nm, k sinh trng. Alkyl ammonium chlorides Abarmectin. Propoxur. Bao b thuc dit Trichlorfon. cn trng c hi 15 (phn ui kin, Sulfluramid. bt dit kin, ) Chlorpyrifos. Boric acid. Zinc photphide. 16 Bao b b dit chut Coumatetralyl. Flocoumafen. , S , S , S nguy hi chnh Thnh phn Tnh cht

Tc ng n con ngi v mi trng th gy nn ma. Mt s sn phm c nn trong cc chai kim loi c th pht n nu gp nhit cao. Nhng sn phm ny gy kch ng mnh vi mt, gy ng c nu nut phi.

Nhng sn phm ny s gy kch ng mnh vi mt, gy mi kh chu, trong mt s trng hp c th gy d ng cho da, gy ng c nu nut phi. Gy chy n nu gp nhit cao. Ho cht c s dng trong nhng sn phm ny c tnh n mn rt cao. Nhng sn phm ny c th gy cc bnh v ng h hp v nu nut phi s gy bng c hng. Gy d ng v ng h hp nu ht phi, trong mt s trng hp c th kch ng vi da, mt.

, S

Gy ng c cp tnh, thm ch t vong nu nut phi cc sn phm ny.

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php
Tn TT cht thi nguy hi chnh Imidacloprid. Fipronil Bao b thuc dit 17 Pyrethrin b cht Permethrin Methoprence , S nguy hi chnh Thnh phn Tnh cht

Tc ng n con ngi v mi trng

Trong mt vi trng hp c th gy d ng cho ngi tip xc vi n.

18

Bao b nc ra mng tay

Acetone

, S

Nu tip xc qu mc c th gy nhc u, chong vng, nga da, mt, hng v suy nhc h thn kinh trung ng.

Butyl acetate Camphor Bao b sn mng 19 tay Dibutyl phtalate , S, C Ethyle acetate Methyl ethyl ketone Toluene

Nu tip xc qu mc, tu vo thnh phn ho cht trong sn c th gy mt trong cc triu chng nh: nga da, mt, mi, ming, hng, nn ma, tiu chy, nhc u, nu tip xc qu nhiu c th gy co cng bp tht, gy nguy hi cho tng trng v sinh sn, nh hng h thn kinh, tn hi gan, thn.

20

Bao b thuc nhum

Cht hu c bay hi. , S Thuc nhum ho tan.

Mt s sn phm gy kch ng vi da, mt, mi v ming khi tip xc vi hi ca thuc nhum. Nu s dng qu mc c th gy d ng. C kh nng gy c cho sinh vt nu nut phi.

Bao b cc loi m phm (gel vut Cht hu c bay hi. tc, kem, phn son 21 trang im, sa Cc sn phm t qu , S dng th, kem dng da, nc trnh chng ct du m. hoa, )

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php
Tn TT cht thi nguy hi chnh nguy hi chnh Thnh phn Tnh cht

Tc ng n con ngi v mi trng Cc loi thuc cha bnh qu hn s dng hoc bao b cha chng cn phi c thi b ng cch v x l hp v sinh nu khng s gy c cp tnh hoc mn tnh cho cc sinh vt khi nut phi nhng sn phm ny. Tng nguy c ly nhim cc bnh truyn nhim nh: vim gan siu vi, HIV, cho ngi v ng vt. Trong du nht c cha cc ho cht c th gy ung th. Nu du nht i vo ngun nc c th gy hi cho c, chim, galong du khi xung nc c th gy vt loang ti 9680 yard. Sn c th gy rt mt, da, lm nt n da. Ht phi sn c th gy ra au u, bun nn, hoa mt v lm bn cm thy mt mi nu bn ht th trong ni c nhiu mi sn qu lu m khng c khng kh trong lnh. Nu bn b mn cm vi cc ho cht c trong sn, n c th nh hng n thn, phi hay mu huyt. Nu b ht phi sn trc tip, vi lng ln c th dn n s ph hy no, thm ch gy t vong. Vi loi sn nc dng trong nh c th thi ra cht fomandehyde khi n kh. Nhng loi sn pht ra 1 lng ln cht formandehyde khi kh c th lm bn au u v lm kh mt, mi, c hng.

Bao b cha thuc v cc loi thuc Tu thuc vo tng loi 22 , S cha bnh qu hn thuc s dng. Cc dng c y t Cc sn phm ny c qua s dng. cha dch, mu ca 23 (kim tim, bng ngi s dng, v thnh , S bng, gc, bng v phn ca cc loi thuc sinh, ) c s dng km theo. Cc ho cht t qu trnh C, , S chng ct du th. 24 Bao b du nht xe Du sau s dng c th my. nhim manhe, ng, C, , S km, hay kim loi nng trong ng c.

Dung mi hu c. Naphthalene 25 Bao b sn du, sn ngoi tri. Toluen Xylen. V mt s dung mi khc C, , S

Dung mi hu c. 26 Bao b sn nc Cht mu, cht trm Biocides C, , S

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php
Tn TT cht thi nguy hi chnh nguy hi chnh Thnh phn Tnh cht

Tc ng n con ngi v mi trng Mc bt c sn xut t nguyn liu than en c bit. xit cacbon thm trong than en khng nhng c kh nng lm thay i kt cu ca t bo nhim sc th bnh thng m cn c th gy bnh ung th. Cn mc nc c lm t mc bt c ha trn vi dung dch xit cacbon. Dung dch ny d si nhit thp, d bc hi v nu iu kin thng gi trong phng khng tt, bi than en bm li trong phng s tng nguy c gy bnh cho nhng ngi lm vic vi my. D chy n, axit trong accquy c th gy bng, cc kh tch t trong accquy c th gy bng, lm m mt. Ch dng no cng gy hi v tch t trong c th, mi trng. nh hng n h thn kinh v chc nng sinh sn nu tip xc trc tip vi chng trong thi gian di. nh hng n h thn kinh, chc nng sinh sn nu tip xc vi chng trong thi gian di.

Dung mi hu c. 27 Bao b mc in Cht mu Toluen , S

Ch. 28 Pin, accquy. Dung dch acid sulfuaric , S

Thu ngn. 29 Bng n thi. Bt hunh quang , S

Cadmium Cc linh kin, thit 30 b in, in t Thy ngn thi khc Ch Hp qut gas, bnh Butan gas mini thi , S

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Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php

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Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php c tnh i vi c th, nh toluen, aceton, focmaldehit, dn xut ca benzen, metylen clorua. Trong , nhiu cht c chng minh c th gy ung th, d tt bm sinh, v sinh, tn thng h thn kinh. Tuy kt qu ng bo ng nh vy nhng tnh trng lm dng cc ha cht to hng thm hu nh khng c ci thin v nhiu l do. Th nht, khng nh thuc c kim sot nghim ngt (phi th nghim trn ng vt, ri trn ngi qua nhiu giai on mi c a ra s dng), cc loi m phm hoc sn phm gia dng c mi thm c sn xut thoi mi hn nhiu. Th hai, hu ht cc nc, theo lut nh i vi nc hoa, v thnh phn hng thm l b mt ca mi hng sn xut nn khng yu cu ghi r tn ha cht m ch cn ghi hng thm (fragrance), d to k h cho vic s dng cc loi ha cht kh kim sot. Tc hi thng thy ca vic lm dng hng thm l gy kch pht cc cn hen (suyn) nhiu khi rt trm trng c ngi ln ln tr em, thng xy ra i vi cc loi ha cht c mi thm trong cc sn phm gia dng. Khoa hc cng pht hin mi lin h ca ha cht thm vi tnh trng t t tr s sinh trong chng co tht ng th do d ng. Tnh trng d ng cn c th xy ra khi dng nhng cht c hng thm trn da, dn n vim da tip xc, chm... Ngoi vic tc ng trn da hoc ng h hp, cc ha cht to hng cn c th thm qua da v tch ly trong c th, gy nhiu tc ng c hi. c bit, tr s sinh, do da rt mng nn cc ha cht s d thm qua hn. C th tr cng non yu nn d b nh hng hn nhiu. Hng thm nhn to cn c th gy tnh trng nhy cm a ha cht, ngy cng thng gp. Ngi b hi chng ny khi tip xc vi mt ha cht c mi no s b nhc u (c khi rt trm trng), bun nn, mt mi, thm ch kch ng, mt nh hng, ri lon hot ng c. Nhng mi gy tc hi ny c th l hng thm ngun gc du m, c th l xng hoc mi nha trong xe hi. Trong qu trnh sng, khi c th tch ly cc ha cht c mi theo thi gian n mc nhiu th ch cn ht vo thm mt lng nh na cng c th gy nhng triu chng va nu. V nhng l do trn, bn cn hn ch ti a vic s dng nhng sn phm c mi thm ha cht. Nn s dng sn phm khng c mi thm hoc ch thm nh. i vi nc hoa th tin no ca ny v cc loi nc hoa dng hng thin nhin s t hn nhiu so vi nc hoa sn xut t ha cht. Nu mun c mi hng trong nh, vic trng nhng loi cy c hoa thm trc hin s gip mang li cho c gia nh hng thm an ton v mt khung cnh nn th na. Bao b nc chi ra nh v sinh, bn cu, cc cht ty ra: Cc cht ty ra c th gy ung th da. Phn ln cc sn phm ty ra trn th trng nh nc ra bt, ra knh, lau sn nh, bn gh, v sinh bp, t lnh, kh mi... u c

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php qung co l khng hi da tay. Tuy nhin, cc bc s khuyn co rng chng c th hy hoi da nu ngi s dng khng thn trng. Nhiu sn phm ty ra c qung co l a nng, c th s dng lm v sinh cho nhiu vt dng trong nh. Mt s sn phm c tc dng dit khun, st trng, ui cn trng n... 99,9%; hoc va dit khun va ty vt bn, kh mi (nh bp, phng tm, bn tm, bn cu, sn nh) v ty trng c qun o... Mc d c tc dng gh gm nh vy nhng hu nh sn phm no cng ghi khng hi da tay. Thm ch c sn phm c gii thiu l s dng cht hot ng b mt c chit xut t thin nhin cho nn hon ton khng gy hi g cho ngi s dng; khng cn lau ra li bng nc sch... Bao b sn phm ty ra thng hn ch ghi thnh phn, mt s sn phm khng c thng tin v thnh phn. a s ch ghi chung chung nh: cht hot ng b mt, cht bo qun, hng liu, mu, ph gia. Thng tin trn bao b ch tp trung qung co cng dng... Tin s Phm Thnh Qun, Ph trng khoa Cng ngh Ha hc i hc Bch khoa TP HCM cho bit, khi s dng, cc ha cht trong sn phm ty ra vn cn lu li trn b mt dng, nu khng c ra sch s rt nguy him cho sc khe. i vi cht hot ng b mt (thnh phn chnh trong sn phm ty ra) xu hng th gii l s dng nhng cht phn hy sinh hc. Nhng do chng c gi rt t nn cc nh sn xut trong nc t s dng m thng dng ha cht c hi, khi thi ra mi trng s ph hy h sinh vt. Ngi s dng loi sn phm ny thng kh da do b thm thu, gy t bin da, da b mng, nu nng c th b ung th do t bo da b ph hy. Khi tip xc vi nh sng, qu trnh ph hy da s din ra nhanh hn. i vi sn phm c cng dng dit khun, nguy c gy c cng cao v nh sn xut phi s dng hot cht mnh. Chng hn: Hp cht Clo (rt c) nh hng n ng h hp, hi da; hp cht peroxit (oxy ha dit khun) khi bm ln da s gy c. Cc cht ph gia kh mi thng nh hng n ng h hp, gy thiu oxy dn n ngp, kh c, chong vng... Cn theo kin ca Bc s L Vn Th, Ph phng Khm Bnh vin Da liu TP HCM khuyn rng, khi s dng cc cht ty ra, khng nn tip xc trc tip m phi mang bao tay. Lau chi xong, phi ra li bng nc sch nhiu ln. Vic tip xc trc tip d gy vim da kch ng (nht l i vi tr em) vi triu trng da, sng ty, nga... V d: Bao b cht ty ra bn cu, cn dnh cht ty ra (Mui hypochlorite, cht ty trng, hydrochloric acid) Thnh phn chnh l hypochlorite, hydrochloric acid: Hydrochloric acid m c nht c nng ti a l 40%. dng m c axt ny c th to thnh cc sng m axt, chng u c kh nng n mn cc m con ngi, gy tn thng c quan h hp, mt, da v rut. dng long, n cng c s dng lm cht v sinh, lau chi nh ca, sn xut gelatin v cc ph gia thc phm, ty g,

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php v x l da. Axt clohiric dng hn hp ng ph (gn 20,2%) c th c dng nh mt tiu chun c bn trong phn tch nh lng. Nh sch th mt, bt sch ngon cm. Qu ng nh vy, gi gn v sinh l mt trong nhng phng php hu hiu nht gip chng ta bo v sc kho. Vi v s cc ho cht ty ra v sinh dng trong nh ang c by bn trn th trng, cc b ni tr ngy nay phn no vt v trong cng vic gi gn nh ca sch s. Thng thng khi s dng cc loi sn phm ny, khng my ngi t ra nghi ngi bi tm l ch quan cho rng chng c kim nh v lu hnh th cng c ngha l tuyt i an ton i vi sc kho con ngi. Quan nim ny ng hay sai? Theo Bc s Nguyn c: Ni rng cc cht ty ra hon ton an ton th chng ti xin php khng ng . Trong cc loi ty ra u c cha cc ho cht tng hp. Hin nay c khong 70 ngn ho cht c s dng trong vic v sinh trong gia nh, v nhng ho cht v sau ny c th gy ra mt s bnh. Ni tm li khng th no c s an ton tuyt i. C rt nhiu nguy c gy nh hng n sc kho mi ngi khi tip xc. Khi mt cht l no xm nhp vo c th th c th s phn ng bng nhiu cch khc nhau. Khi cc ho cht ny vo c th vi liu lng kh cao th c th gy nh hng n tm tr (nhiu ngi khi ht phi nhng hi c th cm thy ngy ngt, b kch thch). Khi n tc ng n h tiu ho th c th gy ra s ri lon tiu ho, gy bun nn, i ma v n khng ngon. Ln da chng ta khi tip xc vi cc loi ho cht cng c th b kch thch, vim da, nng hn th a ti trng hp ung th da. Ngoi ra cn nhng nh hng tai hi khc khi chng ta tip xc lu di vi nhng ho cht ty ra nh ri lon sinh dc, khuyt tt cho tr khi b m mang thai, hoi huyt hay cc trng hp ung th. Cc cht ty ra trong bp nh cht ra chn, cht dng lau bn, lau bp; hay cc cht dng v sinh nh tm thng c cha ho cht benzyl, polyetylen, hay sodium hypochlorite thng thy trong nc javen; hoc nhng cht chlorine l nhng cht c xem l c hi cho sc khe. Mc hi nhiu hay t tu theo hm lng, nng ca ho cht y trong dung dch chng ta s dng. Hm lng, nng cng cao th tc hi cng nguy him hn. By gi, cc nh khoa hc u khuyn l chng ta c th s dng nhng cht thay th tng i nh hn, t tc hi hn nh washing soda, borax. Nhng cht ny tuy cng l ho cht, nhng t gy tc hi cho sc kho hn. Ho cht ty ra v sinh dng trong nh c nguy c gy hi n ngi tiu dng Ring i vi b con Vit Nam, chng ti xin ngh mt gii php l dng chanh hoc gim thay th. Trong tri chanh c cha citric acid c th ty ra nhng mi hi hay vt d. Cn gim chua th c tc dng rt tt trong vic nh bng kim loi, ty mi, ra cc cht bo dnh trn bt a. Pha mt tha nc chanh hay gim chua

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php vi mt lt nc l chng ta s c mt dung dch ty ra rt tt. Nc Javen c cha cc ho cht gip kh trng v ty mu, nhng s dng lu ngy v nht l tip xc vi da nhiu qu th c th gy vim da. Nu khng may tr em hay ngi ln ung phi th c th gy lot cung hng. Cho nn, cn ht sc cn thn khi s dng javen, nn gi trong mt bnh kn, trnh nh nng v hi nng. Khng nn pha javen vi nc nng v c th gy ra mt phn ng ho hc khng tt. Gim pha nc cng c tc dng ty trng tng t nh Javen m t ri ro, nn c th dng thay th. Tuy nhin, Mt tun 1, 2, hay 3 ln u c th chp nhn c nu trong khi s dng chng ta phng. V d nh i vi javen, chlorine, benzyl th nn dng bao tay trnh tip xc vi da v eo khu trang trnh ht trc tip cc cht ny. Bao b nc nh bong, sn ni tht, (Sn phm ca qu trnh chng ct du m, tinh du) Hin nay, trn th trng c trn 30 loi sn phm chuyn dng cho vic ty ra, lm mi cc vt dng trong gia nh. Khi s dng cc cht ny, nhng vt dng bng kim loi, sn, nha, da... tr nn sng bng nh mi. t c my ai bit cc cht ny c hi nh th no. V d: Cc sn phm thng s dng trong nh nh ng, thau, inox, cc kim loi xi m... qua s dng lu ngy s b d bn, xn mu thm ch g st. Mun chng sng bng tr li nh lc u, bn c th mua cc loi du, sp, kem chi bng nh: Autosol Mwetalic Polish, Easy Dab... Ch cn bi mng lp ho cht ln mt kim loi ri ch vi pht, ly khn kh lau sch l vt dng mi tinh tr li. Hn na, trong mt nghin cu khc vi 2.000 ngi n ng kim tra linh hot ca tinh trng, cc nh khoa hc ti i hc Manchester v Sheffield, Anh cng cho thy, nhng i tng tip xc vi cht glycol ether, thng lm dung mi trong cc loi sn nc, tng 25% nguy c gim linh hot ca tinh trng. Trong sn phm sn hay cc sn phm khc nh pin, n, v dy cp, n thy ngn, trong cc linh kin in t nguy c nhim c ch v thy ngn l 2 kim loi nng nm trong danh sch cc cht c cc mnh v rt nguy him i vi mi trng v sc khe con ngi.

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php - Ch c th xm nhp vo c th ngi qua ng h hp v ng ming. Ch v hi ch lm cho mt, c hng v mi au rt khi tip xc. Ch cng gy ra cc triu chng nh nhc u, cu knh, gim tr nh, mt ng Tip xc vi ch thng xuyn s dn n nhim c ch. Cc triu chng ca nhim c ch l n khng ngon, st cn, bun nn, au bng, vn ng kh khn, b chut rt, tng nguy c cao huyt p, v lu v di s gy ra cc bnh v thn, tn hi cho no v gy ra bnh thiu mu. - Thy ngn xm nhp vo c th ngi qua ng h hp v qua da. Thy ngn s gy nn cm gic rt cho da v mt khi tip xc. Khi ht phi hi thy ngn s khin b ho, au tc ngc, c cm gic au rt phi v gy kh th. Tip xc vi thy ngn thng xuyn s b nhim c thy ngn. Triu chng ca nhim c thy ngn l tay chn b run, gim tr nh, mt kh nng tp trung, m mt v b cc chng bnh v thn. Ch v thy ngn u c nh hng xu n kh nng sinh sn c ph n v nam gii, chng cn c tc hi i vi thai nhi. Ch v thy ngn c tn ti trong nh ca chng ta hay khng? Khng ch c nhng ngi lm cc cng vic c lin quan n ch v thy ngn th mi c nguy c nhim c. Mi ngi u c kh nng b nhim ch v thy ngn t nc, t v khng kh xung quanh v chng u c nguy c nhim ch v thy ngn t kh thi ng c v t cc nh my. V vy, chng ta c th nhim c ch v thy ngn t: cc vy hoc bi sn t tng, ca v cc vt dng trong gia nh m c sn t cc loi sn c cha ch v thy ngn, trong t v bi xung quanh nh, nc nhim ch t h thng ng dn nc, t cc dng bng pha l, thy tinh mu, gm, cc loi pin, my quay phim, chi, i radio, my tnh, nhit k, cc loi n thy ngn v k c m phm. C nhiu sn phm sn, c bit cc loi sn dnh cho g, b-tng, kim loi, khung ca u cha hm lng ch v thy ngn rt cao. Chng ta c th b nhim c khi sng trong mt ngi nh c sn bng sn s dng ch v thy ngn. Mt mng tng b bong trc, mt mn chi ca tr nh, ngun nc ung hay n thun ch l mt lp bi trong nh cng tim n mt nguy c nhim ch v thy ngn t sn. V i tng d b nhim c nht trong gia nh li chnh l tr em v tr s ht phi bi, t tay hoc bt k th g nht c vo ming m chng ta khng th kim sot c. Nhim c ch v thy ngn gy tc hi nghim trng hn tr em v h thn kinh ca tr nhy cm hn. Chng gy nh hng n no, h thn kinh, kh nng tip thu v s pht trin ca tr nh. V nhng nh hng c bit nguy hi ca ch v thy ngn i vi sc khe nn nhiu quc gia nh M v cc nc chu u cm sn phm sn s dng ch v thy ngn t u nm 1990. Xng pha ch, d c coi l cch mng trong ngnh cng nghip t cng b cm hon ton t nm 1986 ti M v t nm 2001 ti Vit Nam. Long no thi Long no, mt cht dng sp c mi thm mnh, thng c tm thy trong nhiu sn phm tiu dung, c th xua ui gin, b. Cc nh khoa hc t lu nhn thy long no thnh thong c th gy ra cc vn nghim trng v sc khe, trong c ng kinh.

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php Tr em c bit mn cm vi c tnh ca long no vn d dng c hp th qua da v nim mc. Kt qu l Cc qun l Thc phm v Dc phm Hoa K (FDA) ra gii hn thnh phn long no trong nhiu loi thuc tr cm, trong khi lut lin bang yu cu cc sn phm cha long no phi c ng nhn r rng. Tuy vy, cc sn phm cha long no khng c dn nhn r rng ang c s dng rng ri cho mc ch y hc, tn gio v to hng, c bit l cng ng ni ting Ty Ban Nha M (Hispanic). Nhm nghin cu ghi nhn 3 trng hp ng kinh lin quan n long no ti khoa cp cu bnh vin thnh ph New York trong 2 tun. ca th nht, mt b trai 15 thng tui nut phi mt khi long no c dng cho mc ch tn gio. ca th hai, mt b trai 22 thng n phi vin long no dng ui gin. Trong ca th 3, mt b gi 3 tui b phi nhim nng vi long no: em nhai cc vin long no ui gin v ung du thm cha long no ca m v b ng kinh trong 10 gi sau . iu th v l b gi ny v cc anh ch em ca em tng c tin cn b ng kinh do phi nhim vi long no. C 3 trng hp trn u xy ra trong cng ng Hispanic. C 3 em u c ct ng kinh bng thuc. B m ca cc em c yu cu ngng dng cc sn phm cha long no. Cc tr ny khng cn b ng kinh trong 10 tun sau . Cc ca trn cho thy vic dng thiu cn trng cc sn phm long no bt hp php c th gy hi cho sc khe cng ng. Ph gio s bc s Hnin Khine ni nhm ca ng cho rng cn gio dc thc ca cng ng v him ha t vic dng cc sn phm cha long no v ngn chn bun bn chng mt cch bt hp php. Trong hi long no cn c cht kch thch, khi chng ta ht lu th c th b kh th, nht l i vi tr em. Ngoi ra, long no nu b dnh ln da c th gy nga ngy. Tuy nhin, nu long no trong cc t qun o m khng tip xc thng xuyn th khng c hi, m c tc dng trnh c mc meo. Bao b bt git, du gi u, du x, x bng, sa tm Mi nguy ng c du gi, sa tm, Theo Bo co ca trung tm kim sot c cht Hoa K ghi nhn, c t nht hn 6.000 ca ng c lin quan ti ho m phm nh: du gi u, du x, x phng v sa tm. Mc d cha c ngi t vong nhng c nhng trng hp din tin nghim trng, li nhng tn hi lu di cho sc kho.

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php Dng cht cng l c cht. Hu ht cc loi du gi ang by bn trn th trng c thnh phn ch yu l cc cht c hot tnh b mt anion hoc phi anion, tinh du thm v rt nhiu nc. Ngoi ra, c th c ethanol, methanol hoc isopropyl alcohol. Cc loi mui ch yu trong cc sn phm tm gi l mui v c, thng thy l natri clorua khng c. Sa tm c thnh phn ch yu l cht hot tnh b mt, cht chuyn th sa, cht bo qun v mui khong hoc du thc vt. Mt s loi sa tm c thnh phn chnh l tinh du nh khuynh dip hay bc h. Phn ln nn nhn l tr em. Nguy c ng c cc loi ho m phm c th xy n vi bt k ai, tuy nhin, vi tr em l hay b nht. C n trn 60% trng hp cp cu ti bnh vin Nhi ng 1, TP.HCM xy ra cho tr t 1 3 tui. Do tui ny, tr rt hiu ng v cha nhn thc c nhng mi nguy him. a s tai nn cng do s sut ca ngi ln. Ngoi ra, khi xy ra ng c, ngi nh thng x tr khng ng nh gy i nhiu ln, mc hng gy ht sc v tn thng phi lm nng thm tnh trng sc khe. Vic tm gi vi nhng cht ny thng khng c vn g, ngoi tr nhng ngi c c a nhy cm vi mt hoc nhiu thnh phn trong sn phm, c th lm tng phn ng nhy cm gy vim da d ng. Nu nut vo mt lng nh ng k du gi, sa tm cng c th gy ng c nh hoc ri lon tiu ho; lng nhiu c th lm ri lon cc cht in gii, nu ht sc vo phi s gy vim phi ho hc. c cht ng ch nht trong du gi, sa tm l isopropyl alcohol, c hp th v phn phi nhanh chng, vi th tch phn phi 0,6l/kg. N c men alcohol dehydrogenase chuyn ho thnh acetone vi chu k bn hu t 2,5 3 gi. Vi dung dch isopropyl alcohol 70%, ch cn nut vo t 0,5 1ml/kg l gy ng c. Nhng loi du tm m trong thnh phn c cc tinh du c cho l an ton nh: khuynh dip, nha thng, du thng, bc h, qu, cc cht cn, ester, ketones cng c th gy nga da do vim da d ng, xut hin trong khong 12 gi sau khi tip xc. Tinh du cn gy kch thch nim mc, ch cn 10ml ch phm du m c gy co git v c ch thn kinh trung ng. Thnh phn cn cng c th h ng huyt. Ring tinh du bc h trong du tm c nguy c c nhiu hn. Nut phi lng nhiu gy bun nn, i ma, au bng, c th nh hng n h thn kinh trung ng. Nu trong thnh phn c cha cht bay hi pulegone, s chuyn ho thnh c cht i vi gan, phi v ch cn 5ml xut hin triu chng ng c, nu nut n 15ml, d i n t vong. Suy thn thng gp sau khi ung lng nhiu du cha bc h. Tuy nhin, cha c thuc gii c. Khi xy ra ng c cc loi ho m phm, tt nht sm a nn nhn n cc c s y t c cp cu kp thi v ng cch. Trng hp nut phi lng t, khng cn thit lm cc xt nghim. Trng hp c triu chng do nut phi tinh du hoc cn, phi xt nghim nng cc cht in gii, cng thc mu, theo di lng ng mu v chc nng ng mu, chc nng gan thn, tng phn tch nc tiu, in tm . Cng cn o nng aspirin v acetaminophen trong mu. Nhng bnh nhn nut isopropyl alcohol, phi lm thm cc xt nghim nh lng

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php isopropyl alcohol trong huyt thanh, nng acetone, thm thu, kh mu ng mch, bo ho oxy mu. Ngoi ra, cng cn c theo di st h hp v tun hon. Do c cht hp thu v phn b nhanh nn thao tc ra d dy ti bnh vin t c tc dng m cn c th lm nng hn tnh trng bnh. C th dng than hot tnh vi hy vng hp thu phn no lng c cht nut vo. Hin cha c thuc gii c nn cc trng hp nut isopropyl alcohol hoc cc hp cht cha cn vi liu lng ln, cn x tr nh mt ca ng c ru cn, phi lu nguy c h ng huyt, ri lon cht in gii v x tr m bo h hp. Ng c vo mt, cn ra mt bng nhiu nc m hoc nc mui, sau iu tr triu chng v nng . Tinh du bc h lm gim lng glutathione gan, trng hp ny c th dng thuc N-acetylcysteine gii c. Bao b thuc xt cn trng c hi (Bnh xt mui, kin, gin, ), thuc dit nm, k sinh trng, thuc dit cn trng c hi (phn ui kin, bt dit kin, ) Hin nay hu nh mi gia nh thnh ph u trang b trong nh mt n vi bnh thuc xt dit cn trng nh mui, gin, kin... Tuy nhin, thc t c rt t ngi ch n cc hot cht ca cc thuc ny l g, nhng nguy c c th gp khi s hng ln sc khe con ngi, vt nui v mi trng sng. Qu nhiu thuc xt cn trng Trn th trng c nhiu loi thuc ca nhiu hng khc nhau nh Raid Maxx, Mortein, Mosfly, Falcon..., nhng u c thnh phn hot cht tng t nhau, thng l Tetramethrin, Cypermethrin, Iminoprothrin, Prallethrin, Permethrin (nhng cht ha hc tng hp thuc nhm Pyrethroids) hay Propoxur (nhm Carbamate). -Propoxur l mt cht c ch khng hi phc men Cholinestarase ng vt (k c ngi). Khi Cholinesterase b c ch, h thn kinh t ch s hot ng qu mc v khng kim sot dn n t vong. Mi bnh thuc thng kt hp 2 hot cht nhm Pyrethroids, ring Raid Maxx c 3 hot cht: Propoxur + Tetramethrin + Cypermethrin. T l phn trm th tch ca cc hot cht dao ng t 0,05% n 0,5%, cn li l cht ph gia to hng. Cc thuc ny u ng k v c cp php lu hnh ca C quan Bo v mi trng M (US Environment Protection Agency, US EPA). Trc , cc cht ny c dng th nghim trn ng vt vi liu ln gy ng c nghin cu nh hng trn sc khe.

dng, nhng nh

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php T , cc nh khoa hc phng on c tc dng ca thuc ln ngi nh th no. Tc hi gy ng c l hu nh khng c nu thuc c dng cn thn v hp l. Ngoi tc dng dit cn trng, cc thuc ny vi hm lng nht nh s c tc dng ln con ngi, vt nui v mi trng. Thuc c th gy nhim ngun nc v lm cht cc ng vt thy sinh. Tc dng nguy him nht, c ghi nhn trong y vn bi cc chuyn gia y t l kh nng gy ng c cp tnh ngi nu nn nhn tip xc vi mt lng thuc ng k trong thi gian ngn. Cc thuc Pyrethroids ni chung t nguy him nhng c th e da tnh mng nn nhn nu ht vo mt lng ng k (30 ml tr ln). Thuc s kch thch ph qun tit dch v gy co tht c trn d di, tc ng c ch h thn kinh trung ng lm gim tri gic hay hn m, tt huyt p, nga trn da, da... Ng c Propoxur c biu hin r hn: Nhp tim chm lm bnh nhn ngt xu; tt huyt p, tng tit dch v tng co tht c trn ph qun khin nn nhn kh th, tm ti; au bng, nn i, tiu chy do tng nhu ng rut, m mt, hoa mt do gim nhn p; ngoi ra bnh nhn c th b nhc u, tai v hn m. Nn nhn s t vong nhanh chng nu khng c iu tr kp thi. X l ti nh mt trng hp ng c thuc dit cn trng: Cch ly nn nhn khi ngun thuc, gi ngay dch v y t n cp cu, gi li bnh thuc gip nhn vin y t bit c hot cht gy ng c. Nu thuc tip xc qua da hay mt th phi ra ngay vi tht nhiu nc sch (ti thiu 15 pht). Nu nn nhn ht phi thuc th di chuyn nn nhn ti ni khng kh thong sch. Phn cn li l cng vic ca nhn vin y t. Cch phng trnh ng c: c k hng dn s dng ghi trn bnh thuc. Khng thuc gn tm vi ca tr em, khng thuc gn thc n hay vt nui, khng chc ngc bnh, ra tay k sau mi ln cm bnh xt, khng p v bnh hay nm bnh vo la ngay c khi bnh ht, khng nm bnh xung sng sui, ngun nc cng cng. Cc thuc nhm Pyrethroids cha c ghi nhn gy cc nh hng khc ln sc khe con ngi nh kh nng sinh ung th, gy t bin gen, sinh qui thai... Trong khi , y vn cng nhn Propoxur c kh nng sinh ung th, c c tnh ln h sinh sn v s pht trin th cht nu tip xc trong thi gian di (nhiu thng n nhiu nm). V vy, tt nht vn l v sinh sch s nh v mi trng sng, khng to khong khng gian cht hay nc t ng... cn trng khng c c hi tn ti. Nu cc v khch khng mi ny chung sng cng ch nh th s dng thuc xt dit cn trng l cn thit. Nhng ngi s dng cn phi thc c nhng tc hi ca thuc ln sc khe, s dng thuc theo hng dn ca nh sn xut, cn bit cch x l s cu nu gp trng hp ng c thuc dit cn trng.

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php Tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn sinh hot trong gia nh Cht thi nguy hi trong gia nh gy hi cho sc khe v s sng ca con ngi. Theo thc s Hong Oanh, Ph Phng K hoch S Ti nguyn - Mi trng TPHCM, u tin l kh nng b phi nhim (tip xc trc tip, ht vo hoc nut phi) vi nhng cht c trong khi s dng. K n, cc ha cht lm nhim ngun nc cp khi thi vo cng rnh m cha c x l. Th ba, khi qung vo rc, cc cht thi c th lm nh hng n sc khe ca cng nhn v sinh hoc chng c th din ra cc phn ng ha hc trong xe ch rc hoc trong lng bi rc. Trc tnh trng ny, TS L Vn Khoa cho rng: Nu mi h gia nh iu chnh hnh vi, c th gip gim lng rc c hi thi ra mi trng rt nhiu. TS Khoa a ra cc khuyn ngh nh: Ngi tiu dng ht sc hn ch mua cc sn phm c th tr thnh rc c hi; mua cc loi m phm c ngun gc sinh hc thay v ngun gc ha hc, v d nh i vi du gi th dng nc b kt, hoa l cy c; s dng cc ch phm tr su c ngun gc vi sinh khng gy hi cho mi trng v sc khe con ngi... Khng ch th, ngi tiu dng c th chn cc thit b in t, in lnh tit kim nng lng, cc sn phm c dn nhn sinh thi (eco-label) v c bit ch trng s dng cc sn phm khng c kim loi gy c nh ch, thy ngn... - nhim ngun nc: nc r r t trm trung chuyn v bi rc, lng nc ny c mc nhim rt cao, gp nhiu ln nc thi sinh hot thng thng, ngoi ra rc thi cn xm nhp vo cc h thng cng dn nc, sng ngi... gy cn tr cho s lu thng nc.

- nhim khng kh: pht tn t vic thu gom hoc ti cc bi rc khng t tiu chun, nh bi, vi khun gy bnh - nhim t: nc r thi, vi khun, plastic xm nhp khe tgy hi cho h sinh vt trong t v cn tr s tun hon vt cht trong t

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php

- Ph hy cnh quan mi trng: rc thi khng c thu gom nm ti cc con hm, khu ph gy nn nhng hnh nh khng p cho cc th, c bit l cc th du lch. Ngoi ra, cc bi chn lp khng hp v sinh gy r r v pht tn cht thi cng to nn nhng hnh nh khng tt cho cnh quan th.

- Gy hi cho sinh vt v con ngi: trong cht thi rn sinh hot c cha kh nhiu vi khun, nm nu pht tn trong khng kh, ngun nc s nh hng n sc khe con ngi thng qua chui thc n hay h hp.

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php

CHNG 3: XUT CC GII PHP QUN L- THU GOM- KHUYN CO NGI TIU DNG Cc gii php qun l- thu gom 3.1.1. Cc gii php thu gom a. Phn loi rc ti ngun pht sinh Rc ti h gia nh c chia lm 3 loi: hu c, v c v rc ti ch Rc hu c: l cc loi rc thc phm t nh bp nh rau, c, qu... Rc hu c sau khi c phn loi s c dng lm nguyn liu lm phn hu c ti h gia nh hoc mang n nh my sn xut phn hu c, ch bin thnh phn hu c, rt tt cho canh tc v an ton cho ngi s dng. V vy vic phn loi rc hu c cn thn ngay t u s gip ch rt nhiu cho qu trnh sn xut phn hu c sau ny. Rc v c: l cc loi rc nh snh s, gch v, thy tinh, x than, t, ct..Rc v c l loi rc khng th s dng c na, m ch c th mang i chn lp. V vy, bo v mi trng, chng ta cn gim thiu ti a lng rc v c ny. Rc ti ch: l cc loi rc nh giy, kim loi, v hp...s c vn chuyn n cc xng ti ch ti ch thnh cc sn phm mi. b. Thng rc Mi h gia nh cn phi trang b t nht l hai thng rc. Mt thng mu xanh (cha rc hu c) v thng mu da cam (cha rc v c). Trong , thng rc hu c s c thm li lc cht lng pha y tch nc ra khi phn rc hu c.

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php

Thng cha rc trn ng ph Singapore c. H thng thu gom Thng thng, mi t dn ph s c khong 1-2 im t thng rc thu gom tp kt. Rc hu c c hng ngy vo mi chiu (t 18 gi n 20 gi 30). Rc v c ch vo cc ngy th Ba, Nm, By v Ch nht (t 18 gi n 20 gi 30). Nh vic PLRTN, khi lng rc ch v bi rc s gim kh nhiu, ng thi tng hiu qu kinh t do gim chi ph x l rc, ti s dng nhiu sn phm t rc ti ch v gim thiu nguy c nhim mi trng do cc cht thi c hi ln trong rc. Cc gii php qun l a. xut cc gii php qun l thu gom rc ti h gia nh Cn c s ch o thng nht t cc cp chnh quyn thnh ph, qun huyn, phng x trong vic qun l cht thi rn ni chung, trong qui nh c th i vi vic qun l hot ng thu gom rc sinh hot, c bit l t chc qun l lc lng rc dn lp trn a bn. C th, xy dng v sm ban hnh qui ch qun l hot ng thu gom rc thi sinh hot, trong qui ch cn qui nh r cc ni dung sau: - Phn cp cho UBND phng trc tip qun l nh nc hot ng thu gom rc thi sinh hot trn a bn. - Qui nh cc loi hnh t chc thu gom rc sinh hot c php hot ng (cng ty, doanh nghip, hp tc x, t hp tc) v phi ng k hot ng thu gom rc thi sinh hot vi UBND phng.

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php - Tiu chun phng tin thu gom rc (p ng yu cu v v sinh, m quan, ph hp vi cng ngh vn chuyn, yu cu phn loi rc ti ngun) - Cc qui nh bo m v sinh trong qu trnh thu gom rc (khng ri vi, chy nc d, bc mi hi). - Cc qui nh v x l vi phm v v sinh mi trng i vi ngi dn v cc t chc cung ng dch v v sinh. - Qui nh c quan chc nng kim tra gim st v x l vi phm v v sinh mi trng. - C ch phi hp gia cc n v thc hin thu gom rc, phi hp ga khu thu gom v vn chuyn - Qui nh vic thu ph v mc thu ph thu gom rc thi sinh hot Giao cho UBND cp phng qun l hot ng thu gom rc thi sinh hot trn a bn vi cc ni dung sau: T chc qun l lc lng rc dn lp: - Thng k danh sch lc lng rc dn lp ang thc hin thu gom rc trn a bn (l lch trch ngang, phm vi v qui m hot ng). - Trn c s danh sch lc lng rc dn lp c thng k, UBND phng triu tp hp ph bin Qui ch qun l hot ng thu gom rc, cc loi hnh t chc thu gom rc, quyn li ca ngui lao ng khi tham gia; yu cu ngi thu gom rc dn lp ng k tham gia vo mt trong cc t chc thu gom rc theo qui nh. - UBND phng hng dn ngi lao ng thu gom rc cc th tc thnh lp cc t chc mi, hnh thnh cc T hp tc thu gom rc hoc tham gia cc t chc c trn a bn. Thc hin cc th tc v qun l nh nc T hp tc thu gom rc: - Cp mu hp ng hp tc ca cc T hp tc hoc cc t chc c tn gi khc nh: nhm lin kt, t tng tr. - Hng dn xy dng Hp ng hp tc, trong ch trng n vic tha thun gia cc t vin trao i, sp xp li ng dy rc, hn ch s chng cho nhm nng cao hiu qu thu gom rc, hn ch tnh trng "da beo" trong thu gom rc nhng vn m bo quyn li cho ngi lao ng.

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php - Chng thc (k v ng du) vo Hp ng hp tc, chm dt hp ng hp tc - nh k 6 thng tng hp s lng v tnh hnh hot ng ca cc T hp tc thu gom rc trn a bn gi phng Ti chnh-K hoch, Phng qun l ti nguyn mi trng, Phng qun l th qun huyn theo qui nh. b. Gim st vic thc hin Hp ng thu gom rc sinh hot gia cc t chc thu gom rc v cc ch ngun thi: - Ban hnh v hng dn thc hin Hp ng thu gom rc sinh hot gia cc t chc thu gom rc v cc ch ngun thi - Gim st vic ng tin v x l vi phm v v sinh mi trng ca cc ch ngun thi rc trn a bn - Gim st hot ng thu gom rc sinh hot trn a bn v x l vi phm c. Lm u mi ph bin cc ch trng, chnh sch lin quan n cc t chc thu gom rc thi sinh hot trn a bn v c ch phi hp trong qui trnh thu gom-vn chuyn rc. d. Gio dc cng ng mc ch l nng cao nhn thc, nhim v v trch nhim ca cng ng v qun l cht thi Cc khuyn co vi ngi tiu dng S dng cc sn phm c cha t cht c hi nht ang c trn th trng: Trn th trng c nhiu sn phm c cha cht t hoc khng c hi. V vy, nu phi mua mt sn phm c cha cht c hi, ch mua dng. - c k nhn sn phm: m bo rng sn phm s p ng yu cu ca chng ta trc khi mua n. Mt khi mua, tun th theo cc hng dn v s dng an ton, thng gi v tn tr. - ng s dng nhiu hn mc c hng dn s dng. S dng mt lng d ch em li cc kt qu l mang li nhiu mi nguy hn cho chng ta v mi trng, ch khng phi hiu qu hn v mt s dng. - em cc sn phm cn d cho ngi khc: em cc sn phm cn d cho bn b, hng xm, cc nhm cng ng hoc lm t thin c th lm cho cc sn phm ny khng b lng ph v gim ri ro cho mi trng v chnnh bn. - Ti ch bt c khi no c th: C th p dng i vi du nht, pin, sn, hoc ha cht ra hnh.

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php - Trnh s dng hng liu hoc dung mi bay hi. Nhiu sn phm b bay hi trong khng kh trc khi bn s dng chng, v d, nc hoa xt phng, nc hoa. V vy, s dng sn phm c hng liu hoc dung mi bay hi thng khng kinh t. c bit, khng bao gi chn nhng vt liu nguy hi v chng c th ngm vo tng nc ngm m bn s dng ung. Khng bao gi cht thi nguy hi xung t, vo sng, sui hay chng vo cng thot nc. Lun lun gi cht nguy hi trong bao b nguyn thy ca chng v bo m rng chng c dn nhn ng. Khng t nha, cao su, bao b c cht thm bay hi hoc g p, bi v cc sn phm ny c th sn xut ra cht c lm nhim mi trng.

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php

CHNG 4: NGHIN CU IN HNH tm hiu r hn v vn qun l cht thi sinh hot, trong tiu lun ny trnh by hin trng qun l cht thi sinh hot ti thnh ph ng H, tnh Qung Tr M t khu vc nghin cu

- Thnh ph ng H l tnh l v trung tm chnh tr - kinh t - vn ha ca tnh Qung Tr v c thnh lp vo thng 08/2009, bao gm c 09 phng: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 v cc phng ng Giang, ng Thanh, ng Lng v ng L. - ng H c v tr nm trung giao thng ca c nc, trn giao l 1A ni H Ni - Tp. H Ch Minh v quc l 9 trong h thng ng xuyn ; l im khi u pha ng ca trc hnh lang kinh t ng - Ty, ni vi t nc Lo v Thi Lan, Myanma... qua ca khu quc t Lao Bo v cc nc trong khu vc bin ng qua cng Ca Vit. - Din tch t nhin 7.306 ha, t ai ca ng H bao gm cc loi t ch yu sau: t Feralit trn sa phin, t ph sa bi, ph sa khng c bi, t ph sa gly, t ct... nhng chim t l ln nht l t Feralit v t ph sa - a hnh nghing v thp dn t Ty sang ng; vng t i b chia ct bi nhiu i bt p, khe; v c bn a hnh ng H vng bao gm g i chim 44% v vng ng bng chim 54% . - Dn s (08/2009) 94.000 ngi vi mt trung bnh 13 ngi/km2, tp trung dn c cao cc phng trung tm nh phng 1, 2.

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php

S hnh chnh thnh ph ng H

Hin trng pht thi
-

Tnh theo mc bnh qun, trung bnh l 0,8 kg/ng/ngy [5]

- Tng khi lng rc thi l 75 tn/ngy (s liu tnh ton theo theo mc pht thi bnh qun i chiu vi o m s lng xe rc ti bi chn lp rc ng H) - Lng pht thi tp trung nhiu nht l cc phng trung tm, khu vc ch ng H, ch phng 3, phng 4

Hin trng thu gom- qun l

-

Theo Cng ty MT T, nng lc thu gom 82%, tng ng 63,9 tn/ngy

- Ch thu gom ti 05 phng ni thnh (1,2,3,4,5) cn 04 phng ngoi thnh cha thu gom -

Rc c thu gom theo ngy v a vo bi chn lp tp trung ti ng 9D

- Bi chn lp rc ca th x ng H c xy dng 1998, c din tch 6,2ha nm Khe Lp, Phng 3, pha Ty Nam thnh ph - BCL cch vng dn c gn nht 2,6 km, cch QL 9D...15m, c th tip nhn 50 60 tn rc/ngy

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php
- Qun l hot ng thu gom rc thuc UBND TP, Cng ty MTT ph trch thu gom v qun l bi rc. Cng ty ng ra thu ph thu gom rc (mc c th theo Quyt nh: /2006/Q-UBND) - Hin nay, rc thi ti bi rc c chn lp trong cc ngn su khng c lt lp cch ly, cha c h thng thu gom v x l nc rc. Hng tun rc c san i nhng rt t, x l y l...t, gy nhim MT nghim trng

Quy trnh thu gom cht thi rn sinh hot

- Cht thi rn sinh hot ca thnh ph s c cc h gia nh vo cc thng ng rc sn cc tuyn ng, con hm hoc c b vo cc bc nilon cc v ng. - Sau c nhn vin ca Cng ty mi trng th thu gom bng xe y tay, bt u t bui sng, ty vo tng con ng v khu ph m n nh thi gian thu gom c th. - Rc ti cc xe y rc hoc cc thng rc c nh ven cc ng ln c xe ch rc (c p rc) ch vo cc gi nht nh trong ngy. - Xe ch rc a rc v ti bi rc tp trung ng 9D (mi ngy c 7 8 xe)

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php

M phng bng hnh nh quy trnh thu gom CTRSH

Quy trnh thu gom- ti ch cht thi rn sinh hot

- Cht thi rn sinh hot t cc h gia nh s c nhn vin mi trng nht rc l cc chai nha, st thp d nhn thy cho vo bc ring v a v bn cho cc c s ti ch - Rc ti bi chn lp s c i qun nht rc phn loi thnh cc c th ti ch nh bao nilo, hp v nha, kim loi sau c ng gi v bn cho cc c s ti ch, nhiu nht l nha v kim loi - Cc c s ti ch nhp ngun ph liu ny ch yu to thnh cc nguyn liu nh ht nha hay to thnh cc sn phm khc

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php

Quy trnh thu gom v ti ch rc thi

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php

KT LUN Qua cc ni dung trn, ta nhn thy rc thi sinh hot ang l thc thc i vi con ngi. Nhu cu con ngi cng cao th lng rc thi pht sinh cng ln. Trong cc thnh phn rc thi ngoi cc thnh phn thng thng cn c cc thnh phn c hi gy ra cc tc hi nghim trng n sc kho con ngi, gy ra cc tc hi nghim trng n mi trng sinh thi, mi trng t nhin, cnh quan th. T nhng nhn thc trn, chng ta cn c nhng gii php nht nh cho cng tc qun l cht thi sinh hot v c bin php x l cc rc thi ny nhm m bo cht lng cuc sng v bo v mi trng sng, mi trng sinh thi.

Cht thi nguy hi t cht thi sinh hot- Nguy c v gii php

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. S Ti nguyn v Mi trng TPHCM (2004), Qun l CTR th, Ti liu tp hun 2. Trn Th Hng (2009), Cng ngh x l cht thi th v khu cng nghip, Bo co, i hc Kin Trc H Ni. 3. rung tm Thng tin KH&CN Quc gia, Tng lun v Cng ngh X l Cht thi rn ca mt s nc v Vit Nam 4. Trung tm Thng tin KH&CN Quc gia (2005), Xy dng mt x hi ti ch, H Ni 5. Trung tm Pht trin cng ngh v iu tra ti nguyn (2008), Quy hoch CTR Qung tr n 2020. 6. UBND T.P ng H (2008), Nin gim thng k. 7. http://www.vfej.vn/vn/chi_tiet/27603/moi_nam__ca_nuoc_co_15_trieu_tan_r ac_thai 8. http://www.namyangi.com.vn/vi-VN/zone/326/item/3753/item.cco 9. http://www.dost-bentre.gov.vn/index.php? option=com_content&task=view&id=497 10. http://www.ykhoanet.com/yhocphothong/dalieu/03_0123.htm 11. http://vn.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20101107014320AA2x86P 12. http://news.bacsi.com/y-hoc/y-khoa/33726.html 13. http://dinhdoiyeuthuong.net/forum/showthread.php?t=1921 14. http://vietbao.vn/Suc-khoe/Thuoc-xit-con-trung-co-hai-cho-suc-khoekhong/45205097/248/