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Lan truyn qua mi trng vt l
+ Mi trng truyn sng: Khp kn mch cho knh thng tin m bo cht
lng ca knh thng tin v tuyn cn lu n mi trng truyn sng, la chn tn
s cng tc v chn phng thc truyn sng hp l.
+ Tc ng ca mi trng truyn sng:
- Lm suy gim bin sng
- Lm mo dng tn hiu tng t
- Gy li i vi tn hiu s do nhiu
+ Mc tiu nghin cu qu trnh truyn sng:
- Xc nh trng ti im thu khi bit cc thng s ca my pht v iu
kin thu c cng trng ti u.
- Nghin cu s pht sinh mo dng hoc gy li tn hiu v tm bin php khc
phc
+ S suy gim cng trng do cc nguyn nhn:
- S phn tn nng lng bc x khi lan truyn (suy hao khong cch)
- S hp th ca mi trng (tn hao nhit)
- S nhiu x sng (tn x )
- S tn sc
Tn, k hiu
ng dng
o hng , nh v
(VLF)
30 - 300kHz
Low Freq.
o hng
(LF)
300 - 3000kHz
3 - 30MHz
30 - 300MHz
300 - 3000MHz
3 - 30GHz
30 - 300GHz
Medium Freq.
(MF)
High freq.
(HF)
(VHF)
Utrahigh Freq.
(UHF)
Superhigh Freq.
(SHF)
(EHF)
* Cc bng tn (band) trong di vi sng:
Tn s
K hiu c
K hiu mi
VHF
2 GHz
3 GHz
4 GHz
- 6 GHz
- 8 GHz
- 10 GHz
10
- 12,4 GHz
J
2
12,4 - 18 GHz
Ku
18
- 20 GHz
20
- 26,5 GHz
Ka
26,5 - 40 GHz
(W/m2)
Eh = (30.Pr / r2)1/2
Eh = (30.Pr.D / r2)1/2
Bin in trng:
E0 = (2)1/2Eh = (60Pr.D / r2)1/2
* Gi tr tc thi ca cng in trng l:
E = (60.Pr.D / r2)1/2 cos(t k0r)
hay dng phc: E = (60.Pr.D / r2)1/2 exp[j(t k0r)]
* Nu cng in trng o bng (mV/m); Cng sut bc x o bng kW;
Khong cch o bng km, th:
Eh = 173.(Pr.D)1/2 / r
E0 = 245.(Pr.D)1/2 / r
* Nu ngun bc x (anten) t ngay trn mt t v coi mt t vt dn in l
tng th mt dng cng sut bc x trn n v din tch s tng gp i v cng
trng tng 2 ln, tc l:
Eh = 245.(Pr.D)1/2 / r
* Vi anten dipole t trong khng gian t do, c chiu di l << so vi khong
cch kho st r th
|E| = Z0Ilk0sin / 4r
Eh = Z0Ih l sin / 2r
hay
Eh = 60 Ih l sin / r
vi Voc: th h mch cc i
hay
Eh = 120 I0 hh / r
(V/m)
(mV/m)
) l
(mV/m)
vi Pr: kW, r: km
______________________________
= /2
tg = tg (t 1)
3/ Phn cc ellip: C th chng minh trong trn hp tng qut phn cc c dng
ellip. Chn 1 = 0, 2 = v t
Ey = Ey0 cost = Acost
Ez = Ez0 cos(t ) = C cost + Dsint
- Nu quay h to (y,z) i mt gc >0 c h ta ( y , x ) th cc thnh
r
Dcos = Ncos
(Ey / M)2 + (Ez / N)2 = 1
th s c:
PT ellip
Tm gc quay :
tg2 = 2AC/(A2 C2 D2)
- Khi nim quay phi, quay tri
(1)
Z02 = ( / 2)1/2,
Vi sng phn cc ng
R = (11/2cos 21/2cos)/ (11/2cos + 21/2cos)
= |R| exp(-j)
* Ch 1 = 0,
2 = j/ = 0( j 60)
CHNG II
TRUYN SNG VI NH HNG CA MT T
2.1 ANTEN NH X TRN MT T PHNG
- Xt 1 anten pht ti chiu cao h1 v mt anten thu chiu cao h2, cch nhau mt
khong d theo phng ngang (mt t phng). Gi R1 l khong cch truyn thng t
anten pht n anten thu v R2 l khong cch t nh ca anten pht qua mt t ti
anten thu.
- Hin tng giao thoa ca trng bc x ti anten thu ph thuc vo s sai khc
gia R1 v R2
- Trng to theo hng truyn thng s to ra anten thu mt in p t l vi s
hng sau:
Trong f1 v f2 l dng cng trng bc x (cn gi l kiu bc x) ca hai
anten.
- in p to bi sng phn x t l vi:
f1(2).f2(2).exp(j).exp(-jk0R2/4R2)
Trongn .exp(j) l h s phn x ti mt t.
Thng thng h1 , h2 << d v do 1, 1, 2, 2 rt nh kiu bc x ca cc
anten c th coi khng i trong cc khong gc nh.
+ Trng hp ngoi l: Khi dng cc anten nh hng cao v h2 ln (trn my
bay) khi phn cng sut bc x v pha mt t s rt thp, tc l
f1(2) << f1(1)
v nu coi nh
1/R1 1/R2
th in p nhn c tng cng s t l vi:
|f1(1).f2(1)exp(-jk0R1/4R1)|.F
v f2(2) f2(1)
.exp(j) = -1 (t dn in l tng):
F = 2|sin(k0h1h2/d)|
(2.3)
vi
tg0 = h2/d
(2.4)
vi n = 0,1,2,
(2.5)
10
hay
F= mr/rf md/rf
vi k hiu rf = df
(2.6.a)
(2.6.b)
11
(mi)
vi
m = dT/rf
13
14
thiu c th thu c l
Sm = 0,415S0
Cc khong c th quan st c mc tiu trn ng Sm
tn ti cc vng m (khng quan st c) v khi mc tiu tin st n
radar, mc tn hiu thay i nhanh hn v t cc gi tr cc i ln hn.
Khi mc tiu tin n khong cch sao cho gc tip t ca tia phn x c
mt s , th rng tia hu hn ca anten radar (c th <50) s ngn cn tia
bc x ti mt t nh hng ca giao thoa bin mt v mc tn hiu tng n
iu theo d-4 nh trong khng gian t do.
* Nu dng cng thc ca mt t phng th:
tg = (h2 + h1)/d
15
/2 = /2
F=1+D
/2 = /4
F = (1 + D2)1/2
R2 = (R12 + 2)1/2
Nu
R1 >>
=>
R2 = R1 + 2/2R1
exp(-jk0R1 - jk02/2R1)
Bin trng ng vi s suy gim theo hm Gauss:
exp(-2/2)
Khi in trng trn mt S l:
Ei = ay(E0/R1) exp(-2/2) exp(-jk0R1 - jk02/2R1),
gi thit sng ti phn cc dc theo trc y ca h ta xyz gc O.
- Cng trng ca sng n ti anten thu c xem nh bc x t mt S. Mt S
c coi nh mt mt ming bc x, c cng trng c xc nh bi bin i
Fourier ngc ca hm f(kx,ky)
- Ti anten thu, r gn // vi trc z, do ch c cc sng c thnh phn kt gn zero
mi c th ti anten thu.
=> cng in trng:
E(r) = (jk0E0ay/2zR1) exp[-jk0(z + R1)](/a)
1/2
e ay dy1
8)
Fd = (/a) |
e ay dy1 |
- Khi hc = 0,:
Fd = 21/2/2|
ju
He du |
c
(10)
17
18
CHNG III
TRUYN SNG MT
(1)
19
2 + k 0 = 0 J
2
2 3 + k 0 = 0
vi z > 0
(2a)
vi z < 0
(2b)
trong k02 = 00
- Li gii ca h (2) c th tm nh bin i Fourier cho v 3 theo cc bin x, y
tng ng vi x, y. Vi
2x + 2y = 2
- Bin i Fourier h (2) :
(2 /z2 + k02 - 2) ^(x, y, z) = -( 0 /4) (z h)
z>0
(2 /z2 + k2 - 2) 3^(x, y, z) = 0
z<0
(5)
c th chn:
^ = 1^ = Aexp[-0(z h)],
vi z > h
(6)
ti z = h
3^ = 2^
ti z = 0,
2 = 2 - k 2
(7)
(8)
- T (5) v (8) A v v
(9)
20
Vi
z>h
R2 = [(2 + (z + h)2]1/2
w2 = 2x + 2y
(17)
R1 = R2 = R, As = 1 j()1/2exp(-)erfc(j 1/2)
= -jk0R(-1)/22
v hm erfc(j1/2) l phn b ca hm li
erfc(j1/2) = (2/1/2) j1/2exp(-u2)du
Vy cng trng khc vi trong khng gian t do h s
2As(-1)/ 2As v thng > 10
- Ni chung, As gim nhanh khi tng trn mt gi tr xc nh.
- Khi R 0 th As 1 v gi gi tr 1 cho n khi R ln hn vi bc sng.
21
p = ||
b tg-1(0/)
vi
(dn in)
+ p tng nhanh theo tn s vi d cho trc, suy hao tng nhanh theo tn s do
khong cch s p tng nhanh.
- Khi
22
vi G l li
Pn = 4kTRf
23
S
m
p = 601 m
- Do p >> 1 nn:
|As| 8.83 x 10-4
- Cng sut thu l:
Prec = 1,5 x 10-14 W
*Cng sut nhiu ti u vo anten thu l:
Pn = 7,52 x 10-16 W
cng sut nhiu rt nh hn cng sut thu (S/N) =20,2
khong cch thng tin 16,7 miles l hon ton kh thi.
*Ngoi khonh cch 16,7mi, nh hng ca mt t cu s lm cng sut thu gim
rt nhanh cn dng cc anten cao hn.
24
kod o
)
2
25
(4.1)
- Mt dng in:
r
J = -eN v = (Ne2/jm)E
(4.2)
(4.3)
p = (Ne2/ m0)1/2
l tn s plasma
26
(4.5)
> p
<1
+ Khi
= p
=0
+ Khi
< p
<0
N = 2 x1010/m3,
(4.8)
gim i f gim.
28
(4.10)
(4.11)
(4.12)
29
(1)
(10)
I^ l t hp cc cp vector n v
30
31
CHNG V
TRUYN SNG DI MICROWAVE V MLLIMETER-WAVE
5.1 SUY HAO DO MA
1/Gi thiu
-Di tn s microwave v millimeter:
-Sng xuyn qua tng inn ly v >> tn s plasma p.
c hin tng giao thoa do phn x t mt t, nhng nh hng khng ln nh
tn s thp v gh gh ca mt t ln hn nhiu so vi bc sng.
Nu ti im phn x mt t l phng hoc l mt nc th hin tng giao thoa
c th mnh v to ra kiu bc x bp vi cc bp sng gn nhau (cc bp sng tri)
*Suy hao ng k l suy hao do ma (vi cc sng c c vi cm hoc nh hn)v
do tuyt.
*Vi cc sng c c mm, suy hao ch yu do sng m, hi nc v cc kh
khc trong kh quyn.
2/ Suy hao do ma:
- Do s hp th cng sut trong mi trng tn hao in mi
- Do s tn x nng lng ra khi chm tia, thng nh hn tn hao do hp th .
* Xt ht ma hnh cu bn knh a << oca sng mt:
Hng s in mi phc:
= j
in trng sng ti lan truyn theo trc x:
Ei = E0az exp(-jk0x)
Vector phn cc in mi trong git ma hnh cu:
P = 3( 1)/( + 2)0E0az
=> Moment lng cc ca git ma:
P0 = (4/3)a33( 1)/( + 2)0E0az
- Trng tn x vng xa ca git ma (tng ng phn t dng Idl = jP0): Es
32
(dB/km)
=====================================================
34
2r
,
c
c
ti cng
2
c
c
thng rt ngn, chng hn, vi = 1 s
= 150 m.
2
2
37