- 1 -

PHN I: I S

CHUY 1: H PHNG TRNH BC NHT
I-L THUYT:
1-H hai phngtrnh bc nht hai n c dng tng qut: ( )
' ' '
1
ax by c
a x b y c
+ =

+ =

2-Cc php bin i tng ng h hai phng trnh:
' ' '
ax by c
a x b y c
+ =

+ =

' ' '
( 0) kax kby kc k
a x b y c
+ = =

+ =

' ' '
' ' '
( ) ( ) a a x b b y c c
a x b y c
+ =

+ =

( )
' ' '
0
a c
y x b
b b
a c
a x b x c
b b

= + =

| |

+ + =
|

\ .

3-iu kin h (1):
C mt nghim duy nht:
' '
a b
a b
=
C v s nghim:
' ' '
a b c
a b c
= =
V nghim:
' ' '
a b c
a b c
= =
4-Cc phng php gii h phng trnh bc nht hai n:
a-Phng php th:
Rt x hoc y t mt phng trnh ca h, thay vo phng trnh cn li ta s thu c mt phng trnh
mi. Gii phng trnh ny ta s tm c mt n, thay n ny tr li h ban u ta s tm c n cn li.
b-Phng php cng i s:
Thc hin nhn vo mt trong hai phng trnh ca h mt s khc khng sau khi nhn, h s ca
cng mt n trong hai phng trnh s c gi tr i nhau. Tin hnh cng hai phng trnh ca h mi li
vi nhau ta s thu c mt phng trnh ch cn mt n, gii phng trnh ny ta s thu c mt n s,
thay tr li h ban u ta thu c n cn li.
c-Phng php th (t dng)
Ta tin hnh v th ca hai phng trnh ca h, khi to giao im ca hai ng thng chnh l
nghim ca h phng trnh cho.
II-V D MINH HO:
V d 1: Gii h phng trnh:
2x + y = 1 (1)
x +2y = 2 (2)

Gii:
Cch 1: Phng php th:
Rt y t phng trnh (1), sau thay vo phng trnh (2) ta c:
y = 1- 2x (*)
(2)
2(1 2 ) 2 x x + = 2 4 2 3 0 0 x x x x + = = = .
Thay x=0 vo phng trnh (*) ta c: 1 y =
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh cho l x=0, y=1
Cch 2: Phng php cng i s:
Nhn (-2) vo hai v ca phng trnh (2) ri cng vi phng trnh (1) ta c:


- 2 -
'
2x + y = 1 (1)
3 3 1
-2x -4y = -4 (2 )
y y

= =

.
Thay y=1 vo phng trnh (1) ta c: x=0
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh cho l x=0, y=1
V d 2: Cho h phng trnh
2x + my = 1 (1)
mx +2y = 1 (2)

1-Gii v bin lun theo tham s m
2-Tm cc s nguyn m cho h c nghim duy nht (x;y) vi x,y l cc s nguyn.
Gii:
1-T (1) v (2) ta suy ra: 2x + my = mx +2y = 1 ( 2)( ) 0 m x y = (3)
-Nu m=2 : h c v s nghim
-Nu m 2 = : t (3) suy ra x=y, th vo phng trnh (1) ta c: ( 2) 1 m x + =
-Nu m= -2: h v nghim
-Nu m -2 = : h c nghim duy nht
1
2
x y
m
= =
+

2-Theo kt qu ca cu 1: vi m 2 = v m -2 = th h c nghim duy nht
1
2
x y
m
= =
+
. x,y l s
nguyn th
1
2 m+
phi l s nguyn. Ngha l m+2 phi l c ca 1.
2 1 1
2 1 3
m m
m m
+ = =


+ = =


Vy vi m=-1 hoc m=-3 th h phng trnh cho c nghim nguyn.
V d 3: Cho h phng trnh
mx + 4y = 10 - m (1)
x +my = 4 (2)

(m l tham s)
1-Gii v bin lun theo m.
2-Vi gi tr no ca tham s m, h c nghim (x;y) vi x,y l cc s ngyn dng?
Gii:
1-T phng trnh (2) ta c: x = 4 - my thay vo (1) ta c: m(4-my) + 4y= 10 - m
2 2
4m - m y +4y =10 - m y(4 - m ) 10 5 (2 )(2 ) 10 5 m m m y m = + = (3)
-Nu m=2 : (3) 0 0 y = : th (3) c v s nghim. Do h phng trnh c v s nghim
-Nu m= -2: (3) 0 20 y = : th (3) v nghim. Do h phng trnh v nghim
-Nu m 2 = v m -2 = : th (3) c nghim duy nht. Do h phng trnh c nghim duy
nht:
8 5
;
2 2
m
x y
m m

= =
+ +

2-Khi m 2 = v m -2 = h phng trnh c nghim duy nht:
8 5
;
2 2
m
x y
m m

= =
+ +

h c nghim nguyn dng, trc ht cn c m+2 l c s nguyn dng ca 5. suy
ra:
2 1 1
2 5 3
m m
m m
+ = =

+ = =


-Vi m=-1 th
x=9

y=5

tho mn
-Vi m=3 th
x=1

y=1

tho mn
-Khi m=2: h phng trnh c v s nghim tho mn: 2 4 4 2 x y x y + = =


- 3 -
theo iu kin ca bi th
x>0 4 2 0 2
1
y>0 0 0
y y
y
y y
> <
=

> >

(v y nguyn dng). suy ra x=2.
Kt lun: m=-1 c nghim nguyn dng
x=9

y=5

m= 2 c nghim nguyn dng
x=2

y=1

m=3 c nghim nguyn dng
x=1

y=1

V d 4:Cho h phng trnh:
( ) m-1 x - my = 3m - 1 (1)
2x - y = m + 5 (2)

Xc nh tt c cc gi tr ca tham s m h c nghim duy nht (x;y) m
2 2
S x y = + t gi tr
nh nht.
Gii:
h c nghim duy nht th iu kin l:
1
1 2 1
2 1
m m
m m m

= = =

. Khi gii h phng

trnh tm nghim. Nhn hai v ca (2) vi m, ri cng vi phng trnh (1) ta c:
( )
2 2
2 '
m-1 x - my = 3m - 1 (1)
( 1) 2 1 ( 1) ( 1)
-2mx + m y = -m - 5m (2 )
m x m m m x m

+ = + + + = +

1 x m = + khi 3 y m =
Vi x, y va tm c, xt biu thc:
2 2
S x y = +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
1 3 2 4 10 2 1 8 S m m m m m = + + = + = + ( )
2
2 1 8 S m = +
V ( )
2
1 0 m m > nn 8 S > . Do S t gi tr nh nht bng 8 khi m-1=0, hay m=1.
Vy
min
8 S = khi 1 m = .
III-BI TP VN DNG:
Bi 1: Cho h phng trnh:
( )
2
m+1 x + my = 2m - 1 (1)
mx - y = m - 2 (2)

Xc nh tt c cc gi tr ca tham s m h c nghim (x;y) m tch P=xy t gi tr ln nht.
Gii:
Nhn m vo hai v ca phng trnh (2), ri cng vo hai v ca phng trnh (1) ta thu c:

( )
2 3
2 2
m+1 x + my = 2m - 1 (1)
( 1) 1
m x - my = m(m - 2) (2)
m m x m

+ + =

2 2
( 1) ( 1)( 1) m m x m m m + + = + +
1 x m = . Thay 1 x m = vo phng trnh (1) ta tm c: y=2 - m
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l: 1 x m = v y=2 - m
Xt P=xy=(m-1)(2-m)
2
2
1 3 1
3 2
4 2 4
m m m
| |
= + = s
|
\ .

Ta thy
2
3
0
2
m m
| |
>
|
\ .
. Suy ra P t gi tr ln nht khi
2
3
2
m
| |

|
\ .
t gi tr nh nht. Do P t gi
tr ln nht bng
1
4
khi
3
2
m = .


- 4 -
Bi 2: Cho h phng trnh:
mx + y = 2m (1)
x + my = m + 1 (2)

1-Gii h khi m= -1.
2-Tm m h c v s nghim, trong c nghim : x= 1, y= 1.
Gii:
1-Khi m= -1 ta c: suy ra h v nghim.
2-Thay x=1, y=1 vo h phng trnh ta c:
m.1 + 1 = 2m
1
1 + m.1 = m + 1
m

Vi m=1 ta c:
x + y = 2
x + y = 2

h c v s nghim
x = t
y = 2 - t
t R

, trong c nghim x= 1, y= 1.
Bi 3: Gii v bin lun h phng trnh sau y theo tham s m :
mx + 2y = m +1 (1)
2x + my = 3 (2)

( thi HSG TP H Ch Minh 1991-1992 vng 1)
Gii:
T (1) ta c: 2y = m +1-mx th vo (2):
(2) 4 2 6 x my + = 4 ( 1 ) 6 x m m mx + + = ( 2)( 2) ( 3( 2) m m x m m + = + (*)
-Nu m=2 : (*) 0 0 x = :v s nghim. Do h c v s nghim
-Nu m= -2: (*) 0 4 x = : v nghim. Do h v nghim
-Nu m 2,m -2 = = :(*) c nghim duy nht:
3
2
m
x
m
+
=
+
. Do h c nghim duy nht:
3
2
m
x
m
+
=
+
,
1
2
y
m
=
+

Bi 4: Cho h phng trnh:
x + my = 1 (1)
mx - 3my = 2m + 3 (2)

1-Gii h khi m= -3
2-Gii v bin lun h cho theo m.
Gii:
1-Khi m= -3 ta c h:
x - 3y = 1 (1)
-3x + 9y = - 3 (2)

3 1
3 1
x y
x y
=

h cho c v s nghim dng

3 1 x t
t R
y t
= +
e

2-T phng trnh (1) ta c: x =1 - my (*) th vo (2) ta c: ( 3) 3 m m y m + = +
-Nu m=0 :H v nghim
-Nu m= -3:H c v s nghim
-Nu m 0; m -3 = = :H c nghim duy nht
2
1
x
y
m
=

Bi 5: Cho h phng trnh:
x + my = 2 (1)
mx - 2y = 1(2)

1-Gii h khi m=2
2-Tm s nguyn m h c nghim duy nht (x;y) m x>0 v y<0
3-Tm s nguyn m h c nghim duy nht (x;y) m x, y l cc s nguyn.
Gii:


- 5 -
1-Khi m =2 h cho c dng:
x + 2y = 2 (1)
2x - 2y = 1(2)

cng (1) vi (2): 3 3 1 x x = = suy ra

1
y =
2

Vy khi m = 2 h c nghim l 1 x = ,
1
y =
2

2- h c nghim duy nht iu kin l:
2
1
2
2
m
m m
m
= =

do phng trnh c nghim duy nht

vi mi m. Nghim l
2
4
2
m
x
m
+
=
+
v
2
2 1
2
m
y
m

=
+

Ta c: x>0
2
4
0 4 0
2
m
m
m
+
> + >
+
(v
2
2 0 m m + > ) 4 m >
y<0
2
2 1
0 2 1 0
2
m
m
m

< <
+
(v
2
2 0 m m + > )
1
2
m <
t hai iu kin trn suy ra:
1
4
2
m < <
m me nn cc gi tr m tho mn l: -3,-2,-1, 0
3-Theo cu 2: vi mi m h c nghim duy nht l:
2
4
2
m
x
m
+
=
+
v
2
2 1
2
m
y
m

=
+

Theo yu cu ca bi:
x l s nguyn
2
4 2 m m + +
2
2 4 m m + s +
y l s nguyn
2
2 1 2 m m +
2
2 2 1 m m + s
Nh vy iu kin cn ca m l
2
2
2 4
2 2 1
m
m m
m m

+ s +

+ s

ta ch cn xt:
2
2 2 1 m m + s
2
2
2 1 2
2 1 ( 2)
m m
n m
> +

s +

2 2
2 2
2 3 0 ( 1) 2 0
2 1 0 ( 1) 0
m m m
m m m
+ s + s


+ + s + s


v khng tn ti m
2
( 1) 2 0 m + s nn ta c:
2
( 1) 0 1 0 1 m m m + s + = = e
Vi m= -1 th cc nghim :
2
4 1 4
1
2 1 2
m
x
m
+ +
= = =
+ +
,
2
2 1 3
1
2 1 2
m
y
m

= = =
+ +
u tho mn l cc s
nguyn..
Vy m= -1 th h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l cc s nguyn.
BI TP T LUYN:
Bi 1:Cho h phng trnh:
2x + y = m
3x - 2y = 5

(m l tham s nguyn)
Xc nh m h c nghim duy nht (x;y) m x>0, y<0.
Bi 2: Cho h phng trnh:
mx - y = 2
3x + my = 5

1-Gii v bin lun h cho
2-Tm iu kin ca m h c nghim duy nht (x;y) tho mn h thc:
2
2
1
3
m
x y
m
+ =
+

Bi 3: Cho h phng trnh:
mx + 2y = m+1
x - (m+1)y = 2

- 6 -
1-Chng minh rng nu h c nghim duy nht(x;y) th im M(x;y) lun lun thuc mt ng thng c
nh khi m thay i
2-Xc nh m im M thuc gc vung phn t th nht
Bi 4: Vi gi tr no ca s nguyn m, h phng trnh:
mx + 4y = m+2
x + my = m

c nghim duy nht (x;y)

vi x, y l cc s nguyn.
Bi 5: Cho h phng trnh:
2x + my = 1
mx + 2y = 1

1-Gii v bin lun theo tham s m.
2-Tm s nguyn m h c nghim duy nht (x;y) vi x, y l cc s nguyn.
3-Chng minh rng khi h c nghim duy nht (x;y), im M(x;y) lun lun chy trn mt ng thng c
nh.
CHUYN 2:
GII V BIN LUN PHNG TRNH
I-L THUYT:
1- Gii v bin lun phng trnh bc hai:
2
0 ax bx c + + = (1)
Trng hp 1: 0 a = khi (1) c dng 0 bx c + = (2)
Nu 0 b = Vi 0 c = th phng trnh (1) v s nghim
Vi 0 c = th phng trnh (1) v nghim
Nu 0 b = phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht
c
x
b
=
Trng hp 2: 0 b =

2
4 . b a c A = hoc
2
' '
4 . b a c A = vi
'
2. b b =
Nu 0 A < (hoc
'
0 A < ) :Phng trnh (1) v nghim
Nu 0 A = (hoc
'
0 A = ) : Phng trnh (1) c nghim kp:
2.
b
x
a
=
( hoc
'
b
x
a
= )
Nu 0 A > (hoc
'
0 A > )Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit:

1
2.
b
x
a
+ A
= ,
2
2.
b
x
a
A
=
(hoc
' '
1
b
x
a
+ A
= ,
' '
2
b
x
a
A
= )
2 - iu kin phng trnh c hai nghim:
+)Cng du:
0
. 0
A >

>

a c

Cng du dng: 0 >
b
a

Cng du m: 0 <
b
a

+)Tri du : . 0 a c(
+)Phn bit:
0
0
a =

A >

hoc
'
0
0
a =

A >

II- V D MINH HO:
V d 1: Gii v bin lun phng trnh sau:


- 7 -
a-
2
2( 1) 2( 1) 0 mx m x m + = b-
2
3(3 ) 0 x mx m + =
Gii:
a-
2
2( 1) 2( 1) 0 mx m x m + = (1)
Vi 0 m = khi (1) c dng: 2 2 0 2 2 1 x x x = = =
Phng trnh cho c mt nghim l: x=1
Vi 0 m = khi ta c : ( ) ( )
2
'
1 .2( 1) m m m A =
' 2 2
2. 1 2. 2. m m m m A = + +

' 2
1 m A = +
Nu
' 2
0 1 1 m m A = = = hoc 1 m = . Khi phng trnh cho c nghim kp:

1
0
m
x x
m

= = hoc 2 x =
Nu
' 2 2
0 1 0 1 1 m m m A < + < > > hoc 1 m < . Khi phng trnh cho v
nghim.
Nu
' 2 2
0 1 0 1 1 1 m m m A > + > < < < . Khi phng trnh cho c hai nghim
phn bit:
2
1
1 1 m m
x
m
+ +
= ,
2
2
1 1 m m
x
m
+
=
b-
2
3(3 ) 0 x mx m + = (2)
Vi 0 m = khi (2) c dng:
2 2
9 0 9 x x = = khi phng trnh cho c hai nghim:
1 2
3, 3 x x = =
Vi 0 m = khi :
2 2 2
4.( 3)(3 ) 4 36 4 4 32 m m m m m m A = + = + = + +
2
( 2) 32 0 m A = + A > vi mi m, do phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn
bit:
2
3
4 36 x m m m = + + ,
2
4
4 36 x m m m = +
V d 2: Tm m bit phng trnh sau v nghim :
2
2
1 1
x m x
x x

+ =
+
(1) .
Gii:
iu kin: 1, 1 x x = = .
Bin i (1) ta c:
( )( 1) ( 2)( 1)
2
( 1)( 1)
x m x x x
x x
+ +
=
+
2 2 2
2 2 2( 1) x x mx m x x x x + + + =
( 2) 4 m x m + = (2). Khi tin hnh bin lun (2) ta c:
-Nu m+2 =0 m= -2 khi (2) c dng: 0 6 x = suy ra phng trnh (2) v nghim. Do
phng trnh (1) v nghim.
-Nu m+2 0 m -2 = = khi phng trnh (2) c mt nghim duy nht
4
2
m
x
m

=
+
.
cho phng trnh (1) v nghim th 1 x = v 1 x = . T ta c
4
1(3)
2
4
1(4)
2
m
m
m
m

=

+

Gii (3) v (4) ta ch c m=1 tho mn.
Kt lun: vi m=-2 hoc m=1 th phng trnh cho v nghim.
V d 3: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:
1 2
1
x x
x x m
+ +
=

(1).
Gii:
iu kin: 1, x x m = =
Vi iu kin ca x nh trn, bin i phng trnh (1) tng t nh v d 2 ta c: 2 mx m = (2). Tin
hnh bin lun i vi phng trnh (2), ta c:


- 8 -
-Nu 0 m = khi (2) c dng: 0x=2 suy ra phng trnh (2) v nghim. Do phng trnh
cho v nghim.
-Nu 0 m = khi (2) c mt nghim duy nht
2 2
1
m
x x
m m

= = .
(1) c nghim th:
2
1 1(3)
1
2 2
1 (4)
m
m
m
m
m

=


=

Kt lun: Vy phng trnh cho c nghim khi 0, 1, 2 m m m = = =
III-BI TP VN DNG:
Bi 1: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:
3 2 2 1
2
2 2
x m x m
x
x x
+
+ =

(1)
Gii:
iu kin: 2 0 2 x x > > . Khi bin i (1) ta c:
3 1
2
m
x

=
(1) c nghim th x>2, suy ra
3 1
2 3 1 2 3 3 1
2
m
m m m

> > > >

Vy: vi m>1 th phng trnh cho c nghim.
Bi 2: Cho phng trnh:
2 2
( 3) ( 5) 2 0 m x m m x m + + + = (1)
a-Chng t rng x=m l mt nghim ca phng trnh (1)
b-Tm m phng trnh (1) c nghim kp?
Gii:
a-Thay x=m vo v tri ca phng trnh (1) ta c:
2 2
( 3) ( 5) 2 m m m m m m + + +
3 2 3 2 2
3 5 2 0 m m m m m + + = . T suy ra x=m l nghim ca phng trnh (1) b-iu kin
phng trnh (1) c nghim kp l:
2 2 2 2 2 3 2
3 3 3 0
0 ( 5) 4( 3).2 0 ( 10 25) 8 24
m m m
m m m m m m m m m
= = + =


A = + + = + +


2 2 2 2
3
3 3 0
0
1 ( 10 25 8 24) ( 1) 0
1 0
m
m m m
m
m m m m m m m
m
=
= = =
=

= + + =

=

Vy: Vi m=0 hoc m=1 th phng trnh cho c nghim kp.
Bi 2: Cho phng trnh :
2 2
2 0 x x m = (1)
a-Chng minh rng phng trnh (1) lun c hai nghim tri du 0 m =
b-Chng minh rng nghim ca (1) l nghch o cc nghim ca phng trnh:
2 2
2 1 0 m x x + =
(2)
Gii:
a-Xt phng trnh (1) ta c:
' 2
1 0 m A = + > vi mi 0 m = . T suy ra phng trnh (1) lun c hai
nghim phn bit.
Mt khc, tch cc h s
2
. 0 a c m = < nn (1) lun c hai nghim tri du 0 m =
b-Theo cu a ta chng minh phng trnh (1) lun c hai nghim phn bit, gi s cc nghim l
i
x
(vi i=1,2). Khi thay
i
x vo (1) ta c:
2 2
2 0
i i
x x m = (3). Chia c hai v ca (3) cho
2
i
x ta c:
2
2
1 1
1 2 0
i i
m
x x
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
hay
2
2
1 1
2 1 0
i i
m
x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
.


- 9 -
T y ta thy
1
i
x
chnh l nghim ca phng trnh (2). Hn na
i
x l cc nghim ca phng trnh (1).
Suy ra nghim ca phng trnh (2) l nghch o cc nghim ca phng trnh (1). pcm.
Bi 3: Tm m phng trnh sau c hai nghim phn bit:
a-
2
( 3) 2 1 0 m m x mx + + = (1)
b-
2
( 1) 2 2 0 m x mx m + + + = (2)
Gii:
Vn dng iu kin phng trnh bc hai c hai nghim phn bit:
0
0
a =

A >

ta c:
a- ' 2
0
( 3) 0 ( 3) 0 ( 3) 0 0
3 0
3 0 0 3 ( 3) 0
0
m
m m m m m m m
m
m m m m m m
m
=
= = = >

> > = A = >

>

Kt lun: vi 0 m > v 3 m = th phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit
b-
' 2
1
1 0 1
2
3 2 0 ( 1)( 2) 0
3
m
m m
m m m m m
=
+ = =


> < A = + + >

Kt lun: vi 1 m = v
2
3
m < th phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit.
Bi 4: Tm m phng trnh sau v nghim?
a-
2
( 2) 2 3 0 m m x mx + = (1)
b-
2 2
1 0 m x mx + + = (2)
Hng dn: S dng iu kin cho phng trnh bc hai v nghim : 0 A < , sau tm gi tr ca m.
Gii:
a-Ta c:
' 2 2
3. ( 2) 2 6 2 (3 ) m m m m m m m A = = + =
cho phng trnh v nghim th:
'
0
0 2 (3 ) 0
3
m
m m
m
<
A < <

>

Vy phng trnh cho v nghim th m<0 hoc m>3.
b-Ta c:
2 2 2
4. 3 0 m m m m A = = < suy ra phng trnh cho lun v nghim vi mi m.
IV-BI TP T LUYN:
Bi 1: Gii v bin lun cc phng trnh sau:
a-
2
( 2) 3 2 0 m x x m + + =
b-
2
( 3) 0 m x mx m + + =
c-
2
2( 2) 9 0 mx m x + + =
Bi 2: Xc nh m phng trnh:
2
2( 2) 3 0 mx m x m + =
a-C hai nghim tri du?
b-C hai nghim dng phn bit?
c-C ng mt nghim m?
Bi 3: Cho phng trnh:
2
2( 1) ( 3) 0 x m x m + =
a-Chng minh rng phng trnh trn lun c nghim vi mi m?
b-Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh c hai nghim cng du. Hai nghim cng dng hay cng
m?
Bi 4: Vi gi tr no ca b th phng trnh:
2
2 10 0 x bx + = c mt nghim bng 5. Tm nghim cn
li?
Bi 5: Cho phng trnh:
2
2( 1) ( 3) 0 x m x m + =


- 10 -
a-Chng minh rng phng trnh lun c nghim vi mi m.
b-Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh c hai nghim cng du. Hai nghim cng m hay cng
dng?
CHUYN 3:
S DNG V KHAI THC H THC VI-T TRONG GII TON
I-L THUYT
1-nh l Vi-t:
Nu phng trnh bc hai:
2
0( 0) ax bx c a + + = = c nghim
1 2
, x x th:
1 2
1 2
.
b
x x
a
c
x x
a

+ =

Ch : nh l Vi-t ch p dng c khi phng trnh bc hai c nghim, bi vy chng ta cn km theo
iu kin: 0 a = v 0 A > .
2-iu kin phng trnh
2
0( 0) ax bx c a + + = = c :
a-Hai nghim cng du:
0
. 0 a c
A >

b-Hai nghim cng du dng: 1 2
1 2
0
. 0
0
c
x x
a
b
x x
a

A >

= )

+ = >

c-Hai nghim cng du m : 1 2
1 2
0
. 0
0
c
x x
a
b
x x
a

A >

= )

+ = <

d-Hai nghim tri du : . 0 a c(
+)Phn bit:
0
0
a =

A >

hoc
'
0
0
a =

A >

II-V D MINH HO:
V d 1: Cho phng trnh:
2
2( 1) 4 0 mx m x m + + = (1)
1-Xc nh m phng trnh c nghim?
2-Xc nh m phng trnh c hai nghim dng?
3-Xc nh m phng trnh c hai nghim
1 2
, x x tri du? Khi nghim no c gi tr tuyt
i ln hn?
4-Xc nh m phng trnh c hai nghim
1 2
, x x tho mn:
1 2
4 3 x x + =
5- Xc nh m phng trnh c hai nghim
1 2
, x x tho mn:
2 2
1 2
2 x x + >
6-Lp h thc gia hai nghim
1 2
, x x khng ph thuc vo m?
Gii:


- 11 -
1-Ta ln lt xt cc gi tr ca m :
-Nu 0 m = khi (1) c dng: 2 4 0 2 x x = = l nghim ca (1).
-Nu 0 m = khi (1) l phng trnh bc hai. Ta bin lun theo A

' 2 2 2
( 1) ( 4) 2 1 4 6 1 m m m m m m m m A = + = + + + = +
(1) c nghim th
'
1
0 6 1 0
6
m m A > + > >
Kt lun: Vi
1
6
m > th phng trnh (1) cho c nghim.
2- phng trnh cho c nghim dng, iu kin l:
1
1
0
6
6
1
2( 1)
0 0 0, 1
4
4, 0
4
0 0
m
m
m
b m
m m
m a m
m m
c m
a m

>

A > >

< +
> > > <


>

> <

> >

Kt lun: Vi m<-1 hoc m>4 th phng trnh (1) c nghim dng.
3- phng trnh cho c hai nghim tri du, iu kin l:
0
( 4) 0 0 4
. 0
m
m m m
a c
=
< < <

<

.
Kt lun: Vi 0 4 m < < th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim tri du, hai nghim l:
1 2
1 6 1 1 6 1
,
m m m m
x x
m m
+ + + + +
= = .
Khi
1 2
x x > v 0 4 m < <
4- phng trnh c hai nghim
1 2
, x x tho mn
1 2
4 3 x x + = , iu kin l:
1 2
1 2 2
1
0
6
4 3
( ) 3 3
m
x x
x x x

A > >

+ =

+ + =

Theo h thc Vi-t ta c:
1 2
1 2
2( 1)
4
.
m
x x
m
m
x x
m
+
+ =

suy ra
1 2 2 2 2
1 1
1
6 6
6
2( 1) 2
( ) 3 3 3 3
3
m m
m
m m
x x x x x
m m

> >

>



+

+ + = + = =

T
1 2 1 2 1 1
2( 1) 2( 1) 2( 1) 2 5 8
3 3
m m m m m
x x x x x x
m m m m m
+ + + +
+ = = = =
Mt khc
1 2
4 5 8 2 4 (5 8)( 2)
. . 4
3 3 3 9
m m m m m m
x x m
m m m m
+ +
= = =


- 12 -
2
(5 8)( 2) 9 ( 4) 4 34 16 0 m m m m m m + = + + = hay
2
2 17 8 0 m m + + = ta thy
2
17 4.2.8 225 0 15
m m
A = = > A = . nn cc gi tr ca m l:
1 2
17 15 1 17 15
, 8
2.2 2 2.2
m m
+
= = = = . Kt hp vi iu kin
1
6
m > ta thy khng c gi tr no
ca m tho mn.
Vy: Khng c gi tr no ca m cho phng trnh c hai nghim
1 2
, x x tho mn
1 2
4 3 x x + = .
5- phng trnh c hai nghim
1 2
, x x tho mn:
2 2
1 2
2 x x + > , iu kin l:
' '
1 2 1 2
2
1 2 1 2
2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
0 0
1 2( 1)
1
6
6
4 4( 1) 2( 4)
8 2 0 . . 2
2 ( ) 2 2
b m
m x x x x
m
a m
c m m m
m x x x x
a m m m
x x x x x x
A > A >

+

> + = + =

>


+

+ > = = >

+ > + >


1
1
6
1 6
4
m
m
m

>

>

>

. Vy vi
1
6
m > th phng trnh cho c hai nghim tho mn iu kin:
2 2
1 2
2 x x + >
6-Tm h thc lin h gia hai nghim
1 2
, x x :
Gi s phng trnh cho c hai nghim, theo nh l Vi-t ta c:
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2( 1) 2 4
2 2( ) 4
2( ) . 5
4 4 4
. . 1 . 1
m
x x x x x x
m m m
x x x x
m
x x x x x x
m m m
+
+ = + = + + = +


+ + =

= = =


. H thc
ny khng ph thuc vo tham s m.
III-BI TP VN DNG
Bi 1: Cho phng trnh:
2
2( 1) 3 0 x m x m =
a-Chng minh rng phng trnh lun c nghim vi mi m?
b-Xc nh m phng trnh c nghim
1 2
, x x tho mn:
1 2
3 0 x x + =
Gii:
a-Ta c:
' 2 2 2 2
1 3
( 1) 3 2 1 3 4 ( ) 0
2 4
m m m m m m m m m A = + + = + + + = + = + + >
Do
'
0 m A > nn phng trnh cho lun c nghim vi mi m.
b- phng trnh c nghim
1 2
, x x tho mn:
1 2
3 0 x x + = , iu kin l:
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2
1 1
1
. ( 3) . ( 3) 1 2 0
2
3 0 ( ) 2 0
x x m x x m
m
x x m x x m m x x
x x x x x
+ = + =

= + = + + = =


+ = + + =


t
1 2 1 1
1 3( 1)
1 1
2 2
m m
x x m x m x
+
+ = + = = .


- 13 -
Vi
1 2
, x x tm c trn, thay vo:
1 2
. ( 3) x x m = +
ta c:
1 3( 1)
. ( 3)
2 2
m m
m
+
= +
2
3 4 15 0 m m = . Ta c:
' '
4 3.15 49 7
m m
A = + = A = , suy ra cc gi tr ca m l:
1 2
2 7 2 7 5
3,
3 3 3
m m
+
= = = = .
Vy vi
1
3 m = , hoc
2
5
3
m = th phng trnh c nghim
1 2
, x x tho mn:
1 2
3 0 x x + =
Bi 2: Gi
1 2
, x x l cc nghim ca phng trnh:
2
1 0 x x =
a-Tnh
2 2
1 2
? x x + =
b-Chng minh:
2 2 4 4
1 2 1 2
Q x x x x = + + + chia ht cho 5.
Gii:
Ta thy 5 0 A = > nn phng trnh cho lun c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
, x x , khi theo nh l Vi-t ta
c:
1 2
1 2
1
. 1
x x
x x
+ =

a-Xt
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) 2 1 2( 1) 3 x x x x x x + = + = = .
Vy
2 2
1 2
3 x x + =
b-Bin i biu thc Q ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) 2 3 3 2( 1) 10 Q x x x x x x = + + + = + =
suy ra 5 Q
Bi 3: Gi s
1 2
, x x l cc nghim ca phng trnh:
2 2
( 1) 2 2 0 x m x m m + + + = Tm m
2 2
1 2
F x x = + t gi tr nh nht?
Gii:
Trc ht ta tm iu kin phng trnh c nghim:
2 2
0 ( 1) 4( 2 2) 0 m m m A > + + >
2
7
3 10 7 0 1
3
m m m + > s s
Theo nh l Vi-t ta c:
1 2
2
1 2
1
. 2 2
x x m
x x m m
+ = +

= +

xt
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) 2 ( 1) 2( 2 2) 6 3 F x x x x x x m m m m m = + = + = + + = +

2
( 3) 6 F m = +
vi
7
1
3
m s s th
2 2
2
2 3 ( 3) 4 ( 3) 4
3
m m m s s s >
2
( 3) 6 2 F m = + > . V 2 1 F m = = nn F t gi tr nh nht bng 2 khi m=1.
Lu : Trong trng hp bi ton trn, nu khng c iu kin 0 A > th s dn n kt lun F khng c gi
tr nh nht. Bi vyi vi dng ton ny chng ta cn tm iu kin cho phng trnh c nghim, ng
thi khi bin lun v nh gi cn ch n tt c cc d kin lin quan n bi ton.
Bi 4: Tm s nguyn m sao cho phng trnh:
2
2( 3) 2 0 mx m x m + + + = c nghim
1 2
, x x tho
mn:


- 14 -
1 2
1 1
F
x x
= + l s nguyn?
Gii:
iu kin phng trnh c nghim
1 2
, x x l:
' 2
0 0 0
9
4 9 0 4 0 ( 3) ( 2) 0
a m m
m
m m m m
= = =
>

+ > A > + + >


theo nh l Vi-t ta c:
1 2
1 2
2( 3)
2
.
m
x x
m
m
x x
m
+
+ =

khi xt biu thc:
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 2( 3) 2
2
2 2
x x m
F
x x x x m m
+ +
= + = = = +
+ +

ta thy F l s nguyn khi v ch khi
2
2 m+
l s nguyn. iu ny ch xy ra khi m+2 l c ca 2. suy ra:
2 2 0
2 2 4
2 1 1
2 1 3
m m
m m
m m
m m
+ = =

+ = =

+ = =

+ = =

v
9
4
m > nn ch c gi tr 0, 1 m m = = l tho mn yu cu bi.
Kt lun: vi m=0, m=-1 th phng trnh cho c hai nghim
1 2
, x x , tho mn:
1 2
1 1
F
x x
= + l s
nguyn.
Bi 5: Tm m phng trnh:
2 2
7 0 x mx m + = c nghim ny gp i nghim kia?
Gii:
iu kin phng trnh c hai nghim
1 2
, x x l:
2 2 2 2
28 28 2 21
0 4( 7) 0 3 28
3 3 3
m m m m m m A > > s s s s (*)
theo nh l Vi-t ta c:
1 2
2
1 2
. 7
x x m
x x m
+ =

gi s
1 2
2 x x = , khi ta c:
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 . 7
x x m
x x m
+ =

kh
2
x bng phng php th ta c:
2
2 2 2 2
2 7 2 9 63 9 3, 3
3
m
m m m m m m
| |
= = = = =
|
\ .

ta thy hai gi tr ca m u tho mn iu kin (*).
Vy: vi m=3, m=-3 th phng trnh cho c hai nghim, nghim ny gp i nghim kia.
IV-BI TP T LUYN
Bi 1: Cho phng trnh:
2 2
2( 1) 3 2 0 x m x m m + + + + =
a- Tm m phng trnh c nghim
1 2
, x x tho mn
2 2
1 2
12 x x + =
b- Tm h thc lin h gia
1 2
, x x khng ph thuc vo m?
Bi 2: Cho phng trnh:
2
2( 1) 2 15 0 x m x m + + = . Gi cc nghim ca phng trnh l
1 2
, x x :
a- Tm m sao cho:
1 2
5 4 x x + =
b- Tm s nguyn m sao cho :
1 2
1 1
F
x x
= + cng l s nguyn?


- 15 -
Bi 3: Tm m phng trnh:
2
2( 1) 2 5 0 x m x m + + = c nghim
1 2
, x x v biu thc
2 2
1 2
A x x = + t gi tr nh nht?
Bi 4: Cho phng trnh:
2 2
2( 1) 3 0 x m x m + + + = (1)
Hy xc nh m :
a- Phng trnh (1) c nghim bng 2
b- Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim
1 2
, x x tho mn:
2 2
1 2
9 x x + =
Bi 5: Cho phng trnh:
2
2( 1) 3 0 mx m x m + + + = (1)
a-Xc nh m phng trnh (1) c nghim
b-Gi s phng trnh (1) c hai nghim
1 2
, x x . Tm h thc lin h gia
1 2
, x x c lp vi m?
Bi 6: Tm m phng trnh:
a-
2
2 9 0 x x m + = c hai nghim tho mn:
1 2
8 x x =
b-
2
1 0 x mx m + = c hai nghim tho mn
1 2
2 1 x x =
Bi 7: Gi
1 2
, x x l hai nghim ca phng trnh:
2
2 3 2 0 x ax = . Khng gii phng trnh hy tnh:
3 3
1 2
1 1
F
x x
= +
Bi 8: Cho phng trnh:
2 2
10 0 x x m = (1)
a-Chng minh rng nghim ca phng trnh (1) l nghch o ca cc nghim ca phng trnh:
2 2
10 1 0 m x x + = (2) ( 0 m = ).
b-Vi gi tr no ca m phng trnh (1) c nghim
1 2
, x x tho mn
1 2
6 5 x x + =
Bi 9: Cho phng trnh:
2 2
2( 1) 3 2 1 0 x m x m m + =
a-Chng minh rng: vi mi m phng trnh cho lun c hai nghim tri du.
b-Tm m phng trnh cho c nghim x=1?
c-Tm m phng trnh cho c nghim
1 2
, x x tho mn:
1 2
2 3 5 x x + =
d-Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh cho c nghim
1 2
, x x tho mn:
2 2 2
1 2
2 3 x x m m + = + .
Bi 10: Cho phng trnh:
2 2
(2 1) 1 0 x a x a a + =
a-Chng minh rng phng trnh lun c nghim vi mi gi tr ca a ?
b-Chng minh rng c hai h thc gia hai nghim khng ph thuc vo a ?
CHUYN 4: RT GN BIU THC
I-L THUYT:
Cc kin thc cn s dng khi rt gn biu thc:
1. Cc php ton ca a thc v phn thc i s.
2. Cc hng ng thc ng nh.
3. Cc phng php a biu thc v dng tch.
4. iu kin cc biu thc c ngha.
5. Chng minh bt ng thc.
6. Gii phng trnh hoc bt phng trnh.
7. So snh hai biu thc.
8. Tm iu kin biu thc nhn gi tr nguyn.
9. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc khi cho gi tr c th ca cc ch trong biu thc
10. Tnh gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca biu thc.
II-V D MINH HO
V d 1: Cho biu thc:
2
2 2 1
.
1 2 1 2
x x x
P
x x x
| |
+ | |
=
|
|
|
+ + \ .
\ .

1-Rt gn P.
2-Chng minh : Nu 1 o x < < th 0 P >
3-Tm gi tr ln nht ca P?

Gii:


- 16 -
1-Rt gn P:
iu kin biu thc P c ngha: 0, 1 x x > =
khi ta c:
2 2
2 2
2 2 (1 ) ( 2)( 1) ( 2)( 1) (1 )
2 2 ( 1)( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1)
x x x x x x x x
P
x x x x x
(
+ + +
= =
(
+ + +


2 2
2
2 2 ( 1) ( 1)
( 1) (1 )
2 ( 1) ( 1)
x x x x x x
P x x P x x
x x
+ +
= = =
+

2-Vi 0 1 x < < th 0 1 x < < khi 1 0 x > do P>0 (pcm)
3-T
2
1 1 1
(1 ) ( )
4 2 4
P x x x x x = = = s (v
2
1
( ) 0
2
x x > )
Du = xy ra
1 1
2 4
x x = = . Do P t gi tr ln nht bng
1
4
khi
1
4
x = .
V d 2: Cho biu thc:
2 2
2
1 1 4 4( 3)
:
1 1 1 (1 )
x x x x
Q
x x x x x
| | +
=
|
+
\ .

1-Rt gn Q?
2-Tnh gi tr ca Q khi 2 x =
3-Tm x nguyn Q l s nguyn?
Gii:
1-iu kin biu thc Q c ngha: 0, 1, 3 x x x = = = .
Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2
2
1 1 4 4( 3) (1 ) (1 ) 4 (1 )
:
1 1 ( 1)( 1) (1 ) ( 1)( 1) 4( 3)
x x x x x x x x x
Q
x x x x x x x x x
| | + + +
= =
|
+ + +
\ .


2 2
2 2 2
4 4 4 ( 1)
1 4( 3) 1 4( 3) 3
x x x x x x x
Q
x x x x x
+ +
= = =
+ +

Vy
2
2
3
x
Q
x
=

2-Vi 2 x = th
2
4 x = , suy ra Q=4.
3-T
2
2 2
3
1
3 3
x
Q Q
x x
= = +


Q nhn gi tr nguyn th
2
3
3 x
phi nhn gi tr nguyn.
Ta c
2
3 x Z x Z e e suy ra
2
3 x phi l c ca 3 (Hay
2
3 3 x ), t ta c:
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
3 3 6
6
3 3 0 0
2
3 1 4
2 3 1 2
x x
x
x x x
x
x x
x x x
= =
=

= = =



=
= =

= = =

do x Z e nn ch c x=2, x=-2 tho mn.
Vy: vi x=2,x=-2 th biu thc Q nhn gi tr nguyn.
V d 3: Cho biu thc:
2
( ) x y x x y y x y
A
x y x x y y x y
| |
+
=
|
|
+
\ .

1-Rt gn A ?
2-So snh A v A ?
Gii:


- 17 -
1-iu kin: 0, 0, x y x y > > =
Ta c:
2
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
x y x y x y x y x xy y
A
x y x xy y x y x y x y
| |
+ + + +
=
|
|
+ + +
\ .

( )
x y x xy y
A x y
x xy y x y
| |
+ + +
= +
|
|
+ +
\ .

2
( ) ( ) x y x y x xy y xy
A
x xy y x y x xy y
| |
+ + + +
= =
|
|
+ + +
\ .

vy
xy
A
x xy y
=
+

2- So snh A v A :
Vi 0, 0, x y x y > > = nn
2
( ) 0 0 x y x xy y xy > + > >
do
0
xy xy
x xy y xy
s s
+
hay 0 1 A s s
xt ( 1) 0 A A A A = s (v 0 1 A s s ). T suy ra A A <
V d 4: Rt gn biu thc sau: :
y xy x y x y
Q x
x y xy y xy x xy
| | | |
+
= + +
| |
| |
+ +
\ . \ .

Gii:
iu kin biu thc Q c ngha: 0, 0, x y x y > > =
Ta c:
)
:
( ) ( )
y xy x y x y
Q x
x y y x y x y x xy
| | | |
+
= + +
| |
| |
+ +
\ . \ .

t
) y xy
A x
x y
| |

= +
|
|
+
\ .
v
( ) ( )
x y x y
B
y x y x y x xy
| |
+
= +
|
|
+
\ .

ta tin hnh bin i hai biu thc thnh phn A v B:
( ) x x y y xy x xy y xy x y
A
x y x y x y
+ + + + +
= = =
+ + +

x y
A
x y
+
=
+


( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( )
x x x y y y x y x y x y
B
xy x y x y
+ +
=
+

2 2 2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x x xy y xy y x y xy x y x y
B
x y
xy x y xy x y
+ + +
= = =

( ) x y
B
x y
+
=

do :
:
( ) 1
x y x y x y
Q A B y x
x y x y
+
= = = =
+ +

Vy : Q y x =


- 18 -
II-BI TP VN DNG
Bi 1: Cho biu thc:
3 3
3 3 1
x x x
P
x x x x x
+
= + +
+ +

1-Tm x sao cho 2 P > .
2-So snh P vi 1,5.
Gii:
iu kin 3 x > .
Bin i, rt gn P ta c:
3 3 ( 1)
3 3 1
x x
P
x x x x x
+
= + +
+ +

3 3 3( 3 ) 3( 3 ) ( 3 )
3 3 3
x x x x x x x
P x
x x x x x x
+ + +
= + + =
+


3 3 3 3 3 3 ( 3 ) 6 3 3
3 3
x x x x x x x
P
+ + +
= =


2 3 P x x =
1- Tm x sao cho 2 P > .
2
2 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 0 ( 3 1) 0 P x x x x x > > + > > vi 3 1 x = hay
3 1 4 x x = =
Vy: vi 4 x = th 2 P > .
2-So snh P vi 1,5:
xt
3 3 3 2( 2 3) 1 2( 3 2 3 1)
( 2 3)
2 2 2 2
x x x x
P x x
+
= = =
2
3 1 2( 3 1)
0
2 2
x
P

= < hay
3
0
2
P < suy ra
3
2
P <
Vy :
3
2
P >
Bi 2: Cho biu thc:
1 1 1 1 2
:
2 2 2 2 2
A
x x x X X
| | | |
= + +
| |
+ + +
\ . \ .
Vi 2, 2, 0 x x x = = =
a-Rt gn biu thc A
b-Xc nh cc gi tr nguyn ca x
3
4
A
l mt s nguyn t?
( thi tuyn sinh THPT nm hc 2005-2006-Tnh Vnh Phc)
Gii:
a-Bin i, rt gn biu thc A ta c:
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2
:
4 4 2 4 2 2 2
x x x x x
A
x x x x x x x x
+ + + + | | | |
= + = + = +
| |
+ + +
\ . \ .

2 4 2 4 4
( 2) ( 2)
x x x
A
x x x x
+ + +
= =
+ +
vy
4( 1)
( 2)
x
A
x x
+
=
+

b-Xc nh cc gi tr nguyn ca x
3
4
A
l mt s nguyn t?

3
4
A
l s nguyn t th
4
A
phi nhn gi tr bng 1. Khi ta c:
2 2
1
1 1 1 2 1 0
4 ( 2)
A x
x x x x x
x x
+
= = + = + + =
+



- 19 -
2
1 1 1
2. 0
2 4 2
x x + + =
2
1 1
( )
2 2
x + = . Ta thy khng th tn ti gi tr x nguyn tho mn biu thc
ny.
Cch khc: Ta c th gii phng trnh bc hai:
2
1 0 x x + = theo cch thng thng:
1 4.( 1) 5 0 A = = > suy ra cc nghim ca phng trnh l:
1 2
1 5 1 5
,
2 2
x x
+
= = . Ta nhn thy rng cc nghim
1 2
, x x khng phi l s nguyn, do khng
tn ti gi tr ca x tho mn iu kin ca bi.
Bi 3: Cho biu thc:
2 1 1
:
2 1 1 1
x x x
A
x x x x x
| |
+
= + +
|
|
+ +
\ .
vi 0, 1 x x > =
1-Rt gn biu thc A
2-Chng minh rng 0<A<2.
( thi tuyn sinh THPT Bn cng HSP Hi Phng nm hc 1003-2004)
Gii:
1-Bin i, rt gn biu thc A ta c:
2 1 1
:
2 ( 1)( 1) 1 1
x x x
A
x x x x x x
| |
+
= + +
|
|
+ + + +
\ .

2 ( 1) ( 1) 2 2 1 2
( 1)( 1) 1 ( 1)( 1) 1
x x x x x x x x x x
A
x x x x x x x x
| |
+ + + + + +
= =
|
|
+ + + +
\ .

2
2 2
2( 2 1) 2( 1) 2
( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) 1
x x x
A
x x x x x x x x
+
= = =
+ + + + + +

Vy:
2
1
A
x x
=
+ +

2-Chng minh rng 0<A<2:
do 0, 1 x x > = nn
1 2
1 1 1 2
1 1
x x
x x x x
+ + > < <
+ + + +
hay A<2
hn na
2
3
1 ( 1) 0
4
x x x + + = + + > nn A>0
Vy: 0<A<2 (pcm)
Bi 4: Cho biu thc:
4 8 1 2
:
4 2 2
x x x
P
x x x x x
| | | |

= +
| |
| |
+
\ . \ .

1-Rt gn P
2-Tm gi tr ca x P=-1
3-Tm m vi mi gi tr x>9 ta c: ( 3) 1 m x P x > +
( thi tt nghip THCS Thnh ph H Ni nm hc 2002-2003)
Gii:
iu kin 0, 4 x x > =
1-Bin i P ta c:
4 (2 ) 8 1 2( 2)
:
4 ( 2)
x x x x x
P
x x x
| | | |
+
=
| |
| |

\ . \ .

8 4 8 ( 2) 4 (2 ) ( 2) 4
4 3 (2 )(2 )(3 ) 3
x x x x x x x x x x
P
x x x x x x
+ +
= = =
+

Vy:
4
3
x
P
x
=

- 20 -
2-Khi P=-1 ta c:
4
1 4 3
3
x
x x
x
= = +

3
4 3 0 ( 1)( ) 0
4
x x x x + = + =
do 1 1 x x + > nn suy ra:
3
0
4
x =
3
4
x =
9
16
x = . Vy: khi
9
16
x = th P =-1.
3-Vi 9 x > xt: ( 3) 1 m x P x > +
4
( 3) 1 4 1 (4 1) 1
3
x
m x x mx x x m
x
> + > + >

(*)
Trng hp 1: Nu
1
4 1 0
4
m m = = khi (*) c dng: 0 1 x > : v l.
Trng hp 2: Nu
1
4 1 0
4
m m < < khi theo (*) th x<0, mu thun vi iu kin x>9.(loi)
Trng hp 3: Nu
1
4 1 0
4
m m > > khi t (*) suy ra
1
4 1
x
m
>

.
Kt hp vi iu kin x>9 ta c:
1 1 36 9 2(5 18 ) 1
9 0 0
4 1 4 1 4 1 4
m m
m
m m m
+
> > > <

hoc
5
18
m >
Vy: Vi
1
4
m < hoc
5
18
m > tho mn: ( 3) 1 m x P x > + ( 9 x > )
Bi 5: Cho biu thc:
2
2
1
1
x x x x
Y
x x x
+ +
= +
+

1-Rt gn Y
2-Gi s x>1. Chng minh rng: 0 Y Y = .
3-Tm gi tr nh nht ca Y?
( thi TS lp 10 Nng khiu Hn Thuyn-Bc Ninh nm hc 2002-2003)
Gii:
iu kin: X>0
1-Bin i biu thc Y ta c:
( 1) (2 1)
1
1
x x x x x
Y
x x x
+ +
= +
+

( 1)( 1)
1 (2 1) ( 1) 1 (2 1)
1
x x x x
Y x x x x
x x
+ +
= + + = + + +
+
Y x x = . Y =2 ta
c:
2 2 0 ( 1)( 2) 0 2 0 x x x x x x x = = + = = (v
1 0 x + = ) 2 4 x x = =
Vy Y=2 th x=4.
2-Gi s x>1. Khi 0 x x x x x x x x Y Y > > = = . Ngha l 0 Y Y = (pcm)
3-Tm gi tr nh nht ca Y:
Ta c:
2
1 1 1 1 1
2 ( )
2 4 4 2 4
Y x x x x x = = + =
Do
2
1
( ) 0
2
x x > nn
1
4
Y > . ng thc xy ra khi
1 1 1
0
2 2 4
x x x = = =
Vy gi tr nh nht ca Y bng
1
4
khi
1
4
x =
Bi 6: Cho biu thc:
1 2 2
: 1
1 1 1
x x
P
x x x x x x
| | | |
=
| |
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
vi 0, 1 x x > =


- 21 -
1-Rt gn P.
2-Tm x sao cho P<0?
( thi tuyn sinh THPT chuyn H Ty nm hc 2003-2004)
Gii:
1-Bin i P ta c:
1 2 1 2
:
1 1 ( 1) ( 1)
x x x
P
x x x x x
| | | |
+
=
| |
| |
+ + +
\ . \ .

1 2 1 1
( 1)( 1) 1 2 1
x x x
P
x x x x x
+ +
= =
+ +
. Vy
1
1
P
x
=

2- P<0 th iu kin l:
1
0 1 0 1 0 1
1
x x x
x
< < < < <

. Vy P<0 th 0 1 x < < .

Bi 7: Cho biu thc:
2
1 1 4 1 2003
1 1 1
x x x x x
K
x x x x
| | + +
= +
|
+
\ .

1-Tm iu kin i vi x biu thc K xc nh?
2-Rt gn biu thc K?
3-Vi gi tr nguyn no ca x th biu thc K c gi tr nguyn?
( thi tuyn sinh THPT Tnh Thi Bnh nm hc 2002-2003)
Gii:
1-iu kin biu thc K c ngha l:
2
1 0
1
1 0
1
1 0
0
0
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
=
=

+ =

=

=

=

2-Bin i biu thc K ta c:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
1 1 4 1 2003 2 1 2 1 4 1 2003
1 1
x x x x x x x x x x x x
K
x x x x
+ + + + + + + +
= =


2003 x
K
x
+
=
3-T
2003 2003
1
x
K K
x x
+
= = +
K nhn gi tr nguyn th
2003
x
phi nhn gi tr nguyn. iu ny ch xy ra khi 2003 x , suy ra cc
gi tr c th ca x l: 1, 1, 2003, 2003 x x x x = = = =
Do iu kin 1, 1 x x = = nn x ch c th nhn hai gi tr l: x=2003, x=-2003.
Kt lun: x=2003, x=-2003
Bi 8: Cho biu thc:
2
( )
2
2 1
3 4 1
x
x x
P
x x

=
+

1-Tm tt c cc gi tr ca x
( ) x
P xc nh. Rt gn
( ) x
P .
2-Chng minh rng nu x>1 th
( ) ( )
. 0
x x
P P

<
( thi tuyn sinh THPT nng khiu Trn Ph Hi Phng)
Gii:
1-Bin i biu thc
( ) x
P ta c:

2
( )
( 2 1)
1
3( 1)( )
3
x
x x
P
x x
+
=


( )
( 2 1)
1
3( 1)( )
3
x
x x
P
x x
+
=




- 22 -
iu kin
( ) x
P xc nh l:
1
1,
3
x x = =
Ta xt hai trng hp xy ra i vi x:
-vi
( )
( 2 1) 3 1
0
1 1
3( 1)( ) 3( 1)( )
3 3
x
x x x
x P
x x x x
+
< = =

, khi
( )
3 1
1
3( 1)( )
3
x
x
P
x x

=


-vi
( )
( 2 1) 1 1
0
1 1 1
3( 1)( ) 3( 1)( ) 3( )
3 3 3
x
x x x
x P
x x x x x
+
> = = =

, khi
( )
1
3 1
x
P
x
=

2-Vi 1 x > th
( ) ( )
1 1 1
3 1 3( ) 1 (3 1)
x x
P P
x x x

= = =
+

Khi 1 x > th
( )
3 1 0 0
x
x P > > (1)

( )
3 1 0 (3 1) 0 0
x
x x P

+ > + < < (2)

T (1), (2) ta suy ra
( ) ( )
. 0
x x
P P

< (pcm)
IV-BI TP T LUYN
Bi 1: Cho biu thc
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
x x
A
x x x x x
+
= + +
+ + +

a-Rt gn A .
b-So snh A vi
2
2
?
( thi HS gii lp 9 vng I huyn Lp Thch nm hc 2001-2002)
Bi 2: Cho biu thc
2 2 1
1
1 1
x x x x
B x
x x x
+
= + +
+

a-Tm x biu thc B c ngha. Rt gn B ?
b-Tm gi tr b nht ca B?
Bi 3: Rt gn cc biu thc sau:
1-
2
1 1
1 1
a a a
M a
a a
| || |

= +
| |
| |

\ .\ .

2-
1 1
: 1
a b
N
a b a a b a a b
| |
+ | |
= +
|
|
|
+ + + \ .
\ .

3-
2 2
2 2
2 4 2 4
2 4 2 4
a a a a
P
a a a a
+ + +
= +
+ + +

4-
1 1 1 1
:
1 1 1 1
a a a a
Q
a a a a
| | | |
+ +
= +
| |
| |
+ +
\ . \ .

5-
2
2
1 1 1 1
: 1
1 1
1 1
x x
T
x x x x
x x
| | | |
+
= +
| |
| |
+
+
\ . \ .
bit 1 1, 0 x x < < =
Bi 4: Cho 0 a b c + + = , hy rt gn biu thc sau:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
A
b c a c a b a b c
= + +
+ + +

CHUYN 5:
GII BI TON BNG CCH
LP PHNG TRNH , H PHNG TRNH
I-L THUYT


- 23 -
1-Ngh thut lp phng trnh:
Mi phng trnh lp c t bi ton thc t l ngn ng i s biu th s tng quan gia nhng i
lng trong bi ton thng qua cc s bit v cc s cha bit (n s). c c phng (h phng
trnh) tng ng vi bi ton cn gii (sau khi hiu r ton) ta nn tin hnh tng bc sau y.
a.t n s:
n s l ci cha bit, ci phi tm.Thng thng bi ton yu cu tm ci g (cc ci g) th ta t ci
(cc ci ) l n (cc n). Cng c khi gp nhng bi ton v vi cch t n nh th m phng trnh lp
nn qu phc tp hoc kh khn th nn thay i cch chn n, hoc chn thm cc n. n m ta chn phi
lin quan n ci cn tm v cho php ta lp phng trnh d dng hn
b.Lp phng trnh:
Sau khi t n (nu iu kin cho n nu c) ta tin hnh biu th cc i lng qua cc s bit v n
s. lp c phng trnh (cc phng trnh) ng vi bi ton cn gii, ta c gng hnh dung tht c th
v r rng iu kin ca bi ton (quan h gia ci cn tm, ci cha bit v nhng ci cho). Trong nhng
trng hp phc tp, ta phi phn tch, tch ra tng phn, phin dch mi phn theo ngn ng i s, sp xp
chng theo mt trnh t hp l, sau kt hp nhng phn ni c th biu din cng mt lng bng
hai cch khc nhau thnh mt ng thc. Nh vy ta s c phng trnh.
Thng thng mi bi ton ta a ra bao nhiu n, cn thit lp by nhiu phng trnh. Cng c
nhng trng hp ngoi l: ta a thm n ph vo v sau kh c n i hoc c trng hp dn n
gii phng trnh nghim nguyn
c.Trnh t cc bc gii bi ton bng cch lp phng trnh( H phng trnh)
Bc 1: Chn n s, xc nh iu kin cho n s (nu c)
Bc 2: Biu th cc i lng qua n s v cc s cho
Bc 3: Lp phng trnh (Cc phng trnh)
Bc 4: Gii phng trnh (H phng trnh)
Bc 5: Chn nghim thch hp, tr li.
2-Mt s lu :
a-Khi gii cc bi ton v s t nhin hay s nguyn m c nhiu ch s cn lu : cc ch s l nhng
s t nhin nm trong khong t 0 n 9, hoc t 1 n 9 tu theo v tr ca chng.
b-Khi gii bi ton v lm chung, lm ring cn coi ton b cng vic nh mt n v.
c-Khi gii cc bi ton v chuyn ng cng chiu hoc ngc chiu, ta nn dng hnh v hnh mt
cch trc quan cc on ng m cc vt chuyn ng i. Chng hn, khi hai vt chuyn ng ngc
chiu nhau gia A v B, chng gp nhau C th c th biu din bi hnh v sau:

Nh vy tng di hai qung ng i c ca hai vt chuyn ng bng qung ng AB
d-Khi hai vt A v B chuyn ng cng chiu theo hng t A n B v chng gp nhau C, th c
th biu din theo hnh v sau:

Khi ta c hiu hai qung ng i c ca hai vt chuyn ng bng khong cch AB.
e-Trong cc bi ton gii bng cch lp phng trnh, h phng trnh c nhng i lng lin quan cht
ch vi nhau, khi ni n i lng ny ta phi ngh ngay n i lng kia, d trong bi ton khng ni n
i lng quan h .
V d: Ton chuyn ng: Qung ng = vn tc x thi gian
Ton nng sut: Sn lng = nng sut x thi gian
Ton truyn nhit: Nhit lng to ra = nhit lng thu vo
II-V D MINH HO
V d 1: Mt ca n d nh i t A n B trong mt thi gian nh. Nu vn tc ca n tng 3 km/h
th n ni sm 2 gi. Nu vn tc ca n gim 3 km/h th n chm 3 gi. Tnh chiu di khc sng
AB?
Gii:
Gi vn tc d nh ca ca n l x (km/h).
Gi thi gian ca n i t A n B l y (gi) .iu kin x>3, y>2)
Khi chiu di khc sng AB l: xy (km)


- 24 -
Trng hp u: vn tc l: 3 x + (km/h)
Thi gian l: 2 y (gi)
Ta c: ( 3)( 2) x y xy + =
Trng hp sau: vn tc l: 3 x (km/h)
Thi gian l: 3 y + (gi)
Ta c: ( 3)( 3) x y xy + =
Theo ra ta c h phng trnh sau:
( 3)( 2) 2 3 6
( 3)( 3) 3 3 9
x y xy xy x y xy
x y xy xy x y xy
+ = + =

+ = + =



2 3 6
15
3 3 9
x y
x
x y
=
=

suy ra 2.15 3 6 12 y y = =
ta thy x v y u tho mn iu kin ban u. Do ta c 15, 12 x y = =
15.12 180 xy = =
Vy: khc sng di 180 (km).
V d 2: Hai i cng nhn cng lm chung mt cng vic v d nh lm xong trong 12 ngy. H cng
lm vi nhau c 8 ngy th i 1 c iu ng i lm vic khc, i 2 tip tc lm. Do ci tin k
thut, nng sut gp i nn i 2 lm xong phn vic cn li trong 3 ngy ri. Hi nu mi i
lm mt mnh th bao nhiu ngy xong cng vic trn (vi nng sut bnh thng)?
Gii:
Phn tch: y l dng ton nng sut, nn cn ch n quan h gia cng vic, nng sut v thi gian. Ta
c th sp xp bi ton di dng sau:
S ngy i 1 lm xong cng vic (1 cng vic)
Nng sut i 1 lm trong mt ngy

S ngy i 2 lm xong cng vic

Nng sut i 2 lm trong mt ngy

Hai i cng lm vic vi nhau 8 ngy

i 2 lm nng sut gp i trong 3 ngy ri

th xong nt cng vic cn li

Hai i cng lm th xong cng vic trong 12 ngy
x (x>0)
1
x

y (y>0)
1
y

1 1
8
x y
| |
+
|
\ .

7 2
2 y

7 1 1
1 8
x x y
| |
= +
|
\ .

1 1
12 1
x y
| |
+ =
|
\ .

T ta c h phng trnh:
1 1 7 1 1 7
8 1 8 1
1 7 7 2
8 1 1 21
12 3
1 1 1 1 1
12 1
12
x y y x y y
y
y y
x y x y
| | | |
+ + = + + =
| |
\ . \ .
+ = = =

| | | |

+ = + =
| |

\ . \ .

thay y=21 vo h phng trnh ban u ta tm c x=28. c hai gi tr x, y u tho mn iu kin.
Kt lun: Nu lm mt mnh i 1 lm ht 28 ngy, i 2 lm ht 21 ngy th xong cng vic.
II-BI TP VN DNG
Bi 1: Ton chuyn ng:
Mt t d nh i qung ng AB di 60 km trong mt thi gian nht nh. Trn na qung ng
u, do ng xu nn thc t t ch i vi vn tc t hn d nh 6 km/h. i n B ng d nh,


- 25 -
t phi i qung ng cn li mi gi hn d nh 10 km/h. Tm thi gian d nh t i ht
qung ng?
Gii:
Phn tch: Nu ta t n l ci cn tm (thi gian d nh) th phng trnh lp c s rt cng knh. Do
ta s thay i bng cch t n l vn tc d nh. Khi tm c vn tc d nh ta c ngay thi gian v
bit qung ng.
Ta sp xp li gii theo th t sau:
Vn tc d nh ca t
Thi gian d nh

Vn tc na qung ng u
Thi gian i

Vn tc na qung ng sau
Thi gian i

n B ng d nh
x (x>0)
60
x

60 x
30
6 x

10 x +
30
10 x +

30 30 60
6 10 x x x
+ =
+

Ta tin hnh gii phng trnh:
30 30 60 1 1 2
6 10 6 10 x x x x x x
+ = + =
+ +

1 1 2 ( 10) ( 6) 2( 6)( 10)
0 0
6 10 ( 6)( 10)
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
+ + +
+ = =
+ +


2 2 2
10 6 2( 10 6 60)
0 4 120 0 30
( 6)( 10)
x x x x x x x
x x
x x x
+ + +
= + = =
+
(tho mn)
Suy ra thi gian t d nh i l 2 gi.
Bi 2: Mt ca n xui mt khc sng di 90km ri ngc v 36 km. Bit thi gian xui dng nhiu hn
thi gian ngc dng l 2 gi v vn tc khi xui dng hn vn tc khi ngc dng l 6 km/h. Hi vn
tc ca ca n lc xui dng v lc ngc dng?
Gii:
Gi vn tc ca ca n lc ngc dng l: x (km/h) (iu kin x>0)
Th vn tc ca n lc xui dng l: x+6
Theo bi, thi gian xui dng nhiu hn ngc dng 2 gi, nn ta c phng trnh sau:
9 0 3 6 9 0 3 6
2 2 0
6 6 x x x x
= =
+ +

90 36( 6) 2 ( 6)
0 90 36( 6) 2 ( 6) 0
( 6)
x x x x
x x x x
x x
+ +
= + + =
+

2 2
90 36 216 2 12 0 2 42 216 0 x x x x x x = + = hay
2
21 108 0 x x + =
ta c
2
21 4.108 441 432 9 0 3 A = = = > A = , nghim ca phng trnh l:
1 2
21 3 21 3
12, 9
2 2
x x
+
= = = = . C hai gi tr ca x u tho mn iu kin.
Kt lun: Vn tc ngc dng l 9 (km/h), xui dng l 15 (km/h)
Hoc Vn tc ngc dng l 12 (km/h), xui dng l 18 (km/h)
Bi 3: Ton tm s.
Tm hai s bit tng l 17 v tng cc bnh phng ca chng l 157?
Gii:
Ta c th gii bi ton bng cch chn hai n l x v y th ta c ngay h phng trnh sau:
2 2
x + y = 17
x 157 y

+ =

- 26 -
2
2
x + y = 17
17 2 157 66
(x+y) 2 157
xy xy
xy

= =

lc ny bi ton tr thnh: Tm hai s x, y bit tng ca chng l 17, tch l 66.
Theo nh l Vi-t o ta c: x v y l hai nghim ca phng trnh bc hai sau:
2
17 66 0 X X + = . Khi gii phng trnh ny ta c:
2
17 4.66 25 5 A = = A =
nghim l:
1 2
17 5 17 5
6, 11
2 2
X X
+
= = = =
Vy: hai s cn tm l 11 v 6.
Cch khc: Ta c th t mt s l x, s cn li l 17-x. Khi ta c phng trnh:
2 2
(17 ) 157 x x + = .
gii phng trnh ny ta cng tm c hai nghim l 11 v 6.
Bi 4: Cho mt s c 2 ch s, ch s hng chc bng na ch s hng n v. Nu t s 1 xen vo
gia hai ch s ny th ta c mt s ln hn s cho l 370. Tm s cho ?
Gii:
Gi s cn tm l ab K:1 9, 0 9 a b s s s s .
Ch s hng chc bng mt na ch s hng n v, ta c:
1
2
a b =
Khi vit 1 xen vo gia hai ch s ta c:
1 370 100 10 370 10 90 360 4 8 a b ab a b a b a a b = + + + = + + = = =
Vy: s cn tm l 48.
Bi 5: Ton hnh hc
Cnh huyn ca mt tam gic vung bng 10m. Hai cnh gc vung hn km nhau 2m . Tm cc cnh
gc vung ca tam gic.
Gii:
Gi cnh gc vung th nht l x (m) (iu kin x>0)
Cnh gc vung th hai l: x+2 (m)
Theo nh l Pitago ta c:
2 2 2
x +(x+2) 10 6 x = = (tho mn).
Vy: Cc cnh gc vung ca tam gic vung l: 6(m )v 8(m ).

Bi 6: Mt hnh ch nht c chu vi l 28 cm. Nu tng chiu rng gp hai ln v gim chiu di cn
mt na th chu vi tng thm 4 cm. Tnh kch thc ca hnh ch nht?
Gii:
Gi chiu rng v chiu di ca hnh ch nht ln lt l x(cm), y (cm).
iu kin: x>0, y>0
khi chu vi ca hnh ch nht l: 2(x+y)=28 (1)
khi chiu di v chiu rng bin i th chu vi cng bin i, ta c:
2 2 28 4(2)
2
x
y
| |
+ = +
|
\ .

t (1) v (2) ra ta c :
2(x+y)=28 (1)
14
3 18 6
2 2 28 4(2) 4 32
2
x y
y y
x
y y x

+ =
= =
| |
+ = + + =
|

\ .
thay y=6 vo (1)
ta c x=8. c hai gi tr ca x v y u tho mn.
Vy :hnh ch nht cho c chiu di l 8 (cm), chiu rng l 6 (cm).
Bi 7: Ton nng sut
Mt i my ko d nh mi ngy cy 40 ha. Khi thc hin, mi ngy cy c 52 ha, v vy i
khng nhng cy xong trc thi hn 2 ngy m cn cy thm c 4 ha na. Tnh din tch i
phi cy theo d nh?
Gii:
Gi s ngy d nh lm cng vic l x (ngy). iu kin x>0.
Din tch phi cy theo d nh l 40x (ha).
Din tch lm c trn thc t: 52(x-2) (ha).


- 27 -
Theo ra ta c: 52(x-2)-4=40x. gii phng trnh ta c x=9.
Vy din tch d nh phi cy l 360 (ha)
Bi 8: Hai i hc sinh tham gia lao ng. Nu lm chung th s hon thnh cng vic sau 4 gi. Nu
mi i lm mt mnh th i ny c th lm xong cng vic nhanh hn i kia 6 gi. Tnh xem mi i
sau bao nhiu lu s hon thnh cng vic.
Gii:
Gi s gi i 1 lm mt mnh xong cng vic l x (gi)
Gi s gi i 2 lm mt mnh xong cng vic l y (gi)
Khi , trong mt gi s cng vic lm trong mt gi ca:
i 1 l
1
x
(cng vic), ca i 2 l
1
y
(cng vic).
C hai i lm chung l:
1
x
+
1
y
(cng vic).
Ta gi s s gi i mt lm nhiu hn s gi ca i hai.
Theo ra ta c:
1 1
4 1
6
x y
x y
| |
+ =

|
\ .

gii h phng trnh ny ta c x=12, y=6

Vy: Thi gian lm mt mnh xong cng vic ca i 1 l 12 gi, i 2 l 6 gi:
II-BI TP T LUYN:
Bi 1: Ton chuyn ng
Mt ngi i xe p t A n B gm on ln dc AC v on xung dc CB. Thi gian i t A n B l 4
gi 20 pht, thi gian t B v A l 4 gi. Bit vn tc ln dc (lc i cng nh lc v) l 10 km/h. Vn tc
xung dc (lc i cng nh lc v) l 15 km/h. Tnh qung ng AC, CB?
Bi 2: Ba ca n cng ri bn sng A mt lc i n B. Ca n th hai mi gi i km ca n th nht l 3
km/h nhng hn ca n th ba l 3 km/h nn v ti B sau ca n th nht 2 gi nhng trc ca n th ba l 3
gi. Tnh chiu di on AB?
Bi 3:Hai bn sng A v B cch nhau 126 km. Mt tu thu khi hnh t A xui v B. Cng lc c mt
m bo tri t do theo cng chiu vi tu, khi tu v ti B lin quay li ngay v khi tu v ti A tnh ra ht
16 gi. Trn ng tr v A khi cn cch A 28 km th gp m bo tri ni trn. Tnh vn tc ring ca tu
thu v vn tc dng nc chy?
Bi 4: Ton tm s
Tng ca hai s bng 136. Nu ly s nh chia cho 4 v ly s ln chia cho 6 th tng ca hai thng l 28.
Tm hai s ?
Bi 5: Tm mt s c hai ch s, bit rng nu em chia s cho tng cc ch s ca n th c thng l
4 v d 3. Cn nu em chia s cho tch cc ch s ca n th c thng l 3 v d 5.
Bi 6: Ton hnh hc
Cho mt tam gic vung. Nu tng cc cnh gc vung ln 2cm v 3cm th din tch tam gic tng thm
50cm
2
. Nu gim c hai cnh i 2 cm th din tch tam gic s gim i 32 cm
2
. Tnh hai cnh gc vung ca
tam gic?
Bi 7: Mt hnh ch nht c chu vi 100m. Nu tng chiu rng gp hai ln v gim chiu di 10m th din
tch hnh ch nht tng thm 200 m
2
. Tnh chiu rng ca hnh ch nht ban u?
Bi 8:Mt hnh ch nht c chu vi l 32 cm v din tch l 60 cm
2
. Tnh ng cho ca hnh ch nht ?
Bi 9: Ton nng sut
Hai phn xng ca mt nh my theo hch ton cui nm phi lm li cho nh nc 3 triu ng. Phn
xng I thc hin 110% k hoch, phn xng II thc hin 120% k hoch. Do c hai phn xng
em li cho nh nc 3,4 triu ng. Tnh s tin li theo hch ton ca mi phn xng?
Bi 10:Hai vi nc cng chy th sau 5 gi 50 pht s y b. Nu c hai vi cng chy trong 5 gi ri
kho vi th nht li th vi th hai chy thm hai gi na mi y b. Tnh xem mi vi chy mt mnh th
sau bao lu s y b?
CHUYN 6: HM S V TH
I-CC BI TON C BN:
Bi ton 1: Cho (C) l th ca hm s ( ) y f x = v mt im ( ) ;
A A
A x y . Hi (C) c i qua im A
khng?


- 28 -
Phng php gii: th (C) i qua im ( ) ;
A A
A x y khi v ch khi to ca A l nghim ng phng
trnh ca (C). ( ) ( )
A A
A C y f x e = . T tnh ( )
A
f x , sau so snh vi
A
y kt lun.
-Nu ( )
A A
f x y = th (C) i qua A.
-Nu ( )
A A
f x y = th (C) khng i qua A.
V d minh ha:
V d 1: Trong h trc to , gi (P) l th ca hm s
2
y ax = . Tm bit (P) i qua im A(1;2).
Gii:
Theo bi (P):
2
y ax = i qua A(1;2) nn to ca A l nghim ng phng trnh:
2
y ax = 2 .1 2 a a = =
V d 2:
Trong mt phng to , cho im A(-2;2) v ng thng (D1): y=-2(x+1)
a-Hy gii thch v sao A nm trn (D1)?
b-Tm a hm s
2
y ax = c th (P) i qua A?
Gii:
a- Thay 2
A
x = vo phng trnh ca (D1) ta c:
A
y=-2(-2+1)=2=y suy ra ( )
1
A D e
b- th (P) i qua A
2
1
2 ( 2) 4
2
a a = = =
Vy hm s c th (P) l:
2
1
2
y x =
Bi ton 2: S tng giao (v tr tng i) ca hai th:
Cho (C) v (L) theo th t l th ca cc hm s: ( ) y f x = v ( ) y g x = . Hy kho st s tng
giao ca hai th?
Phng php gii:
To im chung ca (C) v (L) (nu c), l nghim ca h phng trnh:
( )
( )
y f x
y g x
=

(I)
Phng trnh honh im chung ca (C) v (L) l: ( ) ( ) f x g x = (1).
-Nu (1) v nghim th (I) v nghim. Khi (C) v (L) khng c im chung.
-Nu (1) c nghim kp th (I) c nghim kp. Khi (C) v (L) tip xc nhau.
-Nu (1) c mt nghim (hoc hai nghim) th (I) c mt nghim (hoc hai nghim). Khi (C) v (L) c
mt im chung (hai im chung).
V d minh ho:
V d 3: Trong cng h trc to cho Parabol (P):
2
y x = v ng thng (D): y=2x+m. Tm m
(D) tip xc vi (P)?
Gii:
Phng trnh honh im chung ca (P) v (D) l:
2 2
2 2 0 x x m x x m = + = Mun (D) tip xc
vi (D) th phng trnh (1) phi c nghim kp:
'
0 1 ( ) 0 1 m m A = = = .
Vy cho (D) tip xc vi (P) th m=-1.
V d 4: Cho (P) :
2
1
2
y x = . Lp phng trnh ng thng (D) i qua A(-2;-2) v tip xc vi (P).
Gii:
Phng trnh tng qut ca ca (D): y=ax + b
Phng trnh honh im chung ca (D) v (P) l:
2
1
ax + b=-
2
x (1)
(D) tip xc vi (P) th (1) phi c nghim kp:
' 2
0 2 0 a b A = = (2)


- 29 -
do (D) i qua A(-2;-2) nn ta c: 2 2a b = + (3). T (2) v (3) ta c h phng
trnh: ( )
2
2
2
2 0
4 4 0 2 0 2
2 2
a b
a a a a
a b
=
+ = = =

= +

. Thay a=2 vo (2) ta c:b=2

Vy: (D) c dng y=2x + 2
Bi ton 3: Lp phng trnh ca ng thng (D) i qua im ( ) ;
A A
A x y v c h s gc bng k?
Phng php gii:
Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng (D) l: y=ax + b (*)
-Xc nh a: theo gi thit ta c a=k
-Xc nh b: ng thng (D) i qua im ( ) ;
A A
A x y
A A A A
y kx b b y kx = + =
-Thay a=k,
A A
b y kx = vo (*) ta c phng trnh ca (D).
V d minh ho:
V d 5: Lp phng trnh ng thng (D) i qua im A(1;3) v song song vi ng thng
( ) : y x A =
Gii:
Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng (D): y=ax + b
-Xc nh a: v (D) song song vi ( ) : y x A = nn (D) c h s gc a=1
-Xc nh b: do (D) i qua im A(1;3) nn ta c: 3=1.1+b b=2
Vy phng trnh ca ng thng (D) l: y=x + 2
Bi ton 4: Lp phng trnh ca ng thng (D) i qua hai im ( ) ;
A A
A x y v ( ) ;
B B
B x y
Phng php gii:
Phng trnh tng qut ca (D) l y=ax + b . Do (D) i qua A v B nn ta c h phng trnh
:
.
.
A A
B B
y a x b
y a x b
= +

= +

Gii phng trnh ny ta tm c a,b. T suy ra phng trnh ca (D).

V d minh ho:
V d 6: Lp phng trnh ca ng thng (D) i qua cc im A(1;2) v B(2;3)
Gii:
Phng trnh tng qut ca (D) l y=ax + b .
Do (D) i qua A v B nn ta c h phng trnh:
2 .1
1 1
3 .2
a b
b a
a b
= +
= =

= +

Vy:Phng trnh tng qut ca (D) l y=x + 1
Bi ton 5: Lp phng trnh ca ng thng (D) c h s gc k v tip xc vi ng cong
(C) : y=f(x)
Phng php gii:
Phng trnh tng qut ca (D) l y=kx + b.
Phng trnh honh giao im ca (D) v (C) l: f(x)=kx + b (1)
V (D) tip xc vi ng cong (C) nn phng trnh (1) c nghim kp. T ta tm c b v cui cng l
phng trnh ng thng (D).
V d minh ho:
V d 7: Cho parabol (P)
2
y x = . Lp phng trnh ca ng thng (D) song song vi ng thng
( ) : 2 y x A = v tip xc vi (P).
Gii:
Phng trnh ca (D) c dng: y=ax+b .
Do ( ) (D) // A nn ta c: a=2. suy ra phng trnh (D): y=2x+b
Phng trnh honh im chung(nu c) ca (P) v (D) l:
2
2 x x b = +


- 30 -
2
2 0 x x b = (1)
theo bi (D) tip xc vi (P) nn phng trnh (1) c nghim kp.
'
0 A =
1 0 1 b b = =
Vy: phng trnh ng thng (D) l: y=2x+1
Bi ton 6: Lp phng trnh ca ng thng (D) i qua im ( ) ;
A A
A x y v tip xc vi ng cong
(C) : y=f(x)
Phng php gii:
Phng trnh tng qut ca (D) l y=ax + b .
Phng trnh honh im chung (nu c) ca (D) v (C) l: f(x)=ax + b (1)
V (D) tip xc vi ng cong (C) nn phng trnh (1) c nghim kp. T iu kin ny ta suy ra c
mt h thc gia a v b (2).
Mt khc (D) i qua im ( ) ;
A A
A x y do ta c:
A A
y ax b = + (3).
T (2) v (3) ta suy ra a v b, cui cng l phng trnh ca ng thng (D)
V d minh ho:
V d 8: Cho ng thng (P):
2
y x = . Lp phng trnh ng thng (D) i qua im A(1;0) v tip
xc vi (P)?
Gii:
Phng trnh ca (D) c dng: y=ax+b .
Phng trnh honh im chung (nu c) ca (P) v (D) l:
2
x ax b = +
2
0 x ax b + = (1)
theo bi (D) tip xc vi (P) nn phng trnh (1) c nghim kp.
'
0 A =
2
4 0 a b + = (2)
Do (D) i qua A(1;0) nn ta c: 0=a+b (3) .
T (2), (3) ta c h phng trnh:
2 2
0 4 0(2) 4 0
4 a+b=0 (3)
b a b b b
b a b
= + = + =



= =


Vi b=0 th a=0, khi (D) c dng: y=0
Vi b=-4 th a=4, khi (D) c dng: y=4x-4
II-BI TP VN DNG:
Bi 1:Cho hm s
1-V th (P) ca hm s trn.
2-Trn (P) ly hai im M v N ln lt c honh l -2 v 1. Vit phng trnh ng thng MN?
3-Xc nh hm s y=ax+b bit rng th (D) ca n song song vi ng thng MN v ch ct (P) ti
mt im?
Gii:
1- th (P) ca hm s:
2
1
2
y x =


2- Vi honh x=-2, x=1 trn th ta thy l hai im M v N.
Gi s phng trnh ng thng MN l: y=kx + l (*). Khi to ca M v N phi tho mn phng
trnh (*). Ta c:


- 31 -
2 ( 2) 1
2
1
.1
1
2
k l
k
k l
l
= +
=

= +

=

Vy ng thng (MN) c dng:
1
1
2
y x =
3-V (MN)//(D) nn ta c
1
2
a = , khi (D) c dng:
1
2
y x b = + (1)
Phng trnh honh giao im ca(D) v (P) l:
2 2
1 1
2 0
2 2
x x b x x b = + + + =
Theo ra (D) ch ct (P) ti mt im, nn phng trnh (1) phi c nghim kp
' '
1
0 1 8 0
8
b b A = A = = = . Vy phng trnh ca (D) l:
1 1
2 8
y x = +
Bi 2: Cho hm s
2
1
2
y x =
1-Kho st v v th (P) ca hm s ni trn.
2-Lp phng trnh ng thng (D) i qua A(-2;-2) v tip xc vi (P).

Gii:
1-Tp xc nh:
hm s cho ng bin trong khong ( ; 0) , nghch bin trong khong ( ) 0; +
th ca hm s

2-Gi phng trnh ca (D) l: y=ax+b, v ( ) A D e nn suy ra: -2= -2a+b b=2a-2 , do (D) c dng:
y=ax+2a-2, phng trnh honh giao im ca (D) v (P) l:
2 2
1
2 2 2 4 4 0
2
x ax a x ax a = + + + = (1)
do (D) tip xc vi (P) nn phng trnh (1) c nghim kp.
' 2
0 (4 4) 0 2 a a a A = = =
Vy: (D) c dng: y=2x +2
Bi 3:Cho hm s
2
( ) 2 2 1 y f x x x = = +
1-V th ca hm s trn 2-Tm tt c cc gi tr ca x sao cho ( ) 1 f x s ?
Gii:
1-Bin i hm s cho ta c:
-x+3 khi x 1
( ) 2 1
x+1 khi x<1
f x x
>
= =

. th ca hm s trn:


- 32 -

2- ( ) 1 f x s
2
2 1 1 1 1
0
x
x x
x
>
s >

s

. Vy vi
2
0
x
x
>

th ( ) 1 f x s
Bi 4: Cho hm s
2
y x = v y=x+m (m l tham s)
1-Tm m sao cho th (P) ca
2
y x = v th (D) ca y=x+m c hai giao im phn bit A v B?
2-Tm phng trnh ng thng (d) vung gc vi (D) v tip xc vi (P)
3-Thit lp cng thc tnh khong cch gia hai im theo to ca hai im y?
p dng: Tm m sao cho khong cch gia hai im A, B cu 1 l 3 3 ?
Gii:
1-Phng trnh honh giao im A v B ca (P) v (D):
2 2
0 x x m x x m = + = (1)
V (P) ct (D) ti hai im phn bit nn phng trnh (1) phi c hai nghim phn bit.
1
0 1 4 0
4
m m A > + > > . Vy:
1
4
m >
2-ng thng (d) vung gc vi (D) c h s gc bng -1. khi (d) c dng: y=-x +b
Phng trnh honh giao im ca (d) v (P) l:
2 2
0 x x b x x b = + + = (*)
Do (d) tip xc vi (P) nn phng trnh (*) c nghim kp.
1
0 1 4 0
4
b m A = + = =
Vy:phng trnh ng thng (d) c dng:
1
4
y x =
3-Ta d dng chng minh c:
Nu ( ; ), ( ; )
A A B B
A x y B x y th ( ) ( )
2 2
2
A B A B
AB x x y y = + (Tnh theo nh l Pytago)
p dng: AB=3 3
2
27 AB = ( ) ( )
2 2
27
A B A B
x x y y + =
Ta c:
A A
y x m = + ,
B B
y x m = + suy ra
A B A B
y y x x =
Vy ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
27 2 27 2 4 27
A B A B A B A B A B
x x y y x x x x x x
(
+ = = + =


M ,
A B
x x l hai nghim ca (1) nn theo nh l Vi-t ta c: 1, .
A B A B
x x x x m + = =
Do : ( )
2 25
2 4 27 2(1 4 ) 27
8
A B A B
x x x x m m
(
+ = + = =

. Vy:
25
8
m =
Bi 5: Trong cng h trc vung gc, cho Parabol (P):
2
1
4
y x = v ng thng (D): y=mx-2m-1.
1-V th ca (P)
2-Tm m sao cho (D) tip xc vi (P)?
3-Chng t rng (D) lun i qua mt im c nh.
Gii:
1- th ca hm s (P)


- 33 -

2-Phng trnh honh giao im ca (D) v (P) l:
2 2
1 1
mx-2m-1 +mx-2m-1=0
4 4
x x = hay
2
+4mx-8m-4=0 x (1)
iu kin (D) tip xc vi (P) l phng trnh (1) c nghim kp
' 2 2
0 4 8 4 0 4( 1) 0 1 m m m m A = + + = + = =
Vy: m=-1 th (D) tip xc vi (P).
3-Gi s
0 0
( ; ) A x y l im c nh ca (D) ( ) A D m e
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0
2 0 2
2 1 ( 2) 1
1 0 1
x x
y mx m x m y m
y y
= =
= = +

+ = =


Vy: (D) lun i qua im c nh A(2;-1).
III-BI TP T LUYN:
Bi 1: Trong cng h trc to , gi (P) l th ca hm s
2
y x = v (D) l th ca hm s y=-x+2
1-V th ca (P) v (D).
2-Xc nh to giao im ca (P) v (D) bng th v kim nghim li bng phng php i s?
3-Tm a, b trong hm s: y=ax +b, bit rng th (D

) ca hm s ny song song vi (D) v ct (P) ti im

c honh l -1
Bi 2:Lp phng trnh ng thng (D) i qua B(2;0) v vung gc vi ng thng :y=2x -3
Bi 3:Trong cng h trc to gi (P) l th hm s
2
y ax = v (D) l th hm s y=-x+m
1-Tm a bit rng (P) i qua A(2;-1) v v th (P) vi a va tm c?
2-Tm m sao cho (D) tip xc vi (P) ( cu 1) v tm to tip im?
3-Gi B l giao im ca (D) cu 2 vi trc tung . C l im i xng ca A qua trc tung. Chng t rng
C nm trn (P) v tam gic ABC vung cn?
Bi 4:Trong cng mt phng to cho hai ng thng: ( )
1
: 1 D y x = + v ( )
2
: x+2y+4=0 D
1-Tm to giao im A ca hai ng thng trn bng th v kim tra li bng php ton.
2-Tm a trong hm s
2
y ax = c th (P) qua A. Kho st v v th ca (P) vi a va tm c.
3-Tm phng trnh ca ng thng tip xc vi (P) ti A?
Bi 5:Cho (P) l th ca hm s
2
y ax = v im A(-2;-1) trong cng h trc to
1-Tm a sao cho ( ) A P e , v (P) vi a va tm c.
2-Gi B l im thuc (P) c honh l 4. Vit phng trnh ng thng AB?
3-Vit phng trnh ng thng tip xc vi (P) v song song vi AB?
Bi 6:Trong cng h trc to c Parabol (P):
2
4
x
y = v ng thng (D) qua
3
I( ;-1)
2
c h s gc m.
1-V (P) v vit phng trnh (D)
2-Tm m sao cho (D) tip xc vi (P) ?
3-Tm m sao cho (D) v (P) c hai im chung phn bit?
Bi 7:Cho mt h ng thng c phng trnh: mx+(2m-1)+3=0 (1)
1-Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A(2;1)
2-Chng minh rng cc ng thng trn lun i qua mt im c nh M vi mi m. Tm to ca M?
CHUYN 7:


- 34 -
PHNG TRNH CHA GI TR TUYT I,
PHNG TRNH CHA CN THC
I-L THUYT:
A-Phng trnh c du gi tr tuyt i:
nh ngha gi tr tuyt i ca cc s thc:
khi 0
khi 0
>
=

<

a a
a
a a

T trn ta suy ra: 0 a a R > e
Dng 1: Phng trnh dng: ( ) ( 0) f x a a = >
Phng php gii:
( )
( ) ( 0)
( )
f x a
f x a a
f x a
=
= >

=

Dng 2: Phng trnh dng: ( ) ( ) f x g x =
Phng php gii:
( ) ( )
( ) 0
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) 0
f x g x
g x
f x g x
f x g x
g x
=

>

=

=

>

Dng 3: Phng trnh dng:
( )
f x a =
Phng php gii:
( )
( )
0
( )
0
f x a
x
f x a
f x a
x
=

>

=

=

<

Ch :
( )
F f x a = l hm s chn. nn nu l nghim th - cng l nghim. Do ta ch gii mt
phng trnh sau ly nghim i xng.
Dng 4: Phng trnh dng: ( ) ( ) f x g x =
Phng php gii:
( )
( ) ( )
0
( )
( ) ( )
0
f x g x
x
f x g x
f x g x
x
=

>

=

=

<

Dng 5: Phng trnh dng: ( ) ( ) f x g x =
Phng php gii:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x
=
=

=

Dng 6: Phng trnh c cha mt s biu thc c du gi tr tuyt i
Phng php gii: Xt du theo tng khong gi tr m ti cc biu thc cha cha gi tr tuyt i i
du.
B-Phng trnh cha cn thc Phng trnh v t:
L phng trnh m n s nm di du cn. Loi ton ny nhn chung khng c phng php gii, m tu
theo tng trng hp m mi bi ton c cch gii khc nhau. iu cn ch l chng ta phi ch ra cc gi
tr ca n s lm cho biu thc c ngha, v cc php bin i biu thc lin quan n cn bc hai, phn
thcTrong trng hp biu thc di du cn qu phc tp, cng knh i cho thun li khi bin i ta
nn t chng bng mt n s khc. Sau khi gii c phng trnh bng n s va t, chng ta phi thay


- 35 -
ngc tr li tm n s ban u, khi bi ton mi chnh thc c gii quyt. Di y xin a ra mt
s dng c bn ca loi ton ny nh sau:
Dng 1:Phng trnh dng: ( ) ( ) f x g x = (1).
Phng php gii:
( ) ( ) f x g x =
| |
2
( ) 0(2)
( ) ( ) (3)
g x
f x g x
>

Thc hin gii phng trnh (3), kt hp iu kin (2) la chn nghim thch hp. l nghim ca (1).
Ch : Chng ta ch c th bnh phng c hai v ca phng trnh vi iu kin hai v ca chng u
khng m.
Dng 2:Phng trnh dng: ( ) ( ) ( ) f x h x g x + = (1).
Phng php gii:
iu kin c ngha ca phng trnh:
( ) 0
( ) 0
( ) 0
f x
h x
g x
>

>

>

suy ra iu kin ca x (*)

Vi iu kin (*) Bnh phng hai v ca (1), ta c:
| |
2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ). ( ) ( ) f x h x f x h x g x + + = | |
( )
2 1
( ). ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
f x h x g x f x h x = (2)
phng trnh (2) thuc dng 1. ta t iu kin v phi ca (2) khng m:
| |
2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 g x f x h x > (**).
Vi iu kin (**), bnh phng hai v ca phng trnh (2) ta c mt phng trnh mi. Gii phng
trnh ny, kt hp nghim vi cc iu kin (*) v (**) ta suy ra nghim ca (1).
Dng 3: Phng trnh dng: ( ) ( ) ( ) f x h x g x + = (1)
Phng php gii: Ging nh cch gii ca dng 2:
-t iu kin ca n s
-Bnh phng hai v phng trnh (1)
-Chuyn v cc s hng, a v dng (1). Sau gii phng trnh mi thu c ging dng 1.
Dng 4:Phng trnh dng: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x h x g x k x + = + (3)
Phng php gii: Ging nh cch gii ca dng 3
iu kin c ngha ca phng trnh:
( ) 0
( ) 0
( ) 0
( ) 0
f x
h x
g x
k x
>

>

>

>

t y suy ra c iu kin ca n x.
Bnh phng hai v phng trnh (1) ta c:
( ) ( ) 2 ( ). ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ). ( ) f x h x f x h x g x k x g x k x + + = + +
a phng trnh v dng: ( ) ( ) ( ) F x G x H x = . n y ta vn dng vo tng trng hp c th
bin i, nh gi gii tm nghim ca phng trnh.
Dng 5: Phng trnh dng: ( ) ( ) ( ). ( ) ( ) f x h x n f x h x g x + + = (1)
Phng php gii:
gii loi phng trnh ny, ta t n ph: ( ) ( ) t f x h x = + . Khi ta c:
2
2
( ( ) ( ))
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
t f x h x
t f x h x f x h x f x h x
+
= + + =
sau thay vo phng trnh (1) ri tin hnh gii phng trnh mi.
II-V D MINH HO:


- 36 -
V d 1: Cho phng trnh:
3
1
4
x x x a + + + + = (x l n s)
1-Tm iu kin phng trnh c ngha?
2-Vi gi tr no ca a th phng trnh trn c nghim s? Tnh x theo a ?
Gii:
1-iu kin phng trnh c ngha:
2
3 1 3
0 1 0
4 2 4
3
3
0
4
4
x x x x
x
x

| |

+ + > + + + >
|
|

\ .

+ >
>

Vy: iu kin:
3
4
x >
2-Thc hin bin i phng trnh cho ta c:
2
3 1 3 1
0
4 2 4 2
x x a x x a
| |
+ + + = + + + =
|
|
\ .
(v
3 1
0
4 2
x + + > )
3 3 1
0
4 4 4
x x a
| |
+ + + + =
|
\ .
t
3
0
4
x t + = > ta c:
2
1
0
4
t t a
| |
+ + =
|
\ .

4 2 2(2 1) a a A = + = +
-Nu
1
0
2
a A < < : Phng trnh cho v nghim
-Nu
1
0
2
a A = = :Phng trnh c nghim kp
1 2
1
0
2
t t = = < (loi)
-Nu
1
0
2
a A > > :Phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit
1
1 4 2
0
2
a
t
+
= < (loi),
2
1 4 2
2
a
t
+ +
=
do iu kin t 0 >
2
1 4 2
0 1 4 2 0 4 2 1
2
a
t a a
+ +
> + + > + >
1
4 2 1
4
a a + > >
Vi
1
4
a > phng trnh c nghim:
3 4 2 1 2 4 2
4 2 2
a a a
x x
+ +
+ = =
Kt lun:-Nu
1
4
a > th phng trnh c nghim.
-Nu
1
4
a < th phng trnh v nghim.
V d 2:Gii cc phng trnh: a- 1 ( 1) x x x + = + b- 3 3 5 x x =
Gii :
a-ta c:
( )
1 0
1
1 ( 1) 1 1 0 1 . 1 0
1 1 0
x
x
x x x x x x x x
x x
+ =
=
+ = + + + = + =

= =

Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x=1, x=-1


- 37 -
b-
2
2
5
3 5 0
3 3 5 3
3 (3 5)
9 29 22 0
x x
x x
x x
x x

> >

=

=

+ =

Gii phng trnh ny ta c nghim

l:
1 2
11
2;
9
x x = = .
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c x=2 l nghim ca phng trnh.
V d 3: Gii phng trnh: 3 5 2 x x + = (1)
Gii:
Bin i (1) ta c: (1) 3 2 5 x x + + = (2)
iu kin:
3 0 3
2
2 0 2
x x
x
x x
+ > >
>

> >

(*)
Vi iu kin (*), bnh phng hai v phng trnh (2) ta c:
3 2 2 ( 3)( 2) 25 x x x x + + + + =
2
2 6 24 2 x x x + + = hay
2
6 12 x x x + + = (3)
iu kin (3) c ngha:12 0 12 x x > s (**)
Bnh phng hai v ca (2) ta c:
2 2
6 144 24 25 150 6 x x x x x x + + = + = = ta thy x=6 u tho
mn (*) v (**).
Vy phng trnh cho c mt nghim l x=6
V du 4: Gii phng trnh: 1 4 9 0 x x x x + + + + = (1)
Gii:
Ta a (1) v dng 4: 9 1 4 x x x x + + = + + + (2)
iu kin phng trnh c ngha:
0 0
9 0 9
0
1 0 1
4 0 4
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
> >

+ > >

>

+ > >


+ > >

(*)
Vi iu kin (*), bnh phng hai v phng trnh (2) ta c:
2 2
4 2 9 2 5 4 x x x x + + = + +
2 2
2 9 5 4 x x x x + + = + + . Hai v khng m, tip tc bnh phng
hai v ta c:
2 2 2
4 9 4 9 5 4 x x x x x x + + + + = + +
2
9 x x x + = (3) iu kin 0 x s (**).
Bnh phng hai v (3) ta c:
2 2
9 9 0 0 x x x x x + = = = tho mn (*) v (**).
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l x=0
V d 5:Gii phng trnh:
2
1 2 2 2 13 2 x x x x x + + + + = (2)
Gii:
iu kin: 2
1
1 0
2 2
2 0
13
2 (*)
( 1)( 2) 0 13
2 2 0
2
13
13 2 0
2
>
+ >

> >
>

s s
+ >
s >

s >

x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x x
x x

t 1 2 t x x = + + , vi t>0. Ta c:
( )( )
2
1 2 2 1 2 t x x x x = + + + + ( )( )
2
2 1 2 2 1 x x t x + = + do ta c:
(1)
2 2
2 1 13 2 12 0 t t x x t t + + = + = (2). Gii phng trnh (2) ta c nghim l
1 2
3, 4 t t = = .
V t>0 nn ta chn t=3. khi ta c ( )( ) 2 1 2 9 2 1 x x x + = + ( )( ) 1 2 5 x x x + = (3) iu
kin 5 0 5 x x > s (**)
Gii phng trnh (3) ta c nghim x=3, nghim ny tho mn cc iu kin (*) v (**).


- 38 -
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l: x=3
III-BI TP VN DNG:
Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1- 1 1 x x + =
2- 1 2 1 x x + =
3- 1 4 3 x x + + =
Gii:
1-
2 2
1
1 0 1
1 1 3 0
1 ( 1) 3 0
3
x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
>
> >

+ = = =
+ = =

=


2-iu kin:
1 0
2 1
2 0
x
x
x
>
s s

+ >

Phng trnh: 1 2 1 1 1 2 x x x x + = = + + . Bnh phng hai v ta c:
2
1 0
1 1 2 2 2 2 ( 1)
2 2 1
x
x x x x x
x x x
+ s
= + + + + + = +

+ = + +

2
1
1 0
x
x x
s

+ =

gii phng trnh trn ta c nghim l:
1 2
1 5 1 5
;
2 2
x x
+
= =
kt hp cc iu kin trn ta c nghim ca phng trnh l:
1 5
2
x

=
3-iu kin:
1 0 1
4 1
4 0 4
x x
x
x x
> s
s s

+ > >


Bnh phng hai v phng trnh cho ta c:
1 4 3 1 2. 1 . 4 4 9 1 . 4 2 x x x x x x x x + + = + + + + = + =
2 2
0
(1 )(4 ) 4 4 4 4 3 0
3
x
x x x x x x x
x
=
+ = + = + =

=

Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh l: x=0 hoc x=-3

Bi 2:Gii phng trnh:
2
2 3
3
1
x x
x
x
+
= +

Gii:
iu kin:
2
1 0 1
1
( 1)( 3) 0 2 3 0
x x
x
x x x x
> >
>

+ > + >


Khi ta vit phng trnh di dng:
( 1)( 3)
3 ( 3) 3
1
x x
x x x
x
+
= + + = +

1 2 2
2
3
3 6 9 5 6
2
x
x x x x x
x
=
+ = + + + +

=

kt hp vi iu kin ta thy khng c gi tr no ca x

tho mn.
Vy phng trnh cho v nghim
Bi 3:Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1-
2
1 2 1 x x = 2-
14
5 3
3 5
x
x
x

=
+

Gii:


- 39 -
1-
( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
1 0
1 1
1 2 1
1 2 2 1 3 2 0 1 2 1
x
x x
x x
x x x x x x x
> > >

=

= + = =

1
0
2
3
x
x
x
>

khng c gi tr no ca x tho mn iu kin
Vy phng trnh cho v nghim.
2-iu kin: 5 x > . Ta c:
( ) ( )
14
5 3 5 3 5 ( 14) 3 3 5
3 5
x
x x x x x
x

= + = +
+

3 5 5 14 9 3 5 x x x x + + = + phng trnh c v s nghim.
Vy phng trnh cho c v s nghim vi 5 x >
Bi 4:Cho phng trnh n x:
2
4 x x a =
1-Gii phng trnh vi 2 a = .
2-Gii v bin lun phng trnh theo a ?
Gii:
1-Khi 2 a = ta c:
2
2 2
2 2
4 2 2
2 4 ( 2)
x x
x x x
x x x
> >
= =

= =


Vy: nghim ca phng trnh l x=2
2-Phng trnh:
( )
2
2
2 2
4
2 4 4
x a
x a
x x a
ax a x x a
> >

=

= + =

-Nu 0 a = : phng trnh v nghim
-Nu
2
4
0
2
a
a x
a
+
= = .
iu kin c nghim
2 2
4 4
0
2 2
a a
x a a
a a
+ +
> > > (*)
+Nu 0 a > th t (*) suy ra
2 2
4 0 4 0 2 a a a + > s s s
+Nu 0 a < , theo (*) ta c:
2 2
4 0 4 2 a a a + < > s
Tm li: Vi 2 a s hoc 0 2 a s s th phng trnh c nghim
2
4
2
a
x
a
+
=
Bi 5: Gii phng trnh:
2 2
3 2 2 1 x x x x x + = + +
Gii:
iu kin:
2
1
0 ( 1) 0
0
x
x x x x
x
s
+ > + >

>

Ta c:
2 2 2 2
3 3 2 1 0 3( ) 2 1 0 x x x x x x x x + + = + + =
t
2
0 x x t + = > ta c phng trnh n t:
2
1 2
1
3 2 1 0 1;
3
t t t t = = = (loi)
vi t=1 ta c:
2 2
1 1 x x x x + = + = hay
2
1 0 x x + = nghim ca phng trnh
l:
1 2
1 5 1 5
;
2 2
x x
+
= = . Kt hp vi iu kin ta c
1
1 5
2
x
+
=
Vy phng trnh cho c mt nghim l
1 5
2
x
+
=
IV-BI TP T LUYN:
Bi 1:Gii cc phng trnh:


- 40 -
1-
2 2
2 1 4 4 3 x x x x + + + + =
2- 3 4 1 8 6 4 5 x x x x + + + + =
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh:
2
4 5 2 2 3 x x x + + = +
Bi 3: Gii phng trnh:
3 2
5
2 3 2
x x
x x

=
+ +

Bi 4: Gii phng trnh:
2 2
1 4 3 x x + =
Bi 5: Gii phng trnh:
1-
2
1 2( 1) 1 1 3 1 x x x x x + + + = + +
2-
3
2 1 2 1
2
x
x x x x
+
+ + =
CHUYN 8: CHNG MINH BT NG THC
I-MT S BT NG THC QUEN THUC :
1-Bt ng thc: Ta gi h thc dng A B > (hoc , , A B A B A B < s > ) l bt ng thc.
2-Bt ng thc CAUCHY (C SI):
Cho n s khng m
1 2 3
, , ,...,
n
a a a a ta c bt ng thc:
1 2 3
1 2 3
...
. . ...
n
n
n
a a a a
a a a a
n
+ + + +
> (1)
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
1 2 3
...
n
a a a a = = = =
3-Bt ng thc BUNHIACOPXKI: (Bu-nhi-a-cp-xt-ki)
Cho n cp s bt k
1 2 3
, , ,...,
n
a a a a ,
1 2 3
, , ,...,
n
b b b b ta c bt ng thc:
( ) ( )( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
... ... ...
n n n n
a b a b a b a a a b b b + + + s + + + + + +
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi: : .
i i
k a k b - = (*), vi i=1,2,3,n
Nu 0
i
b i = th (*) c vit:
1 2
1 2
...
n
n
a a a
b b b
= = =
4-Bt ng thc BERNOULLI: (Bc- nu-li)
a-Cho x> -1, n e ta c: ( ) 1 1
n
x nx + > +
b-Cho x> -1, r
+
e v 1 r > ta c: ( ) 1 1
r
x rx + > +
c-Cho x> -1, r
+
e v 0 1 r < < ta c: ( ) 1 1
r
x rx + s +
ng thc xy ra khi x=0 hoc r=1
5-Bt ng thc TRBSEP:
Cho hai dy s sp th t ging nhau:
1 2
...
n
a a a s s s ,
1 2
...
n
b b b s s s ta c bt ng thc sau:
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
... ... ...
n n n n
a a a b b b a b a b a b
n n n
+ + + + + + + + + | || |
s
| |
\ .\ .

Du ng thc xy ra khi:
1 2
...
n
a a a = = = hoc
1 2
...
n
b b b = = =
II-MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC:
BI TON: Chng minh bt ng thc: A B > (1)
1-Phng php 1: Da vo nh ngha: 0 A B A B > >
Bc 1: Lp hiu s A - B
Bc 2: Rt gn A- B v chng t A- B >0
Bc 3: Kt lun A>B
V d 1: Chng minh rng vi mi , , a b c ta lun c:
2 2 2
a b c ab bc ca + + > + +
Gii:
Tin hnh lp hiu hai v ta c:


- 41 -
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
2 2 2 2
2
a b c ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca ( + + + + = + + + +

2 2 2
1
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
2
a b b c c a ( = + + >

Do :
2 2 2
a b c ab bc ca + + > + +
2-Phng php2: Dng php bin i tng ng:
Ta bin i bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi bt ng thc ng hoc cc bt ng thc
c chng minh. Ch cc hng ng thc ng nh sau:
( )
2
2 2
2 a b a ab b = +
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 a b c a b c ab bc ac + + = + + + + +
( )
3
3 2 2 3
3 3 a b a a b ab b = +
( )
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 a b c d a b c d ab ac ad bc bd cd + + + = + + + + + + + + +
3 3 3 2 2 2
3 ( )( ) a b c abc a b c a b c ab bc ca + + = + + + +
V d 2:Cho , , a b c l cc s thc. Chng minh rng:
a-
2
2
4
b
a ab + >
b-
2 2
1 a b ab a b + + > + +
c-
1 1 1
2
a b c
bc ca ab a b c
| |
+ + > +
|
\ .
vi , , 0 a b c >
Gii
a-Ta c:
2
2
4
b
a ab + >
2 2
4 4 0 a ab b + > ( )
2
2 0 a b >
Bt ng thc cui cng lun ng vi mi a, b. Do ta c:
2
2
4
b
a ab + >
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 2a = b
b-Ta c:
2 2
1 a b ab a b + + > + +
2 2
2( 1) 2( ) 0 a b ab a b + + + + >
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 1 2 1 0 a ab b a a b b + + + + + + > ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 0 a b a b + + >
Bt ng thc cui cng lun ng nn ta c BT cn chng minh.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = 1.
c-Ta c:
1 1 1
2
a b c
bc ca ab a b c
| |
+ + > +
|
\ .
2 2 2
2( ) a b c bc ca ab + + > + (v a, b, c >0)
2 2 2
2 2 2 0 a b c bc ca ab + + + > ( )
2
0 a b c + > bt ng thc cui cng lun ng nn ta c bt
ng thc cn chng minh.
Phng php 3:S dng gi thit hoc bt ng thc bit:
V d 3:
a-Cho a, b, c >0 chng minh rng:
1 1 1
( ) 9 a b c
a b c
| |
+ + + + >
|
\ .

b-Cho
2 2
1 x y + = chng minh rng: 2 3 13 x y + s
Gii:
a-p dng bt ng thc C si cho ba s khng m a, b, c ta c:
3
3 a b c abc + + >
3
1 1 1 1
3
a b c abc
+ + > suy ra:
3
3
1 1 1 1
( ) 3 .3 9 a b c abc
a b c abc
| |
+ + + + > =
|
\ .
(pcm)
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c.


- 42 -
b-p dng bt ng thc Bu-nhi-a-copxit-ki cho bn s: 2, 3, x v y ta c:
2 2 2 2
2 3 2 3 . x y x y + s + +
m theo gi thit
2 2
1 x y + = nn ta tip tc suy ra:
2 3 13 x y + s (pcm).
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi:
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
2 3 4 9 13 4 9 13
x y x y x y x y +
= = = = = suy ra
2 3
;
13 13
x y = = hoc
2 3
;
13 13
x y = =
4-Phng php 4: Dng tnh cht t s:
4.1-Cho ba s dng a, b, c
a-Nu 1
a
b
< th
a a c
b b c
+
<
+

b-Nu 1
a
b
> th
a a c
b b c
+
>
+

4.2-Nu b, d >0 th t
a c
b d
s
a a c c
b b d d
+
s s
+

V d 4: Cho a, b, c l ba s dng, chng minh rng:
1 2
a b c
a b b c c a
< + + <
+ + +

Gii:
Ta lun c:
a a
a b c a b
<
+ + +
(1) (v c > 0).
V 1
a
a b
<
+
nn theo tnh cht t s ta c:
a a c
a b a b c
+
<
+ + +
(2). T (1) v (2) ta c bt ng thc kp:
a a a c
a b c a b a b c
+
< <
+ + + + +
(3)
Tng t ta c:
b b b a
a b c b c a b c
+
< <
+ + + + +
(4)

c c c b
a b c c a a b c
+
< <
+ + + + +
(5)
Cng v vi v ba bt ng thc kp (3), (4), (5) ta c: 1 2
a b c
a b b c c a
< + + <
+ + +
(pcm)
5-Phng php 5: Dng bt ng thc trong tam gic:
Nu a, b, c l s o ba cnh ca mt tam gic th , , 0 a b c > v b c a b c < < + ; a c b a c < < + ;
a b c a b < < +
V d 5: a, b, c l s o ba cnh ca mt tam gic, chng minh rng:
( )( )( ) abc a b c b c a c a b > + + +
Gii
Ta c: a b c >
2 2 2
( ) 0 a a b c > >
b a c >
2 2 2
( ) 0 b b c a > >
c a b >
2 2 2
( ) 0 c c a b > >
Nhn v vi v cc bt ng thc trn li vi nhau ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) a b c a b c b c a c a b ( ( ( >


2 2 2
( )( )( )( )( )( ) a b c a b c a c b b c a b a c c a b c b a > + + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) a b c a b c a c b b c a > + + + ( )( )( ) abc a b c a c b b c a > + + + (pcm)


- 43 -
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c.
6-Phng php 6: Phng php phn chng
chng minh A > B, ta gi s B A > . Sau s dng cc php bin i tng ng dn n bt
ng thc tri vi iu gi s ban u, hoc iu v l. T ta kt lun A > B.
V d 6: Cho a, b, c tho mn iu kin:
0(1)
0(2)
0(3)
a b c
ab bc ca
abc
+ + >

+ + >

>

. Chng minh rng 0, 0, 0 a b c > > >

Gii:
Gi s 0 a s , t (3) ta phi c 0 a = do 0 a < , cng t (3) v 0 a < suy ra bc <0
T (2) suy ra ( ) 0 0 a b c bc b c + > > + < (v 0 a < v bc < 0) suy ra 0 a b c + + < mu thun vi (1).
Vy 0 a > , tng t ta cng c 0, 0 b c > >
7-Phng php 7: Phng php phn tch s hng
V d 7: Vi n l s t nhin, hy chng minh bt ng thc sau:
a-
1 1 1 1
1
1.2 2.3 3.4 ( 1) n n
+ + + + <

b-
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
2
1 2 3 n n
+ + + + < (n >1)
Gii:
a-Ta c:
1 1 1
( 1) 1 k k k k
=

vi 2 k > .
Ln lt thay k = 2, 3,,n ri cng li ta c:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(1 ) ( ) ( )
1.2 2.3 3.4 ( 1) 2 2 3 1 n n n n
+ + + + = + + +

1
1 1
n
= < (pcm)
b-Vi k >1 ta c:
2
1 1 1 1
( 1) 1 k k k k k
< =

.
Ln lt thay k = 2, 3,,n ri cng li ta c:

2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(1 ) ( ) ( ) 1
2 3 2 2 3 1 n n n n
+ + + < + + + =

suy ra :
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
2
1 2 3 n n
+ + + + < (pcm)
8-Phng php 8: Phng php qui np
Khi bt ng thc phi chng minh ph thuc s nguyn n (hoc ph thuc s nguyn dng n hoc s
t nhin n) th ta s dng phng php qui np. Ta m t cc bc chng minh mnh ( ) T n ( ne )
bng phng php qui np nh sau:
+ Chng minh mnh T(1) ng (Kim tra mnh ng vi n = 1)
+ Gi s mnh T(k) ng
+ Ta chng minh mnh T(k+1) cng ng
Khi mnh T(n) ng vi mi n.
V d 8: Chng minh rng vi 3 n > ta c 2 2 1
n
n > +
Gii:
Vi n=3 ta c:
3
2 2.3 1 8 7 > + > :bt ng thc ng.
Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n = k, ngha l: 2 2 1
k
k > + . Ta cn chng minh bt ng thc ng vi n =
k+ 1. Ngha l ta phi chng minh:
1
2 2( 1) 1
k
k
+
> + + , tht vy ta c:
1
2 2.2 2(2 1) 4 2 2 3 2( 1) 1
k k
k k k k
+
= > + = + > + = + + .
Do bt ng thc ng vi mi 3 n > .
III-BI TP VN DNG:
Bi 1: Cho ba s , , a b c tha mn:
2 2 2
1 a b c + + = .


- 44 -
Chng minh:
1
1
2
ab bc ca s + + s
Gii:
Ta phi chng minh bt ng thc kp:
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
( ) ( )
2
a b c ab bc ca a b c + + s + + s + +
v d 1 ta chng minh c rng:
2 2 2
a b c ab bc ca + + > + + (1)
Mt khc ta xt:
( )
2 2 2
1
2
a b c ab bc ca + + s + +
2 2 2
0 2 2 2 a b c ab bc ca s + + + + + ( )
2
0 a b c + + > (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 2: Cho , , 0 a b c > chng minh rng:
3 3 3 3 3 3
6
a b a c b a b c c a c b
abc
c b c a b a
+ + + + + >
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho 6 s khng m:
3 3 3 3 3 3
, , , , ,
a b a c b a b c c a c b
c b c a b a
ta c:
3 3 3 3 3 3
6 6 6 6
6 6
a b a c b a b c c a c b
a b c abc
c b c a b a
+ + + + + > = (pcm)
du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi: a b c = =
Bi 3: Cho 6 s dng: , , , , , x y z a b c v 1
a b c
x y z
+ + = . Chng minh
rng:
( )
2
x y z a b c + + > + +
Gii:
p dng bt ng Bunhiacopxki cho 6 s
a
x
,
b
y
,
c
z
, x , y , z ta c:
( )
( )
2
2
a b c a b c
a b c x y z x y z
x y z x y z
| |
| |
+ + = + + s + + + +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

( )
( )
2
x y z a b c + + > + + (pcm)
du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi:
2 2 2
b
a c
y a b c
x z
x y z x y z
= = = =
1 1 a
y x b
= ;
1 1 a
z x c
= do 1
a b c a b a c a
x y z x x b x c
= + + = + +
( ) x a a b c = + + ; ( ) y b a b c = + + ; ( ) z c a b c = + +
Bi 4: Cho cc s dng , , , , , a b c x y z tha m n:
a b c
x y z
s s . Chng minh rng:
a a b c c
x x y z z
+ +
s s
+ +
.
Gii:
Theo tnh cht dy t s (2) t
a b a a b b
x y x x y y
+
s s s
+
a a b c
x x y z
+
s s
+

a a b a b c c
x x y x y z z
+ + +
s s s
+ + +
(cng theo tnh cht (2) cho
a b c
x y z
+
s
+
)
Vy:
a a b c c
x x y z z
+ +
s s
+ +
.


- 45 -
Bi 5: Cho , , a b c l s o 3 cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng:
a) 3
a b c
b c a a c b a b c
+ + >
+ + +

b)
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
p a p b p c a b c
| |
+ + > + +
|

\ .
vi
2
a b c
p
+ +
=
Gii:
a) t: 0 A a c b = + >
0 B a b c = + >
0 C c b a = + >
Khi : A B C a b c + + = + + v 2 ( ) ( ) a a b c b c a A B C C A B = + + + = + + = +
Nn
2
A B
a
+
= ; tng t ta c:
2
B C
b
+
= ;
2
A C
c
+
=
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi: 6
B C A C A B
A B C
+ + +
+ + >
6
A B C A C B
B A A C B C
| | | | | |
+ + + + + >
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
Do , , 0 A B C > nn
2
2 2
A B A B
B A B A
| |
+ = + >
|
|
\ .
hay
2
A B
B A
+ > (1) tng t ta cng c: 2
C A
A C
+ > (2) v 2
C B
B C
+ > (3)
T (1), (2) v (3) ta c iu phi chng minh.
Du ng thc xy ra khi A = B = C hay a b c = =
b)Dng php bin i tng ng ta c bt ng thc:
1 1 4
x y x y
+ >
+
vi , 0 x y > p dng bt ng thc
ny ta c:

1 1 4 4
2 p a p b p a b c
+ > =



1 1 4 4
2 p b p c p b c a
+ > =



1 1 4 4
2 p c p a p a c b
+ > =


Cng v vi v ba bt ng thc trn ta c:

1 1 1 1 1 1
2
p a p b p c a b c
| |
+ + > + +
|

\ .
(pcm)
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi: a b c = =
Bi 6: Chng minh rng:
1 1 1 1
1.3 3.5 (2 1)(2 1) 2 n n
+ + + <
+

Gii:
Ta c:
1 1 (2 1) (2 1) 1 1 1
(2 1)(2 1) 2 (2 1)(2 1) 2 2 1 2 1
k k
k k k k k k
+ | |
= =
|
+ + +
\ .

Do ta c:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1.3 3.5 (2 1)(2 1) 2 3 3 5 2 1 2 1 n n n n
| |
+ + + = + + +
|
+ +
\ .
1 1 1
1
2 2 1 2 n
| |
= <
|
+
\ .
(pcm)
Bi 7: Cho cc s , , a b c tha mn iu kin 0 , , 1 a b c < < chng minh rng c t nht mt trong cc
bt ng thc sau l sai:
1
(1 )
4
a b > ;
1
(1 )
4
b c > ;
1
(1 )
4
c a > .
Gii:


- 46 -
Ta s dng chng minh bng phng php phn chng:
Gi s cc bt ng thc trn u ng, khi nhn v vi v cc bt ng thc trn li vi nhau ta c:
1
(1 ) (1 ) (1 )
64
a b b c c a > (1)
Ta li c:
2 2
1 1
(1 ) ( )
4 4
a a a a a a = = +
2
1 1 1
4 2 4
a
| |
= s
|
\ .
hay
1
(1 )
4
a a s
Tng t :
1
(1 )
4
b b s ;
1
(1 )
4
c c s
Do 0 , , 1 a b c < < nn (1 ) 0 a a > ; (1 ) 0 b b > ; (1 ) 0 c c >
V lc ta c
1
(1 ) (1 ) (1 )
64
a b b c c a s mu thun vi (1). Nh vy iu gi s ban u l sai.
Vy c t nht mt trong cc bt ng thc cho l sai.
Bi 8: Cho , , a b c l s o ba cnh ca mt tam gic vung vi c l cnh huyn. Chng minh rng:
2 2 2
,
n n n
a b c n
+
+ s e
Gii:
Ta chng minh bng phng php qui np.
Vi n = 1, theo nh l Py-ta-go ta c:
2 2 2
a b c + = nn bt ng thc ng.
Gi s vi n = k, ta c:
2 2 2 k k k
a b c + s
Vi n = k +1, ta c:
2( 1) 2( 1) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2( 1)
( )( )
k k k k k k k k
a b a b a b a b b a c c c
+ + +
+ = + + s =
Vy bt ng thc ng vi n= k+ 1.
Do ta c:
2 2 2
,
n n n
a b c n
+
+ s e
IV-BI TP VN DNG:
Bi 1:Vi , , 0 a b c > chng minh:
8 8 8
3 3 3
1 1 1 a b c
a b c a b c
+ +
> + +
Bi 2: Cho , 0 a b > , chng minh rng:
3 3 2
3 7 9 a b ab + >
Bi 3: Cho , , a b c l s o ba cnh ca tam gic. Chng minh rng:
1
a b b c c a
a b b c c a

+ + <
+ + +

Bi 4: Cho , , a b c l s o ba cnh ca tam gic, chng minh rng:
1 2
a b c
b c c a a b
< + + <
+ + +

Bi 5: Cho bn s , , , a b c d tha mn iu kin: 2( ) ac b d s + (1). Chng minh rng c t nht mt trong
hai ng thc sau l sai:
2 2
4 ; 4 a b c d < < .
Bi 6: Chng minh bt ng thc:
1 1 1 1 13
( 1)
1 2 3 2 24
n
n n n n
+ + + + > >
+ + +
.