Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

5
Chng 1
NG DNG CA O HM KHO ST
V V TH CA HM S

Bi 1: TNH N IU CA HM S

1.1 TM TT L THUYT

1. nh ngha :
Gi s K l mt khong , mt on hoc mt na khong . Hm s f xc nh
trn K c gi l
ng bin trn K nu vi mi
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
, , x x K x x f x f x < < ;
Nghch bin trn K nu vi mi
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
, , x x K x x f x f x < > .
2. iu kin cn hm s n iu :
Gi s hm s f c o hm trn khong I
Nu hm s f ng bin trn khong I th
( )
' 0 f x vi mi x I ;
Nu hm s f nghch bin trn khong I th
( )
' 0 f x vi mi x I .
3. iu kin hm s n iu :
Gi s I l mt khong hoc na khong hoc mt on , f l hm s lin tc
trn I v c o hm ti mi im trong ca I ( tc l im thuc I nhng
khng phi u mt ca I ) .Khi :
Nu
( )
' 0 f x > vi mi x I th hm s f ng bin trn khong I ;
Nu
( )
' 0 f x < vi mi x I th hm s f nghch bin trn khong I ;
Nu
( )
' 0 f x = vi mi x I th hm s f khng i trn khong I .
Ch :
Nu hm s f lin tc trn ; a b (

v c o hm
( )
' 0 f x > trn khong
( )
; a b th hm s f ng bin trn ; a b (

.
Nu hm s f lin tc trn ; a b (

v c o hm
( )
' 0 f x < trn khong
( )
; a b th hm s f nghch bin trn ; a b (

.
Gi s hm s f lin tc trn on ; a b (

.
* Nu hm s f ng bin trn khong
( )
; a b th n ng bin trn on
; a b (

.
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .
6
* Nu hm s f nghch bin trn khong
( )
; a b th n nghch bin trn on
; a b (

.
* Nu hm s f khng i trn khong
( )
; a b th khng i trn on ; a b (

.
4. nh l m rng
Gi s hm s f c o hm trn khong I .
Nu '( ) 0 f x vi x I v '( ) 0 f x = ch ti mt s hu hn im thuc
I th hm s f ng bin trn khong I ;
Nu '( ) 0 f x vi x I v '( ) 0 f x = ch ti mt s hu hn im thuc
I th hm s f nghch bin trn khong I .

1.2 DNG TON THNG GP
Dng 1 : Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s .
Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s
( )
y f x = ta thc hin cc bc sau:
Tm tp xc nh D ca hm s .
Tnh o hm
( )
' ' y f x = .
Tm cc gi tr ca x thuc D
( )
' 0 f x = hoc
( )
' f x khng xc nh
( ta gi l im ti hn hm s ).
Xt du
( )
' ' y f x = trn tng khong x thuc D.
Da vo bng xt du v iu kin suy ra khong n iu ca hm s.
V d 1: Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s sau:
2
1.
1
x
y
x
+
=

2
2 1
2.
2
x x
y
x

+
=
+



Gii:
2
1.
1
x
y
x
+
=

* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong
( ) ( )
;1 1; + .
* Ta c:
( )
2
3
' 0, 1
1
y x
x
- = <

* Bng bin thin:
x 1 +
' y
y
1


+

1
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .
7
Vy hm s ng bin trn mi khong
( )
;1 v
( )
1; + .
2
2 1
2.
2
x x
y
x

+
=
+

* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong
( ) ( )
; 2 2; + .
* Ta c:
( )
2
2
4 5
' , 2
2
x x
y x
x

+
=
+

5
' 0
1
x
y
x
=
=

=

* Bng bin thin :
x 5 2 1 +
' y 0 + + 0
y
+ +







Vy, hm s ng bin trn cc khong
( )
5; 2 v
( )
2;1 , nghch bin trn cc
khong
( )
; 5 v
( )
1; + .
Nhn xt:
* i vi hm s ( . 0)
ax b
y a c
cx d
+
=
+
lun ng bin hoc lun nghch
bin trn tng khong xc nh ca n.
* i vi hm s
2
' '
ax bx c
y
a x b
+ +
=
+
lun c t nht hai khong n iu.
* C hai dng hm s trn khng th lun n iu trn .

Bi tp tng t :
Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s sau:
2 1
1.
1
x
y
x

=
+

2
4 3
2.
2
x x
y
x
+ +
=
+

1
3.
3
x
y
x
+
=
2
3
4.
1
x
y
x
=
+

2
2
4 3
5.
2 2 4
x x
y
x x
+
=


2
2
2 2
6.
2 1
x x
y
x x
+ +
=
+ +


V d 2: Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s sau:
3 2
1. 3 24 26 y x x x = + +
4 2
2. 6 8 1 y x x x = + +

Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .
8
Gii:
3 2
1. 3 24 26 y x x x = + +
* Hm s cho xc nh trn .
* Ta c :
2
' 3 6 24 y x x = +
2
4
' 0 3 6 24 0
2
x
y x x
x
=
= + =

=

* Bng xt du ca ' y :
x 4 2 +
' y 0 + 0
+ Trn khong
( )
4; 2 : ' 0 y y > ng bin trn khong
( )
4; 2 ,
+ Trn mi khong
( ) ( )
; 4 , 2; + : ' 0 y y < nghch bin trn cc
khong
( )
; 4 ,
( )
2; + .
Hoc ta c th trnh by :
* Hm s cho xc nh trn .
* Ta c :
2
' 3 6 24 y x x = +
2
4
' 0 3 6 24 0
2
x
y x x
x
=
= + =

=

* Bng bin thin :
x 4 2 +
' y 0 + 0

y
+


Vy, hm s ng bin trn khong
( )
4; 2 , nghch bin trn cc khong
( )
; 4 v
( )
2; + .
4 2
2. 6 8 1 y x x x = + +
* Hm s cho xc nh trn .
* Ta c:
3 2
' 4 12 8 4( 1) ( 2) y x x x x = + = +
2
2
' 0 4( 1) ( 2) 0
1
x
y x x
x
=
= + =

=

* Bng xt du:
x 2 1 +
' y 0 + 0 +
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .
9
Vy,hm s ng bin trn khong ( 2; ) + v nghch bin trn khong
( ; 2) .
Nhn xt:
* Ta thy ti 1 x = th 0 y = , nhng qua ' y khng i du.
* i vi hm bc bn
4 3 2
y ax bx cx dx e = + + + + lun c t nht mt
khong ng bin v mt khong nghch bin. Do vy vi hm bc bn
khng th n iu trn .

Bi tp tng t :
Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s sau:
3 2
1. 3 2 y x x = +
3 2
2. 3 3 2 y x x x = + + +
4 2
1
3. 2 1
4
y x x = +
4 2
4. 2 3 y x x = +
5 3
4
5. 8
5
y x x = + +
5 4 2
1 3 3
6. 2 2
5 4 2
y x x x x = +
7 6 5
7
7. 9 7 12
5
y x x x = + +

V d 3 : Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s sau:
2
1. 2 y x x =
2 3
2. 3 y x x =
2
3. 1 y x x =
2
4. 1 2 3 3 y x x x = + + +


Gii:
2
1. 2 y x x = .
* Hm s cho xc nh trn mi na khong
( )
; 0 2; ( +

.
* Ta c:
( ) ( )
2
1
' , ; 0 2;
2
x
y x
x x

= +

.
Hm s khng c o hm ti cc im 0, 2 x x = = .
Cch 1 :
+ Trn khong
( )
; 0 : ' 0 y < hm s nghch bin trn khong
( )
; 0 ,
+ Trn khong
( )
2; + : ' 0 y > hm s ng bin trn khong
( )
2; + .
Cch 2 :
Bng bin thin :
x 0 2 +
' y || || +

y




Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .
10
Vy , hm s nghch bin trn khong
( )
; 0 v ng bin trn khong
( )
2; +
2 3
2. 3 y x x =
* Hm s cho xc nh trn na khong ( ; 3] .
* Ta c:
( ) ( )
2
2 3
3(2 )
' , ; 0 0; 3
2 3
x x
y x
x x

.
Hm s khng c o hm ti cc im 0, 3 x x = = .
Suy ra, trn mi khong
( )
; 0 v
( )
0; 3 : ' 0 2 y x = =
Bng bin thin:
x 0 2 3 +
' y || + 0 ||

y


Hm s ng bin trn khong (0; 2) , nghch bin trn cc khong ( ; 0) v
(2; 3) .
2
3. 1 y x x =
* Hm s cho xc nh trn on 1;1 (

.
* Ta c:
( )
2
2
1 2
' , 1;1
1
x
y x
x

Hm s khng c o hm ti cc im 1, 1 x x = = .
Trn khong
( )
1;1 :
2
' 0
2
y x = =
Bng bin thin:
x
1
2
2

2
2
1 +
' y || 0 + 0 ||

y

Hm s ng bin trn khong
2 2
;
2 2
| |
|
|
\
, nghch bin trn mi khong
2
1;
2
| |
|
|
\
v
2
;1
2
| |
|
|
\
.
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .
11
2
4. 1 2 3 3 y x x x = + + +
* Hm s cho xc nh trn .
* Ta c:
2
2 3
' 1
3 3
x
y
x x
+
=
+ +

( )
2
2
2
3
2 ' 0 3 3 2 3 1
3 3 2 3
x
y x x x x
x x x

= + + = + =

+ + = +

Bng bin thin :
x 1 +
' y + 0

y




Hm s ng bin trn khong ( ; 1) , nghch bin trn khong ( 1; ) + .

Bi tp tng t :
Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s sau:
2
1. 2 y x x =
2
2. 1 4 3 y x x x = + +
3
3. 3 5 y x =
3
2
4. 2 y x x =
( )
2
5. 4 3 6 1 y x x = +
2
2 3
6.
3 2
x x
y
x
+
=
+

2
2
7.
3
x
y
x x
+
=
+


V d 4 :Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s sau:
2
| 2 3 | y x x =
Gii:
2
2
2
2 3 khi 1 3
| 2 3 |
2 3 khi 1 3
x x x x
y x x
x x x

= =

+ + < <

* Hm s cho xc nh trn .
* Ta c:
2 2 khi 1 3
'
2 2 khi 1 3
x x x
y
x x
< >

=

+ < <

Hm s khng c o hm ti 1 x = v 3 x = .
+ Trn khong
( )
1; 3 : ' 0 1 y x = = ;
+ Trn khong
( )
; 1 : ' 0 y < ;
+ Trn khong
( )
3; + : ' 0 y > .
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .
12
Bng bin thin:
x 1 1 3 +
' y || + 0 || +

y

Hm s ng bin trn mi khong( 1;1) v (3; ) + , nghch bin trn mi
khong ( ; 1) v (1; 3) .

Bi tp tng t :
Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s sau:
2
1. 5 4 y x x = +
2
2. 3 7 6 9 y x x x = + + +
2
3. 1 2 5 7 y x x x = + +
2 2
4. 7 10 y x x x = + +

V d 5 :
Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s sau: 2sin cos 2 y x x = + trn on 0; (

.
Gii :
* Hm s cho xc nh trn on 0; (


* Ta c:
( )
' 2cos 1 2sin , 0; y x x x ( =

.
Trn on 0; (

:
0;
cos 0
' 0
1
sin
2
x
x
y
x

=
=

5
2 6 6
x x x

= = = .
Bng bin thin:
x
0
6

5
6

' y + 0 0 + 0

y

Da vo bng bin thin suy ra : hm s ng bin trn cc khong 0;
6
| |
|
\
v
5
;
2 6
| |
|
\
, nghch bin trn cc khong ;
6 2
| |
|
\
v
5
;
6

| |
|
\
.

Bi tp tng t :
Xt chiu bin thin ca cc hm s sau:
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .
13
1. sin 3 y x = trn khong 0;
3
| |
|
\
.
2.
cotx
y
x
= trn khong
( )
0; .
3.
( )
1 1
sin 4 2 3 cos 2
8 4
y x x = trn khong 0;
2
| |
|
\
.
4. 3sin 3 cos
6 3
y x x
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ \
trn on 0; (

.
V d 6: Chng minh rng hm s = +
2
sin cos y x x ng bin trn on
(
(

0;
3
v nghch bin trn on

(
(

;
3
.
Gii :
* Hm s cho xc nh trn on 0; (


* Ta c:
( ) ( )
= ' sin 2cos 1 , 0; y x x x
V
( )
0; sin 0 x x > nn trn
( )
1
0; : ' 0 cos
2 3
y x x

= = = .
+ Trn khong 0;
3
| |
|
\
: ' 0 y > nn hm s ng bin trn on
(
(

0;
3
;
+ Trn khong ;
3

| |
|
\
: ' 0 y < nn hm s nghch bin trn on

(
(

;
3
.

Bi tp tng t :
1. Chng minh rng hm s
( ) ( ) ( )
sin sin f x x x x x = ng bin trn
on 0;
2
(
(

.
2. Chng minh rng hm s cos 2 2 3 y x x = + nghch bin trn .
3. Chng minh rng hm s t n
2
x
y a = ng bin trn cc khong
( )
0; v
( )
; 2 .
4. Chng minh rng hm s
3
cos 3
2
x
y x = + ng bin trn khong 0;
18
| |
|
\
v
nghch bin trn khong ; .
18 2
| |
|
\

Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

14
Dng 2 : Ty theo tham s m kho st tnh n iu ca hm s .

V d : Ty theo m kho st tnh n iu ca hm s:
( )
3 2 3 2
1 1
1 1
3 2
y x m m x m x m = + + + +
Gii:
* Hm s cho xc nh trn .
* Ta c
( )
2 3
' 1 y x m m x m = + + v
( )
2
2
1 m m =
+ 0 m = th
2
' 0, y x x = v ' 0 y = ch ti im 0 x = . Hm s ng
bin trn mi na khong
(
; 0

v
)
0; +

. Do hm s ng bin trn .
+ 1 m = th
( )
2
' 1 0, y x x = v ' 0 y = ch ti im 1 x = . Hm s
ng bin trn mi na khong
(
;1

v
)
1; +

. Do hm s ng bin
trn .
+ 0, 1 m m khi
2
' 0
x m
y
x m
=
=
=

.
Nu 0 m < hoc 1 m > th
2
m m <
Bng xt du ' y :
x
m
2
m +
' y + 0 0 +
Da vo bng xt du, suy ra hm s ng bin trn cc khong
( )
;m v
( )
2
; m + , gim trn khong
( )
2
; m m .
Nu 0 1 m < < th
2
m m >
Bng xt du ' y :
x

2
m m +
' y + 0 0 +
Da vo bng xt du, suy ra hm s ng bin trn cc khong
( )
2
;m v
( )
; m + , gim trn khong
( )
2
; m m .

Bi tp t luyn:
Ty theo m kho st tnh n iu ca hm s:
1.
3 2 3
1 1
3
3 2
y x mx m x m = + +
2.
( ) ( )
3 2
1 1
1 1 2 3
3 2
y m x m x x m = + + +
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

15
Dng 3 : Hm s n iu trn .
S dng nh l v iu kin cn
Nu hm s
( )
f x n iu tng trn th
( )
' 0, f x x .
Nu hm s
( )
f x n iu gim trn th
( )
' 0, f x x .
V d 1 : Tm m cc hm s sau lun nghch bin trn mi khong xc
nh .
3 2
1.
mx m
y
x m
+
=
+

( )
2
2 2 3 1
2.
1
x m x m
y
x
+ + +
=

Gii :
3 2
1.
mx m
y
x m
+
=
+

* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong
( ) ( )
; ; m m +
* Ta c :
( )
2
2
2 3
' ,
m m
y x m
x m
+
=
+
.
Cch 1 :
* Bng xt du ' y
m 3 1 +
' y + 0 0 +
Da vo bng xt du ta thy
Nu 3 1 m < < th ' 0 y < hm s nghch bin trn mi khong
( )
; m ,
( )
; m + .
Cch 2 :
Hm s nghch bin trn tp xc nh khi :
( ) ( )
2
' 0, ; ; 2 3 0 3 1 y x m m m m m < + + < < <
( )
2
2 2 3 1
1 2
2. 2
1 1
x m x m
m
y x m
x x
+ + +

= = + +


* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong
( ) ( )
;1 1; + .
* Ta c :
( )
2
2 1
' 2 , 1
1
m
y x
x

= +

Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

16
+
1
' 0, 1
2
m y x < , do hm s nghch bin trn mi khong
( )
;1 ,
( )
1; + .
+
1
2
m > khi phng trnh ' 0 y = c hai nghim
1 2
1 x x < < hm s ng
bin trn mi khong
( )
1
;1 x v
( )
2
1; x , trng hp ny khng tha .
Vy
1
2
m tha mn yu cu ca bi ton.
Bi tp tng t :
Tm m cc hm s sau lun nghch bin trn mi khong xc nh .
2
7 11
1.
1
x m m
y
x
+
=

( )
2
1 2 3
2.
3
m x m m
y
x m
+ +
=
+

( )
2
1 2 1
3.
1
m x x
y
x
+ +
=
+

( )
2
2 2 1
4.
3
x m x m
y
x
+ +
=

V d 2 : Tm m cc hm s sau lun nghch bin trn .
( )
3 2
1
1. 2 2 1 3 2
3
y x x m x m = + + + +
( )
3
2 2
2. ( 2) ( 2) 8 1
3
x
y m m x m x m = + + + +
Gii:
( )
3 2
1
1. 2 2 1 3 2
3
y x x m x m = + + + +
* Hm s cho xc nh trn .
* Ta c :
2
' 4 2 1 y x x m = + + + v c ' 2 5 m = +
* Bng xt du '
m
5
2

+
' 0 +
5
2
m + = th
( )
=
2
' 2 0 y x vi mi x v ' 0 y = ch ti im = 2 x
Do hm s nghch bin trn .
5
2
m + < th < ' 0, y x . Do hm s nghch bin trn .
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

17
5
2
m + > th = ' 0 y c hai nghim
( )
<
1 2 1 2
, x x x x . Hm s ng bin trn
khong
( )
1 2
; x x . Trng hp ny khng tha mn .
( )
3
2 2
2. ( 2) ( 2) 8 1
3
x
y m m x m x m = + + + +
* Hm s cho xc nh trn .
* Ta c
2
' ( 2) 2( 2) 8 y m x m x m = + + + .
+ 2 m = , khi ' 10 0, y x = hm s lun nghch bin trn .
+ 2 m tam thc
2
' ( 2) 2( 2) 8 y m x m x m = + + + c ' 10( 2) m = +
* Bng xt du '
m 2 +
' 0 +
2 m + < th ' 0 y < vi mi x . Do hm s nghch bin trn .
2 m + > th = ' 0 y c hai nghim
( )
<
1 2 1 2
, x x x x . Hm s ng bin trn
khong
( )
1 2
; x x . Trng hp ny khng tha mn .
Vy 2 m l nhng gi tr cn tm.
Bi tp tng t :
Tm m cc hm s sau lun nghch bin trn mi khong xc nh .
1. 2
1
m
y x
x
= + +

( )
4
2. 1 3
2
m
y m x
x
+
=
+

3 2
1
3. 1
3
y x m x = +
4 2 2
1
4. 1
4
y mx m x m = +

V d 3 : Tm a cc hm s sau lun ng bin trn .
3 2
1
1. 4 3
3
y x ax x = + + +
( ) ( )
2 3 2
1
2. 1 1 3 5
3
y a x a x x = + + + +
Gii :
3 2
1
1. 4 3
3
y x ax x = + + +
* Hm s cho xc nh trn .
* Ta c
2
' 2 4 y x ax = + + v c
2
' 4 a =
* Bng xt du '
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

18
a 2 2 +
' + 0 0 +

+ Nu 2 2 a < < th ' 0 y > vi mi x . Hm s y ng bin trn .
+ Nu 2 a = th
( )
2
' 2 y x = + , ta c : ' 0 2, ' 0, 2 y x y x = = > . Hm
s y ng bin trn mi na khong
(
; 2(

v
)
2; +

nn hm s y ng
bin trn .
+ Tng t nu 2 a = . Hm s y ng bin trn .
+ Nu 2 a < hoc 2 a > th ' 0 y = c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
, x x . Gi s
1 2
x x < . Khi hm s nghch bin trn khong
( )
1 2
; x x ,ng bin trn mi
khong
( )
1
; x v
( )
2
; x + . Do 2 a < hoc 2 a > khng tho mn yu
cu bi ton .
Vy hm s y ng bin trn khi v ch khi 2 2 a .
( ) ( )
2 3 2
1
2. 1 1 3 5
3
y a x a x x = + + + +
* Hm s cho xc nh trn .
* Ta c :
( ) ( )
2 2
' 1 2 1 3 y a x a x = + + + v c
( )
2
' 2 2 a a = + +
Hm s y ng bin trn khi v ch khi
( )
' 0, 1 y x
+ Xt
2
1 0 1 a a = =
3
1 ' 4 3 ' 0 1
4
a y x y x a = = + = i khng tho yu cu bi
ton.
1 ' 3 0 1 a y x a = = > = i tho mn yu cu bi ton.
+ Xt
2
1 0 1 a a
* Bng xt du '
a 1 1 2 +
' 0 + 0
+ Nu 1 2 a a < > th ' 0 y > vi mi x . Hm s y ng bin trn .
+ Nu 2 a = th
( )
2
' 3 1 y x = + , ta c : ' 0 1, ' 0, 1 y x y x = = > . Hm
s y ng bin trn mi na khong
( )
; 1 ` 1; va ( +

nn hm s y
ng bin trn .
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

19
+ Nu 1 2, 1 a a < < th ' 0 y = c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
, x x . Gi s
1 2
x x < . Khi hm s nghch bin trn khong
( )
1 2
; x x ,ng bin trn mi
khong
( )
1
; x v
( )
2
; x + . Do 1 2, 1 a a < < khng tho mn yu cu
bi ton .
Do hm s y ng bin trn khi v ch khi 1 2 a a < .
Vy vi 1 2 a th hm s y ng bin trn .
Bi tp tng t :
Tm m cc hm s sau lun ng bin trn mi khong xc nh .
( )
3 2 2
1
1. 3 1
3 2
m
y x x m x = +
( )
3
2
2. 2 3
3
x
y mx m x = + + +
( ) ( )
3
2
3. 2 1 4 1
3
x
y m m x x = + +
( ) ( ) ( )
3
2
4. 2 2 3 5 6 2
3
x
y m m x m x = + +

Ch :
Phng php:
* Hm s ( , ) y f x m = tng trn ' 0 ' 0
x
y x min y

.
* Hm s ( , ) y f x m = gim trn ' 0 ' 0
x
y x max y

.
Ch :
1) Nu
2
' y ax bx c = + + th
*
0
0
' 0
0
0
a b
c
y x
a
= =

>

*
0
0
' 0
0
0
a b
c
y x
a
= =

<

Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

20
2) Hm ng bin trn th n phi xc nh trn .
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

20
Dng 4 : Hm s n iu trn tp con ca .

Phng php:
* Hm s ( , ) y f x m = tng x I ' 0 min ' 0
x I
y x I y

.
* Hm s ( , ) y f x m = gim ' 0 max ' 0
x I
x I y x I y

.
V d 1 : Tm m cc hm s sau
1.
4 mx
y
x m
+
=
+
lun nghch bin khong
( )
;1 .
2.
( )
3 2
3 1 4 y x x m x m = + + + + nghch bin trn khong
( )
1;1 .
Gii :
1.
4 mx
y
x m
+
=
+
lun nghch bin khong
( )
;1 .
* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong
( )
;1 .
* Ta c
( )
2
2
4
' ,
m
y x m
x m

=
+

Hm s nghch bin trn khong
( )
;1 khi v ch khi
( )
( )
' 0, ;1
;1
y x
m

<

( )
2
4 0 2 2 2 2
2 1
1 1 ;1
m m m
m
m m m
< < < < <

<




Vy : vi 2 1 m < th tho yu cu bi ton .
2.
( )
3 2
3 1 4 y x x m x m = + + + + nghch bin trn khong
( )
1;1 .
* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong
( )
1;1 .
* Ta c :
2
' 3 6 1 y x x m = + + +

Cch 1 :
Hm s cho nghch bin trn khong
( )
1;1 khi v ch khi
( )
' 0, 1;1 y x hay.
Xt hm s
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 6 1 , 1;1 g x x x x = + +
( ) ( ) ( )
' 6 6 0, 1;1 g x x x g x = < nghch bin trn khong
( )
1;1
v
( ) ( )
1 1
lim 2, lim 10
x x
g x g x
+

= =
* Bng bin thin.
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

21
x 1 1
( )
' g x


( )
g x
2


10


Vy 10 m tho yu cu bi ton .

Cch 2 :
( )
'' 6 6 f x x = +
Nghim ca phng trnh
( )
'' 0 f x = l 1 1 x = < . Do , hm s
cho nghch bin trn khong
( )
1;1 khi v ch khi
( )
1
lim 10
x
m g x

= .
Vy 10 m tho yu cu bi ton .

Bi tp t luyn:
Tm m cc hm s sau:
1.
1 mx
y
x m

lun nghch bin khong

( )
2; + .
2.
( )
2
2 3
x m
y
m x m

=
+
lun nghch bin khong
( )
1; 2 .
3.
2
2 x m
y
x m

lun nghch bin khong

( )
; 0 .
4.
( )
2
1
3
m x m
y
x m
+
=
+
lun nghch bin khong
( )
0;1 .
V d 2 : Tm m cc hm s sau
1.
3 2
2 2 1 y x x mx = + ng bin trn khong
( )
1; + .
2.
3 2
3 2 y mx x x m = + + ng bin trn khong
( )
3; 0 .
3.
( ) ( )
3 2
1
2 1 1
3
y mx m x m x m = + + + ng bin trn khong
( )
2; + .
Gii :
1.
3 2
2 2 1 y x x mx = + ng bin trn khong
( )
1; + .
* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong
( )
1; + .
* Ta c :
2
' 6 4 y x x m = +
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

22
Hm s cho ng bin trn khong
( )
1; + khi v ch khi
( )
' 0, 1; y x +
( )
2
6 4 , 1 g x x x m x = >
Xt hm s
( )
2
6 4 g x x x = lin tc trn khong
( )
1; + , ta c
( ) ( )
' 12 4 0, 1 g x x x g x = > > ng bin trn khong
( )
1; +
v
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1
lim lim 6 4 2, lim
x
x x
g x x x g x
+ +
+

= = = +
* Bng bin thin.
x 1 +
( )
' g x
+

( )
g x

+


2
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra 2 2 m m
2.
3 2
3 2 y mx x x m = + + ng bin trn khong
( )
3; 0 .
* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong
( )
3; 0 .
* Ta c :
2
' 3 2 3 y mx x = +
Hm s cho ng bin trn khong
( )
3; 0 khi v ch khi ' 0, y
( )
3; 0 x .
Hay
( ) ( )
2
2
2 3
3 2 3 0, 3; 0 , 3; 0
3
x
mx x x m x
x

+
Xt hm s
( )
2
2 3
3
x
g x
x

= lin tc trn khong

( )
3; 0 , ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
2
4
6 18
' 0, 3; 0
9
x x
g x x g x
x
+
= < nghch bin trn khong
( )
3; 0
v
( ) ( )
3 0
4
lim , lim
27
x x
g x g x
+

= =
* Bng bin thin.
x 3 0
( )
' g x


( )
g x


4
27



Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

23
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra
4
27
m
3.
( ) ( )
3 2
1
2 1 1
3
y mx m x m x m = + + + ng bin trn khong
( )
2; + .
* Hm s cho xc nh trn khong
( )
2; + .
* Ta c :
( )
2
' 4 1 1 y mx m x m = + +
Hm s ng bin trn khong
( )
2; + khi v ch khi
( ) ( ) ( )
2
' 0, 2; 4 1 1 0, 2; y x mx m x m x + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
4 1
4 1 4 1, 2; , 2;
4 1
x
x x m x x m x
x x
+
+ + + + +
+ +

Xt hm s
( ) ( )
2
4 1
, 2;
4 1
x
g x x
x x
+
= +
+ +

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 1
' 0, 2;
4 1
x x
g x x g x
x x
+
= < +
+ +
nghch bin trn khong
( )
2; + v
( ) ( )
2
9
lim , lim 0
13
x
x
g x g x
+
+

= =
Bng bin thin.
x 2 +
( )
' g x


( )
g x

9
13

0
Vy
9
13
m tho yu cu bi ton .

Bi tp t luyn:
Tm m cc hm s sau:
1.
( )
2
1 1
2
mx m x
y
x m
+ +
=

ng bin trn khong

( )
1; + .
2.
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2
2 7 7 2 1 2 3 y x mx m m x m m = + + ng bin trn
khong
( )
2; + .
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

24
3.
3 2
1
( 1) 3( 2) 1
3
y mx m x m x = + + ng bin trn khong (2; ) + .
V d 3 : Tm m cc hm s sau :
1.
2
6 2
2
mx x
y
x
+
=
+
nghch bin trn na khong
)
2; +

.
2.
3 2 2
( 1) (2 3 2) (2 1) y x m x m m x m m = + + + ng bin trn na
khong
)
1; +

.
Gii :
1.
2
6 2
2
mx x
y
x
+
=
+
nghch bin trn na khong
)
2; +

.
* Hm s cho xc nh trn na khong
)
2; +

* Ta c
2 2
' 3 2( 1) (2 3 2) y x m x m m = + +
Hm ng bin trn na khong
)
2; +

.
)
' 0, 2; y x +

)
2 2
( ) 3 2( 1) (2 3 2) 0, 2; f x x m x m m x = + + +

V tam thc ( ) f x c
2
' 7 7 7 0 m m m = + > nn ( ) f x c hai nghim
1 2
1 ' 1 '
;
3 3
m m
x x
+ + +
= = .
V
1 2
x x < nn
1
2
( )
x x
f x
x x

.
Do
)
2
( ) 0 2; 2 ' 5 f x x x m +

2 2
5 5
3
2
2 ' (5 ) 2 6 0
m m
m
m m m




+


.
2.
3 2 2
( 1) (2 3 2) (2 1) y x m x m m x m m = + + + ng bin trn na
khong
)
1; +

.
* Hm s cho xc nh trn na khong
)
1; +

* Ta c
2
2
4 14
'
( 2)
mx mx
y
x
+ +
=
+

Hm nghch bin trn na khong [1; ) +
2
( ) 4 14 0 f x mx mx = + + ,
) ( )
1; * x +

.
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

25
Cch 1: Dng tam thc bc hai
Nu 0 m = khi
( )
* khng tha mn.
Nu 0 m . Khi ( ) f x c
2
4 14 m m =
Bng xt du
m 0
7
2

+
' + 0 0 +
Nu
7
0
2
m < < th ( ) 0 f x x > , nu ( ) f x c hai nghim
1 2
, x x th
( ) 0 f x
1 2
( ; ) x x x nn
( )
* khng tha mn.
Nu 0 m < hoc
7
2
m > . Khi ( ) 0 f x = c hai nghim
2 2
1 2
2 4 14 2 4 14
;
m m m m m m
x x
m m
+
=
V 0 m < hoc
7
2
m >
1
1 2
2
( ) 0
x x
x x f x
x x

<

Do
)
2
2
( ) 0 1; 1 3 4 14 f x x x m m m +

2
0
14
5 5 14 0
m
m
m m
<

.
Cch 2:
)
2
1
14
(*) ( ) 1; min ( )
4
x
m g x x m g x
x x

= +

+

Ta c
1
14 14
min ( ) (1)
5 5 x
g x g m

= = .

Bi tp t luyn :
Tm m cc hm s sau :
1.
( )
2
2 2 x m x
y
x m
+
=
+
ng bin trn na khong
(
;1(

.
2.
( ) ( )
3 2
1
1 1 1
3
y x m x m x = + + nghch bin trn na khong
(
; 2(

.
V d 4 : Tm tt c cc tham s m hm s
3 2
3 y x x mx m = + + + nghch
bin trn on c di bng 1?.
Gii :
* Hm s cho xc nh trn .
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

26
* Ta c :
2
' 3 6 y x x m = + + c ' 9 3m =
i Nu 3 m th ' 0, y x , khi hm s lun ng bin trn , do
3 m khng tho yu cu bi ton .
i Nu 3 m < , khi ' 0 y = c hai nghim phn bit
( )
1 2 1 2
, x x x x < v hm s
nghch bin trong on
1 2
; x x (

vi di
2 1
l x x =
Theo Vi-t, ta c :
1 2 1 2
2,
3
m
x x x x + = =
Hm s nghch bin trn on c di bng 1 1 l =
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 1 2 1 2
4 9
1 4 1 4 1
3 4
x x x x x x m m = + = = = .

Bi tp tng t :
1. Tm tt c cc tham s m hm s
3 2 2
3 1 y x m x x m = + + nghch
bin trn on c di bng 1?.
2. Tm tt c cc tham s m hm s
3 2 2
3 5 y x m x mx m = + + + + ng
bin trn on c di bng 3 ?.

V d 5: Tm m hm s cos y x m x = + ng bin trn .
Gii:
* Hm s cho xc nh trn .
* Ta c ' 1 sin y m x = .

Cch 1: Hm ng bin trn
' 0, 1 sin 0, sin 1, (1) y x m x x m x x
* 0 m = th (1) lun ng
* 0 m > th
1 1
(1) sin 1 0 1 x x m
m m
< .
* 0 m < th
1 1
(1) sin 1 1 0 x x R m
m m
< .
Vy 1 1 m l nhng gi tr cn tm.

Cch 2: Hm ng bin trn ' 0 y x
1 0
min ' min{1 ;1 } 0 1 1
1 0
m
y m m m
m

= +

.
Bi tp t luyn:
1. Tm m hm s
( )
1 cos y x m m x = + nghch bin trn .
2. Tm m hm s . sin cos y x x m x = + ng bin trn .
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

27


27
Dng 5 : S dng tnh n iu ca hm s CM bt ng thc.
a bt ng thc v dng
( ) ( )
, ; f x M x a b .
Xt hm s
( ) ( )
, ; y f x x a b = .
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s trn khong
( )
; a b .
Da vo bng bin thin v kt lun.

V d 1 : Vi 0;
2
x
| |

|
\
.Chng minh rng :
1. sin t n 2 x a x x + >
2 sin
2. 1
x
x
< <

Gii :
1. sin t n 2 x a x x + >
* Xt hm s
( )
sin t n 2 f x x a x x = + lin tc trn na khong 0;
2
|
|

.
* Ta c :
( )
2
2 2
1 1
' cos 2 cos 2 0, 0;
2 cos cos
f x x x x
x x
| |
= + > + >
|
\

( )
f x l hm s ng bin trn 0;
2
|
|

v
( ) ( )
0 , f x f > 0;
2
x
| |

|
\

hay sin t n 2 , 0;
2
x a x x x
| |
+ >
|
\
(pcm).
T bi ton trn ta c bi ton sau : Chng minh rng tam gic ABC c ba
gc nhn th sin sin sin tan tan tan 2 A B C A B C + + + + + >
2 sin
2. 1
x
x
< <
* Vi 0 x > th
sin
1
x
x
< (xem v d 2 )
* Xt hm s
( )
sinx
f x
x
= lin tc trn na khong 0;
2
| (
(
\
.
* Ta c
( )
2
. cos sin
' , 0;
2
x x x
f x x
x
| |
=
|
\
.
* Xt hm s
( )
. cos sin g x x x x = lin trc trn on 0;
2
(
(

v c
28
( ) ( )
' . sin 0, 0;
2
g x x x x g x
| |
= <
|
\
lin tc v nghch bin trn on
0;
2
(
(

v ta c
( ) ( )
0 0, 0;
2
g x g x
| (
< =
(
\

* T suy ra
( )
( )
( )
2
'
' 0, 0;
2
g x
f x x f x
x
| |
= <
|
\
lin tc v nghch
bin trn na khong 0;
2
| (
(
\
, ta c
( )
2
, 0;
2 2
f x f x

| | | |
> =
| |
\ \
.
Bi tp tng t :
Chng minh rng vi mi 0;
2
x
| |

|
\
ta lun c:
1. tanx x >
3
2. tan
3
x
x x > +
3. 2sin tan 3 x x x + >
3
4.
2
cot
sin
x
x
x
<
+


V d 2 : Chng minh rng :
1. sin , 0;
2
x x x
(

(


3
2. sin , 0;
3! 2
x
x x x
| |
>
|
\

2 4
3. cos 1 , 0;
2 24 2
x x
x x
| |
< +
|
\

3
sin
4. cos , 0;
2
x
x x
x
| | | |
>
| |
\ \
.

Gii :
1. sin , 0;
2
x x x
(

(


* Xt hm s ( ) sin f x x x = lin tc trn on 0;
2
x
(

(


* Ta c: '( ) cos 1 0 , 0;
2
f x x x
(
=
(

( ) f x l hm nghch bin trn
on 0;
2
(
(

.
Suy ra ( ) (0) 0 sin 0;
2
f x f x x x
(
=
(

(pcm).

29
3
2. sin , 0;
3! 2
x
x x x
| |
>
|
\

* Xt hm s
3
( ) sin
6
x
f x x x = + lin tc trn na khong 0;
2
x
|

|

.
* Ta c:
2
'( ) cos 1 "( ) sin 0 0;
2 2
x
f x x f x x x x
|
= + = +
|

(theo
cu 1)
'( ) '(0) 0 0; ( ) (0) 0 0;
2 2
f x f x f x f x
| |
= =
| |


3
sin , 0;
3! 2
x
x x x
| |
>
|
\
(pcm).
2 4
3. cos 1 , 0;
2 24 2
x x
x x
| |
< +
|
\

* Xt hm s
2 4
( ) cos 1
2 24
x x
g x x = + lin tc trn na khong 0;
2
x
|

|

.
* Ta c:
3
'( ) sin 0 0;
6 2
x
g x x x x
|
= +
|

(theo cu
2) ( ) (0) 0 0;
2
g x g x
|
=
|


2 4
cos 1 , 0;
2 24 2
x x
x x
| |
< +
|
\
(pcm).
3
sin
4. cos , 0;
2
x
x x
x
| | | |
>
| |
\ \
.
Theo kt qu cu 2, ta c:
3
sin , 0;
6 2
x
x x x
| |
>
|
\

3
3
2 2 2 4 6
sin sin
1 1 1
6 6 2 12 216
x x x x x x x
x x
| |
| |
| > > = +
|
|
\
\

3
2 4 4 2
sin
1 (1 )
2 24 24 9
x x x x x
x
| |
> + +
|
\

30
V
3
2 2 4
sin
0; 1 0 1
2 9 2 24
x x x x
x
x
| | | |
> > +
| |
\ \

Mt khc, theo cu 3:
2 4
1 cos , 0;
2 24 2
x x
x x
| |
+ >
|
\

Suy ra
3
sin
cos , 0;
2
x
x x
x
| | | |
>
| |
\ \
(pcm).
Nhn xt: Ta c
sin
0 sin 0 1 (0; )
2
x
x x x
x

< < < < nn

3
sin sin
3
x x
x x

| | | |

| |
\ \
. Do , ta c kt qu sau
Chng minh rng: vi 3 , ta lun c:
sin
cos 0;
2
x
x x
x

| | | |

| |
\ \
.
Bi tp tng t :
Chng minh rng :
2 2 4
1. 1 cos 1 , 0
2 2 24
x x x
x x < < +
2
1 1
2. sin 1 , 0
6
x x
x
x
> >

V d 3 : Chng minh rng
2 2 2
1 1 4
1 , 0;
2
sin
x
x x

| |
< +
|
\

Gii :
* Xt hm s
2 2
1 1
( )
sin
f x
x x
= lin tc trn na khong 0;
2
x
| (

(
\
.
* Ta c:
3 3
3 3 3 3
2cos 2 2( cos sin )
'( )
sin sin
x x x x
f x
x x x x
+
= + = .
Theo kt qu cu 4 - v d 2 , ta c:
3
sin
cos , 0;
2
x
x x
x
| | | |
>
| |
\ \

3 3
cos sin 0 , 0; '( ) 0 , 0;
2 2
x x x x f x x
| | | |
+ > >
| |
\ \

2
4
( ) 1 , 0;
2 2
f x f x

| | | (
=
| (
\ \

Do vy:
2 2 2
1 1 4
1 , 0;
2
sin
x
x x

| |
< +
|
\
(pcm).
31
Bi tp tng t :
1. Chng minh rng :
( )
2
2
4
sin
x
x x

< vi mi 0;
2
x
| |

|
\
.
2. Chng minh rng :
( )
2
2
sin 4
12
x
x x x

> + vi mi 0;
2
x
| |

|
\
.
V d 4 : Vi 0
2
x

< . Chng minh rng
3
1
2. sin t n
2
2 2 2
x
x a x
+
+ >
Gii :
* Ta c:
1
sin t n
2. sin t n 2 sin t n
2
2 2 2. 2 .2 2.2
x a x
x a x x a x
+
+ =
Ta chng minh:
1 3
sin t n
2 2
1 3
2 2 sin t n
2 2
x
x a x
x a x x
+
+ 0;
2
x
|

|

.
* Xt hm s
( )
1 3
sin t n
2 2
x
f x x a x = + lin tc trn na khong 0;
2
|
|

.
* Ta c:
( )
3 2
2 2
1 3 2cos 3cos 1
' cos
2
2. cos 2cos
x x
f x x
x x
+
= + =

2
2
(cos 1) (2cos 1)
0 , 0;
2
2cos
x x
x
x
| +
=
|

.
( ) f x ng bin trn
[0; )
2
1 3
( ) (0) 0 sin tan
2 2
f x f x x x = + , 0;
2
x
|

|

(pcm).
V d 5 : Chng minh bt ng thc sau vi mi s t nhin 1 n >
1 1 2
n n
n n
n n
n n
+ + <
Gii :
* t
( )
0;1 , *
n
n
x n N
n
= .
* Bt ng thc cn chng minh l:
( )
1 1 2, 0;1
n n
x x x + + <
* Xt hm
( )
1 1 , [0;1)
n n
f x x x x = + +
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 1
1 1 1
' 0, 0;1
1 1
n n
n n
f x x
n
x x

| |
|
= < |
|
| +
\

32
Vy
( )
f x gim trn
( )
0; 1 nn
( ) ( ) ( )
0 2, 0; 1 f x f x < = .

V d 6:
1. Cho 0 x y z .Chng minh rng :
x z y x y z
z y x y z x
+ + + +
2. Cho , , 0 x y z > .Chng minh rng:
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x y z xyz x y z xy x y yz y z zx z x + + + + + + + + + +
Gii :
1 Cho 0 x y z .Chng minh rng :
x z y x y z
z y x y z x
+ + + +
0 x y z
* Xt hm s : ( )
x z y x y z
f x
z y x y z x
| |
= + + + +
|
\
.
* Ta c:
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
'( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) 0, 0
y z
f x y z x
z y yz
x x x
= =
( )
f x l hm s ng bin 0 x ( ) ( ) 0 f x f y = pcm.

2. Cho , , 0 x y z > Chng minh rng:
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x y z xyz x y z xy x y yz y z zx z x + + + + + + + + + + .
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s: 0 x y z > .
* Xt hm s
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x x y z xyz x y z xy x y yz y z zx z x = + + + + + + + +
* Ta c
3 2 3 3
'( ) 4 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) f x x x y z xyz yz x y z y z = + + + + + +
2
"( ) 12 6 ( ) 2 f x x x y z yz = + +
"( ) 0 f x > (do x y z )
2 3 2
'( ) '( ) ( ) 0 f x f y z y z z y z = = nn
( ) f x l hm s ng
bin.
4 3 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 0 f x f y z z y y z z z y = + = pcm.

V d 7:
1. Cho , , 0 a b c > . Chng minh rng:
3
2
a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + +
.
2. Cho 0 a b c < . Chng minh rng:
2
2 2 2 ( )
3
( )
a b c c a
b c c a a b a c a

+ + +
+ + + +
.

33
Gii :
1. Cho , , 0 a b c > . Chng minh rng:
3
2
a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + +

* t , , 1
b c a
x y z xyz
a b c
= = = = v bt ng thc cho
1 1 1 3
1 1 1 2 x y z
+ +
+ + +
.
* Gi s 1 1 z xy nn c:
1 1 2 2
1 1
1 1
z
x y
xy z
+ =
+ +
+ +

2
1 1 1 2 1 2 1
( )
1 1 1 1 1
1 1
z t
f t
x y z z t
z t
+ + + = + =
+ + + + +
+ +
vi
1 t z =
* Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2(1 )
'( ) 0
(1 ) (1 ) (1 )
t t
f t
t t t

=
+ + +

3
( ) (1) , 1
2
f t f t = pcm.

2. Cho 0 a b c < . Chng minh rng:
2
2 2 2 ( )
3
( )
a b c c a
b c c a a b a c a

+ + +
+ + + +

* t , ,1
b c
x x
a a
= = . Khi bt ng thc cn chng minh tr
thnh
2
2 2 2 4
1 1 1
x x x
x x x

+ +
+ +
+ + + +

2
1 2 ( 1)
1 (2 2 )
1
x x x
x x
x


+ +
+ + + +
+ +

* Xt hm s
2
1 2 ( 1)
( ) 1 (2 2 ), 1
1
x x x
f x x x x
x


+ +
= + + + +
+ +

* Ta c:
2
2(2 1) 1
'( ) 2 1 2
1
( )
x
f x x
x

+
= +
+
+

2
2 +1 2
'( ) ( 1) 0, 1
+1
( )
x
f x x
x

(
= (
( +


Nh vy hm ( ) f x l ng bin do
2
1
( ) ( ) 3 3 f x f

= +
34
Nhng 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
'( ) 2 3 3 3 . . 3 0 f

= + = + + =
( ) ( ) (1) 0 f x f f = pcm.

Bi tp t luyn:
1.
Cho hm s
( )
2sin t n 3 f x x a x x = +
) a Chng minh rng hm s ng bin trn na khong 0;
2
|
|

.
) b Chng minh rng 2 sin t n 3 x a x x + > vi mi 0;
2
x
| |

|
\
.
2.
) a Chng minh rng t n a x x > vi mi 0;
2
x
| |

|
\
.
) b Chng minh rng
3
t n
3
x
a x x > + vi mi 0;
2
x
| |

|
\
.
3.
Cho hm s
( )
4
t n f x x a x

= vi mi 0;
4
x
(

(


) a Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s trn on 0;
4
(
(

.
) b T suy ra rng
4
t n x a x

vi mi 0;
4
x
(

(

.
4.
Chng minh rng cc bt ng thc sau :
) a sinx x < vi mi 0 x >
) b sinx x > vi mi 0 x <
) c
2
cos 1
2
x
x > vi mi 0 x
) d
3
sin
6
x
x x > vi mi 0 x >
) e
3
sin
6
x
x x < vi mi 0 x <
) f sin t n 2 x a x x + > vi mi 0;
2
x
| |

|
\
.
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

35
Dng 6 : Dng n iu hm s gii v bin lun phng trnh v
bt phng trnh .

Ch 1 :
Nu hm s
( )
y f x = lun n iu nghim cch trn D ( hoc lun ng bin
hoc lun nghch bin trn D ) th s nghim ca phng trnh :
( )
f x k = s
khng nhiu hn mt v
( ) ( )
f x f y = khi v ch khi x y = .
Ch 2:
Nu hm s
( )
y f x = lun n iu nghim cch trn D ( hoc lun ng
bin hoc lun nghch bin trn D ) v hm s
( )
y g x = lun n iu nghim
ngoc ( hoc lun ng bin hoc lun nghch bin ) trn D , th s nghim trn
D ca phng trnh
( ) ( )
f x g x = khng nhiu hn mt.
Nu hm s
( )
y f x = c o hm n cp n trn D v phng trnh
( )
( ) 0
k
f x = c m nghim, khi phng trnh
( 1)
( ) 0
k
f x

= c nhiu nht l
1 m + nghim.

V d 1 : Gii cc phng trnh
1.
2 2
3 (2 9 3) (4 2)( 1 1) 0 x x x x x + + + + + + + =
2.
3
3 2 2
4 5 6 7 9 4 x x x x x + = +

Gii :
1.
2 2
3 (2 9 3) (4 2)( 1 1) 0 (1) x x x x x + + + + + + + =
Phng trnh
( )
2 2
(1) 3 (2 ( 3 ) 3) (2 1)(2 (2 1) 3) (2) x x x x + + = + + + +
t 3 , 2 1, , 0 u x v x u v = = + >
Phng trnh
2 2
(1) (2 3) (2 3) (3) u u v v + + = + +
* Xt hm s
4 2
( ) 2 3 f t t t t = + + lin tc trn khong
( )
0; +
* Ta c
( )
3
4 2
2 3
'( ) 2 0, 0
3
t t
f t t f t
t t
+
= + > >
+
ng bin trn khong
( )
0; + .
Khi phng trnh
1
(3) ( ) ( ) 3 2 1
5
f u f v u v x x x = = = + =
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

36
Vy
1
5
x = l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
2.
3
3 2 2
4 5 6 7 9 4 x x x x x + = + .
t y =
3
2
7 9 4 y x x = + . Khi phng trnh cho
3 2
2 3
4 5 6
7 9 4
x x x y
x x y

+ =

+ =

( ) ( )
( )
3 2
3 2
3
3 3 2
3
4 5 6
4 5 6
3 4 2
1 1 *
x x x y
x x x y
I
y y x x x
y y x x

+ =
+ =



+ = + + +
+ = + + +

( ) * c dng
( ) ( ) ( )
1 f y f x a = +
* Xt hm
( )
3
, f t t t t = +
* V
( )
2
' 3 1 0, f t t t = + > nn hm s ng bin trn tp s thc .
Khi
( )
1 a y x = +
H
( )
( )
3 2 3 2
4 5 6 4 6 5 0 * *
1 1
x x x y x x x
I
y x y x

+ = + =



= + = +



Gii phng trnh
( )
* * ta c tp nghim :
1 5 1 5
5, ,
2 2
S

+
=
`

)
.
V d 2 : Chng minh rng phng trnh: =
2
2 2 11 x x c nghim duy nht
Gii :
Cch 1 :
Xt hm s
2
2 2 y x x = lin tc trn na khong
)
+

2; .
Ta c:
( )
( )

= > +

5 8
' 0, 2;
2
x x
y x
x

( )
2
lim lim 2 2
x x
y x x
+ +
= = +
Bng bin thin :
x 2 +
' y +

y

+


0
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

37
Da vo bng bin thin ta thy th ca hm s
2
2 2 y x x = lun ct
ng thng 11 y = ti duy nht mt im. Do phng trnh
=
2
2 2 11 x x c nghim duy nht .

Cch 2:
Xt hm s
( )
2
2 2 11 y f x x x = = lin tc trn na khong
)
+

2; .
Ta c
( ) ( )
2 11, 3 7 f f = = . V
( ) ( ) ( )
2 . 3 77 0 0 f f f x = < = c t nht
mt nghim trong khong
( )
2; 3 .
( )
( )
( ) ( )
5 8
' 0, 2;
2
x x
f x x f x
x

= > +

lin tc v ng bin trn khong

( )
2; 3 .
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht thuc khong
( )
2; 3 .
V d 3 : Gii bt phng trnh sau : 5 1 3 4 x x + +
Gii :
iu kin :
1
5
x
* Xt hm s ( ) 5 1 3 f x x x = + + lin tc trn na khong
1
;
5
|
+
|


* Ta c :
( )
5 1 1
'( ) 0 ,
5
2 5 1 2 1
f x x f x
x x
= + > >


l hm s ng bin trn na khong
1
;
5
|
+
|

v (1) 4 f = , khi bt phng
trnh cho ( ) (1) 1. f x f x
Vy bt phng trnh cho c nghim l 1 x .
V d 4 : Gii bt phng trnh sau
5
3 3 2 2 6
2 1
x x
x
+

Gii :
iu kin:
1 3
2 2
x <
* Bt phng trnh cho
5
3 3 2 2 6 ( ) ( ) (*)
2 1
x x f x g x
x
+ +

* Xt hm s
5
( ) 3 3 2
2 1
f x x
x
= +

lin tc trn na khong

1 3
;
2 2
| (
(
\

Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

38
* Ta c :
3
3 5 1 3
'( ) 0, ; ( )
2 2
3 2
( 2 1)
f x x f x
x
x
| |
= <
|
\
l hm
nghch bin trn na on
1 3
;
2 2
| (
(
\
.
Hm s ( ) 2 6 g x x = + l hm ng bin trn v (1) (1) 8 f g = =
i Nu 1 ( ) (1) 8 (1) ( ) (*) x f x f g g x > < = = < ng
i Nu 1 ( ) (1) 8 (1) ( ) (*) x f x f g g x < > = = > v nghim.
Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l:
3
1
2
x .
V d 5 : Gii bt phng trnh sau
( 2)(2 1) 3 6 4 ( 6)(2 1) 3 2 x x x x x x + + + + +
Gii :
iu kin:
1
2
x .
Bt phng trnh cho
( )
( 2 6)( 2 1 3) 4 * x x x + + +
i Nu 2 1 3 0 5 (*) x x lun ng.
i Nu 5 x >
* Xt hm s ( ) ( 2 6)( 2 1 3) f x x x x = + + + lin tc trn khong
( )
5; +
* Ta c:
1 1 2 6
'( ) ( )( 2 1 3) 0, 5
2 2 2 6 2 1
x x
f x x x
x x x
+ + +
= + + > >
+ +

( )
f x ng bin trn khong
( )
5; + v (7) 4 f = , do
( )
* ( ) (7) 7 f x f x .
Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l:
1
7
2
x .
V d 6 : Gii bt phng trnh sau
3 2
2 3 6 16 2 3 4 x x x x + + + < +
Gii :
iu kin:
3 2
2 3 6 16 0
2 4.
4 0
x x x
x
x

+ + +

.
Bt phng trnh cho
( )
3 2
2 3 6 16 4 2 3 ( ) 2 3 * x x x x f x + + + < <
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

39
* Xt hm s
3 2
( ) 2 3 6 16 4 f x x x x x = + + + lin tc trn on
2; 4 (

.
* Ta c:
( )
2
3 2
3( 1) 1
'( ) 0, 2; 4
2 4
2 3 6 16
x x
f x x
x
x x x
+ +
= + >

+ + +

( )
f x
ng bin trn na khong
( )
2; 4 v (1) 2 3 f = , do
( )
* ( ) (1) 1 f x f x < < .
Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l: 2 1 x < .
V d 7 : Chng minh rng
4
1 0 , x x x + >
Gii :
* Xt hm s
4
( ) 1 f x x x = + lin tc trn .
* Ta c
3
'( ) 4 1 f x x = v
3
1
'( ) 0
4
f x x = = .
* V '( ) f x i du t m sang dng khi x qua
3
1
4
, do
3 3 3
1 1 1
min ( ) ( ) 1 0
4 4 4 4
f x f = = + >
Vy ( ) 0 , f x x > .
V d 8 : Chng minh rng phng trnh :
5
2
2009 0
2
x
x
x
+ =

c
ng hai nghim dng phn bit.
Gii :
* iu kin: 2 x > (do 0 x > ).
* Xt hm s :
5
2
( ) 2009
2
x
f x x
x
= +

vi 2 x > .
* Ta c
4
2 3
1
'( ) 5
( 2)
f x x
x
=

3
2 5
3
"( ) 20 0 , 2
( 2)
x
f x x x
x
= + > >

'( ) 0 f x = c nhiu nht mt nghim ( ) 0 f x = c nhiu nht l hai
nghim.
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

40
M:
2
lim ( ) , ( 3) 0, lim ( ) ( ) 0
x
x
f x f f x f x
+ +

= + < = + = c hai nghim

( )
1
2; 3 x v
2
3 x > .
V d 9 : Gii h phng trnh
1.
2 3 4 4 (1)
2 3 4 4 (2)
x y
y x

+ + =

+ + =

2.
( )
( )
3
3
2 1
2 2
x x y
y y x

+ =

+ =

3.
3 3
6 6
3 3 (1)
1 (2)
x x y y
x y

+ =

Gii :

1.
2 3 4 4 (1)
2 3 4 4 (2)
x y
y x

+ + =

+ + =

iu kin:
3
4
2
3
4
2
x
y

.
Cch 1:

Tr (1) v (2) ta c:

( )
2 3 4 2 3 4 3 x x y y + = +
* Xt hm s ( ) 2 3 4 f t t t = + lin tc trn on
3
; 4
2
(

(

.
* Ta c:
/
1 1 3
( ) 0, ; 4
2
2 3 2 4
f x t
t t
| |
= + >
|
+ \
(3) ( ) ( ) f x f y x y = = .
Thay x y = vo (1) ,ta c:
2 3 4 4 7 2 (2 3)(4 ) 16 x x x x x + + = + + + =
2
2
3
9 0
2 2 5 12 9
11
9 38 33 0
9
x
x
x x x
x x
x
=

+ + =

+ =
=

Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

41
Vy h phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit
11
3
9
,
3 11
9
x
x
y
y

=
=

.
Cch 2:

Tr (1) v (2) ta c:
( ) ( )
2 3 2 3 4 4 0 x y y x + + + =
(2 3) (2 3) (4 ) (4 )
0
2 3 2 3 4 4
x y y x
x y y x
+ +
+ =
+ + + +
( )
2 1
( ) 0 *
2 3 2 3 4 4
x y
x y y x
| |
+ =
|
+ + + +
\
.
V
2 1
0
2 3 2 3 4 4 x y y x
+ >
+ + + +
nn
( )
* x y =
Thay x y = vo (1) ,ta c:
2 3 4 4 7 2 (2 3)(4 ) 16 x x x x x + + = + + + =
2
2
3
9 0
2 2 5 12 9
11
9 38 33 0
9
x
x
x x x
x x
x
=

+ + =

+ =
=

Vy h phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit
11
3
9
,
3 11
9
x
x
y
y

=
=

.
2.
( )
( )
3
3
2 1
2 2
x x y
y y x

+ =

+ =

Cch 1 :
* Xt hm s
3 2 /
( ) 2 ( ) 3 2 0, f t t t f t t t = + = + > .
* H phng trnh tr thnh
( ) (1)
( ) (2)
f x y
f y x
=

.
+ Nu ( ) ( ) x y f x f y y x > > > (do (1) v (2) dn n mu thun).
+ Nu ( ) ( ) x y f x f y y x < < < (mu thun).
Suy ra x y = , th vo h ta c
( )
3 2 2
0 1 0 0 1 0. x x x x x v x + = + = = + >
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

42
Vy h c nghim duy nht
0
0
x
y
=

.
Cch 2:
Tr (1) v (2) ta c:
3 3 2 2
3 3 0 ( )( 3) 0 x y x y x y x y xy + = + + + =

2
2
3
( ) 3 0
2 4
y y
x y x x y
(
| |
( + + + = =
|
( \


Th x y = vo (1) v (2) ta c:
( )
3 2
0 1 0 0 x x x x x + = + = =
Vy h phng trnh c nghim duy nht
0
0
x
y
=

.
3.
3 3
6 6
3 3 (1)
1 (2)
x x y y
x y

+ =

T (1) v (2) suy ra 1 , 1 x y
(1) ( ) ( ) (*) f x f y =
* Xt hm s
3
( ) 3 f t t t = lin tc trn on [ 1;1] , ta c

( )
2
'( ) 3( 1) 0 [ 1;1] f t t t f t = nghch bin trn on [ 1;1]
* Do : (*) x y = thay vo (2) ta c nghim ca h l:
6
1
2
x y = = .
V d 10 : Gii h phng trnh
1.
2
1 1
(1)
2 1 0 (2)
x y
x y
x xy

2.
3
1 1
(1)
2 1 (2)
x y
x y
y x

= +

Gii :
1.
2
1 1
(1)
2 1 0 (2)
x y
x y
x xy

iu kin: 0, 0 x y . Ta c:
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

43

1
(1) ( ) 1 0
1
.
y x
x y
xy y
x
=
| |

+ =
|

=
\


i y x = phng trnh
2
(2) 1 0 1 x x = = .
i
1
y
x
= phng trnh (2) v nghim.
Vy h phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit
1 1
;
1 1
x x
y y
= =


= =


.

Bnh lun:
Cch gii sau y sai:
2
1 1
(1)
2 1 0 (2)
x y
x y
x xy

.
iu kin: 0, 0 x y .
* Xt hm s
2
/
1 1
( ) , \ {0} ( ) 1 0, \ {0} f t t t f t t
t
t
= = + > .
Suy ra (1) ( ) ( ) f x f y x y = = !
Sai do hm s ( ) f t n iu trn 2 khong ri nhau (c th
( ) ( )
1 1 0 f f = = ).
2.
3
1 1
(1)
2 1 (2)
x y
x y
y x

= +

Cch 1:
iu kin: 0, 0. x y
1
(1) 0 ( ) 1 0
1
.
x y
x y
x y x y
xy xy y
x
=
| |

+ = + =
|

=
\


i x y = phng trnh (2)
1
1 5
.
2
x
x
=

i
1
y
x
= phng trnh (2)
4
2 0. x x + + =
Xt hm s
4 / 3
3
1
( ) 2 ( ) 4 1 0 .
4
f x x x f x x x

= + + = + = =
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

44
3 3
1 3
2 0, lim lim
4 4 4
x x
f
+
| |
= > = = +
|
\

4
( ) 0, 2 0 f x x x x > + + = v nghim.
Cch 2:
iu kin: 0, 0. x y
1
(1) 0 ( ) 1 0
1
.
x y
x y
x y x y
xy xy y
x
=
| |

+ = + =
|

=
\


i x y = phng trnh (2)
1
1 5
.
2
x
x
=

i
1
y
x
= phng trnh (2)
4
2 0. x x + + =

i Vi
4
1 2 0 2 0 x x x x < + > + + > .
i Vi
4 4
1 2 0 x x x x x x + + > .
Suy ra phng trnh (2) v nghim.
Vy h phng trnh c 3 nghim phn bit
1 5 1 5
1
2 2
1
1 5 1 5
2 2
x x
x
y
y y

+
= =

=



=
+

= =


.
Bi tp t luyn:
1. Gii phng trnh:
. 3 1 7 2 4 a x x x + + + + =
3 3
. 5 1 2 1 4 b x x x + + =
2. Gii phng trnh:
( )
10 10
81
81sin cos *
256
x x + =
3. Gii bt phng trnh:
( 2)(2 1) 3 6 4 ( 6)(2 1) 3 2 x x x x x x + + + + +
4. Gii cc h phng trnh
1.
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
x
y
x
y
z
y
z
x
z

2.
3 2
3 2
3 2
9 27 27 0
9 27 27 0
9 27 27 0
y x x
z y y
x z z

+ =

+ =

+ =

Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

45
Dng 7 : Dng n iu hm s gii v bin lun phng trnh v
bt phng trnh cha tham s.
Cho hm s
( )
; 0 f x m = xc nh vi mi
( )
* x I
Bin i
( )
* v dng
( ) ( )
f x f m =
Xt hm s
( )
y f x = lin tc trn I
Dng tnh cht n iu ca hm s v kt lun.
V d 1: Tm tham s thc m ptrnh
2
3 1 x x m + + = c nghim thc .
Gii :
* Xt hm s
( )
2
3 1 f x x x = + + v y m =
* Hm s
( )
2
3 1 f x x x = + + lin tc trn .
* Ta c :
( )
2
2 2
3 3 1 3
' 1
3 1 3 1
x x x
f x
x x
+ +
= + =
+ +

( )
2
2 2
0
' 0 3 1 3
3 1 9
x
f x x x
x x
<

= + =

+ =

0
6 6 6
,
1 6
6 6 3
6
6
x
x f
x
<
| |

| = =

|
= =

Bng bin thin : suy ra
( )
6
3
f x m
( )
f x m = do
6
3
m th phng
trnh cho c nghim thc .
V d 2 : Tm tham s thc m phng trnh :
( )
4 2
1 1 x x m + = c
nghim thc .
Gii :
* Xt hm s
( )
4 2
1 f x x x = + lin tc trn na khong
)
0; +

.
* Ta c :
( )
( )
3
2
4
1 1
' 0
2
1
x
f x
x
x
| |
|
= <
|
|
+ |
\

V
( ) ( )
4 3 6 3
2 2
4 4
1 1
0
1 1
x x x
x x x
x x
< = <
+ +
nn
( ) ( )
' 0, 0 f x x f x < > nghch bin trn na khong
)
0; +

v
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

46
lim ( ) 0
x
f x
+
= , nn
)
0 ( ) 1, 0; f x x < +

.
Vy, phng trnh
( )
1 c nghim thc trn na khong
)
0; 0 1 m + <

V d 3: Tm tham s thc m phng trnh :
( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 3 3 4 1 1 0, 2 m x m x m + + + = c nghim thc.
Gii :
iu kin: 3 1 x .
* Phng trnh
3 3 4 1 1
(2)
4 3 3 1 1
x x
m
x x
+ + +
=
+ + +

* Nhn thy rng:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
3 1
3 1 4 1
2 2
x x
x x
| | | |
+
| | + + = + =
| |
\ \

* Nn tn ti gc 0; , t n ; 0;1
2 2
t a t

(
( =
(


sao cho:
2
2
3 2sin 2
1
t
x
t
+ = =
+
v
2
2
1
1 2 cos 2
1
t
x
t

= =
+

( ) ( )
2
2
3 3 4 1 1 7 12 9
, 3
5 16 7
4 3 3 1 1
x x t t
m m f t
t t
x x
+ + + + +
= = =
+ +
+ + +

* Xt hm s:
2
2
7 12 9
( )
5 16 7
t t
f t
t t
+ +
=
+ +
lin tc trn on 0;1 t (

. Ta c
( )
( )
2
2
2
52 8 60
'( ) 0, 0;1
5 16 7
t t
f t t f t
t t

( = <

+ +
nghch bin trn on [ ] 0;1
v
9 7
(0) ; (1)
7 9
f f = =
* Suy ra phng trnh
( )
2 c nghim khi phng trnh
( )
3 c nghim trn
on 0;1 t (

khi v ch khi:
7 9
9 7
m .
V d 4: Tm tham s thc m bt phng trnh
2 2
2 24 2 x x x x m + + c nghim thc trong on 4; 6 (

.
Gii :

Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt .

47
t
2
2 24 t x x = + , 4; 6 0; 5 x t ( (


Bi ton tr thnh tm tham s thc m bt phng trnh
2
24 t t m + c
nghim thc 0; 5 t (


* Xt hm s
( )
2
24 f t t t = + lin tc trn on 0; 5 (

.
* Ta c :
( )
'( ) 2 1 0, 0; 5 f t t t f t ( = + >

lin tc v ng bin trn
on 0; 5 (


* Vy bt phng trnh cho c nghim thc trn on 0; 5 (

khi
0;5
max ( ) (5) 6 6
t
f t m f m m m
(


Bi tp t luyn:
1. Tm tham s thc m phng trnh :
( )
1 2 1 mx m x + + = c nghim
thc trn on 0;1 (

.
2. Tm tham s thc m bt phng trnh:
2 2
4 5 4 x x x x m + + c
nghim thc trn on 2; 3 (

.

Dng 8 : Dng n iu hm s chng minh h thc lng gic

V d : Chng minh rng : nu tam gic ABC tho mn h thc
1 13
cos cos cos
cos cos cos 6
A B C
A B C
+ + + =
+ +
th tam gic ABC u.
Gii :
* t :
3
cos cos cos 1 4 sin sin sin 1
2 2 2 2
A B C
t A B C t = + + = + < .
* Xt hm s
( )
1
f t t
t
= + hm s lin tc trn na khong
3
0;
2
| (
(
\
.
* Ta c :
( ) ( )
2
1 3
' 1 0, 0;
2
f t t f t
t
| (
= >
(
\
ng bin trn na khong
3
0;
2
| (
(
\
,suy ra :
( )
13
2
6
f t < .
ng thc
( )
13
6
f t = xy ra khi
3
cos cos cos
2
t A B C = + + = hay tam gic
ABC u.