Professional Documents
Culture Documents
On A Class of Flocks of The Quadratic Cone
On A Class of Flocks of The Quadratic Cone
u UdS![V\TWvbgaxwPit\ypzp{W}|~bgatja5[V\jiM~\TnacbdSTWat|[~ae\|Cn+\pKWaS^|~ngacbdSp|5WaS
x \jVTWXSgat|lg
CMVGTGPjMPd"!sd"~gMql"gTxT"lgP
_ahdSjWpKacn+\Tbqp|[~aPSqp\Tn(SqpsaSe8Uga[V|:?S!p\jicbVU!|Td|T
oi\(<i[V||5W}|""]ggP|Cn(S]pS5ikaS
:`) +
Z! Z
Q>;V5y
<VXX
4G{P&
Qlvz
4KX
!
"!# %$
& #
#' ()
*,+ .-X0/213-546798 #
;:q.-X</>=3-?6798v #@BA
'C
DE$ F G
HIG
H HI ! %$J
K
) L#(
M F G
N
!# %$
O
QPR S'
HIT #
! A
'
QPR #
'
U '
' A '
' Q
V% ' Q
'
F
<O
WQh J0X '
' H '
Y
N '[Z
V#(
'
'
S
'
Q
&
@B ' # '"R
#
T \#G
V(*H
]
QPH^
HI
QP .'
% ' # '
Z
TJ
_V`bacadEef@gih[j^kml.nopo@qSrshintjQqSuRvxwDyDz@q.{nz@|~}3agihiuvEsnz%|;}(_<#}
g|#\uRzpoiwsuh3so@EzpginxsjQzpnvEopl.ntjQqSuRv~El.nvEg
" qSomz@giopginzph qSo\Enz@jpqnlSlS|o@dEEuRz@jpgi~e|)Na_*^_ukO<ntvE e|j gV5jQnl.q.nv
`cqSvEq.o%jQz%|uRzU<vEqRgzpopqj|R"0gio@g(nz@h nv gih vEul.uR|Ezpuf@gihjiw3]]Q
[]?sO U ] ).[G?pi?s
DDB0iU
&('V)'^+* ,(-'/. 0
b10
-*2,3B546.
K
u)][9nvEONL > nqSRgvndjpuR{UuRzp q.op{u)][3j gUEl.nvEgio<sD0qSj
gdEntjQqSuRv;3\ K M 8 3 E ][sEg[rsvEgnEuhBuY p\_<l.l
El.nvEgomshiuRvjQnq.v j gVuRq.vjI]iR" " q.omsuhqSomlSq.vEginz\qnvE~uRvlS|UqS$ N
R kmuv#giz@opgil|RtgRgz@|IsuhVu uRzx q.h j gEl.nvEgioutj g"hiuRvEqShionlSlhiuv#jQnq.v
ndEvq.#dEg^hiu{{UuRv uRq.vjiq.o\uj gVj|gmf@dEo@j"giophzpqSe9g@i " gVjQzpnvEo@lntjpq.uRv
El.nvEgonopo@uhqntjpgiV0qSj j gopgDsuho n(ghuuzpEqSvsntjQgoxq.v^o@uR{Ug v#dj opgi{UqSrEgil.oi
P QBs[SRxTB[TU; [*B-C gj*WV c KXZY R[1[ OsuRz*@ 8
nv @ 0 4 j gEl.nvEgoNs0qSj g#dsntjQqSuRvb3 8 8 4 4 3
][#Eg[rsvEg^nIsuh " q.oq.o\nopo@uhqntjpgi0qj j g<RgivEgzQnlSq.o@gi#dsntEzQnvRl.g
huRvEo@jpzpdEh[jQg e| ` nvjQuRzqSvGR*g[Rgiv e9g[uRzpgBj g;zpglntjpq.uRvo qS egj\gigv
suh#oNntvEBdEnEzQntvERl.go"Ono0uRdEvxsuRz"{uzpg^Eg[jnqSl.oiopgg
J s [ \O] D0 B-C gj0 V_^)B KXTY }R~ [ suRz"@ a `c b c nv
@ E
d 3 0qj dL
)][]E[grsj v ggUnBsEulnhvgi oI sqSOh 0OqSj n o*gq.vdEEntgijQqSgiuRvEvgi3v jQl |` uRc b dE vc c8De |
d `4Y nvjp uRzIpG uzmuEBnv e|Ba9"syYn(|vEgUpG tuRz\g[Rgvx\_<o gzpg^
qSo"uEmg)h(ntvcEdj<
7fe h gu,nv 7 V_^)c KXZY }R[3nv dc
<utjQgj ntjNnl.lj gio@gg[n{UEl.go<utD{uvEuR{UqnlEuh#o n(g@ ji 46798 nv
uRz^o@uR{Ug i k; )]VnvEnBo@dEqSjQneElSgq.vjQgRgizWm9 " giopgsuh#o
0qS@l.lel
gIk Eg6jQ79nq.8 lSgi~
o%jQdEEqSgi;q.vcaghjQqSuRvc
_NlSopuERj giz@g0g[q.o%jQo\nvg[n{UEl.g"un^{uvEuR{Uqnl#suhj njq.oDvEujuj g<nte9uRg
j|g
0gi{Uq.vEj ntj(e|c i]o@gig*nlSopu < = Yq.onIvEuRvop#dsnz@g* gvEggiz/> R
vj g uj giz ntvExDeuj nv ntzpg {UuRvEuR{UqntldEvEhjpq.uRvoiyDdj < =
4 "uRz nrgivEuvEop#dsnz@gq.v,]0nvE *nzpgEdEhgiuRlS|vEuR{Uqntl
uYR gzN)][\Y adEEuRo@g < = Y 4 = uRlSEo*n o*nuRl|vuR{q.nlqSEgivjpqSj|RsuRz
nv| uE qSvjQgigiz1g OlSgj nvE e9gBj gcgjpgivEo@q.uRvojQu] e u^nvE
z@giopgih[jQqRgil|wvEujpg0j ntjDbe ? eqSon^Euhuj g*#dsntEzQntjpq.h0hiuvEg0ux)Q e [
givEhgOuRlSl.u0q.vE \\g,e opne |j ntjU b 87E46 p 87E6 q.onhB sp"n ?
*
{UuRvEuR{UqntlEsuhqSgi#dsntl.qSj| < = Y 4 = ul.Eo"nto0n9uRl|vEuR{Uqnl3q.givjQqj|R
_>suh b 87E46 @ 87E6 Og[qSo@jQo0qsnvEBuRvEl| q
]#
< 6798 8 6798 4 8 i 46798 46Q798
qSo0nvuRvEop#dsntzpgI givEg[Rgz</ > kmuvEEqSjpq.uRv#[Euz RqSgio
4 6798 46Q7E4 4 6798 % q.o0nvEuRvEo@dEnzpg? )] ?}R
gvEhig
<
qSo0nvEuRvEo@dEnzpg)q.v;)R
<
^@
g n(Rg
< (
% i L 4
% ^@ 6 6 8
-S 4 46 46 8 S-
6 8 46
6 m 6
m
6
6
m
d ^@ 8 m d 567 m
d 6
d 6
8
gzpg dc
UB;s T I5]?
d ^ m 4 m
n
qSc
m qSoNuEx
d ^%) l
R
qSmcqSoNggiv
d
6
d ^ 6 m d 8 %) 6 m d 5
6 %) 6
6 6 m
d d
8
8
kmlSg(nz@lS|R
R qSmBqSo"ux
6 %)
6 qSB
m qSo"ggiv
8
qSl.g
m qSo0uE9
6 8 qS~
6 %) 6
4
m 5
4 6 qS~m qSo"ggiv
8
x 4 R
]x
Zx#=x
87 ` w
]x 66 48D x 46 8 8D ]x=` x 4Y x 48 8 47 ` w 4
]x 6 ]x 6 4 x 6 8D ]x=x ]` x 8 x 4O 7 `
`
]x ]x 8 x 6 8x
SSSS- 67 ` ` w 6
w m
R
]x ]x 8 x 6 x8
Vq.o"g[Rgiv3 q.l.g^qSo
m
4 d
x
SS--S
d
m 8 d w
]x ]x 8 x 6 8x
]
x
x
(#
798D
4 798
S--SS
d
q@m )q.o"uEx
UB,s T?]?O ?^@ @ 4 s qnTBTBst ]
n[s]s[
x 4
ntvE
x 6 xx R SS =mL
}R
R
} ~ aqSvEhigq.v ^@Ij ghugUhiq.gvjQo um 6 nt vE 67 nzpgUgi#dsnlYj goQnt{g
{do@j<e9gIjQz@dEguRz"j ghug hq.gv#jpoNu 6 nvEc 6Q7 qSv @ 4 " dEoN\gRg[j(suRz
mfx 4 ^nvExuRz mVR x= x 8D x 6 8 adEnzpqSvEeuj o@q.EgoOuj gNl.no@j
gdEntjQqSuRvxEo@q.vEhgWx 4 R\g)uRejntq.v
x 48 x 46 8
B m?]m )Q)
B hB-i EQI~)]-C
} ~ g"#vEu>opgig) Ynv,]pj nj cd qSoDnVvEuRvEo@#dsnzpg*nv d ^ @
qSoNnUvEuRvEo@dEnzpg)uRz<g[Rgz@|;2> R*suRz" ) > ~]o@q.vEhgq.o*uE3[9nvE)mcuEx
\ggiEdEhgbopggbRpNj ntj d ^
nvEj dEo {dEo%jegUn;vuRvEop#dsntzpg
*u^@ @ 4 uRl.omnomnuRlS|vEu{q.nlsq.EgvjQqSj|o@uj ntj^ %) 4
dj x 6 8 -S x 4 8x 8x x <0qj x 6 x x Ee| gi{U{n
m
5jh(nvEvujegx RYuj giz%0q.o@g %) copu;j nj^ d
qSh RqRgo)j ghuRvjQzpnEq.h[jQqSuRv " gizpg[uRzpgt+x nvEx 6 x
" qSo|qSgil.o x 6 8 S- x 8 #opu)j ntj^% 4 nv
e| gi{U{n^mgIuRejQnq.v d ^
% q.h sq]m > qSvB][EqSRgo)%R[
" qSoNqS{ElSq.goix?m 0q.o<nop#dsntzpge9gh(ndEo@g\g n(Rgnl.z@g(n|BzpuRgbj ntj
{do@j0egnop#dsntzpg^uRz~
m uE
<uIqSjIhinvEvEujeg]m ;qSv)][uj giz@0qSopg d ^
m 4
m ^mudEl.Uq.{UElS|j njmntl.opuWm Iq.vU][ " dom m
m m m q.v)])eEdjj qSomudEl.RqRgj g~hiuv#jpzQnq.hjpq.uRv ,q.v
)R
6
F6 SS
Fi8
F
F6 S S g) F(o%8jQdEF |~ j )gIuRRlS|vE0uRqS{Uj qntF l94 qSE giv)jQqnjvE| x F
467E4 i 46798E i 6Q798 i 6798 8F6 6
SS 8 F(8 F [%4
kmuR{UEdjpq.vE<j gOz@q. j nvEo@q.Egt#nvEgi#dsnjQq.v^hiug UhiqSgivjQoDus jpgiz@{oRuRvEgOgjQo
qS m a
[[w
F 4
i 4 F6
F 6 F6 8
F6 4Y F-6 F6 8
NE
iB F Fi8 F6 S- F F 798
Fi8F4 F F
48 F F4
F
i Fi8 F
R
u
z
nv qSvj gBSl.Su \ gizF4snz%-6 jUF6# F4 F 4 6 8 F 8F 798F F 8i S SFi 8F4 F 4 8 6 8 FF 6 F 4 Fu4 z 6 4
F F 8x
Fi8 F4 4Y F F4 8 \*ujQg^j go%S|S{ {U gjpz@|~uj gI gdEntjQqSuRvEoi_No
F
vEg~h(ntv huR{UEdjQgj g F onouRlSl.u0oiwzpuR{ j g rszpo%jgi#dsntjpq.uRvxhuR{djQg
9
E
d
Fj6 gj op gq.z@j q.uRo*vEgtntl.dEngvEjpu~o@ubRguRj vxFY6 dE v8 jQq.z@l uR{q.j o gh( no@lSgihihidEul.vEntjQgxuR vEg xvj jgi vghuuRj { gz djQ g ntFvE6 x 4 Ruz@uRq.vE{
dE zpuR{ j g;lno%jg#dsntjQqSuRvxmnl.lOj Fi 8 g F onzpg;h(nlShidEl.ntjQgx _<l.o@uEOopulSq.vEj gio@g
gdEntjQqSuRvEoiz@gihinl.lSq.vE F 4 nvEdEo@q.vE~z@gihidzpzpgvEhig uRvqSvEEq.hgioxe9gh(ndopguj g
o%|{U{UgjQz%|ut *j g o%| o%jQg{cj gzpg~gqSo@jgl.g{gv#jpo Y ) R + R =m9
o@dEh j ntj F EY i F zpu{ j gUeuj@jQuR{NnvE F6798 lY i zpuR{ j gSjQSuR s[
" ES Y Y8 Y4m T i Y V} s
F <ntvE F 798L
798 F uRSv S j g^uj gz nvxEopqSvEhig
v~uRvEg ntvE F
Y
i
Y
9
7
8
i
m 0 R\g)gj F 798LY i ntvE F Y 798
i 798 givEhg iLY Y 798 8 F
nvBj g^suh~q.o"dEvEqS#dEg
D
s
RR
i
iB i F F4 4 Fi8 4
\|UhuRvEopqSEgiz@ q.vEIjQgzp{Uo\utEgizpgigoVR )ntvE~\gVopgg<j ntj Fi8i F4O i 4
nv F
S " g<EgizpgigV^jpgiz@{ RqSgio i 4 nvEUj gvj g<EgRzpggNIjQgzp{
i
RqRgoI NE ib xopu i xqSq.vE xo@uB xo@u~"
nv,j gh nzQnthjQgzpqSo@jQqShqSoV " dEo i )RqSq.vE k qSv,huRvjQzQntEq.h[jQq.uvcjQu
kb sVuRz/ m d E9mg n(gjmu~hinopgo^EgigivEq.vE~uRvb gj giz uz )R
F
F
kOno@gw F R g ng)j gI9ulS|vEuR{Uqnlq.givjQqj|
c i c
Q8
i r E i~
F
F Q
F4 4
Fi8 4
\|huRvEo@q.Egzpq.v jpgiz@{oUuVgiRz@gigio;R nv Emg;opgg;j ntj F(8 i F4c
i 4 F
0nvE F N} i " gEgRzpgg " jQgzp{RqRgo i }
i
" g"giRz@gig0NjQgzp{2RqSgioR} i c 88 au)} c i 8 c N nvEU}Z i 8 c RRqq.vE
} NnvEbj gh nzpnhjpgizpqSo@jpq.hqSo " gEgiRz@gigUjpgizp{ RqSgioI} i c xo@u
} i 8 c 4 so@u} r 3nhiuRvjQzpnEqShjQqSuRvx
kOno@gw F )R g ng)j gI9ulS|vEuR{Uqnlq.givjQqj|
8 i r E iB c i c F F Q F4 4 Fi8 L 4 t#
8]4 i 88 ;E I
i i F c c F F Q F 4 4 iF 8 4 R}R
|huRvEo@q.Egzpq.vcjQ gzp{UoutOEgRzpggio R ,nv}mgopgigUj nj iF 8i F 4
\
i 4 F i F N} i NnvE F c i c R}Z " gEgRzpgg
jpgizp{ RqRgo i "nv j gv j g,EgRzpggjpgiz@{ qSRgo i } 8 4
o@u 4 } 4 ntvE j gch nzQnh[jQgzpq.o%jQqShcqSocR " dEo i 4 R " g,giRz@gig)
jpgizp{ vEu RqRgioV} i r 8 i 9qSq.vE} i 88 o@uBRR xn
huRvjQzQntEq.h[jQq.uvx
suRz/m 9mg n(gjmu~hinopgo^EgigivEq.vE~uRvb gj giz F uz F )R
kOno@gw F R g ng)j gI9ulS|vEuR{Uqnlq.givjQqj|
8 Wi 8 ^E i s Wi s WF WF c c WF WF Q F4 4 Fi8 4 ]
|;huRvEopqSEgiz@q.vEU jQgzp{UoNuDgiRz@gigioR E }nvO 3mgo@gigj ntj iF 80i F 4N
\
i 4 F i F N} i F c i c }],nv F N i E
" gIEgRzpggjQgiz@{ RqRgo i c V} ]nvEBopuj g)h nzQnh[jQgzpq.o%jQqSh^ q.o"vEuj< [
" g"giRz@gig^ <jpgizp{2RqSgio 4 i s 8 Dau) s s i c NZ nvEU 8 c i c
c " dEo"
N 4 4 opuj g*h nzQnthjQgzpqSo@jQqSh<qSo\R " gNEgRzpggR*jQgzp{ RqRgio
4 i s 88 }opu c 8 i c cc } c sRqqSvE c } c 8 c 3nhuRvjQzQntEq.h[jQq.uvx
EqShjpq. uRvx
']'^+'^'?.
Gi O
nEgzOnvE~` Eg^0gio@{qSvEq?
jpun9ginzi
t?<q.zpn{Uq.vEgnvE
u vEopuvx 0giRdlnzEnz@jpqnl\hiuRvEqSh(nl\suh#o'&0qC
&V[ " C(h Cx- C. }RESR
G( dEvsnz@EuRv ntvE6 _ " noE^givgizQntl.q-gi10VdsnEzpnvERlSgioi*ujQgo\u9j g*l.gh[
jpdEzpgoRqSgivntjj g[s[hB[,
\BN .QB []n [[pGn
\0 ih B[3Igvj(
.
C
%
5
!
R
R
}
R
}
3
Ga9"DyYn(|vEg;nvE
_ " noi P s [[@G n76O" n@. B[yDqSjp{ntvx
muo@jQuv uRvEuRvb`;gil.euRdEz@vEg RE
Gt ygivj@jQq.l.nnvON q.l.lSqn{Uoi
p?EjQuUnEg(ntzi
\ U C.%R[s]R
RW
_ " ntoixyDz@uf@gih[jQqSgV^giu{g[jQz@|uRgzmnVrsvEqjQgmrEgil.vmmdEgitgiv uRdj\gix
; n ,
/[[ n[ [= &0q nT BU n P n]?h B[k njQgiz
Z } RE*uRz@j
*uRl.l.nvEx_N{Uo@jpgizpEn{c }
tW _ " noi 5zpgidElnz@qSj| q.vLgivEgzQnlSq-ig #dsnEzpnvERlSgiownopdEz%Rg[|RVz@gihigvj
z@giopdlSjQo*nv;j gIopuRlSdjQqSuRvBunlSuRvERo%jnvEq.vEhuRvf@gih[jQdEz@g<)0[n"C
-C(C
\O.[ x[ C>=-3qC.
%]R[
NsB?"n"nQBBBA@
nEgiz
ndEzpn1m
q.Enz@jpq.{UgivjQuq`,ntjQg{njQq.hingI_NEElSq.hinBiqSuRvEq
<vqSRgzpo@qSjDn
C Eq<nuRl.qEpsgiEgzpq.hupGF
kmuR{UEl.gopo@uEq`cuRvjQga9s_NvRgilSu
DEqSrEhiq.u H +Nqnkmq.vjpqn
?] <n9ul.q5jnl|E
g[5{ntq.l?w lntdEzQn esngiJz IVE{n dEvEqSvsn qSj
q.vEn qSvEgilSl.q
q.Enz@jpq.{UgivjQuq`,ntjQg{njQq.hin
<vqSRgzpo@qSDj n
C Eq0uR{K
n E nUanEqSgiHv iBn F
yDqBn L(nlSg^_NlSEu`cuRzpuE?R}0uR{nB5jnl|
g[5{ntq.l?wEq.vEMn IV{ntjidvEq.z@uR{nRqj
q.{ ygv#j@jQqSln
giEnz@jp{gv#j0utD`,nj g{ntjpq.ho<ntvEcajntjpq.o%jQq.ho
<vqSRgzpo@qSj|~u gio@jpgiz@v,_Ndo@jQzpnl.q.n
_ RR_<dEo@jpzQnlSqn
j
g[5{ntq.l?w9gvjpjQqSlMn IV{ntj oi d#mn giEd nd
(