Wilderness Survival Guide Military Abridged Edition 1

FM 21-76
US ARMY SURVIVAL MANUAL
Reprinted as permitted by U.S. Department ! t"e Army
WILDERNESS SURVIVAL GUIDE US ARMY EDITION
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FM 21-76
TABLE OF CONTENTS
&i'derness S(r)i)a' *(ide + Us Army ,diti n .................................................................1 -A.L, /F 0/N-,N-S.........................................................................................................................2 01A#-,R 1 - IN-R/DU0-I/N..........................................................................................................11 SURVIVAL A0-I/NS......................................................................................................................11 S -Si2e Up t"e Sit(ati n................................................................................................................11 U -Use A'' Y (r Senses3 Und(e 1aste Ma4es &aste...................................................................11 R -Remember &"ere Y ( Are......................................................................................................12 V -Van5(is" Fear and #ani6.........................................................................................................12 I -Impr )ise...................................................................................................................................12 V -Va'(e Li)in$..............................................................................................................................12 A -A6t Li4e t"e Nati)es..................................................................................................................12 L -Li)e by Y (r &its3 .(t ! r N 73 Learn .asi6 S4i''s....................................................................1% #A--,RN F/R SURVIVAL.............................................................................................................1% 01A#-,R 2 - #SY01/L/*Y /F SURVIVAL....................................................................................18 A L//9 A- S-R,SS.......................................................................................................................18 Need ! r Stress.............................................................................................................................18 S(r)i)a' Stress rs.........................................................................................................................1: NA-URAL R,A0-I/NS..................................................................................................................16 An$er and Fr(strati n...................................................................................................................17 Depressi n....................................................................................................................................17 L ne'iness and . red m...............................................................................................................17 *(i't...............................................................................................................................................17 #R,#ARIN* Y/URS,LF................................................................................................................1; 9n 7 Y (rse'!...............................................................................................................................1; Anti6ipate Fears............................................................................................................................1; .e Rea'isti6...................................................................................................................................1; Ad pt a # siti)e Attit(de...............................................................................................................1; Remind Y (rse'! &"at Is at Sta4e.................................................................................................1< -rain..............................................................................................................................................1< Learn Stress Mana$ement -e6"ni5(es.........................................................................................1< 01A#-,R % - SURVIVAL #LANNIN* AND SURVIVAL 9I-S.............................................................2= IM#/R-AN0, /F #LANNIN*........................................................................................................2= SURVIVAL 9I-S..............................................................................................................................2= 01A#-,R 8 - .ASI0 SURVIVAL M,DI0IN,......................................................................................22 R,>UIR,M,N-S F/R MAIN-,NAN0, /F 1,AL-1....................................................................22 &ater............................................................................................................................................22 F d..............................................................................................................................................2% #'ant F ds...................................................................................................................................28 Anima' F ds................................................................................................................................28 #ers na' 1y$iene..........................................................................................................................28 9eep Y (r 1ands 0'ean................................................................................................................2: 9eep Y (r 1air 0'ean...................................................................................................................2: 9eep Y (r 0' t"in$ 0'ean.............................................................................................................2: 9eep Y (r -eet" 0'ean.................................................................................................................2: -a4e 0are ! Y (r Feet.................................................................................................................2: *et S(!!i6ient Rest........................................................................................................................2: 9eep 0amp Site 0'ean..................................................................................................................26 M,DI0AL ,M,R*,N0I,S..............................................................................................................26 .reat"in$ #r b'ems.......................................................................................................................26 Se)ere .'eedin$............................................................................................................................26
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S" 64............................................................................................................................................26 LIF,SAVIN* S-,#S.......................................................................................................................26 /pen Air7ay and Maintain............................................................................................................26 0 ntr ' .'eedin$............................................................................................................................27 Dire6t #ress(re.............................................................................................................................2; ,'e)ati n.......................................................................................................................................2< #ress(re # ints.............................................................................................................................2< Di$ita' Li$ati n...............................................................................................................................%= - (rni5(et.....................................................................................................................................%= #re)ent and -reat S" 64...............................................................................................................%1 ./N, AND ?/IN- IN?URY.............................................................................................................%% Fra6t(res.......................................................................................................................................%% Dis' 6ati ns...................................................................................................................................%: Sprains..........................................................................................................................................%: .I-,S AND S-IN*S........................................................................................................................%6 -reatment......................................................................................................................................%6 .ee and &asp Stin$s....................................................................................................................%6 Spider .ites and S6 rpi n Stin$s..................................................................................................%7 Sna4ebites....................................................................................................................................%7 &/UNDS.........................................................................................................................................%< /pen & (nds...............................................................................................................................%< S4in Diseases and Ai'ments..........................................................................................................8= . i's..............................................................................................................................................8= F(n$a' In!e6ti ns...........................................................................................................................8= Ras"es..........................................................................................................................................8= Fr stbite........................................................................................................................................81 -ren6" F t...................................................................................................................................81 .(rns.............................................................................................................................................81 ,NVIR/NM,N-AL IN?URI,S.........................................................................................................81 1eatstr 4e.....................................................................................................................................82 1yp t"ermia..................................................................................................................................82 Diarr"ea........................................................................................................................................82 Intestina' #arasites........................................................................................................................8% 1,R.AL M,DI0IN,S......................................................................................................................8% 01A#-,R : - S1,L-,RS...................................................................................................................88 S1,L-,R SI-, S,L,0-I/N..........................................................................................................88 -Y#,S /F S1,L-,RS...................................................................................................................8: # n6" Lean-- ............................................................................................................................8: # n6" -ent..................................................................................................................................86 -"ree-# 'e #ara6"(te -epee........................................................................................................87 /ne-# 'e #ara6"(te -epee...........................................................................................................8; N -# 'e #ara6"(te -epee.............................................................................................................8< /ne-Man S"e'ter...........................................................................................................................:= #ara6"(te 1amm 64.....................................................................................................................:1 Fie'd-,@pedient Lean-- ...............................................................................................................:1 S7amp .ed...................................................................................................................................:2 Nat(ra' S"e'ters............................................................................................................................:% Debris 1(t.....................................................................................................................................:% -ree-#it Sn 7 S"e'ter...................................................................................................................:8 .ea6" S"ade S"e'ter....................................................................................................................:: Desert S"e'ters.............................................................................................................................:6 01A#-,R 6 - &A-,R #R/0UR,M,N-............................................................................................:< &A-,R S/UR0,S.........................................................................................................................:< S-ILL 0/NS-RU0-I/N..................................................................................................................68
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Ab )e$r (nd Sti''..........................................................................................................................68 .e' 7$r (nd Sti''..........................................................................................................................6: &A-,R #URIFI0A-I/N..................................................................................................................67 &A-,R FIL-RA-I/N D,VI0,S......................................................................................................67 01A#-,R 7 - FIR,0RAF-..................................................................................................................6< .ASI0 FIR, #RIN0I#L,S...............................................................................................................6< SI-, S,L,0-I/N AND #R,#ARA-I/N.........................................................................................6< FIR, MA-,RIAL S,L,0-I/N.........................................................................................................72 1/& -/ .UILD A FIR,..................................................................................................................72 -epee............................................................................................................................................72 Lean-- .........................................................................................................................................7% 0r ss-Dit6"...................................................................................................................................7% #yramid.........................................................................................................................................7% 1/& -/ LI*1- A FIR,..................................................................................................................7% M dern Met" ds...........................................................................................................................7% Mat6"es........................................................................................................................................78 0 n)e@ Lens.................................................................................................................................78 Meta' Mat6"..................................................................................................................................78 .attery...........................................................................................................................................78 *(np 7der...................................................................................................................................78 #rimiti)e Met" ds..........................................................................................................................7: F'int and Stee'...............................................................................................................................7: Fire-#' 7.......................................................................................................................................7: . 7 and Dri''.................................................................................................................................7: 01A#-,R ; - F//D #R/0UR,M,N-..............................................................................................77 ANIMALS F/R F//D.....................................................................................................................77 Inse6ts...........................................................................................................................................77 & rms...........................................................................................................................................7; 0r(sta6eans..................................................................................................................................7; M ''(s4s........................................................................................................................................7; Fis"...............................................................................................................................................7< Amp"ibians...................................................................................................................................;1 Repti'es.........................................................................................................................................;1 .irds..............................................................................................................................................;2 Mamma's......................................................................................................................................;% -RA#S AND SNAR,S.....................................................................................................................;% Use ! .ait....................................................................................................................................;8 -rap and Snare 0 nstr(6ti n........................................................................................................;8 Simp'e Snare.................................................................................................................................;: Dra$ N se...................................................................................................................................;: -7it6"-Up......................................................................................................................................;6 -7it6"-Up Snare...........................................................................................................................;6 S5(irre' # 'e..................................................................................................................................;7 /Aib7a .ird # 'e............................................................................................................................;7 N sin$ &and...............................................................................................................................;; -read'e Sprin$ Snare....................................................................................................................;; Fi$(re 8 Dead!a''...........................................................................................................................;< #ai(te Dead!a''..............................................................................................................................<= . 7 -rap.......................................................................................................................................<1 #i$ Spear S"a!t.............................................................................................................................<2 . tt'e -rap....................................................................................................................................<2 9ILLIN* D,VI0,S...........................................................................................................................<% Rabbit Sti64...................................................................................................................................<% Spear............................................................................................................................................<%
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FM 21-76
. 7 and Arr 7..............................................................................................................................<% S'in$..............................................................................................................................................<8 FIS1IN* D,VI0,S..........................................................................................................................<8 Impr )ised Fis"" 4s...................................................................................................................<8 Sta4e (t........................................................................................................................................<8 *i'' Net..........................................................................................................................................<: Fis" -raps.....................................................................................................................................<6 Spear!is"in$..................................................................................................................................<7 0" p Fis"in$.................................................................................................................................<; Fis" # is n...................................................................................................................................<; #R,#ARA-I/N /F FIS1 AND *AM, F/R 0//9IN* AND S-/RA*,.............................................................................................................<< Fis"...............................................................................................................................................<< Sna4es........................................................................................................................................1== .irds............................................................................................................................................1== S4innin$ and .(t6"erin$ *ame...................................................................................................1=1 Sm 4in$ Meat.............................................................................................................................1=2 Dryin$ Meat.................................................................................................................................1=% /t"er #reser)ati n Met" ds.......................................................................................................1=% Free2in$......................................................................................................................................1=% .rine and Sa't..............................................................................................................................1=% 01A#-,R < - SURVIVAL US, /F #LAN-S.....................................................................................1=8 ,DI.ILI-Y /F #LAN-S.................................................................................................................1=8 #'ant Identi!i6ati n.......................................................................................................................1=: Uni)ersa' ,dibi'ity -est................................................................................................................1=7 Sea7eeds...................................................................................................................................11= #reparati n ! #'ant F d...........................................................................................................11= #LAN-S F/R M,DI0IN,..............................................................................................................111 -erms and De!initi ns.................................................................................................................111 Spe6i!i6 Remedies......................................................................................................................111 01A#-,R 1= - #/IS/N/US #LAN-S.............................................................................................11% 1/& #LAN-S #/IS/N.................................................................................................................11% ALL A./U- #LAN-S....................................................................................................................11% RUL,S F/R AV/IDIN* #/IS/N/US #LAN-S...........................................................................118 0/N-A0- D,RMA-I-IS...............................................................................................................118 IN*,S-I/N #/IS/NIN*..............................................................................................................118 01A#-,R 11 - DAN*,R/US ANIMALS..........................................................................................116 INS,0-S AND ARA01NIDS.........................................................................................................116 S6 rpi ns....................................................................................................................................116 Spiders........................................................................................................................................117 0entipedes and Mi''ipedes..........................................................................................................117 .ees3 &asps3 and 1 rnets..........................................................................................................117 -i64s............................................................................................................................................117 L,,01,S......................................................................................................................................11; .A-S.............................................................................................................................................11; #/IS/N/US SNA9,S..................................................................................................................11; Sna4e-Free Areas.......................................................................................................................11< DAN*,R/US LIBARDS................................................................................................................11< *i'a M nster................................................................................................................................12= Me@i6an .eaded Li2ard...............................................................................................................12= 9 m d Dra$ n..........................................................................................................................12= DAN*,RS IN RIV,RS..................................................................................................................12= ,'e6tri6 ,e'..................................................................................................................................12= #iran"a........................................................................................................................................12=
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FM 21-76
-(rt'e...........................................................................................................................................12= #'atyp(s......................................................................................................................................12= DAN*,RS IN .AYS AND ,S-UARI,S.........................................................................................121 SAL-&A-,R DAN*,RS...............................................................................................................121 Fis" Dan$er (s t 1and'e3 - (6"3 r 0 nta6t............................................................................121 Anima's and Fis" # is n (s t ,at.............................................................................................122 /t"er Dan$er (s Sea 0reat(res.................................................................................................122 01A#-,R 12 - FI,LD-,C#,DI,N- &,A#/NS3 -//LS3 AND ,>UI#M,N-.............................................................................................................................128 0LU.S...........................................................................................................................................128 Simp'e 0'(b.................................................................................................................................128 &ei$"ted 0'(b.............................................................................................................................128 S'in$ 0'(b....................................................................................................................................12: ,D*,D &,A#/NS.......................................................................................................................126 9ni)es.........................................................................................................................................126 Spear .'ades...............................................................................................................................12; Arr 7 # ints................................................................................................................................12; /-1,R ,C#,DI,N- &,A#/NS..................................................................................................12< -"r 7in$ Sti64.............................................................................................................................12< Ar6"ery ,5(ipment......................................................................................................................12< . 'a.............................................................................................................................................1%= LAS1IN* AND 0/RDA*,............................................................................................................1%1 Nat(ra' 0 rda$e Se'e6ti n..........................................................................................................1%1 Las"in$ Materia'..........................................................................................................................1%1 RU09SA09 0/NS-RU0-I/N.....................................................................................................1%1 1 rses" e #a64..........................................................................................................................1%2 S5(are #a64................................................................................................................................1%2 0L/-1IN* AND INSULA-I/N......................................................................................................1%% #ara6"(te Assemb'y...................................................................................................................1%% Anima' S4ins...............................................................................................................................1%% #'ant Fibers.................................................................................................................................1%% 0//9IN* AND ,A-IN* U-,NSILS.............................................................................................1%% . 7's..........................................................................................................................................1%% F r4s3 9ni)es3 and Sp ns.........................................................................................................1%8 # ts.............................................................................................................................................1%8 &ater . tt'es...............................................................................................................................1%8 01A#-,R 1% - D,S,R- SURVIVAL.................................................................................................1%: -,RRAIN.......................................................................................................................................1%: M (ntain Deserts........................................................................................................................1%: R 64y #'atea( Deserts................................................................................................................1%: Sandy r D(ne Deserts...............................................................................................................1%6 Sa't Mars"es...............................................................................................................................1%6 .r 4en -errain............................................................................................................................1%6 ,NVIR/NM,N-AL FA0-/RS......................................................................................................1%6 L 7 Rain!a''.................................................................................................................................1%6 Intense S(n'i$"t and 1eat...........................................................................................................1%6 &ide -emperat(re Ran$e...........................................................................................................1%7 Sparse Ve$etati n.......................................................................................................................1%7 1i$" Minera' 0 ntent...................................................................................................................1%; Sandst rms.................................................................................................................................1%; Mira$es.......................................................................................................................................1%; N,,D F/R &A-,R.......................................................................................................................1%< 1,A- 0ASUAL-I,S......................................................................................................................18= 1eat 0ramps...............................................................................................................................181
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FM 21-76
1eat ,@"a(sti n..........................................................................................................................181 1eat Str 4e.................................................................................................................................181 #R,0AU-I/NS.............................................................................................................................181 D,S,R- 1ABARDS......................................................................................................................181 01A#-,R 18 - -R/#I0AL SURVIVAL.............................................................................................18% -R/#I0AL &,A-1,R..................................................................................................................18% ?UN*L, -Y#,S............................................................................................................................18% -r pi6a' Rain F rests..................................................................................................................188 Se6 ndary ?(n$'es......................................................................................................................188 Semie)er$reen Seas na' and M ns n F rests.........................................................................188 -r pi6a' S6r(b and -" rn F rests...............................................................................................18: -r pi6a' Sa)annas......................................................................................................................18: Sa't7ater S7amps......................................................................................................................18: Fres"7ater S7amps....................................................................................................................18: -RAV,L -1R/U*1 ?UN*L, AR,AS..........................................................................................186 IMM,DIA-, 0/NSID,RA-I/NS..................................................................................................186 &A-,R #R/0UR,M,N-.............................................................................................................187 Anima's as Si$ns ! &ater..........................................................................................................187 &ater Fr m #'ants......................................................................................................................187 Vines...........................................................................................................................................187 R ts...........................................................................................................................................187 #a'm -rees..................................................................................................................................187 &ater Fr m 0 ndensati n..........................................................................................................18; F//D............................................................................................................................................18; #/IS/N/US #LAN-S..................................................................................................................18< 01A#-,R 1: - 0/LD &,A-1,R SURVIVAL..................................................................................1:= 0/LD R,*I/NS AND L/0A-I/NS..............................................................................................1:= &et 0 'd &eat"er ,n)ir nments................................................................................................1:= Dry 0 'd &eat"er ,n)ir nments.................................................................................................1:= &IND01ILL...................................................................................................................................1:1 .ASI0 #RIN0I#L,S /F 0/LD &,A-1,R SURVIVAL..................................................................................................................1:2 1Y*I,N,.......................................................................................................................................1:% M,DI0AL AS#,0-S.....................................................................................................................1:% 0/LD IN?URI,S............................................................................................................................1:% 1yp t"ermia................................................................................................................................1:% Fr stbite......................................................................................................................................1:8 -ren6" F t and Immersi n F t................................................................................................1:: De"ydrati n.................................................................................................................................1:: 0 'd Di(resis...............................................................................................................................1:: S(nb(rn......................................................................................................................................1:: Sn 7 .'indness...........................................................................................................................1:: 0 nstipati n................................................................................................................................1:6 Inse6t .ites..................................................................................................................................1:6 S1,L-,RS....................................................................................................................................1:6 Sn 7 0a)e S"e'ter.....................................................................................................................1:7 Sn 7 -ren6" S"e'ter...................................................................................................................1:; Sn 7 .' 64 and #ara6"(te S"e'ter.............................................................................................1:; Sn 7 1 (se r I$' ...................................................................................................................1:< Lean-- S"e'ter..........................................................................................................................1:< Fa''en -ree S"e'ter......................................................................................................................1:< -ree-#it S"e'ter...........................................................................................................................1:< 2=-Man Li!e Ra!t..........................................................................................................................16= FIR,...............................................................................................................................................16=
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FM 21-76
&A-,R..........................................................................................................................................161 F//D............................................................................................................................................162 Fis".............................................................................................................................................162 Sea I6e Anima's..........................................................................................................................162 #'ants..........................................................................................................................................16% -RAV,L.........................................................................................................................................168 &,A-1,R SI*NS.........................................................................................................................168 &ind............................................................................................................................................168 0' (ds.........................................................................................................................................168 Sm 4e.........................................................................................................................................16: .irds and Inse6ts.........................................................................................................................16: L 7-#ress(re Fr nt.....................................................................................................................16: 01A#-,R 16 - S,A SURVIVAL........................................................................................................166 -1, /#,N S,A.............................................................................................................................166 #re6a(ti nary Meas(res.............................................................................................................166 D 7n at Sea................................................................................................................................166 0 'd &eat"er 0 nsiderati ns.....................................................................................................172 1 t &eat"er 0 nsiderati ns.......................................................................................................17% Ra!t #r 6ed(res..........................................................................................................................17% Sai'in$ Ra!ts................................................................................................................................17; &ater..........................................................................................................................................17< F d #r 6(rement......................................................................................................................1;= Medi6a' #r b'ems Ass 6iated &it" Sea S(r)i)a'........................................................................1;2 S"ar4s.........................................................................................................................................1;% Dete6tin$ Land............................................................................................................................1;8 Ra!tin$ r .ea6"in$ -e6"ni5(es.................................................................................................1;8 S7immin$ As" re.......................................................................................................................1;: #i64(p r Res6(e........................................................................................................................1;: S,AS1/R,S.................................................................................................................................1;6 Spe6ia' 1ea't" 1a2ards...............................................................................................................1;6 F d............................................................................................................................................1;7 01A#-,R 17 - ,C#,DI,N- &A-,R 0R/SSIN*S.........................................................................1;; RIV,RS AND S-R,AMS...............................................................................................................1;; RA#IDS..........................................................................................................................................1;< RAF-S...........................................................................................................................................1<1 .r(s" Ra!t...................................................................................................................................1<1 A(stra'ian # n6" Ra!t................................................................................................................1<2 # n6" D n(t Ra!t......................................................................................................................1<% L $ Ra!t......................................................................................................................................1<8 FL/-A-I/N D,VI0,S..................................................................................................................1<8 /-1,R &A-,R /.S-A0L,S......................................................................................................1<: V,*,-A-I/N /.S-A0L,S..........................................................................................................1<: 01A#-,R 1; - FI,LD-,C#,DI,N- DIR,0-I/N FINDIN*..............................................................1<7 USIN* -1, SUN AND S1AD/&S...............................................................................................1<7 S"ad 7--ip Met" ds..................................................................................................................1<7 -"e &at6" Met" d......................................................................................................................1<; USIN* -1, M//N.......................................................................................................................1<< USIN* -1, S-ARS.......................................................................................................................1<< -"e N rt"ern S4y........................................................................................................................1<< -"e S (t"ern S4y.......................................................................................................................2== MA9IN* IM#R/VIS,D 0/M#ASS,S..........................................................................................2=1 /-1,R M,ANS /F D,-,RMININ* DIR,0-I/N........................................................................2=1 01A#-,R 1< - SI*NALIN* -,01NI>U,S......................................................................................2=% A##LI0A-I/N...............................................................................................................................2=%
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FM 21-76
M,ANS F/R SI*NALIN*.............................................................................................................2=% Vis(a' Si$na's..............................................................................................................................2=% A(di Si$na's..............................................................................................................................2=; 0/D,S AND SI*NALS.................................................................................................................2=; S/S............................................................................................................................................2=; *r (nd-t -Air ,mer$en6y 0 de..................................................................................................2=< . dy Si$na's...............................................................................................................................2=< #ane' Si$na's..............................................................................................................................2=< Air6ra!t A64n 7'ed$ments...........................................................................................................21= AIR0RAF- V,0-/RIN* #R/0,DUR,S.....................................................................................211 01A#-,R 2= - SURVIVAL M/V,M,N- IN 1/S-IL, AR,AS.........................................................212 #1AS,S /F #LANNIN*...............................................................................................................212 0 ntin$en6y #'an ! A6ti n D0#AE...............................................................................................212 Standin$ /peratin$ #r 6ed(res..................................................................................................21% N ti!i6ati n t M )e and A) id 0apt(re......................................................................................21% ,C,0U-I/N..................................................................................................................................21% 1ide Site A6ti)ities......................................................................................................................218 1 'e-Up Areas.............................................................................................................................21: R,-URN -/ FRI,NDLY 0/N-R/L.............................................................................................216 . rder 0r ssin$s........................................................................................................................216 Lin4(p at t"e F,.AFFL/-...........................................................................................................217 Lin4(p &it" Friend'y #atr 's........................................................................................................217 01A#-,R 21 - 0AM/UFLA*,.........................................................................................................21; #,RS/NAL 0AM/UFLA*,..........................................................................................................21; S"ape and /(t'ine......................................................................................................................21; 0 ' r and -e@t(re.......................................................................................................................21; S"ine...........................................................................................................................................21< S"ad 7.......................................................................................................................................21< M )ement...................................................................................................................................21< N ise...........................................................................................................................................22= S6ent...........................................................................................................................................22= M,-1/DS /F S-AL9IN*.............................................................................................................22= Upri$"t Sta'4in$...........................................................................................................................22= 0ra7'in$......................................................................................................................................22= #r ne Sta'4in$.............................................................................................................................221 Anima' Sta'4in$...........................................................................................................................221 01A#-,R 22 - 0/N-A0- &I-1 #,/#L,.......................................................................................222 0/N-A0- &I-1 L/0AL #,/#L,................................................................................................222 -1, SURVIV/RGS .,1AVI/R......................................................................................................22% 01AN*,S -/ #/LI-I0AL ALL,*IAN0,.....................................................................................22% 01A#-,R 2% - SURVIVAL IN MAN-MAD, 1ABARDS.....................................................................228 -1, NU0L,AR ,NVIR/NM,N-...................................................................................................228 ,!!e6ts ! N(6'ear &eap ns........................................................................................................228 -ypes ! N(6'ear .(rsts..............................................................................................................22: N(6'ear InA(ries...........................................................................................................................22: Resid(a' Radiati n......................................................................................................................22: . di'y Rea6ti ns t Radiati n.....................................................................................................226 0 (ntermeas(res A$ainst #enetratin$ ,@terna' Radiati n..........................................................226 S"e'ter.........................................................................................................................................227 &ater #r 6(rement.....................................................................................................................2%= F d #r 6(rement......................................................................................................................2%= .I/L/*I0AL ,NVIR/NM,N-S....................................................................................................2%2 .i ' $i6a' A$ents and ,!!e6ts......................................................................................................2%2 Dete6ti n ! .i ' $i6a' A$ents.....................................................................................................2%%
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In!'(en6e ! &eat"er and -errain................................................................................................2%% #r te6ti n A$ainst .i ' $i6a' A$ents...........................................................................................2%% S"e'ter.........................................................................................................................................2%8 &ater #r 6(rement.....................................................................................................................2%8 F d #r 6(rement......................................................................................................................2%8 01,MI0AL ,NVIR/NM,N-S.......................................................................................................2%8 Dete6ti n ! 0"emi6a' A$ents.....................................................................................................2%: #r te6ti n A$ainst 0"emi6a' A$ents...........................................................................................2%: S"e'ter.........................................................................................................................................2%: &ater #r 6(rement.....................................................................................................................2%6 F d #r 6(rement......................................................................................................................2%6
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
This manual is based entirely on the keyword SURVIVAL. The letters in this word can help guide you in your actions in any survival situation. henever !aced with a survival situation" remember the word SURVIVAL.
SURVIVAL ACTIONS
-"e ! '' 7in$ para$rap"s e@pand n t"e meanin$ ! ea6" 'etter ! t"e 7 rd s(r)i)a'. St(dy and remember 7"at ea6" 'etter si$ni!ies be6a(se y ( may s me day "a)e t ma4e it 7 r4 ! r y (.
S -Size Up the Sit !ti"#

I! y ( are in a 6 mbat sit(ati n3 !ind a p'a6e 7"ere y ( 6an 6 n6ea' y (rse'! !r m t"e enemy. Remember3 se6(rity ta4es pri rity. Use y (r senses ! "earin$3 sme''3 and si$"t t $et a !ee' ! r t"e batt'e!ie'd. &"at is t"e enemy d in$H Ad)an6in$H 1 'din$ in p'a6eH Retreatin$H Y ( 7i'' "a)e t 6 nsider 7"at is de)e' pin$ n t"e batt'e!ie'd 7"en y ( ma4e y (r s(r)i)a' p'an. Size Up Your Surroundings Determine t"e pattern ! t"e area. *et a !ee' ! r 7"at is $ in$ n ar (nd y (. ,)ery en)ir nment3 7"et"er ! rest3 A(n$'e3 r desert3 "as a r"yt"m r pattern. -"is r"yt"m r pattern in6'(des anima' and bird n ises and m )ements and inse6t s (nds. It may a's in6'(de enemy tra!!i6 and 6i)i'ian m )ements. Size Up Your Physical Condition -"e press(re ! t"e batt'e y ( 7ere in r t"e tra(ma ! bein$ in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n may "a)e 6a(sed y ( t )er' 4 7 (nds y ( re6ei)ed. 0"e64 y (r 7 (nds and $i)e y (rse'! !irst aid. -a4e 6are t pre)ent !(rt"er b di'y "arm. F r instan6e3 in any 6'imate3 drin4 p'enty ! 7ater t pre)ent de"ydrati n. I! y ( are in a 6 'd r 7et 6'imate3 p(t n additi na' 6' t"in$ t pre)ent "yp t"ermia. Size Up Your !uip"ent #er"aps in t"e "eat ! batt'e3 y ( ' st r dama$ed s me ! y (r e5(ipment. 0"e64 t see 7"at e5(ipment y ( "a)e and 7"at 6 nditi n it is in. N 7 t"at y ( "a)e si2ed (p y (r sit(ati n3 s(rr (ndin$s3 p"ysi6a' 6 nditi n3 and e5(ipment3 y ( are ready t ma4e y (r s(r)i)a' p'an. In d in$ s 3 4eep in mind y (r basi6 p"ysi6a' needs--7ater3 ! d3 and s"e'ter.
U -U$e A%% Y" & Se#$e$' U#( e H!$te M!)e$ W!$te

Y ( may ma4e a 7r n$ m )e 7"en y ( rea6t 5(i64'y 7it" (t t"in4in$ r p'annin$. -"at m )e may res('t in y (r 6apt(re r deat". D nGt m )e A(st ! r t"e sa4e ! ta4in$ a6ti n. 0 nsider a'' aspe6ts ! y (r sit(ati n Dsi2e (p y (r sit(ati nE be! re y ( ma4e a de6isi n and a m )e. I! y ( a6t in "aste3 y ( may ! r$et r ' se s me ! y (r e5(ipment. In y (r "aste y ( may a's be6 me dis riented s t"at y ( d nGt 4n 7 7"i6" 7ay t $ . #'an y (r m )es. .e ready t m )e (t 5(i64'y 7it" (t endan$erin$ y (rse'! i! t"e enemy is near y (. Use a'' y (r senses t e)a'(ate t"e sit(ati n. N te s (nds and sme''s. .e sensiti)e t temperat(re 6"an$es. .e bser)ant.
R -Re*e*+e& Whe&e Y" A&e

Sp t y (r ' 6ati n n y (r map and re'ate it t t"e s(rr (ndin$ terrain. -"is is a basi6 prin6ip'e t"at y ( m(st a'7ays ! '' 7. I! t"ere are t"er pers ns 7it" y (3 ma4e s(re t"ey a's 4n 7 t"eir ' 6ati n. A'7ays 4n 7 7" in y (r $r (p3 )e"i6'e3 r air6ra!t "as a map and 6 mpass. I! t"at pers n is 4i''ed3 y ( 7i'' "a)e t $et t"e map and 6 mpass !r m "im. #ay 6' se attenti n t 7"ere y ( are and t 7"ere y ( are $ in$. D n t re'y n t"ers in t"e $r (p t 4eep tra64 ! t"e r (te. 0 nstant'y rient y (rse'!. A'7ays try t determine3 as a minim(m3 " 7 y (r ' 6ati n re'ates t -
-"e ' 6ati n ! enemy (nits and 6 ntr ''ed areas. -"e ' 6ati n ! !riend'y (nits and 6 ntr ''ed areas. -"e ' 6ati n ! ' 6a' 7ater s (r6es Despe6ia''y imp rtant in t"e desertE. Areas t"at 7i'' pr )ide $ d 6 )er and 6 n6ea'ment.
-"is in! rmati n 7i'' a'' 7 y ( t ma4e inte''i$ent de6isi ns 7"en y ( are in a s(r)i)a' and e)asi n sit(ati n.
V -V!#, i$h Fe!& !#( P!#i-"e $reatest enemies in a 6 mbat s(r)i)a' and e)asi n sit(ati n are !ear and pani6. I! (n6 ntr ''ed3 t"ey 6an destr y y (r abi'ity t ma4e an inte''i$ent de6isi n. -"ey may 6a(se y ( t rea6t t y (r !ee'in$s and ima$inati n rat"er t"an t y (r sit(ati n. -"ey 6an drain y (r ener$y and t"ereby 6a(se t"er ne$ati)e em ti ns. #re)i (s s(r)i)a' and e)asi n trainin$ and se'!-6 n!iden6e 7i'' enab'e y ( t )an5(is" !ear and pani6.
I -I*p&".i$e
In t"e United States3 7e "a)e items a)ai'ab'e ! r a'' (r needs. Many ! t"ese items are 6"eap t rep'a6e 7"en dama$ed. /(r easy 6 me3 easy $ 3 easy-t -rep'a6e 6('t(re ma4es it (nne6essary ! r (s t impr )ise. -"is ine@perien6e in impr )isati n 6an be an enemy in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n. Learn t impr )ise. -a4e a t ' desi$ned ! r a spe6i!i6 p(rp se and see " 7 many t"er (ses y ( 6an ma4e ! it. Learn t (se nat(ra' bAe6ts ar (nd y ( ! r di!!erent needs. An e@amp'e is (sin$ a r 64 ! r a "ammer. N matter " 7 6 mp'ete a s(r)i)a' 4it y ( "a)e 7it" y (3 it 7i'' r(n (t r 7ear (t a!ter a 7"i'e. Y (r ima$inati n m(st ta4e )er 7"en y (r 4it 7ears (t.
V -V!% e Li.i#/
A'' ! (s 7ere b rn 4i64in$ and !i$"tin$ t 'i)e3 b(t 7e "a)e be6 me (sed t t"e s !t 'i!e. &e "a)e be6 me 6reat(res ! 6 m! rt. &e dis'i4e in6 n)enien6es and dis6 m! rts. &"at "appens 7"en 7e are !a6ed 7it" a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n 7it" its stresses3 in6 n)enien6es3 and dis6 m! rtsH -"is is 7"en t"e 7i'' t 'i)e- p'a6in$ a "i$" )a'(e n 'i)in$-is )ita'. -"e e@perien6e and 4n 7'ed$e y ( "a)e $ained t"r ($" 'i!e and y (r Army trainin$ 7i'' "a)e a bearin$ n y (r 7i'' t 'i)e. St(bb rnness3 a re!(sa' t $i)e in t pr b'ems and bsta6'es t"at !a6e y (3 7i'' $i)e y ( t"e menta' and p"ysi6a' stren$t" t end(re.
A -A-t Li)e the N!ti.e$

-"e nati)es and anima's ! a re$i n "a)e adapted t t"eir en)ir nment. - $et a !ee' ! t"e area3 7at6" " 7 t"e pe p'e $ ab (t t"eir dai'y r (tine. &"en and 7"at d t"ey eatH &"en3 7"ere3 and " 7 d t"ey $et t"eir ! dH &"en and 7"ere d t"ey $ ! r 7aterH &"at time d t"ey (s(a''y $ t bed and $et (pH -"ese a6ti ns are imp rtant t y ( 7"en y ( are tryin$ t a) id 6apt(re. Anima' 'i!e in t"e area 6an a's $i)e y ( 6'(es n " 7 t s(r)i)e. Anima's a's re5(ire ! d3 7ater3 and s"e'ter. .y 7at6"in$ t"em3 y ( 6an !ind s (r6es ! 7ater and ! d. WARNING
A#i*!%$ -!##"t $e&.e !$ !# !+$"% te / i(e t" 0h!t 1" -!# e!t !#( (&i#)2 M!#1 !#i*!%$ e!t p%!#t$ th!t !&e t"3i- t" h *!#$2 9eep in mind t"at t"e rea6ti n ! anima's 6an re)ea' y (r presen6e t t"e enemy. I! in a !riend'y area3 ne 7ay y ( 6an $ain rapp rt 7it" t"e nati)es is t s" 7 interest in t"eir t 's and " 7 t"ey $et ! d and 7ater. .y st(dyin$ t"e pe p'e3 y ( 'earn t respe6t t"em3 y ( !ten ma4e )a'(ab'e !riends3 and3 m st imp rtant3 y ( 'earn " 7 t adapt t t"eir en)ir nment and in6rease y (r 6"an6es ! s(r)i)a'.
L -Li.e +1 Y" & Wit$' #ut $or No%& Le!&# B!$i- S)i%%$
&it" (t trainin$ in basi6 s4i''s ! r s(r)i)in$ and e)adin$ n t"e batt'e!ie'd3 y (r 6"an6es ! 'i)in$ t"r ($" a 6 mbat s(r)i)a' and e)asi n sit(ati n are s'i$"t. Learn t"ese basi6 s4i''s #"0--n t 7"en y ( are "eaded ! r r are in t"e batt'e. 1 7 y ( de6ide t e5(ip y (rse'! be! re dep' yment 7i'' impa6t n 7"et"er r n t y ( s(r)i)e. Y ( need t 4n 7 ab (t t"e en)ir nment t 7"i6" y ( are $ in$3 and y ( m(st pra6ti6e basi6 s4i''s $eared t t"at en)ir nment. F r instan6e3 i! y ( are $ in$ t a desert3 y ( need t 4n 7 " 7 t $et 7ater in t"e desert. #ra6ti6e basi6 s(r)i)a' s4i''s d(rin$ a'' trainin$ pr $rams and e@er6ises. S(r)i)a' trainin$ red(6es !ear ! t"e (n4n 7n and $i)es y ( se'!-6 n!iden6e. It tea6"es y ( t live by your wits.
PATT RN 'OR SURVIVAL

De)e' p a s(r)i)a' pattern t"at 'ets y ( beat t"e enemies ! s(r)i)a'. -"is s(r)i)a' pattern m(st in6'(de ! d3 7ater3 s"e'ter3 !ire3 !irst aid3 and si$na's p'a6ed in rder ! imp rtan6e. F r e@amp'e3 in a 6 'd en)ir nment3 y ( 7 ('d need a !ire t $et 7armI a shelter t pr te6t y ( !r m t"e 6 'd3 7ind3 and rain r sn 7I traps r snares t $et !ood# a means t signal !riend'y air6ra!tI and !irst aid t maintain "ea't". I! in$ured" !irst aid has top priority n matter 7"at 6'imate y ( are in. 0"an$e y (r s(r)i)a' pattern t meet y (r immediate p"ysi6a' needs as t"e en)ir nment 6"an$es. As y ( read t"e rest ! t"is man(a'3 4eep in mind t"e 4ey7 rd SURVIVAL and t"e need ! r a s(r)i)a' pattern.
CHAPTER 4 - PSYCHOLOGY OF SURVIVAL
It takes much more than the knowledge and skills to build shelters" get !ood" make !ires" and travel without the aid o! standard navigational devices to live success!ully through a survival situation. Some people with little or no survival training have managed to survive li!e%threatening circumstances. Some people with survival training have not used their skills and died. A key ingredient in any survival situation is the mental attitude o! the individual&s' involved. (aving survival skills is important# having the will to survive is essential. ithout a desk to survive" ac)uired skills serve little purpose and invaluable knowledge goes to waste. There is a psychology to survival. The soldier in a survival environment !aces many stresses that ultimately impact on his mind. These stresses can produce thoughts and emotions that" i! poorly understood" can trans!orm a con!ident" well%trained soldier into an indecisive" ine!!ective individual with )uestionable ability to survive. Thus" every soldier must be aware o! and be able to recogni*e those stresses commonly associated with survival. Additionally" it is imperative that soldiers be aware o! their reactions to the wide variety o! stresses associated with survival. This chapter will identi!y and e+plain the nature o! stress" the stresses o! survival" and those internal reactions soldiers will naturally e+perience when !aced with the stresses o! a real%world survival situation. The knowledge you" the soldier" gain !rom this chapter and other chapters in this manual" will prepare you to come through the toughest times ali(e)
A LOO* AT STR SS
.e! re 7e 6an (nderstand (r psy6" ' $i6a' rea6ti ns in a s(r)i)a' settin$3 it is "e'p!(' t !irst 4n 7 a 'itt'e bit ab (t stress. Stress is n t a disease t"at y ( 6(re and e'iminate. Instead3 it is a 6 nditi n 7e a'' e@perien6e. Stress 6an be des6ribed as (r rea6ti n t press(re. It is t"e name $i)en t t"e e@perien6e 7e "a)e as 7e p"ysi6a''y3 menta''y3 em ti na''y3 and spirit(a''y resp nd t 'i!eGs tensi ns.
Nee( 5"& St&e$$

&e need stress be6a(se it "as many p siti)e bene!its. Stress pr )ides (s 7it" 6"a''en$esI it $i)es (s 6"an6es t 'earn ab (t (r )a'(es and stren$t"s. Stress 6an s" 7 (r abi'ity t "and'e press(re 7it" (t brea4in$I it tests (r adaptabi'ity and !'e@ibi'ityI it 6an stim('ate (s t d (r best. .e6a(se 7e (s(a''y d n t 6 nsider (nimp rtant e)ents stress!('3 stress 6an a's be an e@6e''ent indi6at r ! t"e si$ni!i6an6e 7e atta6" t an e)ent--in t"er 7 rds3 it "i$"'i$"ts 7"at is imp rtant t (s. &e need t "a)e s me stress in (r 'i)es3 b(t t m(6" ! anyt"in$ 6an be bad. -"e $ a' is t "a)e stress3 b(t n t an e@6ess ! it. - m(6" stress 6an ta4e its t '' n pe p'e and r$ani2ati ns. - m(6" stress 'eads t distress. Distress 6a(ses an (n6 m! rtab'e tensi n t"at 7e try t es6ape and3 pre!erab'y3 a) id. Listed be' 7 are a !e7 ! t"e 6 mm n si$ns ! distress y ( may !ind in y (r !e'' 7 s 'diers r
Di!!i6('ty ma4in$ de6isi ns. An$ry (tb(rsts. F r$et!('ness. L 7 ener$y 'e)e'. 0 nstant 7 rryin$. #r pensity ! r mista4es. -" ($"ts ab (t deat" r s(i6ide. -r (b'e $ettin$ a' n$ 7it" t"ers. &it"dra7in$ !r m t"ers. 1idin$ !r m resp nsibi'ities. 0are'essness.
As y ( 6an see3 stress 6an be 6 nstr(6ti)e r destr(6ti)e. It 6an en6 (ra$e r dis6 (ra$e3 m )e (s a' n$ r st p (s dead in (r tra64s3 and ma4e 'i!e meanin$!(' r seemin$'y meanin$'ess. Stress 6an inspire y ( t perate s(66ess!(''y and per! rm at y (r ma@im(m e!!i6ien6y in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n. It 6an a's 6a(se y ( t pani6 and ! r$et a'' y (r trainin$. 9ey t y (r s(r)i)a' is y (r abi'ity t mana$e t"e ine)itab'e stresses y ( 7i'' en6 (nter. -"e s(r)i) r is t"e s 'dier 7" 7 r4s 7it" "is stresses instead ! 'ettin$ "is stresses 7 r4 n "im.
S &.i.!% St&e$$"&$
Any e)ent 6an 'ead t stress and3 as e)ery ne "as e@perien6ed3 e)ents d nGt a'7ays 6 me ne at a time. /!ten3 stress!(' e)ents 66(r sim('tane (s'y. -"ese e)ents are n t stress3 b(t t"ey pr d(6e it and are 6a''ed Jstress rs.J Stress rs are t"e b)i (s 6a(se 7"i'e stress is t"e resp nse. /n6e t"e b dy re6 $ni2es t"e presen6e ! a stress r3 it t"en be$ins t a6t t pr te6t itse'!. In resp nse t a stress r3 t"e b dy prepares eit"er t J!i$"t r !'ee.J -"is preparati n in) ')es an interna' S/S sent t"r ($" (t t"e b dy. As t"e b dy resp nds t t"is S/S3 se)era' a6ti ns ta4e p'a6e. -"e b dy re'eases st red !(e's Ds($ar and !atsE t pr )ide 5(i64 ener$yI breat"in$ rate in6reases t s(pp'y m re @y$en t t"e b' dI m(s6'e tensi n in6reases t prepare ! r a6ti nI b' d 6' ttin$ me6"anisms are a6ti)ated t red(6e b'eedin$ !r m 6(tsI senses be6 me m re a6(te D"earin$ be6 mes m re sensiti)e3 eyes be6 me bi$3 sme'' be6 mes s"arperE s t"at y ( are m re a7are ! y (r s(rr (ndin$ and "eart rate and b' d press(re rise t pr )ide m re b' d t t"e m(s6'es. -"is pr te6ti)e p st(re 'ets a pers n 6 pe 7it" p tentia' dan$ersI " 7e)er3 a pers n 6ann t maintain s(6" a 'e)e' ! a'ertness inde!inite'y. Stress rs are n t 6 (rte (sI ne stress r d es n t 'ea)e be6a(se an t"er ne arri)es. Stress rs add (p. -"e 6(m('ati)e e!!e6t ! min r stress rs 6an be a maA r distress i! t"ey a'' "appen t 6' se t $et"er. As t"e b dyGs resistan6e t stress 7ears d 7n and t"e s (r6es ! stress 6 ntin(e D r in6reaseE3 e)ent(a''y a state ! e@"a(sti n arri)es. At t"is p int3 t"e abi'ity t resist stress r (se it in a p siti)e 7ay $i)es (t and si$ns ! distress appear. Anti6ipatin$ stress rs and de)e' pin$ strate$ies t 6 pe 7it" t"em are t7 in$redients in t"e e!!e6ti)e mana$ement ! stress. It is t"ere! re essentia' t"at t"e s 'dier in a s(r)i)a' settin$ be a7are ! t"e types ! stress rs "e 7i'' en6 (nter. LetGs ta4e a ' 4 at a !e7 ! t"ese. In+ury& Illness& or ,eath InA(ry3 i''ness3 and deat" are rea' p ssibi'ities a s(r)i) r "as t !a6e. #er"aps n t"in$ is m re stress!(' t"an bein$ a' ne in an (n!ami'iar en)ir nment 7"ere y ( 6 ('d die !r m " sti'e a6ti n3 an a66ident3 r !r m eatin$ s met"in$ 'et"a'. I''ness and inA(ry 6an a's add t stress by 'imitin$ y (r abi'ity t mane()er3 $et ! d and drin43 !ind s"e'ter3 and de!end y (rse'!. ,)en i! i''ness and inA(ry d nGt 'ead t deat"3 t"ey add t stress t"r ($" t"e pain and dis6 m! rt t"ey $enerate. It is n'y by 6 n-tr ''in$ t"e stress ass 6iated 7it" t"e )('nerabi'ity t inA(ry3 i''ness3 and deat" t"at a s 'dier 6an "a)e t"e 6 (ra$e t ta4e t"e ris4s ass 6iated 7it" s(r)i)a' tas4s. Uncertainly and Lac- o$ Control S me pe p'e "a)e tr (b'e peratin$ in settin$s 7"ere e)eryt"in$ is n t 6'ear-6(t. -"e n'y $(arantee in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n is t"at n t"in$ is $(aranteed. It 6an be e@treme'y stress!(' peratin$ n 'imited in! rmati n in a settin$ 7"ere y ( "a)e 'imited 6 ntr ' ! y (r s(rr (ndin$s. -"is (n6ertainty and 'a64 ! 6 ntr ' a's add t t"e stress ! bein$ i''3 inA(red3 r 4i''ed. n(iron"ent
,)en (nder t"e m st idea' 6ir6(mstan6es3 nat(re is 5(ite ! rmidab'e. In s(r)i)a'3 a s 'dier 7i'' "a)e t 6 ntend 7it" t"e stress rs ! 7eat"er3 terrain3 and t"e )ariety ! 6reat(res in"abitin$ an area. 1eat3 6 'd3 rain3 7inds3 m (ntains3 s7amps3 deserts3 inse6ts3 dan$er (s repti'es3 and t"er anima's are A(st a !e7 ! t"e 6"a''en$es a7aitin$ t"e s 'dier 7 r4in$ t s(r)i)e. Dependin$ n " 7 a s 'dier "and'es t"e stress ! "is en)ir nment3 "is s(rr (ndin$s 6an be eit"er a s (r6e ! ! d and pr te6ti n r 6an be a 6a(se ! e@treme dis6 m! rt 'eadin$ t inA(ry3 i''ness3 r deat". .unger and Thirst &it" (t ! d and 7ater a pers n 7i'' 7ea4en and e)ent(a''y die. -"(s3 $ettin$ and preser)in$ ! d and 7ater ta4es n in6reasin$ imp rtan6e as t"e 'en$t" ! time in a s(r)i)a' settin$ in6reases. F r a s 'dier (sed t "a)in$ "is pr )isi ns iss(ed3 ! ra$in$ 6an be a bi$ s (r6e ! stress. 'atigue F r6in$ y (rse'! t 6 ntin(e s(r)i)in$ is n t easy as y ( $r 7 m re tired. It is p ssib'e t be6 me s !ati$(ed t"at t"e a6t ! A(st stayin$ a7a4e is stress!(' in itse'!. Isolation -"ere are s me ad)anta$es t !a6in$ ad)ersity 7it" t"ers. As s 'diers 7e 'earn indi)id(a' s4i''s3 b(t 7e train t !(n6ti n as part ! a team. A't" ($" 7e3 as s 'diers3 6 mp'ain ab (t "i$"er "ead5(arters3 7e be6 me (sed t t"e in! rmati n and $(idan6e it pr )ides3 espe6ia''y d(rin$ times ! 6 n!(si n. .ein$ in 6 nta6t 7it" t"ers a's pr )ides a $reater sense ! se6(rity and a !ee'in$ s me ne is a)ai'ab'e t "e'p i! pr b'ems 66(r. A si$ni!i6ant stress r in s(r)i)a' sit(ati ns is t"at !ten a pers n r team "as t re'y s 'e'y n its 7n res (r6es. -"e s(r)i)a' stress rs menti ned in t"is se6ti n are by n means t"e n'y nes y ( may !a6e. Remember3 7"at is stress!(' t ne pers n may n t be stress!(' t an t"er. Y (r e@perien6es3 trainin$3 pers na' (t' 4 n 'i!e3 p"ysi6a' and menta' 6 nditi nin$3 and 'e)e' ! se'!-6 n!iden6e 6 ntrib(te t 7"at y ( 7i'' !ind stress!(' in a s(r)i)a' en)ir nment. -"e bAe6t is n t t a) id stress3 b(t rat"er t mana$e t"e stress rs ! s(r)i)a' and ma4e t"em 7 r4 ! r y (. &e n 7 "a)e a $enera' 4n 7'ed$e ! stress and t"e stress rs 6 mm n t s(r)i)a'I t"e ne@t step is t e@amine (r rea6ti ns t t"e stress rs 7e may !a6e.
NATURAL R ACTIONS
Man "as been ab'e t s(r)i)e many s"i!ts in "is en)ir nment t"r ($" (t t"e 6ent(ries. 1is abi'ity t adapt p"ysi6a''y and menta''y t a 6"an$in$ 7 r'd 4ept "im a'i)e 7"i'e t"er spe6ies ar (nd "im $rad(a''y died !!. -"e same s(r)i)a' me6"anisms t"at 4ept (r ! re!at"ers a'i)e 6an "e'p 4eep (s a'i)e as 7e''K 1 7e)er3 t"ese s(r)i)a' me6"anisms t"at 6an "e'p (s 6an a's 7 r4 a$ainst (s i! 7e d nGt (nderstand and anti6ipate t"eir presen6e. It is n t s(rprisin$ t"at t"e a)era$e pers n 7i'' "a)e s me psy6" ' $i6a' rea6ti ns in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n. &e 7i'' n 7 e@amine s me ! t"e maA r interna' rea6ti ns y ( and any ne 7it" y ( mi$"t e@perien6e 7it" t"e s(r)i)a' stress rs addressed in t"e ear'ier para$rap"s. LetGs be$in. Fe!& Fear is (r em ti na' resp nse t dan$er (s 6ir6(mstan6es t"at 7e be'ie)e "a)e t"e p tentia' t 6a(se deat"3 inA(ry3 r i''ness. -"is "arm is n t A(st 'imited t p"ysi6a' dama$eI t"e t"reat t neGs em ti na' and menta' 7e''-bein$ 6an $enerate !ear as 7e''. F r t"e s 'dier tryin$ t s(r)i)e3 !ear 6an "a)e a p siti)e !(n6ti n i! it en6 (ra$es "im t be 6a(ti (s in sit(ati ns 7"ere re64'essness 6 ('d res('t in inA(ry. Un! rt(nate'y3 !ear 6an a's imm bi'i2e a pers n. It 6an 6a(se "im t be6 me s !ri$"tened t"at "e !ai's t per! rm a6ti)ities essentia' ! r s(r)i)a'. M st s 'diers 7i'' "a)e s me de$ree ! !ear 7"en p'a6ed in (n!ami'iar s(rr (ndin$s (nder ad)erse 6 nditi ns. -"ere is n s"ame in t"isK ,a6" s 'dier m(st train "imse'! n t t be )er6 me by "is !ears. Idea''y3 t"r ($" rea'isti6 trainin$3 7e 6an a65(ire t"e 4n 7'ed$e and s4i''s needed t in6rease (r 6 n!iden6e and t"ereby mana$e (r !ears. A#3iet1 Ass 6iated 7it" !ear is an@iety. .e6a(se it is nat(ra' ! r (s t be a!raid3 it is a's nat(ra' ! r (s t e@perien6e an@iety. An@iety 6an be an (neasy3 appre"ensi)e !ee'in$ 7e $et 7"en !a6ed 7it" dan$er (s sit(ati ns Dp"ysi6a'3 menta'3 and em ti na'E. &"en (sed in a "ea't"y 7ay3 an@iety (r$es (s t a6t t end3 r at 'east master3 t"e dan$ers t"at t"reaten (r e@isten6e. I! 7e 7ere ne)er an@i (s3 t"ere 7 ('d be 'itt'e m ti)ati n t ma4e 6"an$es in (r 'i)es. -"e s 'dier in a s(r)i)a' settin$ red(6es "is an@iety by per! rmin$ t" se tas4s t"at 7i'' ens(re "is 6 min$ t"r ($" t"e rdea' a'i)e. As "e red(6es "is an@iety3
t"e s 'dier is a's brin$in$ (nder 6 ntr ' t"e s (r6e ! t"at an@iety--"is !ears. In t"is ! rm3 an@iety is $ dI " 7e)er3 an@iety 6an a's "a)e a de)astatin$ impa6t. An@iety 6an )er7"e'm a s 'dier t t"e p int 7"ere "e be6 mes easi'y 6 n!(sed and "as di!!i6('ty t"in4in$. /n6e t"is "appens3 it be6 mes m re and m re di!!i6('t ! r "im t ma4e $ d A(d$ments and s (nd de6isi ns. - s(r)i)e3 t"e s 'dier m(st 'earn te6"ni5(es t 6a'm "is an@ieties and 4eep t"em in t"e ran$e 7"ere t"ey "e'p3 n t "(rt.
A#/e& !#( F& $t&!ti"#

Fr(strati n arises 7"en a pers n is 6 ntin(a''y t"7arted in "is attempts t rea6" a $ a'. -"e $ a' ! s(r)i)a' is t stay a'i)e (nti' y ( 6an rea6" "e'p r (nti' "e'p 6an rea6" y (. - a6"ie)e t"is $ a'3 t"e s 'dier m(st 6 mp'ete s me tas4s 7it" minima' res (r6es. It is ine)itab'e3 in tryin$ t d t"ese tas4s3 t"at s met"in$ 7i'' $ 7r n$I t"at s met"in$ 7i'' "appen bey nd t"e s 'dierGs 6 ntr 'I and t"at 7it" neGs 'i!e at sta4e3 e)ery mista4e is ma$ni!ied in terms ! its imp rtan6e. -"(s3 s ner r 'ater3 s 'diers 7i'' "a)e t 6 pe 7it" !r(strati n 7"en a !e7 ! t"eir p'ans r(n int tr (b'e. /ne (t$r 7t" ! t"is !r(strati n is an$er. -"ere are many e)ents in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n t"at 6an !r(strate r an$er a s 'dier. *ettin$ ' st3 dama$ed r ! r$ tten e5(ipment3 t"e 7eat"er3 in" spitab'e terrain3 enemy patr 's3 and p"ysi6a' 'imitati ns are A(st a !e7 s (r6es ! !r(strati n and an$er. Fr(strati n and an$er en6 (ra$e imp('si)e rea6ti ns3 irrati na' be"a)i r3 p r'y t" ($"t- (t de6isi ns3 and3 in s me instan6es3 an JI 5(itJ attit(de Dpe p'e s metimes a) id d in$ s met"in$ t"ey 6anGt masterE. I! t"e s 'dier 6an "arness and pr per'y 6"anne' t"e em ti na' intensity ass 6iated 7it" an$er and !r(strati n3 "e 6an pr d(6ti)e'y a6t as "e ans7ers t"e 6"a''en$es ! s(r)i)a'. I! t"e s 'dier d es n t pr per'y ! 6(s "is an$ry !ee'in$s3 "e 6an 7aste m(6" ener$y in a6ti)ities t"at d 'itt'e t !(rt"er eit"er "is 6"an6es ! s(r)i)a' r t"e 6"an6es ! t" se ar (nd "im.
Dep&e$$i"#
It 7 ('d be a rare pers n indeed 7" 7 ('d n t $et sad3 at 'east m mentari'y3 7"en !a6ed 7it" t"e pri)ati ns ! s(r)i)a'. As t"is sadness deepens3 7e 'abe' t"e !ee'in$ Jdepressi n.J Depressi n is 6' se'y 'in4ed 7it" !r(strati n and an$er. -"e !r(strated pers n be6 mes m re and m re an$ry as "e !ai's t rea6" "is $ a's. I! t"e an$er d es n t "e'p t"e pers n t s(66eed3 t"en t"e !r(strati n 'e)e' $ es e)en "i$"er. A destr(6ti)e 6y6'e bet7een an$er and !r(strati n 6 ntin(es (nti' t"e pers n be6 mes 7 rn d 7n-p"ysi6a''y3 em ti na''y3 and menta''y. &"en a pers n rea6"es t"is p int3 "e starts t $i)e (p3 and "is ! 6(s s"i!ts !r m J&"at 6an I d J t J-"ere is n t"in$ I 6an d .J Depressi n is an e@pressi n ! t"is " pe'ess3 "e'p'ess !ee'in$. -"ere is n t"in$ 7r n$ 7it" bein$ sad as y ( temp rari'y t"in4 ab (t y (r ' )ed nes and remember 7"at 'i!e is 'i4e ba64 in J6i)i'i2ati nJ r Jt"e 7 r'd.J S(6" t" ($"ts3 in !a6t3 6an $i)e y ( t"e desire t try "arder and 'i)e ne m re day. /n t"e t"er "and3 i! y ( a'' 7 y (rs e'! t sin4 int a depressed state3 t"en it 6an sap a'' y (r ener$y and3 m re imp rtant3 y (r 7i'' t s(r)i)e. It is imperati)e t"at ea6" s 'dier resist s(66(mbin$ t depressi n.
L"#e%i#e$$ !#( B"&e("*

Man is a s 6ia' anima'. -"is means 7e3 as "(man bein$s3 enA y t"e 6 mpany ! t"ers. Very !e7 pe p'e 7ant t be a' ne all the time, As y ( are a7are3 t"ere is a distin6t 6"an6e ! is 'ati n in a s(r)i)a' settin$. -"is is n t bad. L ne'iness and b red m 6an brin$ t t"e s(r!a6e 5(a'ities y ( t" ($"t n'y t"ers "ad. -"e e@tent ! y (r ima$inati n and 6reati)ity may s(rprise y (. &"en re5(ired t d s 3 y ( may dis6 )er s me "idden ta'ents and abi'ities. M st ! a''3 y ( may tap int a reser) ir ! inner stren$t" and ! rtit(de y ( ne)er 4ne7 y ( "ad. 0 n)erse'y3 ' ne'iness and b red m 6an be an t"er s (r6e ! depressi n. As a s 'dier s(r)i)in$ a' ne3 r 7it" t"ers3 y ( m(st !ind 7ays t 4eep y (r mind pr d(6ti)e'y 66(pied. Additi na''y3 y ( m(st de)e' p a de$ree ! se'!-s(!!i6ien6y. Y ( m(st "a)e !ait" in y (r 6apabi'ity t J$ it a' ne.J
G i%t
-"e 6ir6(mstan6es 'eadin$ t y (r bein$ in a s(r)i)a' settin$ are s metimes dramati6 and tra$i6. It may be t"e res('t ! an a66ident r mi'itary missi n 7"ere t"ere 7as a ' ss ! 'i!e. #er"aps y ( 7ere t"e n'y3 r ne ! a !e73 s(r)i) rs. &"i'e nat(ra''y re'ie)ed t be a'i)e3 y ( sim('tane (s'y may be m (rnin$ t"e deat"s ! t"ers 7" 7ere 'ess ! rt(nate. It is n t (n6 mm n ! r s(r)i) rs t !ee' $(i'ty ab (t bein$ spared !r m deat" 7"i'e t"ers 7ere n t. -"is !ee'in$3 7"en (sed in a p siti)e 7ay3 "as en6 (ra$ed pe p'e t try "arder t s(r)i)e 7it" t"e be'ie! t"ey 7ere a'' 7ed t 'i)e ! r s me $reater p(rp se in 'i!e. S metimes3 s(r)i) rs tried t stay a'i)e s t"at t"ey 6 ('d 6arry n t"e 7 r4 ! t" se 4i''ed. &"ate)er reas n y ( $i)e y (rse'!3 d n t 'et $(i't !ee'in$s pre)ent y ( !r m 'i)in$. -"e 'i)in$ 7" aband n t"eir 6"an6e t s(r)i)e a66 mp'is" n t"in$. S(6" an a6t 7 ('d be t"e $reatest tra$edy.
PR PARIN/ YOURS L'

Y (r missi n as a s 'dier in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n is t stay a'i)e. As y ( 6an see3 y ( are $ in$ t e@perien6e an ass rtment ! t" ($"ts and em ti ns. -"ese 6an 7 r4 ! r y (3 r t"ey 6an 7 r4 t y (r d 7n!a''. Fear3 an@iety3 an$er3 !r(strati n3 $(i't3 depressi n3 and ' ne'iness are a'' p ssib'e rea6ti ns t t"e many stresses 6 mm n t s(r)i)a'. -"ese rea6ti ns3 7"en 6 ntr ''ed in a "ea't"y 7ay3 "e'p t in6rease a s 'dierGs 'i4e'i" d ! s(r)i)in$. -"ey pr mpt t"e s 'dier t pay m re attenti n in trainin$3 t !i$"t ba64 7"en s6ared3 t ta4e a6ti ns t"at ens(re s(stenan6e and se6(rity3 t 4eep !ait" 7it" "is !e'' 7 s 'diers3 and t stri)e a$ainst 'ar$e dds. &"en t"e s(r)i) r 6ann t 6 ntr ' t"ese rea6ti ns in a "ea't"y 7ay3 t"ey 6an brin$ "im t a standsti''. Instead ! ra''yin$ "is interna' res (r6es3 t"e s 'dier 'istens t "is interna' !ears. -"is s 'dier e@perien6es psy6" ' $i6a' de!eat ' n$ be! re "e p"ysi6a''y s(66(mbs. Remember3 s(r)i)a' is nat(ra' t e)ery neI bein$ (ne@pe6ted'y t"r(st int t"e 'i!e and deat" str($$'e ! s(r)i)a' is n t. D nGt be a!raid ! y (r Jnat(ra' rea6ti ns t t"is (nnat(ra' sit(ati n.J #repare y (rse'! t r('e )er t"ese rea6ti ns s t"ey ser)e y (r ('timate interest--stayin$ a'i)e 7it" t"e " n r and di$nity ass 6iated 7it" bein$ an Ameri6an s 'dier. It in) ')es preparati n t ens(re t"at y (r rea6ti ns in a s(r)i)a' settin$ are pr d(6ti)e3 n t destr(6ti)e. -"e 6"a''en$e ! s(r)i)a' "as pr d(6ed 6 (nt'ess e@amp'es ! "er ism3 6 (ra$e3 and se'!-sa6ri!i6e. -"ese are t"e 5(a'ities it 6an brin$ (t in y ( i! y ( "a)e prepared y (rse'!. .e' 7 are a !e7 tips t "e'p prepare y (rse'! psy6" ' $i6a''y ! r s(r)i)a'. -"r ($" st(dyin$ t"is man(a' and attendin$ s(r)i)a' trainin$ y ( 6an de)e' p t"e survival attitude.
6#"0 Y" &$e%5

-"r ($" trainin$3 !ami'y3 and !riends ta4e t"e time t dis6 )er 7" y ( are n t"e inside. Stren$t"en y (r str n$er 5(a'ities and de)e' p t"e areas t"at y ( 4n 7 are ne6essary t s(r)i)e.
A#ti-ip!te Fe!&$
D nGt pretend t"at y ( 7i'' "a)e n !ears. .e$in t"in4in$ ab (t 7"at 7 ('d !ri$"ten y ( t"e m st i! ! r6ed t s(r)i)e a' ne. -rain in t" se areas ! 6 n6ern t y (. -"e $ a' is n t t e'iminate t"e !ear3 b(t t b(i'd 6 n!iden6e in y (r abi'ity t !(n6ti n despite y (r !ears.
Be Re!%i$tiD nGt be a!raid t ma4e an " nest appraisa' ! sit(ati ns. See 6ir6(mstan6es as t"ey are3 n t as y ( 7ant t"em t be. 9eep y (r " pes and e@pe6tati ns 7it"in t"e estimate ! t"e sit(ati n. &"en y ( $ int a s(r)i)a' settin$ 7it" (nrea'isti6 e@pe6tati ns3 y ( may be 'ayin$ t"e $r (nd7 r4 ! r bitter disapp intment. F '' 7 t"e ada$e3 J1 pe ! r t"e best3 prepare ! r t"e 7 rst.J It is m(6" easier t adA(st t p'easant s(rprises ab (t neGs (ne@pe6ted $ d ! rt(nes t"an t be (pset by neGs (ne@pe6ted "ars" 6ir6(mstan6es.
A("pt ! P"$iti.e Attit (e
Learn t see t"e p tentia' $ d in e)eryt"in$. L 4in$ ! r t"e $ e@6e''ent ! r e@er6isin$ y (r ima$inati n and 6reati)ity.
d n t n'y b
sts m ra'e3 it a's is
Re*i#( Y" &$e%5 Wh!t I$ !t St!)e

Remember3 !ai'(re t prepare y (rse'! psy6" ' $i6a''y t 6 pe 7it" s(r)i)a' 'eads t rea6ti ns s(6" as depressi n3 6are'essness3 inattenti n3 ' ss ! 6 n!iden6e3 p r de6isi n-ma4in$3 and $i)in$ (p be! re t"e b dy $i)es in. At sta4e is y (r 'i!e and t"e 'i)es ! t"ers 7" are dependin$ n y ( t d y (r s"are.
T&!i#
-"r ($" mi'itary trainin$ and 'i!e e@perien6es3 be$in t day t prepare y (rse'! t 6 pe 7it" t"e ri$ rs ! s(r)i)a'. Dem nstratin$ y (r s4i''s in trainin$ 7i'' $i)e y ( t"e 6 n!iden6e t 6a'' (p n t"em s" ('d t"e need arise. Remember3 t"e m re rea'isti6 t"e trainin$3 t"e 'ess )er7"e'min$ an a6t(a' s(r)i)a' settin$ 7i'' be.
Le!&# St&e$$ M!#!/e*e#t Te-h#i, e$

#e p'e (nder stress "a)e a p tentia' t pani6 i! t"ey are n t 7e''-trained and n t prepared psy6" ' $i6a''y t !a6e 7"ate)er t"e 6ir6(mstan6es may be. &"i'e 7e !ten 6ann t 6 ntr ' t"e s(r)i)a' 6ir6(mstan6es in 7"i6" 7e !ind (rse')es3 it is 7it"in (r abi'ity t 6 ntr ' (r resp nse t t" se 6ir6(mstan6es. Learnin$ stress mana$ement te6"ni5(es 6an en"an6e si$ni!i6ant'y y (r 6apabi'ity t remain 6a'm and ! 6(sed as y ( 7 r4 t 4eep y (rse'! and t"ers a'i)e. A !e7 $ d te6"ni5(es t de)e' p in6'(de re'a@ati n s4i''s3 time mana$ement s4i''s3 asserti)eness s4i''s3 and 6 $niti)e restr(6t(rin$ s4i''s Dt"e abi'ity t 6 ntr ' " 7 y ( )ie7 a sit(ati nE. Remember3 Jt"e 7i'' t s(r)i)eJ 6an a's be 6 nsidered t be Jt"e re!(sa' t $i)e (p.J
CHAPTER 7 - SURVIVAL PLANNING AND SURVIVAL 6ITS
S(r)i)a' p'annin$ is n t"in$ m re t"an rea'i2in$ s met"in$ 6 ('d "appen t"at 7 ('d p(t y ( in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n and3 7it" t"at in mind3 ta4in$ steps t in6rease y (r 6"an6es ! s(r)i)a'. -"(s3 s(r)i)a' p'annin$ means preparati n. #reparati n means "a)in$ s(r)i)a' items and 4n 7in$ " 7 t (se t"em #e p'e 7" 'i)e in sn 7 re$i ns prepare t"eir )e"i6'es ! r p r r ad 6 nditi ns. -"ey p(t sn 7 tires n t"eir )e"i6'es3 add e@tra 7ei$"t in t"e ba64 ! r tra6ti n3 and t"ey 6arry a s" )e'3 sa't3 and a b'an4et. An t"er e@amp'e ! preparati n is !indin$ t"e emer$en6y e@its n an air6ra!t 7"en y ( b ard it ! r a !'i$"t. #reparati n 6 ('d a's mean 4n 7in$ y (r intended r (te ! tra)e' and !ami'iari2in$ y (rse'! 7it" t"e area. Fina''y3 emer$en6y p'annin$ is essentia'.
I0PORTANC O' PLANNIN/

Detai'ed pri r p'annin$ is essentia' in p tentia' s(r)i)a' sit(ati ns. In6'(din$ s(r)i)a' 6 nsiderati ns in missi n p'annin$ 7i'' en"an6e y (r 6"an6es ! s(r)i)a' i! an emer$en6y 66(rs. F r e@amp'e3 i! y (r A b re-5(ires t"at y ( 7 r4 in a sma''3 en6' sed area t"at 'imits 7"at y ( 6an 6arry n y (r pers n3 p'an 7"ere y ( 6an p(t y (r r(64sa64 r y (r ' ad-bearin$ e5(ipment. #(t it 7"ere it 7i'' n t pre)ent y ( !r m $ettin$ (t ! t"e area 5(i64'y3 yet 7"ere it is readi'y a66essib'e. /ne imp rtant aspe6t ! pri r p'annin$ is pre)enti)e medi6ine. ,ns(rin$ t"at y ( "a)e n denta' pr b'ems and t"at y (r imm(ni2ati ns are 6(rrent 7i'' "e'p y ( a) id p tentia' denta' r "ea't" pr b'ems. A denta' pr b'em in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n 7i'' red(6e y (r abi'ity t 6 pe 7it" t"er pr b'ems t"at y ( !a6e. Fai'(re t 4eep y (r s" ts 6(rrent may mean y (r b dy is n t imm(ne t diseases t"at are pre)a'ent in t"e area. #reparin$ and 6arryin$ a s(r)i)a' 4it is as imp rtant as t"e 6 nsiderati ns menti ned ab )e. A'' Army air6ra!t n rma''y "a)e s(r)i)a' 4its n b ard ! r t"e type areaDsE )er 7"i6" t"ey 7i'' !'y. -"ere are 4its ! r )er-7ater s(r)i)a'3 ! r " t 6'imate s(r)i)a'3 and an a)iat r s(r)i)a' )est Dsee Appendi@ A ! r a des6ripti n ! t"ese s(r)i)a' 4its and t"eir 6 ntentsE. I! y ( are n t an a)iat r3 y ( 7i'' pr bab'y n t "a)e a66ess t t"e s(r)i)a' )ests r s(r)i)a' 4its. 1 7e)er3 i! y ( 4n 7 7"at t"ese 4its 6 ntain3 it 7i'' "e'p y ( t p'an and t prepare y (r 7n s(r)i)a' 4it. ,)en t"e sma''est s(r)i)a' 4it3 i! pr per'y prepared3 is in)a'(ab'e 7"en !a6ed 7it" a s(r)i)a' pr b'em. .e! re ma4in$ y (r s(r)i)a' 4it3 " 7e)er3 6 nsider y (r (nitGs missi n3 t"e perati na' en)ir nment3 and t"e e5(ipment and )e"i6'es assi$ned t y (r (nit.
SURVIVAL *ITS
-"e en)ir nment is t"e 4ey t t"e types ! items y ( 7i'' need in y (r s(r)i)a' 4it. 1 7 m(6" e5(ipment y ( p(t in y (r 4it depends n " 7 y ( 7i'' 6arry t"e 4it. A 4it 6arried n y (r b dy 7i'' "a)e t be sma''er t"an ne 6arried in a )e"i6'e. A'7ays 'ayer y (r s(r)i)a' 4it3 4eepin$ t"e m st imp rtant items n y (r b dy. F r e@amp'e3 y (r map and 6 mpass s" ('d a'7ays be n y (r b dy. 0arry 'ess imp rtant items n y (r ' ad-bearin$ e5(ipment. #'a6e b('4y items in t"e r(64sa64. In preparin$ y (r s(r)i)a' 4it3 se'e6t items y ( 6an (se ! r m re t"an ne p(rp se. I! y ( "a)e t7 items t"at 7i'' ser)e t"e same !(n6ti n3 pi64 t"e ne y ( 6an (se ! r an t"er !(n6ti n. D n t d(p'i6ate items3 as t"is in6reases y (r 4itGs si2e and 7ei$"t. Y (r s(r)i)a' 4it need n t be e'ab rate. Y ( need n'y !(n6ti na' items t"at 7i'' meet y (r needs and a 6ase t " 'd t"e items. F r t"e 6ase3 y ( mi$"t 7ant t (se a .and-Aid b @3 a !irst aid 6ase3 an amm(niti n p (6"3 r an t"er s(itab'e 6ase. -"is 6ase s" ('d be-
&ater repe''ent r 7aterpr
!.
S(itab'e t a66ept )arisi2ed 6 mp nents. D(rab'e.
In y (r s(r)i)a' 4it3 y ( s" ('d "a)e-
First aid items. &ater p(ri!i6ati n tab'ets r dr ps. Fire startin$ e5(ipment. Si$na'in$ items. F d pr 6(rement items. S"e'ter items.
S me e@amp'es ! t"ese items are-
Li$"ter3 meta' mat6"3 7aterpr ! mat6"es. Snare 7ire. Si$na'in$ mirr r. &rist 6 mpass. Fis" and snare 'ine. Fis"" 4s. 0and'e. Sma'' "and 'ens. /@ytetra6y6'ine tab'ets Ddiarr"ea r in!e6ti nE. &ater p(ri!i6ati n tab'ets. S 'ar b'an4et. S(r$i6a' b'ades. .(tter!'y s(t(res. 0 nd ms ! r 7ater st ra$e. 0"ap Sti64. Need'e and t"read. 9ni!e.
In6'(de a 7eap n n'y i! t"e sit(ati n s di6tates. Read ab (t and pra6ti6e t"e s(r)i)a' te6"ni5(es in t"is man(a'. 0 nsider y (r (nitGs missi n and t"e en)ir nment in 7"i6" y (r (nit 7i'' perate. -"en prepare y (r s(r)i)a' 4it.
CHAPTER 8 - BASIC SURVIVAL MEDICINE
-oremost among the many problems that can compromise a survivor.s ability to return to sa!ety are medical problems resulting !rom parachute descent and landing" e+treme climates" ground combat" evasion" and illnesses contracted in captivity. /any evaders and survivors have reported di!!iculty in treating in$uries and illness due to the lack o! training and medical supplies. -or some" this led to capture or surrender. Survivors have related !eeling o! apathy and helplessness because they could not treat themselves in this environment. The ability to treat themselves increased their morale and cohesion and aided in their survival and eventual return to !riendly !orces. 0ne man with a !air amount o! basic medical knowledge can make a di!!erence in the lives o! many. ithout )uali!ied medical personnel available" it is you who must know what to do to stay alive.
R 1UIR 0 NTS 'OR 0AINT NANC O' . ALT.

- s(r)i)e3 y ( need 7ater and ! d. Y ( m(st a's "a)e and app'y "i$" pers na' "y$iene standards.
W!te&
Y (r b dy ' ses 7ater t"r ($" n rma' b dy pr 6esses Ds7eatin$3 (rinatin$3 and de!e6atin$E. D(rin$ a)era$e dai'y e@erti n 7"en t"e atm sp"eri6 temperat(re is 2= de$rees 0e'si(s D0E D6; de$rees Fa"ren"eitE3 t"e a)era$e ad('t ' ses and t"ere! re re5(ires 2 t % 'iters ! 7ater dai'y. /t"er !a6t rs3 s(6" as "eat e@p s(re3 6 'd e@p s(re3 intense a6ti)ity3 "i$" a'tit(de3 b(rns3 r i''ness3 6an 6a(se y (r b dy t ' se m re 7ater. Y ( m(st rep'a6e t"is 7ater. De"ydrati n res('ts !r m inade5(ate rep'a6ement ! ' st b dy !'(ids. It de6reases y (r e!!i6ien6y and3 i! inA(red3 in6reases y (r s(s6eptibi'ity t se)ere s" 64. 0 nsider t"e ! '' 7in$ res('ts ! b dy !'(id ' ssL

A : per6ent ' ss ! b dy !'(ids res('ts in t"irst3 irritabi'ity3 na(sea3 and 7ea4ness. A 1= per6ent ' ss res('ts in di22iness3 "eada6"e3 inabi'ity t 7a'43 and a tin$'in$ sensati n in t"e 'imbs. A 1: per6ent ' ss res('ts in dim )isi n3 pain!(' (rinati n3 s7 ''en t n$(e3 dea!ness3 and a n(mb !ee'in$ in t"e s4in. A ' ss $reater t"an 1: per6ent ! b dy !'(ids may res('t in deat".
-"e m st 6 mm n si$ns and sympt ms ! de"ydrati n are-
Dar4 (rine 7it" a )ery str n$ d r. L 7 (rine (tp(t.
Fati$(e. ,m ti na' instabi'ity. L ss ! s4in e'asti6ity. De'ayed 6api''ary re!i'' in !in$ernai' beds. -ren6" 'ine d 7n 6enter ! t n$(e. -"irst. Last n t"e 'ist be6a(se y ( are a'ready 2 per6ent de"ydrated by t"e time y ( 6ra)e !'(ids.
Y ( rep'a6e t"e 7ater as y ( ' se it. -ryin$ t ma4e (p a de!i6it is di!!i6('t in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n3 and t"irst is n t a si$n ! " 7 m(6" 7ater y ( need. M st pe p'e 6ann t 6 m! rtab'y drin4 m re t"an 1 'iter ! 7ater at a time. S 3 e)en 7"en n t t"irsty3 drin4 sma'' am (nts ! 7ater at re$('ar inter)a's ea6" " (r t pre)ent de"ydrati n. I! y ( are (nder p"ysi6a' and menta' stress r s(bAe6t t se)ere 6 nditi ns3 in6rease y (r 7ater inta4e. Drin4 en ($" 'i5(ids t maintain a (rine (tp(t ! at 'east =.: 'iter e)ery 28 " (rs. In any sit(ati n 7"ere ! d inta4e is ' 73 drin4 6 t ; 'iters ! 7ater per day. In an e@treme 6'imate3 espe6ia''y an arid ne3 t"e a)era$e pers n 6an ' se 2.: t %.: 'iters ! 7ater per hour. In t"is type ! 6'imate3 y ( s" ('d drin4 18 t %= 'iters ! 7ater per day. &it" t"e ' ss ! 7ater t"ere is a's a ' ss ! e'e6tr 'ytes Db dy sa'tsE. -"e a)era$e diet 6an (s(a''y 4eep (p 7it" t"ese ' sses b(t in an e@treme sit(ati n r i''ness3 additi na' s (r6es need t be pr )ided. A mi@t(re ! =.2: teasp n ! sa't t 1 'iter ! 7ater 7i'' pr )ide a 6 n6entrati n t"at t"e b dy tiss(es 6an readi'y abs rb. /! a'' t"e p"ysi6a' pr b'ems en6 (ntered in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n3 t"e ' ss ! 7ater is t"e m st pre)entab'e. -"e ! '' 7in$ are basi6 $(ide'ines ! r t"e pre)enti n ! de"ydrati nL

Always drink water when eating. &ater is (sed and 6 ns(med as a part ! t"e di$esti n pr 6ess and 6an 'ead t de"ydrati n. Acclimati*e. -"e b dy per! rms m re e!!i6ient'y in e@treme 6 nditi ns 7"en a66'imati2ed. 1onserve sweat not water. Limit s7eat-pr d(6in$ a6ti)ities b(t drin4 7ater. Ration water. Unti' y ( !ind a s(itab'e s (r6e3 rati n y (r 7ater sensib'y. A dai'y inta4e ! :== 6(bi6 6entimeter D=.: 'iterE ! a s($ar-7ater mi@t(re D2 teasp ns per 'iterE 7i'' s(!!i6e t pre)ent se)ere de"ydrati n ! r at 'east a 7ee43 pr )ided y ( 4eep 7ater ' sses t a minim(m by 'imitin$ a6ti)ity and "eat $ain r ' ss.
Y ( 6an estimate !'(id ' ss by se)era' means. A standard !ie'd dressin$ " 'ds ab (t =.2: 'iter D ne-! (rt" 6anteenE ! b' d. A s a4ed --s"irt " 'ds =.: t =.7: 'iter. Y ( 6an a's (se t"e p('se and breat"in$ rate t estimate !'(id ' ss. Use t"e ! '' 7in$ as a $(ideL

&it" a =.7: 'iter ' ss t"e 7rist p('se rate 7i'' be (nder 1== beats per min(te and t"e breat"in$ rate 12 t 2= breat"s per min(te. &it" a =.7: t 1.: 'iter ' ss t"e p('se rate 7i'' be 1== t 12= beats per min(te and 2= t %= breat"s per min(te. &it" a 1.: t 2 'iter ' ss t"e p('se rate 7i'' be 12= t 18= beats per min(te and %= t 8= breat"s per min(te. Vita' si$ns ab )e t"ese rates re5(ire m re ad)an6ed 6are.
F""(
A't" ($" y ( 6an 'i)e se)era' 7ee4s 7it" (t ! d3 y ( need an ade5(ate am (nt t stay "ea't"y. &it" (t ! d y (r menta' and p"ysi6a' 6apabi'ities 7i'' deteri rate rapid'y3 and y ( 7i'' be6 me 7ea4. F d rep'enis"es t"e s(bstan6es t"at y (r b dy b(rns and pr )ides ener$y. It pr )ides )itamins3 minera's3 sa'ts3 and t"er e'ements essentia' t $ d "ea't". # ssib'y m re imp rtant3 it "e'ps m ra'e. -"e t7 basi6 s (r6es ! ! d are p'ants and anima's Din6'(din$ !is"E. In )aryin$ de$rees b t" pr )ide t"e 6a' ries3 6arb "ydrates3 !ats3 and pr teins needed ! r n rma' dai'y b dy !(n6ti ns.
0a' ries are a meas(re ! "eat and p tentia' ener$y. -"e a)era$e pers n needs 23=== 6a' ries per day t !(n6ti n at a minim(m 'e)e'. An ade5(ate am (nt ! 6arb "ydrates3 !ats3 and pr teins 7it" (t an ade5(ate 6a' ri6 inta4e 7i'' 'ead t star)ati n and 6anniba'ism ! t"e b dyGs 7n tiss(e ! r ener$y.
Plant 'oods
-"ese ! ds pr )ide 6arb "ydrates--t"e main s (r6e ! ener$y. Many p'ants pr )ide en ($" pr tein t 4eep t"e b dy at n rma' e!!i6ien6y. A't" ($" p'ants may n t pr )ide a ba'an6ed diet3 t"ey 7i'' s(stain y ( e)en in t"e ar6ti63 7"ere meatGs "eat-pr d(6in$ 5(a'ities are n rma''y essentia'. Many p'ant ! ds s(6" as n(ts and seeds 7i'' $i)e y ( en ($" pr tein and i's ! r n rma' e!!i6ien6y. R ts3 $reen )e$etab'es3 and p'ant ! d 6 ntainin$ nat(ra' s($ar 7i'' pr )ide 6a' ries and 6arb "ydrates t"at $i)e t"e b dy nat(ra' ener$y. -"e ! d )a'(e ! p'ants be6 mes m re and m re imp rtant i! y ( are e'(din$ t"e enemy r i! y ( are in an area 7"ere 7i'd'i!e is s6ar6e. F r instan6e-
Y ( 6an dry p'ants by 7ind3 air3 s(n3 r !ire. -"is retards sp i'a$e s t"at y ( 6an st re r 6arry t"e p'ant ! d 7it" y ( t (se 7"en needed. Y ( 6an btain p'ants m re easi'y and m re 5(iet'y t"an meat. -"is is e@treme'y imp rtant 7"en t"e enemy is near.
Ani"al 'oods
Meat is m re n (ris"in$ t"an p'ant ! d. In !a6t3 it may e)en be m re readi'y a)ai'ab'e in s me p'a6es. 1 7e)er3 t $et meat3 y ( need t 4n 7 t"e "abits !3 and " 7 t 6apt(re3 t"e )ari (s 7i'd'i!e. - satis!y y (r immediate ! d needs3 !irst see4 t"e m re ab(ndant and m re easi'y btained 7i'd'i!e3 s(6" as inse6ts3 6r(sta6eans3 m ''(s4s3 !is"3 and repti'es. -"ese 6an satis!y y (r immediate "(n$er 7"i'e y ( are preparin$ traps and snares ! r 'ar$er $ame.
Pe&$"#!% H1/ie#e
In any sit(ati n3 6'ean'iness is an imp rtant !a6t r in pre)entin$ in!e6ti n and disease. It be6 mes e)en m re imp rtant in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n. # r "y$iene 6an red(6e y (r 6"an6es ! s(r)i)a'. A dai'y s" 7er 7it" " t 7ater and s ap is idea'3 b(t y ( 6an stay 6'ean 7it" (t t"is '(@(ry. Use a 6' t" and s apy 7ater t 7as" y (rse'!. #ay spe6ia' attenti n t t"e !eet3 armpits3 6r t6"3 "ands3 and "air as t"ese are prime areas ! r in!estati n and in!e6ti n. I! 7ater is s6ar6e3 ta4e an JairJ bat". Rem )e as m(6" ! y (r 6' t"in$ as pra6ti6a' and e@p se y (r b dy t t"e s(n and air ! r at 'east 1 " (r. .e 6are!(' n t t s(nb(rn. I! y ( d nGt "a)e s ap3 (se as"es r sand3 r ma4e s ap !r m anima' !at and 7 d as"es3 i! y (r sit(ati n a'' 7s. - ma4e s ap-
,@tra6t $rease !r m anima' !at by 6(ttin$ t"e !at int sma'' pie6es and 6 4in$ t"em in a p t. Add en ($" 7ater t t"e p t t 4eep t"e !at !r m sti64in$ as it 6 4s. 0 4 t"e !at s' 7'y3 stirrin$ !re5(ent'y. A!ter t"e !at is rendered3 p (r t"e $rease int a 6 ntainer t "arden. #'a6e as"es in a 6 ntainer 7it" a sp (t near t"e b tt m. # (r 7ater )er t"e as"es and 6 ''e6t t"e 'i5(id t"at drips (t ! t"e sp (t in a separate 6 ntainer. -"is 'i5(id is t"e p tas" r 'ye. An t"er 7ay t $et t"e 'ye is t p (r t"e s'(rry Dt"e mi@t(re ! as"es and 7aterE t"r ($" a strainin$ 6' t". In a 6 4in$ p t3 mi@ t7 parts $rease t ne part p tas". #'a6e t"is mi@t(re )er a !ire and b i' it (nti' it t"i64ens.
A!ter t"e mi@t(re--t"e s ap--6 's3 y ( 6an (se it in t"e semi 'i5(id state dire6t'y !r m t"e p t. Y ( 6an a's p (r it int a pan3 a'' 7 it t "arden3 and 6(t it int bars ! r 'ater (se.
*eep Your .ands Clean

*erms n y (r "ands 6an in!e6t ! d and 7 (nds. &as" y (r "ands a!ter "and'in$ any materia' t"at is 'i4e'y t 6arry $erms3 a!ter )isitin$ t"e 'atrine3 a!ter 6arin$ ! r t"e si643 and be! re "and'in$ any ! d3 ! d (tensi's3 r drin4in$ 7ater. 9eep y (r !in$ernai's 6' se'y trimmed and 6'ean3 and 4eep y (r !in$ers (t ! y (r m (t".
*eep Your .air Clean

Y (r "air 6an be6 me a "a)en ! r ba6teria r !'eas3 'i6e3 and t"er parasites. 9eepin$ y (r "air 6'ean3 6 mbed3 and trimmed "e'ps y ( a) id t"is dan$er.
*eep Your Clothing Clean

9eep y (r 6' t"in$ and beddin$ as 6'ean as p ssib'e t red(6e t"e 6"an6e ! s4in in!e6ti n as 7e'' as t de6rease t"e dan$er ! parasiti6 in!estati n. 0'ean y (r (ter 6' t"in$ 7"ene)er it be6 mes s i'ed. &ear 6'ean (nder6' t"in$ and s 64s ea6" day. I! 7ater is s6ar6e3 JairJ 6'ean y (r 6' t"in$ by s"a4in$3 airin$3 and s(nnin$ it ! r 2 " (rs. I! y ( are (sin$ a s'eepin$ ba$3 t(rn it inside (t a!ter ea6" (se3 !'(!! it3 and air it.
*eep Your Teeth Clean

-" r ($"'y 6'ean y (r m (t" and teet" 7it" a t t"br(s" at 'east n6e ea6" day. I! y ( d nGt "a)e a t t"br(s"3 ma4e a 6"e7in$ sti64. Find a t7i$ ab (t 2= 6entimeters ' n$ and 1 6entimeter 7ide. 0"e7 ne end ! t"e sti64 t separate t"e !ibers. N 7 br(s" y (r teet" t" r ($"'y. An t"er 7ay is t 7rap a 6'ean strip ! 6' t" ar (nd y (r !in$ers and r(b y (r teet" 7it" it t 7ipe a7ay ! d parti6'es. Y ( 6an a's br(s" y (r teet" 7it" sma'' am (nts ! sand3 ba4in$ s da3 sa't3 r s ap. -"en rinse y (r m (t" 7it" 7ater3 sa't 7ater3 r 7i'' 7 bar4 tea. A's 3 !' ssin$ y (r teet" 7it" strin$ r !iber "e'ps ra' "y$iene. I! y ( "a)e 6a)ities3 y ( 6an ma4e temp rary !i''in$s by p'a6in$ 6and'e 7a@3 t ba66 3 aspirin3 " t pepper3 t t" paste r p 7der3 r p rti ns ! a $in$er r t int t"e 6a)ity. Ma4e s(re y ( 6'ean t"e 6a)ity by rinsin$ r pi64in$ t"e parti6'es (t ! t"e 6a)ity be! re p'a6in$ a !i''in$ in t"e 6a)ity.
Ta-e Care o$ Your 'eet

- pre)ent seri (s ! t pr b'ems3 brea4 in y (r s" es be! re 7earin$ t"em n any missi n. &as" and massa$e y (r !eet dai'y. -rim y (r t enai's strai$"t a6r ss. &ear an ins 'e and t"e pr per si2e ! dry s 64s. # 7der and 6"e64 y (r !eet dai'y ! r b'isters. I! y ( $et a sma'' b'ister3 d n t pen it. An inta6t b'ister is sa!e !r m in!e6ti n. App'y a paddin$ materia' ar (nd t"e b'ister t re'ie)e press(re and red(6e !ri6ti n. I! t"e b'ister b(rsts3 treat it as an pen 7 (nd. 0'ean and dress it dai'y and pad ar (nd it. Lea)e 'ar$e b'isters inta6t. - a) id "a)in$ t"e b'ister b(rst r tear (nder press(re and 6a(se a pain!(' and pen s re3 d t"e ! '' 7in$L

/btain a se7in$-type need'e and a 6'ean r steri'i2ed t"read. R(n t"e need'e and t"read t"r ($" t"e b'ister a!ter 6'eanin$ t"e b'ister. Deta6" t"e need'e and 'ea)e b t" ends ! t"e t"read "an$in$ (t ! t"e b'ister. -"e t"read 7i'' abs rb t"e 'i5(id inside. -"is red(6es t"e si2e ! t"e " 'e and ens(res t"at t"e " 'e d es n t 6' se (p. #ad ar (nd t"e b'ister.
/et Su$$icient Rest
Y ( need a 6ertain am (nt ! rest t 4eep $ in$. #'an ! r re$('ar rest peri ds ! at 'east 1= min(tes per " (r d(rin$ y (r dai'y a6ti)ities. Learn t ma4e y (rse'! 6 m! rtab'e (nder 'ess t"an idea' 6 nditi ns. A 6"an$e !r m menta' t p"ysi6a' a6ti)ity r )i6e )ersa 6an be re!res"in$ 7"en time r sit(ati n d es n t permit t ta' re'a@ati n.
*eep Ca"p Site Clean

D n t s i' t"e $r (nd in t"e 6amp site area 7it" (rine r !e6es. Use 'atrines3 i! a)ai'ab'e. &"en 'atrines are n t a)ai'ab'e3 di$ J6at " 'esJ and 6 )er t"e 7aste. 0 ''e6t drin4in$ 7ater (pstream !r m t"e 6amp site. #(ri!y a'' 7ater.
0 ,ICAL 0 R/ NCI S
Medi6a' pr b'ems and emer$en6ies y ( may be !a6ed 7it" in6'(de breat"in$ pr b'ems3 se)ere b'eedin$3 and s" 64.
B&e!thi#/ P&"+%e*$
Any ne ! t"e ! '' 7in$ 6an 6a(se air7ay bstr(6ti n3 res('tin$ in st pped breat"in$L

F rei$n matter in m (t" ! t"r at t"at bstr(6ts t"e penin$ t t"e tra6"ea. Fa6e r ne64 inA(ries. In!'ammati n and s7e''in$ ! m (t" and t"r at 6a(sed by in"a'in$ sm 4e3 !'ames3 and irritatin$ )ap rs r by an a''er$i6 rea6ti n. J9in4J in t"e t"r at D6a(sed by t"e ne64 bent ! r7ard s t"at t"e 6"in rests (p n t"e 6"estE may b' 64 t"e passa$e ! air. - n$(e b' 64s passa$e ! air t t"e '(n$s (p n (n6 ns6i (sness. &"en an indi)id(a' is (n6 ns6i (s3 t"e m(s6'es ! t"e ' 7er Aa7 and t n$(e re'a@ as t"e ne64 dr ps ! r7ard3 6a(sin$ t"e ' 7er Aa7 t sa$ and t"e t n$(e t dr p ba64 and b' 64 t"e passa$e ! air.
Se.e&e B%ee(i#/
Se)ere b'eedin$ !r m any maA r b' d )esse' in t"e b dy is e@treme'y dan$er (s. -"e ' ss ! 1 'iter ! b' d 7i'' pr d(6e m derate sympt ms ! s" 64. -"e ' ss ! 2 'iters 7i'' pr d(6e a se)ere state ! s" 64 t"at p'a6es t"e b dy in e@treme dan$er. -"e ' ss ! % 'iters is (s(a''y !ata'.
Sh"-)
S" 64 Da6(te stress rea6ti nE is n t a disease in itse'!. It is a 6'ini6a' 6 nditi n 6"ara6teri2ed by sympt ms t"at arise 7"en 6ardia6 (tp(t is ins(!!i6ient t !i'' t"e arteries 7it" b' d (nder en ($" press(re t pr )ide an ade5(ate b' d s(pp'y t t"e r$ans and tiss(es.
LI' SAVIN/ ST PS
0 ntr ' pani63 b t" y (r 7n and t"e )i6timGs. Reass(re "im and try t 4eep "im 5(iet. #er! rm a rapid p"ysi6a' e@am. L 4 ! r t"e 6a(se ! t"e inA(ry and ! '' 7 t"e A.0s ! !irst aid3 startin$ 7it" t"e air7ay and breat"in$3 b(t be dis6ernin$. A pers n may die !r m arteria' b'eedin$ m re 5(i64'y t"an !r m an air7ay bstr(6ti n in s me 6ases.
Ope# Ai&0!1 !#( M!i#t!i#

Y ( 6an pen an air7ay and maintain it by (sin$ t"e ! '' 7in$ steps. Step 2. 0"e64 i! t"e )i6tim "as a partia' r 6 mp'ete air7ay bstr(6ti n. I! "e 6an 6 ($" r spea43 a'' 7 "im t 6'ear t"e bstr(6ti n nat(ra''y. Stand by3 reass(re t"e )i6tim3 and be ready t 6'ear "is air7ay and
per! rm m (t"-t -m (t" res(s6itati n s" ('d "e be6 me (n6 ns6i (s. I! "is air7ay is 6 mp'ete'y bstr(6ted3 administer abd mina' t"r(sts (nti' t"e bstr(6ti n is 6'eared. Step 3. Usin$ a !in$er3 5(i64'y s7eep t"e )i6timGs m (t" 6'ear ! any ! rei$n bAe6ts3 br 4en teet"3 dent(res3 sand. Step 4. Usin$ t"e Aa7 t"r(st met" d3 $rasp t"e an$'es ! t"e )i6timGs ' 7er Aa7 and 'i!t 7it" b t" "ands3 ne n ea6" side3 m )in$ t"e Aa7 ! r7ard. F r stabi'ity3 rest y (r e'b 7s n t"e s(r!a6e n 7"i6" t"e )i6tim is 'yin$. I! "is 'ips are 6' sed3 $ent'y pen t"e ' 7er 'ip 7it" y (r t"(mb DFi$(re 8-1E.
Step 5. &it" t"e )i6timGs air7ay pen3 pin6" "is n se 6' sed 7it" y (r t"(mb and ! re!in$er and b' 7 t7 6 mp'ete breat"s int "is '(n$s. A'' 7 t"e '(n$s t de!'ate a!ter t"e se6 nd in!'ati n and per! rm t"e ! '' 7in$L

Look ! r "is 6"est t rise and !a''. Listen ! r es6apin$ air d(rin$ e@"a'ati n. -eel ! r !' 7 ! air n y (r 6"ee4.
Step 6. I! t"e ! r6ed breat"s d n t stim('ate sp ntane (s breat"in$3 maintain t"e )i6timGs breat"in$ by per! rmin$ m (t"-t -m (t" res(s6itati n. Step 7. -"ere is dan$er ! t"e )i6tim ) mitin$ d(rin$ m (t"-t -m (t" res(s6itati n. 0"e64 t"e )i6timGs m (t" peri di6a''y ! r ) mit and 6'ear as needed. 8ote9 1ardiopulmonary resuscitation &1:R' may be necessary a!ter cleaning the airway" but only a!ter ma$or bleeding is under control. See -/ 32%3;" the American (eart Association manual" the Red 1ross manual" or most other !irst aid books !or detailed instructions on 1:R.
C"#t&"% B%ee(i#/
In a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n3 y ( m(st 6 ntr ' seri (s b'eedin$ immediate'y be6a(se rep'a6ement !'(ids n rma''y are n t a)ai'ab'e and t"e )i6tim 6an die 7it"in a matter ! min(tes. ,@terna' b'eedin$ !a''s int t"e ! '' 7in$ 6'assi!i6ati ns Da66 rdin$ t its s (r6eEL
Arterial. .' d )esse's 6a''ed arteries 6arry b' d a7ay !r m t"e "eart and t"r ($" t"e b dy. A 6(t artery iss(es bright red b' d !r m t"e 7 (nd in distinct spurts r p('ses t"at 6 rresp nd t t"e r"yt"m ! t"e "eartbeat. .e6a(se t"e b' d in t"e arteries is (nder "i$" press(re3 an indi)id(a' 6an ' se a 'ar$e ) '(me ! b' d in a s" rt peri d 7"en dama$e t an artery ! si$ni!i6ant si2e 66(rs. -"ere! re3 arteria' b'eedin$ is t"e m st seri (s type ! b'eedin$. I! n t 6 ntr ''ed pr mpt'y3 it 6an be !ata'.
Venous. Ven (s b' d is b' d t"at is ret(rnin$ t t"e "eart t"r ($" b' d )esse's 6a''ed )eins. A steady !' 7 ! dark red" maroon" or bluish blood 6"ara6teri2es b'eedin$ !r m a )ein. Y ( 6an (s(a''y 6 ntr ' )en (s b'eedin$ m re easi'y t"an arteria' b'eedin$. 1apillary. -"e 6api''aries are t"e e@treme'y sma'' )esse's t"at 6 nne6t t"e arteries 7it" t"e )eins. 0api''ary b'eedin$ m st 6 mm n'y 66(rs in min r 6(ts and s6rapes. -"is type ! b'eedin$ is n t di!!i6('t t 6 ntr '.
Y ( 6an 6 ntr ' e@terna' b'eedin$ by dire6t press(re3 indire6t Dpress(re p intsE press(re3 e'e)ati n3 di$ita' 'i$ati n3 r t (rni5(et.
,irect Pressure
-"e m st e!!e6ti)e 7ay t 6 ntr ' e@terna' b'eedin$ is by app'yin$ press(re dire6t'y )er t"e 7 (nd. -"is press(re m(st n t n'y be !irm en ($" t st p t"e b'eedin$3 b(t it m(st a's be maintained ' n$ en ($" t Jsea' !!J t"e dama$ed s(r!a6e. I! b'eedin$ 6 ntin(es a!ter "a)in$ app'ied dire6t press(re ! r %= min(tes3 app'y a press(re dressin$. -"is dressin$ 6 nsists ! a t"i64 dressin$ ! $a(2e r t"er s(itab'e materia' app'ied dire6t'y )er t"e 7 (nd and "e'd in p'a6e 7it" a ti$"t'y 7rapped banda$e DFi$(re 8-2E. It s" ('d be ti$"ter t"an an rdinary 6 mpressi n banda$e b(t n t s ti$"t t"at it impairs 6ir6('ati n t t"e rest ! t"e 'imb. /n6e y ( app'y t"e dressin$3 do not remove it" e)en 7"en t"e dressin$ be6 mes b' d s a4ed.
Lea)e t"e press(re dressin$ in p'a6e ! r 1 r 2 days3 a!ter 7"i6" y ( 6an rem )e and rep'a6e it 7it" a sma''er dressin$. In t"e ' n$-term s(r)i)a' en)ir nment3 ma4e !res"3 dai'y dressin$ 6"an$es and inspe6t ! r si$ns ! in!e6ti n.
le(ation
Raisin$ an inA(red e@tremity as "i$" as p ssib'e ab )e t"e "eartGs 'e)e' s' 7s b' d ' ss by aidin$ t"e ret(rn ! b' d t t"e "eart and ' 7erin$ t"e b' d press(re at t"e 7 (nd. 1 7e)er3 e'e)ati n a' ne 7i'' n t 6 ntr ' b'eedin$ entire'yI y ( m(st a's app'y dire6t press(re )er t"e 7 (nd. &"en treatin$ a sna4ebite3 " 7e)er3 4eep t"e e@tremity ' 7er t"an t"e "eart.
Pressure Points
A press(re p int is a ' 6ati n 7"ere t"e main artery t t"e 7 (nd 'ies near t"e s(r!a6e ! t"e s4in r 7"ere t"e artery passes dire6t'y )er a b ny pr minen6e DFi$(re 8-%E. Y ( 6an (se di$ita' press(re n a press(re p int t s' 7 arteria' b'eedin$ (nti' t"e app'i6ati n ! a press(re dressin$. #ress(re p int 6 ntr ' is n t as e!!e6ti)e ! r 6 ntr ''in$ b'eedin$ as dire6t press(re e@erted n t"e 7 (nd. It is rare 7"en a sin$'e maA r 6 mpressib'e artery s(pp'ies a dama$ed )esse'.
I! y ( 6ann t remember t"e e@a6t ' 6ati n ! t"e press(re p ints3 ! '' 7 t"is r('eL App'y press(re at t"e end ! t"e A int A(st ab )e t"e inA(red area. /n "ands3 !eet3 and "ead3 t"is 7i'' be t"e 7rist3 an4'e3 and ne643 respe6ti)e'y. WARNING Use 6a(ti n 7"en app'yin$ press(re t t"e ne64. - m(6" press(re ! r t ' n$ may 6a(se (n6 ns6i (sness r deat". Ne)er p'a6e a t (rni5(et ar (nd t"e ne64. Maintain press(re p ints by p'a6in$ a r (nd sti64 in t"e A int3 bendin$ t"e A int )er t"e sti643 and t"en 4eepin$ it ti$"t'y bent by 'as"in$. .y (sin$ t"is met" d t maintain press(re3 it !rees y (r "ands t 7 r4 in t"er areas.
,igital Ligation
Y ( 6an st p maA r b'eedin$ immediate'y r s' 7 it d 7n by app'yin$ press(re 7it" a !in$er r t7 n t"e b'eedin$ end ! t"e )ein r artery. Maintain t"e press(re (nti' t"e b'eedin$ st ps r s' 7s d 7n en ($" t app'y a press(re banda$e3 e'e)ati n3 and s ! rt".
Tourni!uet
Use a t (rni5(et n'y 7"en dire6t press(re )er t"e b'eedin$ p int and a'' t"er met" ds did n t 6 ntr ' t"e b'eedin$. I! y ( 'ea)e a t (rni5(et in p'a6e t ' n$3 t"e dama$e t t"e tiss(es 6an pr $ress t $an$rene3 7it" a ' ss ! t"e 'imb 'ater. An impr per'y app'ied t (rni5(et 6an a's 6a(se permanent dama$e t ner)es and t"er tiss(es at t"e site ! t"e 6 nstri6ti n. I! y ( m(st (se a t (rni5(et3 p'a6e it ar (nd t"e e@tremity3 bet7een t"e 7 (nd and t"e "eart3 : t 1= 6entimeters ab )e t"e 7 (nd site DFi$(re 8-8E. Ne)er p'a6e it dire6t'y )er t"e 7 (nd r a !ra6t(re. Use a sti64 as a "and'e t ti$"ten t"e t (rni5(et and ti$"ten it n'y en ($" t st p b' d !' 7. &"en y ( "a)e ti$"tened t"e t (rni5(et3 bind t"e !ree end ! t"e sti64 t t"e 'imb t pre)ent (n7indin$.
A!ter y ( se6(re t"e t (rni5(et3 6'ean and banda$e t"e 7 (nd. A ' ne s(r)i) r ("e$ #"t rem )e r re'ease an app'ied t (rni5(et. In a b(ddy system3 " 7e)er3 t"e b(ddy 6an re'ease t"e t (rni5(et press(re e)ery 1= t 1: min(tes ! r 1 r 2 min(tes t 'et b' d !' 7 t t"e rest ! t"e e@tremity t pre)ent 'imb ' ss.
P&e.e#t !#( T&e!t Sh"-)

Anti6ipate s" 64 in a'' inA(red pers nne'. -reat a'' inA(red pers ns as ! '' 7s3 re$ard'ess ! 7"at sympt ms appear DFi$(re 8-:EL

I! t"e )i6tim is 6 ns6i (s3 p'a6e "im n a 'e)e' s(r!a6e 7it" t"e ' 7er e@tremities e'e)ated 1: t 2= 6entimeters. I! t"e )i6tim is (n6 ns6i (s3 p'a6e "im n "is side r abd men 7it" "is "ead t(rned t ne side t pre)ent 6" 4in$ n ) mit3 b' d3 r t"er !'(ids.
I! y ( are (ns(re ! t"e best p siti n3 p'a6e t"e )i6tim per!e6t'y !'at. /n6e t"e )i6tim is in a s" 64 p siti n3 d n t m )e "im. Maintain b dy "eat by ins('atin$ t"e )i6tim !r m t"e s(rr (ndin$s and3 in s me instan6es3 app'yin$ e@terna' "eat. I! 7et3 rem )e a'' t"e )i6timGs 7et 6' t"in$ as s n as p ssib'e and rep'a6e 7it" dry 6' t"in$. Impr )ise a s"e'ter t ins('ate t"e )i6tim !r m t"e 7eat"er. Use 7arm 'i5(ids r ! ds3 a pre7armed s'eepin$ ba$3 an t"er pers n3 7armed 7ater in 6anteens3 " t r 64s 7rapped in 6' t"in$3 r !ires n eit"er side ! t"e )i6tim t pr )ide e@terna' 7armt". I! t"e )i6tim is 6 ns6i (s3 s' 7'y administer sma'' d ses ! a 7arm sa't r s($ar s '(ti n3 i! a)ai'ab'e. I! t"e )i6tim is (n6 ns6i (s r "as abd mina' 7 (nds3 d n t $i)e !'(ids by m (t". 1a)e t"e )i6tim rest ! r at 'east 28 " (rs. I! y ( are a ' ne s(r)i) r3 'ie in a depressi n in t"e $r (nd3 be"ind a tree3 r any t"er p'a6e (t ! t"e 7eat"er3 7it" y (r "ead ' 7er t"an y (r !eet. I! y ( are 7it" a b(ddy3 reassess y (r patient 6 nstant'y.
#ON AN, 2OINT IN2URY

Y ( 6 ('d !a6e b ne and A int inA(ries t"at in6'(de !ra6t(res3 dis' 6ati ns3 and sprains.
F&!-t &e$
-"ere are basi6a''y t7 types ! !ra6t(resL pen and 6' sed. &it" an pen D r 6 mp (ndE !ra6t(re3 t"e b ne pr tr(des t"r ($" t"e s4in and 6 mp'i6ates t"e a6t(a' !ra6t(re 7it" an pen 7 (nd. A!ter settin$ t"e !ra6t(re3 treat t"e 7 (nd as any t"er pen 7 (nd. -"e 6' sed !ra6t(re "as n pen 7 (nds. F '' 7 t"e $(ide'ines ! r imm bi'i2ati n3 and set and sp'int t"e !ra6t(re. -"e si$ns and sympt ms ! a !ra6t(re are pain3 tenderness3 dis6 ' rati n3 s7e''in$ de! rmity3 ' ss ! !(n6ti n3 and $ratin$ Da s (nd r !ee'in$ t"at 66(rs 7"en br 4en b ne ends r(b t $et"erE.
-"e dan$ers 7it" a !ra6t(re are t"e se)erin$ r t"e 6 mpressi n ! a ner)e r b' d )esse' at t"e site ! !ra6t(re. F r t"is reas n minim(m manip('ati n s" ('d be d ne3 and n'y )ery 6a(ti (s'y. I! y ( n ti6e t"e area be' 7 t"e brea4 be6 min$ n(mb3 s7 ''en3 6 ' t t"e t (6"3 r t(rnin$ pa'e3 and t"e )i6tim s" 7s si$ns ! s" 643 a maA r )esse' may "a)e been se)ered. Y ( m(st 6 ntr ' t"is interna' b'eedin$. Rest t"e )i6tim ! r s" 643 and rep'a6e ' st !'(ids. /!ten y ( m(st maintain tra6ti n d(rin$ t"e sp'intin$ and "ea'in$ pr 6ess. Y ( 6an e!!e6ti)e'y p('' sma''er b nes s(6" as t"e arm r ' 7er 'e$ by "and. Y ( 6an 6reate tra6ti n by 7ed$in$ a "and r ! t in t"e V-n t6" ! a tree and p(s"in$ a$ainst t"e tree 7it" t"e t"er e@tremity. Y ( 6an t"en sp'int t"e brea4. Very str n$ m(s6'es " 'd a br 4en t"i$"b ne D!em(rE in p'a6e ma4in$ it di!!i6('t t maintain tra6ti n d(rin$ "ea'in$. Y ( 6an ma4e an impr )ised tra6ti n sp'int (sin$ nat(ra' materia' DFi$(re 8-6E as ! '' 7sL
*et t7 ! r4ed bran6"es r sap'in$s at 'east : 6entimeters in diameter. Meas(re ne !r m t"e patientGs armpit t 2= t %= 6entimeters past "is (nbr 4en 'e$. Meas(re t"e t"er !r m t"e $r in t 2= t %= 6entimeters past t"e (nbr 4en 'e$. ,ns(re t"at b t" e@tend an e5(a' distan6e bey nd t"e end ! t"e 'e$. #ad t"e t7 sp'ints. N t6" t"e ends 7it" (t ! r4s and 'as" a 2=- t %=-6entimeter 6r ss member made !r m a :-6entimeter diameter bran6" bet7een t"em.
Usin$ a)ai'ab'e materia' D)ines3 6' t"3 ra7"ideE3 tie t"e sp'int ar (nd t"e (pper p rti n ! t"e b dy and d 7n t"e 'en$t" ! t"e br 4en 'e$. F '' 7 t"e sp'intin$ $(ide'ines.

&it" a)ai'ab'e materia'3 !as"i n a 7rap t"at 7i'' e@tend ar (nd t"e an4'e3 7it" t"e t7 !ree ends tied t t"e 6r ss member. #'a6e a 1=- by 2.:-6entimeter sti64 in t"e midd'e ! t"e !ree ends ! t"e an4'e 7rap bet7een t"e 6r ss member and t"e ! t. Usin$ t"e sti643 t7ist t"e materia' t ma4e t"e tra6ti n easier. 0 ntin(e t7istin$ (nti' t"e br 4en 'e$ is as ' n$ r s'i$"t'y ' n$er t"an t"e (nbr 4en 'e$. Las" t"e sti64 t maintain tra6ti n. 8ote9 0ver time you may lose traction because the material weakened. 1heck the traction periodically. I! you must change or repair the splint" maintain the traction manually !or a short time.
Di$%"-!ti"#$
Dis' 6ati ns are t"e separati ns ! b ne A ints 6a(sin$ t"e b nes t $ (t ! pr per a'i$nment. -"ese misa'i$nments 6an be e@treme'y pain!(' and 6an 6a(se an impairment ! ner)e r 6ir6('at ry !(n6ti n be' 7 t"e area a!!e6ted. Y ( m(st p'a6e t"ese A ints ba64 int a'i$nment as 5(i64'y as p ssib'e. Si$ns and sympt ms ! dis' 6ati ns are A int pain3 tenderness3 s7e''in$3 dis6 ' rati n3 'imited ran$e ! m ti n3 and de! rmity ! t"e A int. Y ( treat dis' 6ati ns by red(6ti n3 imm bi'i2ati n3 and re"abi'itati n. Red(6ti n r Jsettin$J is p'a6in$ t"e b nes ba64 int t"eir pr per a'i$nment. Y ( 6an (se se)era' met" ds3 b(t man(a' tra6ti n r t"e (se ! 7ei$"ts t p('' t"e b nes are t"e sa!est and easiest. /n6e per! rmed3 red(6ti n de6reases t"e )i6timGs pain and a'' 7s ! r n rma' !(n6ti n and 6ir6('ati n. &it" (t an C ray3 y ( 6an A(d$e pr per a'i$nment by t"e ' 4 and !ee' ! t"e A int and by 6 mparin$ it t t"e A int n t"e pp site side. Imm bi'i2ati n is n t"in$ m re t"an sp'intin$ t"e dis' 6ati n a!ter red(6ti n. Y ( 6an (se any !ie'de@pedient materia' ! r a sp'int r y ( 6an sp'int an e@tremity t t"e b dy. -"e basi6 $(ide'ines ! r sp'intin$ are-
Sp'int ab )e and be' 7 t"e !ra6t(re site. #ad sp'ints t red(6e dis6 m! rt. 0"e64 6ir6('ati n be' 7 t"e !ra6t(re a!ter ma4in$ ea6" tie n t"e sp'int.
- re"abi'itate t"e dis' 6ati n3 rem )e t"e sp'ints a!ter 7 t 18 days. *rad(a''y (se t"e inA(red A int (nti' !(''y "ea'ed.
Sp&!i#$
-"e a66identa' )erstret6"in$ ! a tend n r 'i$ament 6a(ses sprains. -"e si$ns and sympt ms are pain3 s7e''in$3 tenderness3 and dis6 ' rati n Db'a64 and b'(eE. &"en treatin$ sprains3 t"in4 RI0,-R -Rest inA(red area. I -I6e ! r 28 " (rs3 t"en "eat a!ter t"at.
0 -0 mpressi n-7rappin$ andF r sp'intin$ t "e'p stabi'i2e. I! p ssib'e3 'ea)e t"e b sprained an4'e (n'ess 6ir6('ati n is 6 mpr mised. , -,'e)ati n ! t"e a!!e6ted area.
t na
#IT S AN, STIN/S

Inse6ts and re'ated pests are "a2ards in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n. -"ey n t n'y 6a(se irritati ns3 b(t t"ey are !ten 6arriers ! diseases t"at 6a(se se)ere a''er$i6 rea6ti ns in s me indi)id(a's. In many parts ! t"e 7 r'd y ( 7i'' be e@p sed t seri (s3 e)en !ata'3 diseases n t en6 (ntered in t"e United States. Ticks 6an 6arry and transmit diseases3 s(6" as R 64y M (ntain sp tted !e)er 6 mm n in many parts ! t"e United States. -i64s a's transmit t"e Lyme disease. /os)uitoes may 6arry ma'aria3 den$(e3 and many t"er diseases. -lies 6an spread disease !r m 6 nta6t 7it" in!e6ti (s s (r6es. -"ey are 6a(ses ! s'eepin$ si64ness3 typ" id3 6" 'era3 and dysentery. -leas 6an transmit p'a$(e. Lice 6an transmit typ"(s and re'apsin$ !e)er. -"e best 7ay t a) id t"e 6 mp'i6ati ns ! inse6t bites and stin$s is t 4eep imm(ni2ati ns Din6'(din$ b ster s" tsE (p-t -date3 a) id inse6t-in!ested areas3 (se nettin$ and inse6t repe''ent3 and 7ear a'' 6' t"in$ pr per'y. I! y ( $et bitten r st(n$3 d n t s6rat6" t"e bite r stin$3 it mi$"t be6 me in!e6ted. Inspe6t y (r b dy at 'east n6e a day t ens(re t"ere are n inse6ts atta6"ed t y (. I! y ( !ind ti64s atta6"ed t y (r b dy3 6 )er t"em 7it" a s(bstan6e3 s(6" as Vase'ine3 "ea)y i'3 r tree sap3 t"at 7i'' 6(t !! t"eir air s(pp'y. &it" (t air3 t"e ti64 re'eases its " 'd3 and y ( 6an rem )e it. -a4e 6are t rem )e t"e 7" 'e ti64. Use t7ee2ers i! y ( "a)e t"em. *rasp t"e ti64 7"ere t"e m (t" parts are atta6"ed t t"e s4in. D n t s5(ee2e t"e ti64Gs b dy. &as" y (r "ands a!ter t (6"in$ t"e ti64. 0'ean t"e ti64 7 (nd dai'y (nti' "ea'ed.
T&e!t*e#t
It is imp ssib'e t 'ist t"e treatment ! a'' t"e di!!erent types ! bites and stin$s. -reat bites and stin$s as ! '' 7sL

I! antibi ti6s are a)ai'ab'e ! r y (r (se3 be6 me !ami'iar 7it" t"em be! re dep' yment and (se t"em. #redep' yment imm(ni2ati ns 6an pre)ent m st ! t"e 6 mm n diseases 6arried by m s5(it es and s me 6arried by !'ies. -"e 6 mm n !'y-b rne diseases are (s(a''y treatab'e 7it" peni6i''ins r eryt"r my6in. M st ti64-3 !'ea-3 ' (se-3 and mite-b rne diseases are treatab'e 7it" tetra6y6'ine. M st antibi ti6s 6 me in 2:= mi''i$ram Dm$E r :== m$ tab'ets. I! y ( 6ann t remember t"e e@a6t d se rate t treat a disease3 2 tab'ets3 8 times a day ! r 1= t 18 days 7i'' (s(a''y 4i'' any ba6teria.
Bee !#( W!$p Sti#/$

I! st(n$ by a bee3 immediate'y rem )e t"e stin$er and )en m sa63 i! atta6"ed3 by s6rapin$ 7it" a !in$ernai' r a 4ni!e b'ade. D n t s5(ee2e r $rasp t"e stin$er r )en m sa63 as s5(ee2in$ 7i'' ! r6e m re )en m int t"e 7 (nd. &as" t"e stin$ site t" r ($"'y 7it" s ap and 7ater t 'essen t"e 6"an6e ! a se6 ndary in!e6ti n. I! y ( 4n 7 r s(spe6t t"at y ( are a''er$i6 t inse6t stin$s3 a'7ays 6arry an inse6t stin$ 4it 7it" y (. Re'ie)e t"e it6"in$ and dis6 m! rt 6a(sed by inse6t bites by app'yin$-
0 'd 6 mpresses. A 6 'in$ paste ! m(d and as"es. Sap !r m dande'i ns. 0 6 n(t meat.
0r(s"ed 6' )es ! $ar'i6. /ni n.
Spi(e& Bite$ !#( S-"&pi"# Sti#/$

-"e b'a64 7id 7 spider is identi!ied by a red " (r$'ass n its abd men. /n'y t"e !ema'e bites3 and it "as a ne(r t @i6 )en m. -"e initia' pain is n t se)ere3 b(t se)ere ' 6a' pain rapid'y de)e' ps. -"e pain $rad(a''y spreads )er t"e entire b dy and sett'es in t"e abd men and 'e$s. Abd mina' 6ramps and pr $ressi)e na(sea3 ) mitin$3 and a ras" may 66(r. &ea4ness3 trem rs3 s7eatin$3 and sa'i)ati n may 66(r. Anap"y'a6ti6 rea6ti ns 6an 66(r. Sympt ms be$in t re$ress a!ter se)era' " (rs and are (s(a''y $ ne in a !e7 days. -"reat ! r s" 64. .e ready t per! rm 0#R. 0'ean and dress t"e bite area t red(6e t"e ris4 ! in!e6ti n. An anti)enin is a)ai'ab'e. -"e !(nne'7eb spider is a 'ar$e br 7n r $ray spider ! (nd in A(stra'ia. -"e sympt ms and t"e treatment ! r its bite are as ! r t"e b'a64 7id 7 spider. -"e br 7n " (se spider r br 7n re6'(se spider is a sma''3 'i$"t br 7n spider identi!ied by a dar4 br 7n )i 'in n its ba64. -"ere is n pain3 r s 'itt'e pain3 t"at (s(a''y a )i6tim is n t a7are ! t"e bite. &it"in a !e7 " (rs a pain!(' red area 7it" a m tt'ed 6yan ti6 6enter appears. Ne6r sis d es n t 66(r in a'' bites3 b(t (s(a''y in % t 8 days3 a star-s"aped3 !irm area ! deep p(rp'e dis6 ' rati n appears at t"e bite site. -"e area t(rns dar4 and m(mmi!ied in a 7ee4 r t7 . -"e mar$ins separate and t"e s6ab !a''s !!3 'ea)in$ an pen ('6er. Se6 ndary in!e6ti n and re$i na' s7 ''en 'ymp" $'ands (s(a''y be6 me )isib'e at t"is sta$e. -"e (tstandin$ 6"ara6teristi6 ! t"e br 7n re6'(se bite is an ('6er t"at d es n t "ea' b(t persists ! r 7ee4s r m nt"s. In additi n t t"e ('6er3 t"ere is !ten a systemi6 rea6ti n t"at is seri (s and may 'ead t deat". Rea6ti ns D!e)er3 6"i''s3 A int pain3 ) mitin$3 and a $enera'i2ed ras"E 66(r 6"ie!'y in 6"i'dren r debi'itated pers ns. -arant('as are 'ar$e3 "airy spiders ! (nd main'y in t"e tr pi6s. M st d n t inAe6t )en m3 b(t s me S (t" Ameri6an spe6ies d . -"ey "a)e 'ar$e !an$s. I! bitten3 pain and b'eedin$ are 6ertain3 and in!e6ti n is 'i4e'y. -reat a tarant('a bite as ! r any pen 7 (nd3 and try t pre)ent in!e6ti n. I! sympt ms ! p is nin$ appear3 treat as ! r t"e bite ! t"e b'a64 7id 7 spider. S6 rpi ns are a'' p is n (s t a $reater r 'esser de$ree. -"ere are t7 di!!erent rea6ti ns3 dependin$ n t"e spe6iesL

Se)ere ' 6a' rea6ti n n'y3 7it" pain and s7e''in$ ar (nd t"e area ! t"e stin$. # ssib'e pri64'y sensati n ar (nd t"e m (t" and a t"i64-!ee'in$ t n$(e. Se)ere systemi6 rea6ti n3 7it" 'itt'e r n )isib'e ' 6a' rea6ti n. L 6a' pain may be present. Systemi6 rea6ti n in6'(des respirat ry di!!i6('ties3 t"i64-!ee'in$ t n$(e3 b dy spasms3 dr 'in$3 $astri6 distenti n3 d (b'e )isi n3 b'indness3 in) '(ntary rapid m )ement ! t"e eyeba''s3 in) '(ntary (rinati n and de!e6ati n3 and "eart !ai'(re. Deat" is rare3 66(rrin$ main'y in 6"i'dren and ad('ts 7it" "i$" b' d press(re r i''nesses.
-reat s6 rpi n stin$s as y ( 7 ('d a b'a64 7id 7 bite.
S#!)e+ite$
-"e 6"an6e ! a sna4ebite in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n is rat"er sma''3 i! y ( are !ami'iar 7it" t"e )ari (s types ! sna4es and t"eir "abitats. 1 7e)er3 it 6 ('d "appen and y ( s" ('d 4n 7 " 7 t treat a sna4ebite. Deat"s !r m sna4ebites are rare. M re t"an ne-"a'! ! t"e sna4ebite )i6tims "a)e 'itt'e r n p is nin$3 and n'y ab (t ne-5(arter de)e' p seri (s systemi6 p is nin$. 1 7e)er3 t"e 6"an6e ! a sna4ebite in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n 6an a!!e6t m ra'e3 and !ai'(re t ta4e pre)enti)e meas(res r !ai'(re t treat a sna4ebite pr per'y 6an res('t in need'ess tra$edy. -"e primary 6 n6ern in t"e treatment ! sna4ebite is t 'imit t"e am (nt ! e)ent(a' tiss(e destr(6ti n ar (nd t"e bite area.
A bite 7 (nd3 re$ard'ess ! t"e type ! anima' t"at in!'i6ted it3 6an be6 me in!e6ted !r m ba6teria in t"e anima'Gs m (t". &it" n np is n (s as 7e'' as p is n (s sna4ebites3 t"is ' 6a' in!e6ti n is resp nsib'e ! r a 'ar$e part ! t"e resid(a' dama$e t"at res('ts. Sna4e )en ms n t n'y 6 ntain p is ns t"at atta64 t"e )i6timGs 6entra' ner) (s system Dne(r t @insE and b' d 6ir6('ati n D"em t @insE3 b(t a's di$esti)e en2ymes D6yt t @insE t aid in di$estin$ t"eir prey. -"ese p is ns 6an 6a(se a )ery 'ar$e area ! tiss(e deat"3 'ea)in$ a 'ar$e pen 7 (nd. -"is 6 nditi n 6 ('d 'ead t t"e need ! r e)ent(a' amp(tati n i! n t treated. S" 64 and pani6 in a pers n bitten by a sna4e 6an a's a!!e6t t"e pers nGs re6 )ery. ,@6itement3 "ysteria3 and pani6 6an speed (p t"e 6ir6('ati n3 6a(sin$ t"e b dy t abs rb t"e t @in 5(i64'y. Si$ns ! s" 64 66(r 7it"in t"e !irst %= min(tes a!ter t"e bite. .e! re y ( start treatin$ a sna4ebite3 determine 7"et"er t"e sna4e 7as p is n (s r n np is n (s. .ites !r m a n np is n (s sna4e 7i'' s" 7 r 7s ! teet". .ites !r m a p is n (s sna4e may "a)e r 7s ! teet" s" 7in$3 b(t 7i'' "a)e ne r m re distin6ti)e p(n6t(re mar4s 6a(sed by !an$ penetrati n. Sympt ms ! a p is n (s bite may be sp ntane (s b'eedin$ !r m t"e n se and an(s3 b' d in t"e (rine3 pain at t"e site ! t"e bite3 and s7e''in$ at t"e site ! t"e bite 7it"in a !e7 min(tes r (p t 2 " (rs 'ater. .reat"in$ di!!i6('ty3 para'ysis3 7ea4ness3 t7it6"in$3 and n(mbness are a's si$ns ! ne(r t @i6 )en ms. -"ese si$ns (s(a''y appear 1.: t 2 " (rs a!ter t"e bite. I! y ( determine t"at a p is n (s sna4e bit an indi)id(a'3 ta4e t"e ! '' 7in$ stepsL

Reass(re t"e )i6tim and 4eep "im sti''. Set (p ! r s" 64 and ! r6e !'(ids r $i)e an intra)en (s DIVE. Rem )e 7at6"es3 rin$s3 bra6e'ets3 r t"er 6 nstri6tin$ items. 0'ean t"e bite area. Maintain an air7ay Despe6ia''y i! bitten near t"e !a6e r ne64E and be prepared t administer m (t"-t -m (t" res(s6itati n r 0#R. Use a 6 nstri6tin$ band bet7een t"e 7 (nd and t"e "eart. Imm bi'i2e t"e site. Rem )e t"e p is n as s n as p ssib'e by (sin$ a me6"ani6a' s(6ti n de)i6e r by s5(ee2in$.
D" #"t-
*i)e t"e )i6tim a'6 " 'i6 be)era$es r t ba66 pr d(6ts. *i)e m rp"ine r t"er 6entra' ner) (s system D0NSE depress rs. Ma4e any deep 6(ts at t"e bite site. 0(ttin$ pens 6api''aries t"at in t(rn pen a dire6t r (te int t"e b' d stream ! r )en m and in!e6ti n. 8ote9 I! medical treatment is over one hour away" make an incision &no longer than 7 millimeters and no deeper than 4 millimeter' over each puncture" cutting $ust deep enough to enlarge the !ang opening" but only through the !irst or second layer o! skin. :lace a suction cup over the bite so that you have a good vacuum seal. Suction the bite site 4 to 5 times. Use mouth suction only as a last resort and only i$ you do not ha(e open sores in your "outh) Spit the envenomed blood out and rinse your mouth with water. This method will draw out 36 to 4; percent o! the venom.
#(t y (r "ands n y (r !a6e r r(b y (r eyes3 as )en m may be n y (r "ands. Ven m may 6a(se b'indness. .rea4 pen t"e 'ar$e b'isters t"at ! rm ar (nd t"e bite site.
A!ter 6arin$ ! r t"e )i6tim as des6ribed ab )e3 ta4e t"e ! '' 7in$ a6ti ns t minimi2e ' 6a' e!!e6tsL
I! in!e6ti n appears3 4eep t"e 7 (nd pen and 6'ean.
Use "eat a!ter 28 t 8; " (rs t "e'p pre)ent t"e spread ! ' 6a' in!e6ti n. 1eat a's "e'ps t dra7 (t an in!e6ti n. 9eep t"e 7 (nd 6 )ered 7it" a dry3 steri'e dressin$. 1a)e t"e )i6tim drin4 'ar$e am (nts ! !'(ids (nti' t"e in!e6ti n is $ ne.
3OUN,S
An interr(pti n ! t"e s4inGs inte$rity 6"ara6teri2es 7 (nds. -"ese 7 (nds 6 ('d be pen 7 (nds3 s4in diseases3 !r stbite3 tren6" ! t3 and b(rns.
Ope# W" #($

/pen 7 (nds are seri (s in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n3 n t n'y be6a(se ! tiss(e dama$e and b' d ' ss3 b(t a's be6a(se t"ey may be6 me in!e6ted. .a6teria n t"e bAe6t t"at made t"e 7 (nd3 n t"e indi)id(a'Gs s4in and 6' t"in$3 r n t"er ! rei$n materia' r dirt t"at t (6"es t"e 7 (nd may 6a(se in!e6ti n. .y ta4in$ pr per 6are ! t"e 7 (nd y ( 6an red(6e !(rt"er 6 ntaminati n and pr m te "ea'in$. 0'ean t"e 7 (nd as s n as p ssib'e a!ter it 66(rs by-
Rem )in$ r 6(ttin$ 6' t"in$ a7ay !r m t"e 7 (nd. A'7ays ' 4in$ ! r an e@it 7 (nd i! a s"arp bAe6t3 $(n s" t3 r pr Ae6ti'e 6a(sed a 7 (nd. -" r ($"'y 6'eanin$ t"e s4in ar (nd t"e 7 (nd. Rinsin$ Dn t s6r(bbin$E t"e 7 (nd 7it" 'ar$e am (nts ! 7ater (nder press(re. Y ( 6an (se !res" (rine i! 7ater is n t a)ai'ab'e.
-"e J pen treatmentJ met" d is t"e sa!est 7ay t mana$e 7 (nds in s(r)i)a' sit(ati ns. D n t try t 6' se any 7 (nd by s(t(rin$ r simi'ar pr 6ed(res. Lea)e t"e 7 (nd pen t a'' 7 t"e draina$e ! any p(s res('tin$ !r m in!e6ti n. As ' n$ as t"e 7 (nd 6an drain3 it $enera''y 7i'' n t be6 me 'i!e-t"reatenin$3 re$ard'ess ! " 7 (np'easant it ' 4s r sme''s. 0 )er t"e 7 (nd 7it" a 6'ean dressin$. #'a6e a banda$e n t"e dressin$ t " 'd it in p'a6e. 0"an$e t"e dressin$ dai'y t 6"e64 ! r in!e6ti n. I! a 7 (nd is $apin$3 y ( 6an brin$ t"e ed$es t $et"er 7it" ad"esi)e tape 6(t in t"e ! rm ! a Jb(tter!'yJ r Jd(mbbe''J DFi$(re 8-7E.
In a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n3 s me de$ree ! 7 (nd in!e6ti n is a'm st ine)itab'e. #ain3 s7e''in$3 and redness ar (nd t"e 7 (nd3 in6reased temperat(re3 and p(s in t"e 7 (nd r n t"e dressin$ indi6ate in!e6ti n is present. - treat an in!e6ted 7 (nd--
#'a6e a 7arm3 m ist 6 mpress dire6t'y n t"e in!e6ted 7 (nd. 0"an$e t"e 6 mpress 7"en it 6 's3 4eepin$ a 7arm 6 mpress n t"e 7 (nd ! r a t ta' ! %= min(tes. App'y t"e 6 mpresses t"ree r ! (r times dai'y. Drain t"e 7 (nd. /pen and $ent'y pr be t"e in!e6ted 7 (nd 7it" a steri'e instr(ment. Dress and banda$e t"e 7 (nd. Drin4 a ' t ! 7ater.
0 ntin(e t"is treatment dai'y (nti' a'' si$ns ! in!e6ti n "a)e disappeared. I! y ( d n t "a)e antibi ti6s and t"e 7 (nd "as be6 me se)ere'y in!e6ted3 d es n t "ea'3 and rdinary debridement is imp ssib'e3 6 nsider ma$$ t t"erapy3 despite its "a2ardsL

,@p se t"e 7 (nd t !'ies ! r ne day and t"en 6 )er it. 0"e64 dai'y ! r ma$$ ts. /n6e ma$$ ts de)e' p3 4eep 7 (nd 6 )ered b(t 6"e64 dai'y. Rem )e a'' ma$$ ts 7"en t"ey "a)e 6'eaned (t a'' dead tiss(e and be! re t"ey start n "ea't"y tiss(e. In6reased pain and bri$"t red b' d in t"e 7 (nd indi6ate t"at t"e ma$$ ts "a)e rea6"ed "ea't"y tiss(e. F'(s" t"e 7 (nd repeated'y 7it" steri'e 7ater r !res" (rine t rem )e t"e ma$$ ts. 0"e64 t"e 7 (nd e)ery ! (r " (rs ! r se)era' days t ens(re a'' ma$$ ts "a)e been rem )ed. .anda$e t"e 7 (nd and treat it as any t"er 7 (nd. It s" ('d "ea' n rma''y.
S)i# Di$e!$e$ !#( Ai%*e#t$

A't" ($" b i's3 !(n$a' in!e6ti ns3 and ras"es rare'y de)e' p int a seri (s "ea't" pr b'em3 t"ey 6a(se dis6 m! rt and y ( s" ('d treat t"em.
#oils
App'y 7arm 6 mpresses t brin$ t"e b i' t a "ead. -"en pen t"e b i' (sin$ a steri'e 4ni!e3 7ire3 need'e3 r simi'ar item. -" r ($"'y 6'ean (t t"e p(s (sin$ s ap and 7ater. 0 )er t"e b i' site3 6"e64in$ it peri di6a''y t ens(re n !(rt"er in!e6ti n de)e' ps.
'ungal In$ections
9eep t"e s4in 6'ean and dry3 and e@p se t"e in!e6ted area t as m(6" s(n'i$"t as p ssib'e. <o not scratch t"e a!!e6ted area. D(rin$ t"e S (t"east Asian 6 n!'i6t3 s 'diers (sed anti!(n$a' p 7ders3 'ye s ap3 6"' rine b'ea6"3 a'6 " '3 )ine$ar3 6 n6entrated sa't 7ater3 and i dine t treat !(n$a' in!e6ti ns 7it" )aryin$ de$rees ! s(66ess. As with any =unorthodo+= method o! treatment" use it with caution.
Rashes
- treat a s4in ras" e!!e6ti)e'y3 !irst determine 7"at is 6a(sin$ it. -"is determinati n may be di!!i6('t e)en in t"e best ! sit(ati ns. /bser)e t"e ! '' 7in$ r('es t treat ras"esL

I! it is m ist3 4eep it dry. I! it is dry3 4eep it m ist. D n t s6rat6" it.
Use a 6 mpress ! )ine$ar r tanni6 a6id deri)ed !r m tea r !r m b i'in$ a6 rns r t"e bar4 ! a "ard7 d tree t dry 7eepin$ ras"es. 9eep dry ras"es m ist by r(bbin$ a sma'' am (nt ! rendered anima' !at r $rease n t"e a!!e6ted area.
Remember3 treat ras"es as pen 7 (nds and 6'ean and dress t"em dai'y. -"ere are many s(bstan6es a)ai'ab'e t s(r)i) rs in t"e 7i'd r in 6apti)ity ! r (se as antisepti6s t treat 7 (ndL

Iodine tablets. Use : t 1: tab'ets in a 'iter ! 7ater t pr d(6e a $ d rinse ! r 7 (nds d(rin$ "ea'in$. >arlic. R(b it n a 7 (nd r b i' it t e@tra6t t"e i's and (se t"e 7ater t rinse t"e a!!e6ted area. Salt water. Use 2 t % tab'esp ns per 'iter ! 7ater t 4i'' ba6teria. ?ee honey. Use it strai$"t r diss ')ed in 7ater. Sphagnum moss. F (nd in b $$y areas 7 r'd7ide3 it is a nat(ra' s (r6e ! i dine. Use as a dressin$.
Again" use noncommercially prepared materials with caution.
F&"$t+ite
-"is inA(ry res('ts !r m !r 2en tiss(es. Li$"t !r stbite in) ')es n'y t"e s4in t"at ta4es n a d(''3 7"itis" pa'' r. Deep !r stbite e@tends t a dept" be' 7 t"e s4in. -"e tiss(es be6 me s 'id and imm )ab'e. Y (r !eet3 "ands3 and e@p sed !a6ia' areas are parti6('ar'y )('nerab'e t !r stbite. &"en 7it" t"ers3 pre)ent !r stbite by (sin$ t"e b(ddy system. 0"e64 y (r b(ddyGs !a6e !ten and ma4e s(re t"at "e 6"e64s y (rs. I! y ( are a' ne3 peri di6a''y 6 )er y (r n se and ' 7er part ! y (r !a6e 7it" y (r mittens. D n t try t t"a7 t"e a!!e6ted areas by p'a6in$ t"em 6' se t an pen !'ame. *ent'y r(b t"em in '(4e7arm 7ater. Dry t"e part and p'a6e it ne@t t y (r s4in t 7arm it at b dy temperat(re.
T&e#-h F""t
-"is 6 nditi n res('ts !r m many " (rs r days ! e@p s(re t 7et r damp 6 nditi ns at a temperat(re A(st ab )e !ree2in$. -"e ner)es and m(s6'es s(stain t"e main dama$e3 b(t $an$rene 6an 66(r. In e@treme 6ases t"e !'es" dies and it may be6 me ne6essary t "a)e t"e ! t r 'e$ amp(tated. -"e best pre)enti n is t 4eep y (r !eet dry. 0arry e@tra s 64s 7it" y ( in a 7aterpr ! pa64et. Dry 7et s 64s a$ainst y (r b dy. &as" y (r !eet dai'y and p(t n dry s 64s.
B &#$
-"e ! '' 7in$ !ie'd treatment ! r b(rns re'ie)es t"e pain s me7"at3 seems t "e'p speed "ea'in$3 and !!ers s me pr te6ti n a$ainst in!e6ti nL

First3 st p t"e b(rnin$ pr 6ess. #(t (t t"e !ire by rem )in$ 6' t"in$3 d (sin$ 7it" 7ater r sand3 r by r ''in$ n t"e $r (nd. 0 ' t"e b(rnin$ s4in 7it" i6e r 7ater. F r b(rns 6a(sed by 7"ite p" sp" r (s3 pi64 (t t"e 7"ite p" sp" r (s 7it" t7ee2ersI d n t d (se 7it" 7ater. S a4 dressin$s r 6'ean ra$s ! r 1= min(tes in a b i'in$ tanni6 a6id s '(ti n D btained !r m tea3 inner bar4 ! "ard7 d trees3 r a6 rns b i'ed in 7aterE. 0 ' t"e dressin$s r 6'ean ra$s and app'y )er b(rns. -reat as an pen 7 (nd. Rep'a6e !'(id ' ss. Maintain air7ay. -reat ! r s" 64. 0 nsider (sin$ m rp"ine3 (n'ess t"e b(rns are near t"e !a6e.
NVIRON0 NTAL IN2URI S

1eatstr 4e3 "yp t"ermia3 diarr"ea3 and intestina' parasites are en)ir nmenta' inA(ries y ( 6 ('d !a6e.
He!t$t&")e
-"e brea4d 7n ! t"e b dyGs "eat re$('at ry system Db dy temperat(re m re t"an 8=.: de$rees 0 M1=: de$rees FNE 6a(ses a "eatstr 4e. /t"er "eat inA(ries3 s(6" as 6ramps r de"ydrati n3 d n t a'7ays pre6ede a "eatstr 4e. Si$ns and sympt ms ! "eatstr 4e are-
S7 ''en3 beet-red !a6e. Reddened 7"ites ! eyes. Vi6tim n t s7eatin$. Un6 ns6i (sness r de'iri(m3 7"i6" 6an 6a(se pa'' r3 a b'(is" 6 ' r t 'ips and nai' beds D6yan sisE3 and 6 ' s4in. 8ote9 ?y this time the victim is in severe shock. 1ool the victim as rapidly as possible. 1ool him by dipping him in a cool stream. I! one is not available" douse the victim with urine" water" or at the very least" apply cool wet com%presses to all the $oints" especially the neck" armpits" and crotch. ?e sure to wet the victim.s head. (eat loss through the scalp is great. Administer IVs and provide drinking !luids. @ou may !an the individual.
,@pe6t3 d(rin$ 6

'in$--
V mitin$. Diarr"ea. Str($$'in$. S"i)erin$. S" (tin$. #r ' n$ed (n6 ns6i (sness. Reb (nd "eatstr 4e 7it"in 8; " (rs. 0ardia6 arrestI be ready t per! rm 0#R. 8ote9 Treat !or dehydration with lightly salted water.
H1p"the&*i!
De!ined as t"e b dyGs !ai'(re t maintain a temperat(re ! %6 de$rees 0 D<7 de$rees FE. ,@p s(re t 6 ' r 6 'd temperat(re )er a s" rt r ' n$ time 6an 6a(se "yp t"ermia. De"ydrati n and 'a64 ! ! and rest predisp se t"e s(r)i) r t "yp t"ermia. Un'i4e "eatstr 4e3 y ( m(st $rad(a''y 7arm t"e "yp t"ermia )i6tim. *et t"e )i6tim int dry 6' t"in$. Rep'a6e ' st !'(ids3 and 7arm "im. d
Di!&&he!
A 6 mm n3 debi'itatin$ ai'ment 6a(sed by a 6"an$e ! 7ater and ! d3 drin4in$ 6 ntaminated 7ater3 eatin$ sp i'ed ! d3 be6 min$ !ati$(ed3 and (sin$ dirty dis"es. Y ( 6an a) id m st ! t"ese 6a(ses by pra6ti6in$ pre)enti)e medi6ine. I! y ( $et diarr"ea3 " 7e)er3 and d n t "a)e antidiarr"ea' medi6ine3 ne ! t"e ! '' 7in$ treatments may be e!!e6ti)eL

Limit y (r inta4e ! !'(ids ! r 28 " (rs. Drin4 ne 6(p ! a str n$ tea s '(ti n e)ery 2 " (rs (nti' t"e diarr"ea s' 7s r st ps. -"e tanni6 a6id in t"e tea "e'ps t 6 ntr ' t"e diarr"ea. . i' t"e inner bar4 ! a "ard7 d tree ! r 2 " (rs r m re t re'ease t"e tanni6 a6id. Ma4e a s '(ti n ! ne "and!(' ! $r (nd 6"a'43 6"ar6 a'3 r dried b nes and treated 7ater. I! y ( "a)e s me app'e p ma6e r t"e rinds ! 6itr(s !r(it3 add an e5(a' p rti n t t"e mi@t(re t ma4e it m re e!!e6ti)e. -a4e 2 tab'esp ns ! t"e s '(ti n e)ery 2 " (rs (nti' t"e diarr"ea s' 7s r st ps.
I#te$ti#!% P!&!$ite$
Y ( 6an (s(a''y a) id 7 rm in!estati ns and t"er intestina' parasites i! y ( ta4e pre)enti)e meas(res. F r e@amp'e3 ne)er $ bare! t. -"e m st e!!e6ti)e 7ay t pre)ent intestina' parasites is t a) id (n6 4ed meat and ra7 )e$etab'es 6 ntaminated by ra7 se7a$e r "(man 7aste (sed as a !erti'i2er. 1 7e)er3 s" ('d y ( be6 me in!ested and 'a64 pr per medi6ine3 y ( 6an (se " me remedies. 9eep in mind t"at t"ese " me remedies 7 r4 n t"e prin6ip'e ! 6"an$in$ t"e en)ir nment ! t"e $astr intestina' tra6t. -"e ! '' 7in$ are " me remedies y ( 6 ('d (seL

Salt water. Diss ')e 8 tab'esp ns ! sa't in 1 'iter ! 7ater and drin4. D n t repeat t"is treatment. Tobacco. ,at 1 t 1.: 6i$arettes. -"e ni6 tine in t"e 6i$arette 7i'' 4i'' r st(n t"e 7 rms ' n$ en ($" ! r y (r system t pass t"em. I! t"e in!estati n is se)ere3 repeat t"e treatment in 28 t 8; " (rs3 but no sooner. Aerosene. Drin4 2 tab'esp ns ! 4er sene but no more. I! ne6essary3 y ( 6an repeat t"is treatment in 28 t 8; " (rs. .e 6are!(' n t t in"a'e t"e !(mes. -"ey may 6a(se '(n$ irritati n. (ot peppers. #eppers are e!!e6ti)e n'y i! t"ey are a steady part ! y (r diet. Y ( 6an eat t"em ra7 r p(t t"em in s (ps r ri6e and meat dis"es. -"ey 6reate an en)ir nment t"at is pr "ibiti)e t parasiti6 atta6"ment.
. R#AL 0 ,ICIN S
/(r m dern 7 nder dr($s3 'ab rat ries3 and e5(ipment "a)e bs6(red m re primiti)e types ! medi6ine in) ')in$ determinati n3 6 mm n sense3 and a !e7 simp'e treatments. In many areas ! t"e 7 r'd3 " 7e)er3 t"e pe p'e sti'' depend n ' 6a' J7it6" d 6t rsJ r "ea'ers t 6(re t"eir ai'ments. Many ! t"e "erbs Dp'antsE and treatments t"ey (se are as e!!e6ti)e as t"e m st m dern medi6ati ns a)ai'ab'e. In !a6t3 many m dern medi6ati ns 6 me !r m re!ined "erbs. WARNING Use "erba' medi6ines 7it" e@treme 6are3 " 7e)er3 and n'y 7"en y ( 'a64 r "a)e 'imited medi6a' s(pp'ies. S me "erba' medi6ines are dan$er (s and may 6a(se !(rt"er dama$e r e)en deat". See 0"apter <3 S(r)i)a' Use ! #'ants3 ! r s me basi6 "erba' medi6ine treatments.
CHAPTER 9 - SHELTERS
A shelter can protect you !rom the sun" insects" wind" rain" snow" hot or cold temperatures" and enemy observation. It can give you a !eeling o! well%being. It can help you maintain your will to survive. In some areas" your need !or shelter may take precedence over your need !or !ood and possibly even your need !or water. -or e+ample" prolonged e+posure to cold can cause e+cessive !atigue and weakness &e+haustion'. An e+hausted person may develop a =passive= outlook" thereby losing the will to survive. The most common error in making a shelter is to make it too large. A shelter must be large enough to protect you. It must also be small enough to contain your body heat" especially in cold climates.
S. LT R SIT S L CTION
&"en y ( are in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n and rea'i2e t"at s"e'ter is a "i$" pri rity3 start ' 4in$ ! r s"e'ter as s n as p ssib'e. As y ( d s 3 remember 7"at y ( 7i'' need at t"e site. -7 re5(isites are-
It m(st 6 ntain materia' t ma4e t"e type ! s"e'ter y ( need. It m(st be 'ar$e en ($" and 'e)e' en ($" ! r y ( t 'ie d 7n 6 m! rtab'y.
&"en y ( 6 nsider t"ese re5(isites3 " 7e)er3 y ( 6ann t i$n re y (r ta6ti6a' sit(ati n r y (r sa!ety. Y ( m(st a's 6 nsider 7"et"er t"e site-
#r )ides 6 n6ea'ment !r m enemy bser)ati n. 1as 6am (!'a$ed es6ape r (tes. Is s(itab'e ! r si$na'in$3 i! ne6essary. #r )ides pr te6ti n a$ainst 7i'd anima's and r 64s and dead trees t"at mi$"t !a''. Is !ree !r m inse6ts3 repti'es3 and p is n (s p'ants.
Y ( m(st a's remember t"e pr b'ems t"at 6 ('d arise in y (r en)ir nment. F r instan6e-
A) id !'as" !' d areas in ! t"i''s. A) id a)a'an6"e r r 64s'ide areas in m (ntain (s terrain. A) id sites near b dies ! 7ater t"at are be' 7 t"e "i$" 7ater mar4.
In s me areas3 t"e seas n ! t"e year "as a str n$ bearin$ n t"e site y ( se'e6t. Idea' sites ! r a s"e'ter di!!er in 7inter and s(mmer. D(rin$ 6 'd 7inter m nt"s y ( 7i'' 7ant a site t"at 7i'' pr te6t y (
!r m t"e 6 'd and 7ind3 b(t 7i'' "a)e a s (r6e ! !(e' and 7ater. D(rin$ s(mmer m nt"s in t"e same area y ( 7i'' 7ant a s (r6e ! 7ater3 b(t y ( 7i'' 7ant t"e site t be a'm st inse6t !ree. &"en 6 nsiderin$ s"e'ter site se'e6ti n3 (se t"e 7 rd .LISS as a $(ide. . - .'end in 7it" t"e s(rr (ndin$s. L - L 7 si'" (ette. I - Irre$('ar s"ape. S - Sma''. S - Se6'(ded ' 6ati n.
TYP S O' S. LT RS
&"en ' 4in$ ! r a s"e'ter site3 4eep in mind t"e type ! s"e'ter Dpr te6ti nE y ( need. 1 7e)er3 y ( m(st a's 6 nsider-
1 7 m(6" time and e!! rt y ( need t b(i'd t"e s"e'ter. I! t"e s"e'ter 7i'' ade5(ate'y pr te6t y ( !r m t"e e'ements Ds(n3 7ind3 rain3 sn 7E. I! y ( "a)e t"e t 's t b(i'd it. I! n t3 6an y ( ma4e impr )ised t 'sH I! y ( "a)e t"e type and am (nt ! materia's needed t b(i'd it.
- ans7er t"ese 5(esti ns3 y ( need t 4n 7 " 7 t ma4e )ari (s types ! s"e'ters and 7"at materia's y ( need t ma4e t"em.
P"#-h" Le!#-T"
It ta4es n'y a s" rt time and minima' e5(ipment t b(i'd t"is 'ean-t DFi$(re :-1E. Y ( need a p n6" 3 2 t % meters ! r pe r para6"(te s(spensi n 'ine3 t"ree sta4es ab (t %= 6entimeters ' n$3 and t7 trees r t7 p 'es 2 t % meters apart. .e! re se'e6tin$ t"e trees y ( 7i'' (se r t"e ' 6ati n ! y (r p 'es3 6"e64 t"e 7ind dire6ti n. ,ns(re t"at t"e ba64 ! y (r 'ean-t 7i'' be int t"e 7ind.
- ma4e t"e 'ean-t -
-ie !! t"e " d ! t"e p n6" . #('' t"e dra7strin$ ti$"t3 r '' t"e " d ' n$7ays3 ! 'd it int t"irds3 and tie it !! 7it" t"e dra7strin$. 0(t t"e r pe in "a'!. /n ne ' n$ side ! t"e p n6" 3 tie "a'! ! t"e r pe t t"e 6 rner $r mmet. -ie t"e t"er "a'! t t"e t"er 6 rner $r mmet. Atta6" a drip sti64 Dab (t a 1=-6entimeter sti64E t ea6" r pe ab (t 2.: 6entimeters !r m t"e $r mmet. -"ese drip sti64s 7i'' 4eep rain7ater !r m r(nnin$ d 7n t"e r pes int t"e 'ean-t .
-yin$ strin$s Dab (t 1= 6entimeters ' n$E t ea6" $r mmet a' n$ t"e p n6" Gs t p ed$e 7i'' a'' 7 t"e 7ater t r(n t and d 7n t"e 'ine 7it" (t drippin$ int t"e s"e'ter. -ie t"e r pes ab (t 7aist "i$" n t"e trees D(pri$"tsE. Use a r (nd t(rn and t7 "a'! "it6"es 7it" a 5(i64-re'ease 4n t. Spread t"e p n6" and an6" r it t t"e $r (nd3 p(ttin$ s"arpened sti64s t"r ($" t"e $r mmets and int t"e $r (nd.
I! y ( p'an t (se t"e 'ean-t ! r m re t"an ne ni$"t3 r y ( e@pe6t rain3 ma4e a 6enter s(pp rt ! r t"e 'ean-t . Ma4e t"is s(pp rt 7it" a 'ine. Atta6" ne end ! t"e 'ine t t"e p n6" " d and t"e t"er end t an )er"an$in$ bran6". Ma4e s(re t"ere is n s'a64 in t"e 'ine. An t"er met" d is t p'a6e a sti64 (pri$"t (nder t"e 6enter ! t"e 'ean-t . -"is met" d3 " 7e)er3 7i'' restri6t y (r spa6e and m )ements in t"e s"e'ter. F r additi na' pr te6ti n !r m 7ind and rain3 p'a6e s me br(s"3 y (r r(64sa643 r t"er e5(ipment at t"e sides ! t"e 'ean-t . - red(6e "eat ' ss t t"e $r (nd3 p'a6e s me type ! ins('atin$ materia'3 s(6" as 'ea)es r pine need'es3 inside y (r 'ean-t . 8ote9 hen at rest" you lose as much as B; percent o! your body heat to the ground.
- in6rease y (r se6(rity !r m enemy bser)ati n3 ' 7er t"e 'ean-t Gs si'" (ette by ma4in$ t7 6"an$es. First3 se6(re t"e s(pp rt 'ines t t"e trees at 4nee "ei$"t Dn t at 7aist "ei$"tE (sin$ t7 4nee-"i$" sti64s in t"e t7 6enter $r mmets Dsides ! 'ean-t E. Se6 nd3 an$'e t"e p n6" t t"e $r (nd3 se6(rin$ it 7it" s"arpened sti64s3 as ab )e.
P"#-h" Te#t
-"is tent DFi$(re :-2E pr )ides a ' 7 si'" (ette. It a's pr te6ts y ( !r m t"e e'ements n t7 sides. It "as3 " 7e)er3 'ess (sab'e spa6e and bser)ati n area t"an a 'ean-t 3 de6reasin$ y (r rea6ti n time t enemy dete6ti n. - ma4e t"is tent3 y ( need a p n6" 3 t7 1.:- t 2.:-meter r pes3 si@ s"arpened sti64s ab (t %= 6entimeters ' n$3 and t7 trees 2 t % meters apart.
- ma4e t"e tent-
-ie !! t"e p n6" " d in t"e same 7ay as t"e p n6" 'ean-t . -ie a 1.:- t 2.:-meter r pe t t"e 6enter $r mmet n ea6" side ! t"e p n6" . -ie t"e t"er ends ! t"ese r pes at ab (t 4nee "ei$"t t t7 trees 2 t % meters apart and stret6" t"e p n6" ti$"t.
Dra7 ne side ! t"e p n6" ti$"t and se6(re it t t"e $r (nd p(s"in$ s"arpened sti64s t"r ($" t"e $r mmets. F '' 7 t"e same pr 6ed(re n t"e t"er side.
I! y ( need a 6enter s(pp rt3 (se t"e same met" ds as ! r t"e p n6" 'ean-t . An t"er 6enter s(pp rt is an A-!rame set (tside b(t )er t"e 6enter ! t"e tent DFi$(re :-%E. Use t7 <=- t 12=-6entimeter-' n$ sti64s3 ne 7it" a ! r4ed end3 t ! rm t"e A-!rame. -ie t"e " dGs dra7strin$ t t"e A-!rame t s(pp rt t"e 6enter ! t"e tent.
Th&ee-P"%e P!&!-h te Tepee

I! y ( "a)e a para6"(te and t"ree p 'es and t"e ta6ti6a' sit(ati n a'' 7s3 ma4e a para6"(te tepee. It is easy and ta4es )ery 'itt'e time t ma4e t"is tepee. It pr )ides pr te6ti n !r m t"e e'ements and 6an a6t as a si$na'in$ de)i6e by en"an6in$ a sma'' am (nt ! 'i$"t !r m a !ire r 6and'e. It is 'ar$e en ($" t " 'd se)era' pe p'e and t"eir e5(ipment and t a'' 7 s'eepin$3 6 4in$3 and st rin$ !ire7 d. Y ( 6an ma4e t"is tepee (sin$ parts ! r a 7" 'e pers nne' main r reser)e para6"(te 6an py. I! (sin$ a standard pers nne' para6"(te3 y ( need t"ree p 'es %.: t 8.: meters ' n$ and ab (t : 6entimeters in diameter. - ma4e t"is tepee DFi$(re :-8E-
Lay t"e p 'es n t"e $r (nd and 'as" t"em t $et"er at ne end. Stand t"e !rame7 r4 (p and spread t"e p 'es t ! rm a trip d. F r m re s(pp rt3 p'a6e additi na' p 'es a$ainst t"e trip d. Fi)e r si@ additi na' p 'es 7 r4 best3 b(t d n t 'as" t"em t t"e trip d. Determine t"e 7ind dire6ti n and ' 6ate t"e entran6e <= de$rees r m re !r m t"e mean 7ind dire6ti n. Lay (t t"e para6"(te n t"e Jba64sideJ ! t"e trip d and ' 6ate t"e brid'e ' p Dny' n 7eb ' pE at t"e t p Dape@E ! t"e 6an py. #'a6e t"e brid'e ' p )er t"e t p ! a !ree-standin$ p 'e. -"en p'a6e t"e p 'e ba64 (p a$ainst t"e trip d s t"at t"e 6an pyGs ape@ is at t"e same "ei$"t as t"e 'as"in$ n t"e t"ree p 'es. &rap t"e 6an py ar (nd ne side ! t"e trip d. -"e 6an py s" ('d be ! d (b'e t"i64ness3 as y ( are 7rappin$ an entire para6"(te. Y ( need n'y 7rap "a'! ! t"e trip d3 as t"e remainder ! t"e 6an py 7i'' en6ir6'e t"e trip d in t"e pp site dire6ti n. 0 nstr(6t t"e entran6e by 7rappin$ t"e ! 'ded ed$es ! t"e 6an py ar (nd t7 !ree-standin$ p 'es. Y ( 6an t"en p'a6e t"e p 'es side by side t 6' se t"e tepeeGs entran6e. #'a6e a'' e@tra 6an py (nderneat" t"e tepee p 'es and inside t 6reate a !' r ! r t"e s"e'ter.
Lea)e a %=- t :=-6entimeter penin$ at t"e t p ! r )enti'ati n i! y ( intend t "a)e a !ire inside t"e tepee.
O#e-P"%e P!&!-h te Tepee

Y ( need a 18-$ re se6ti n Dn rma''yE ! 6an py3 sta4es3 a st (t 6enter p 'e3 and inner 6 re and need'e t 6 nstr(6t t"is tepee. Y ( 6(t t"e s(spensi n 'ines e@6ept ! r 8=- t 8:-6entimeter 'en$t"s at t"e 6an pyGs ' 7er 'atera' band. - ma4e t"is tepee DFi$(re :-:E-
Se'e6t a s"e'ter site and s6ribe a 6ir6'e ab (t 8 meters in diameter n t"e $r (nd. Sta4e t"e para6"(te materia' t t"e $r (nd (sin$ t"e 'ines remainin$ at t"e ' 7er 'atera' band.
A!ter de6idin$ 7"ere t p'a6e t"e s"e'ter d r3 emp'a6e a sta4e and tie t"e !irst 'ine D!r m t"e ' 7er 'atera' bandE se6(re'y t it. Stret6" t"e para6"(te materia' ta(t t t"e ne@t 'ine3 emp'a6e a sta4e n t"e s6ribed 'ine3 and tie t"e 'ine t it. 0 ntin(e t"e sta4in$ pr 6ess (nti' y ( "a)e tied a'' t"e 'ines. L se'y atta6" t"e t p ! t"e para6"(te materia' t t"e 6enter p 'e 7it" a s(spensi n 'ine y ( pre)i (s'y 6(t and3 t"r ($" tria' and err r3 determine t"e p int at 7"i6" t"e para6"(te materia' 7i'' be p(''ed ti$"t n6e t"e 6enter p 'e is (pri$"t. -"en se6(re'y atta6" t"e materia' t t"e p 'e. Usin$ a s(spensi n 'ine D r inner 6 reE3 se7 t"e end $ res t $et"er 'ea)in$ 1 r 1.2 meters ! r a d r.
N"-P"%e P!&!-h te Tepee

Y ( (se t"e same materia's3 e@6ept ! r t"e 6enter p 'e3 as ! r t"e ne-p 'e para6"(te tepee. - ma4e t"is tepee DFi$(re :-6E-
-ie a 'ine t t"e t p ! para6"(te materia' 7it" a pre)i (s'y 6(t s(spensi n 'ine. -"r 7 t"e 'ine )er a tree 'imb3 and tie it t t"e tree tr(n4. Startin$ at t"e pp site side !r m t"e d r3 emp'a6e a sta4e n t"e s6ribed %.:- t 8.%-meter 6ir6'e. -ie t"e !irst 'ine n t"e ' 7er 'atera' band. 0 ntin(e emp'a6in$ t"e sta4es and tyin$ t"e 'ines t t"em. A!ter sta4in$ d 7n t"e materia'3 (n!asten t"e 'ine tied t t"e tree tr(n43 ti$"ten t"e tepee materia' by p(''in$ n t"is 'ine3 and tie it se6(re'y t t"e tree tr(n4.
O#e-M!# She%te&
A ne-man s"e'ter y ( 6an easi'y ma4e (sin$ a para6"(te re5(ires a tree and t"ree p 'es. /ne p 'e s" ('d be ab (t 8.: meters ' n$ and t"e t"er t7 ab (t % meters ' n$. - ma4e t"is s"e'ter DFi$(re :-7E-
Se6(re t"e 8.:-meter p 'e t t"e tree at ab (t 7aist "ei$"t. Lay t"e t7 %-meter p 'es n t"e $r (nd n eit"er side ! and in t"e same dire6ti n as t"e 8.:meter p 'e. Lay t"e ! 'ded 6an py )er t"e 8.: meter p 'e s t"at ab (t t"e same am (nt ! materia' "an$s n b t" sides. -(64 t"e e@6ess materia' (nder t"e %-meter p 'es3 and spread it n t"e $r (nd inside t ser)e as a !' r. Sta4e d 7n r p(t a spreader bet7een t"e t7 %-meter p 'es at t"e s"e'terGs entran6e s t"ey 7i'' n t s'ide in7ard. Use any e@6ess materia' t 6 )er t"e entran6e.
-"e para6"(te 6' t" ma4es t"is s"e'ter 7ind resistant3 and t"e s"e'ter is sma'' en ($" t"at it is easi'y 7armed. A 6and'e3 (sed 6are!(''y3 6an 4eep t"e inside temperat(re 6 m! rtab'e. -"is s"e'ter is (nsatis!a6t ry3 " 7e)er3 7"en sn 7 is !a''in$ as e)en a 'i$"t sn 7!a'' 7i'' 6a)e it in.
P!&!-h te H!**"-)
Y ( 6an ma4e a "amm 64 (sin$ 6 t ; $ res ! para6"(te 6an py and t7 trees ab (t 8.: meters apart DFi$(re :-;E.
Fie%(-E3pe(ie#t Le!#-T"
I! y ( are in a 7 ded area and "a)e en ($" nat(ra' materia's3 y ( 6an ma4e a !ie'd-e@pedient 'ean-t DFi$(re :-<E 7it" (t t"e aid ! t 's r 7it" n'y a 4ni!e. It ta4es ' n$er t ma4e t"is type ! s"e'ter t"an it d es t ma4e t"er types3 b(t it 7i'' pr te6t y ( !r m t"e e'ements.
Y ( 7i'' need t7 trees D r (pri$"t p 'esE ab (t 2 meters apartI ne p 'e ab (t 2 meters ' n$ and 2.: 6entimeters in diameterI !i)e t ei$"t p 'es ab (t % meters ' n$ and 2.: 6entimeters in diameter ! r beamsI 6 rd r )ines ! r se6(rin$ t"e " ri2 nta' s(pp rt t t"e treesI and t"er p 'es3 sap'in$s3 r )ines t 6riss6r ss t"e beams. - ma4e t"is 'ean-t -
-ie t"e 2-meter p 'e t t"e t7 trees at 7aist t 6"est "ei$"t. -"is is t"e " ri2 nta' s(pp rt. I! a standin$ tree is n t a)ai'ab'e3 6 nstr(6t a biped (sin$ Y-s"aped sti64s r t7 trip ds. #'a6e ne end ! t"e beams D%-meter p 'esE n ne side ! t"e " ri2 nta' s(pp rt. As 7it" a'' 'ean-t type s"e'ters3 be s(re t p'a6e t"e 'ean-t Gs ba64side int t"e 7ind. 0riss6r ss sap'in$s r )ines n t"e beams. 0 )er t"e !rame7 r4 7it" br(s"3 'ea)es3 pine need'es3 r $rass3 startin$ at t"e b tt m and 7 r4in$ y (r 7ay (p 'i4e s"in$'in$. #'a6e stra73 'ea)es3 pine need'es3 r $rass inside t"e s"e'ter ! r beddin$.
In 6 'd 7eat"er3 add t y (r 'ean-t Gs 6 m! rt by b(i'din$ a !ire re!'e6t r 7a'' DFi$(re :-<E. Dri)e ! (r 1.:meter-' n$ sta4es int t"e $r (nd t s(pp rt t"e 7a''. Sta64 $reen ' $s n t p ! ne an t"er bet7een t"e s(pp rt sta4es. F rm t7 r 7s ! sta64ed ' $s t 6reate an inner spa6e 7it"in t"e 7a'' t"at y ( 6an !i'' 7it" dirt. -"is a6ti n n t n'y stren$t"ens t"e 7a'' b(t ma4es it m re "eat re!'e6ti)e. .ind t"e t p ! t"e s(pp rt sta4es s t"at t"e $reen ' $s and dirt 7i'' stay in p'a6e. &it" A(st a 'itt'e m re e!! rt y ( 6an "a)e a dryin$ ra64. 0(t a !e7 2-6entimeter-diameter p 'es D'en$t" depends n t"e distan6e bet7een t"e 'ean-t Gs " ri2 nta' s(pp rt and t"e t p ! t"e !ire re!'e6t r 7a''E. Lay ne end ! t"e p 'es n t"e 'ean-t s(pp rt and t"e t"er end n t p ! t"e re!'e6t r 7a''. #'a6e and tie int p'a6e sma''er sti64s a6r ss t"ese p 'es. Y ( n 7 "a)e a p'a6e t dry 6' t"es3 meat3 r !is".
S0!*p Be(
In a mars" r s7amp3 r any area 7it" standin$ 7ater r 6 ntin(a''y 7et $r (nd3 t"e s7amp bed DFi$(re :-1=E 4eeps y ( (t ! t"e 7ater. &"en se'e6tin$ s(6" a site3 6 nsider t"e 7eat"er3 7ind3 tides3 and a)ai'ab'e materia's.
- ma4e a s7amp bed-
L 4 ! r ! (r trees 6'(stered in a re6tan$'e3 r 6(t ! (r p 'es Dbamb is idea'E and dri)e t"em !irm'y int t"e $r (nd s t"ey ! rm a re6tan$'e. -"ey s" ('d be !ar en ($" apart and str n$ en ($" t s(pp rt y (r "ei$"t and 7ei$"t3 t in6'(de e5(ipment. 0(t t7 p 'es t"at span t"e 7idt" ! t"e re6tan$'e. -"ey3 t 3 m(st be str n$ en ($" t s(pp rt y (r 7ei$"t. Se6(re t"ese t7 p 'es t t"e trees D r p 'esE. .e s(re t"ey are "i$" en ($" ab )e t"e $r (nd r 7ater t a'' 7 ! r tides and "i$" 7ater. 0(t additi na' p 'es t"at span t"e re6tan$'eGs 'en$t". Lay t"em a6r ss t"e t7 side p 'es3 and se6(re t"em. 0 )er t"e t p ! t"e bed !rame 7it" br ad 'ea)es r $rass t ! rm a s !t s'eepin$ s(r!a6e. .(i'd a !ire pad by 'ayin$ 6'ay3 si't3 r m(d n ne 6 mer ! t"e s7amp bed and a'' 7 it t dry.
An t"er s"e'ter desi$ned t $et y ( ab )e and (t ! t"e 7ater r 7et $r (nd (ses t"e same re6tan$('ar 6 n!i$(rati n as t"e s7amp bed. Y ( )ery simp'y 'ay sti64s and bran6"es 'en$t"7ise n t"e inside ! t"e trees D r p 'esE (nti' t"ere is en ($" materia' t raise t"e s'eepin$ s(r!a6e ab )e t"e 7ater 'e)e'.
N!t &!% She%te&$

D n t )er' 4 nat(ra' ! rmati ns t"at pr )ide s"e'ter. ,@amp'es are 6a)es3 r 64y 6re)i6es3 6'(mps ! b(s"es3 sma'' depressi ns3 'ar$e r 64s n 'ee7ard sides ! "i''s3 'ar$e trees 7it" ' 7-"an$in$ 'imbs3 and !a''en trees 7it" t"i64 bran6"es. 1 7e)er3 7"en se'e6tin$ a nat(ra' ! rmati n-
Stay a7ay !r m ' 7 $r (nd s(6" as ra)ines3 narr 7 )a''eys3 r 6ree4 beds. L 7 areas 6 ''e6t t"e "ea)y 6 'd air at ni$"t and are t"ere! re 6 'der t"an t"e s(rr (ndin$ "i$" $r (nd. -"i643 br(s"y3 ' 7 $r (nd a's "arb rs m re inse6ts. 0"e64 ! r p is n (s sna4es3 ti64s3 mites3 s6 rpi ns3 and stin$in$ ants. L 4 ! r ' se r 64s3 dead 'imbs3 6 6 n(ts3 r t"er nat(ra' $r 7t" t"an 6 ('d !a'' n y (r s"e'ter.
De+&i$ H t
F r 7armt" and ease ! 6 nstr(6ti n3 t"is s"e'ter is ne ! t"e best. &"en s"e'ter is essentia' t s(r)i)a'3 b(i'd t"is s"e'ter. - ma4e a debris "(t DFi$(re :-11E--
.(i'd it by ma4in$ a trip d 7it" t7 s" rt sta4es and a ' n$ rid$ep 'e r by p'a6in$ ne end ! a ' n$ rid$ep 'e n t p ! a st(rdy base. Se6(re t"e rid$ep 'e Dp 'e r(nnin$ t"e 'en$t" ! t"e s"e'terE (sin$ t"e trip d met" d r by an6" rin$ it t a tree at ab (t 7aist "ei$"t. #r p 'ar$e sti64s a' n$ b t" sides ! t"e rid$ep 'e t 6reate a 7ed$e-s"aped ribbin$ e!!e6t. ,ns(re t"e ribbin$ is 7ide en ($" t a66 mm date y (r b dy and steep en ($" t s"ed m ist(re. #'a6e !iner sti64s and br(s" 6r ss7ise n t"e ribbin$. -"ese ! rm a 'atti6e7 r4 t"at 7i'' 4eep t"e ins('atin$ materia' D$rass3 pine need'es3 'ea)esE !r m !a''in$ t"r ($" t"e ribbin$ int t"e s'eepin$ area. Add 'i$"t3 dry3 i! p ssib'e3 s !t debris )er t"e ribbin$ (nti' t"e ins('atin$ materia' is at 'east 1 meter t"i64--t"e t"i64er t"e better. #'a6e a %=-6entimeter 'ayer ! ins('atin$ materia' inside t"e s"e'ter. At t"e entran6e3 pi'e ins('atin$ materia' t"at y ( 6an dra$ t y ( n6e inside t"e s"e'ter t 6' se t"e entran6e r b(i'd a d r. As a !ina' step in 6 nstr(6tin$ t"is s"e'ter3 add s"in$'in$ materia' r bran6"es n t p ! t"e debris 'ayer t pre)ent t"e ins('atin$ materia' !r m b' 7in$ a7ay in a st rm.
T&ee-Pit S#"0 She%te&

I! y ( are in a 6 'd3 sn 7-6 )ered area 7"ere e)er$reen trees $r 7 and y ( "a)e a di$$in$ t 6an ma4e a tree-pit s"e'ter DFi$(re :-12E. '3 y (
- ma4e t"is s"e'ter-
Find a tree 7it" b(s"y bran6"es t"at pr )ides )er"ead 6 )er. Di$ (t t"e sn 7 ar (nd t"e tree tr(n4 (nti' y ( rea6" t"e dept" and diameter y ( desire3 r (nti' y ( rea6" t"e $r (nd. #a64 t"e sn 7 ar (nd t"e t p and t"e inside ! t"e " 'e t pr )ide s(pp rt. Find and 6(t t"er e)er$reen b ($"s. #'a6e t"em )er t"e t p ! t"e pit t $i)e y ( additi na' )er"ead 6 )er. #'a6e e)er$reen b ($"s in t"e b tt m ! t"e pit ! r ins('ati n.
See 0"apter 1: ! r t"er ar6ti6 r 6 'd 7eat"er s"e'ters.
Be!-h Sh!(e She%te&

-"is s"e'ter pr te6ts y ( !r m t"e s(n3 7ind3 rain3 and "eat. It is easy t ma4e (sin$ nat(ra' materia's. - ma4e t"is s"e'ter DFi$(re :-1%E-
Find and 6 ''e6t dri!t7 d r t"er nat(ra' materia' t (se as s(pp rt beams and as a di$$in$ t '. Se'e6t a site t"at is ab )e t"e "i$" 7ater mar4. S6rape r di$ (t a tren6" r(nnin$ n rt" t s (t" s t"at it re6ei)es t"e 'east am (nt ! s(n'i$"t. Ma4e t"e tren6" ' n$ and 7ide en ($" ! r y ( t 'ie d 7n 6 m! rtab'y. M (nd s i' n t"ree sides ! t"e tren6". -"e "i$"er t"e m (nd3 t"e m re spa6e inside t"e s"e'ter. Lay s(pp rt beams Ddri!t7 d r t"er nat(ra' materia'E t"at span t"e tren6" n t p ! t"e m (nd t ! rm t"e !rame7 r4 ! r a r !. ,n'ar$e t"e s"e'terGs entran6e by di$$in$ (t m re sand in !r nt ! it. Use nat(ra' materia's s(6" as $rass r 'ea)es t ! rm a bed inside t"e s"e'ter.
De$e&t She%te&$
In an arid en)ir nment3 6 nsider t"e time3 e!! rt3 and materia' needed t ma4e a s"e'ter. I! y ( "a)e materia' s(6" as a p n6" 3 6an)as3 r a para6"(te3 (se it a' n$ 7it" s(6" terrain !eat(res as r 64 (t6r ppin$3 m (nds ! sand3 r a depressi n bet7een d(nes r r 64s t ma4e y (r s"e'ter. Usin$ r 64 (t6r ppin$s-
An6" r ne end ! y (r p n6" D6an)as3 para6"(te3 r t"er materia'E n t"e ed$e ! t"e (t6r p (sin$ r 64s r t"er 7ei$"ts. ,@tend and an6" r t"e t"er end ! t"e p n6" s it pr )ides t"e best p ssib'e s"ade.
In a sandy area-
.(i'd a m (nd ! sand r (se t"e side ! a sand d(ne ! r ne side ! t"e s"e'ter. An6" r ne end ! t"e materia' n t p ! t"e m (nd (sin$ sand r t"er 7ei$"ts. ,@tend and an6" r t"e t"er end ! t"e materia' s it pr )ides t"e best p ssib'e s"ade. 8ote9 I! you have enough material" !old it in hal! and !orm a 4;%centimeter to 56% centimeter airspace between the two halves. This airspace will reduce the temperature under the shelter.
A be' 7$r (nd s"e'ter DFi$(re :-18E 6an red(6e t"e midday "eat as m(6" as 16 t 22 de$rees 0 D%= t 8= de$rees FE. .(i'din$ it3 " 7e)er3 re5(ires m re time and e!! rt t"an ! r t"er s"e'ters. Sin6e y (r p"ysi6a' e!! rt 7i'' ma4e y ( s7eat m re and in6rease de"ydrati n3 6 nstr(6t it be! re t"e "eat ! t"e day.
- ma4e t"is s"e'ter-
Find a ' 7 sp t r depressi n bet7een d(nes r r 64s. I! ne6essary3 di$ a tren6" 8: t 6= 6entimeters deep and ' n$ and 7ide en ($" ! r y ( t 'ie in 6 m! rtab'y. #i'e t"e sand y ( ta4e !r m t"e tren6" t ! rm a m (nd ar (nd t"ree sides. /n t"e pen end ! t"e tren6"3 di$ (t m re sand s y ( 6an $et in and (t ! y (r s"e'ter easi'y. 0 )er t"e tren6" 7it" y (r materia'. Se6(re t"e materia' in p'a6e (sin$ sand3 r 64s3 r t"er 7ei$"ts.
I! y ( "a)e e@tra materia'3 y ( 6an !(rt"er de6rease t"e midday temperat(re in t"e tren6" by se6(rin$ t"e materia' %= t 8: 6entimeters ab )e t"e t"er 6 )er. -"is 'ayerin$ ! t"e materia' 7i'' red(6e t"e inside temperat(re 11 t 22 de$rees 0 D2= t 8= de$rees FE. An t"er type ! be' 7$r (nd s"ade s"e'ter is ! simi'ar 6 nstr(6ti n3 e@6ept a'' sides are pen t air 6(rrents and 6ir6('ati n. F r ma@im(m pr te6ti n3 y ( need a minim(m ! t7 'ayers ! para6"(te materia' DFi$(re :-1:E. &"ite is t"e best 6 ' r t re!'e6t "eatI t"e innerm st 'ayer s" ('d be ! dar4er materia'.
CHAPTER : - WATER PROCUREMENT
ater is one o! your most urgent needs in a survival situation. @ou can. t live long without it" especially in hot areas where you lose water rapidly through perspiration. Cven in cold areas" you need a minimum o! 3 liters o! water each day to maintain e!!iciency. /ore than three%!ourths o! your body is composed o! !luids. @our body loses !luid as a result o! heat" cold" stress" and e+ertion. To !unction e!!ectively" you must replace the !luid your body loses. So" one o! your !irst goals is to obtain an ade)uate supply o! water.
3AT R SOURC S
A'm st any en)ir nment "as 7ater present t s me de$ree. Fi$(re 6-1 'ists p ssib'e s (r6es ! 7ater in )ari (s en)ir nments. It a's pr )ides in! rmati n n " 7 t ma4e t"e 7ater p tab'e.
8ote9 I! you do not have a canteen" a cup" a can" or other type o! container" improvise one !rom plastic or water%resistant cloth. Shape the plastic or cloth into a bowl by pleating it. Use pins or other suitable items%%even your hands%%to hold the pleats. I! y ( d n t "a)e a re'iab'e s (r6e t rep'enis" y (r 7ater s(pp'y3 stay a'ert ! r 7ays in 7"i6" y (r en)ir nment 6an "e'p y (. CAUTION D n t s(bstit(te t"e !'(ids 'isted in Fi$(re 6-2 ! r 7ater.
1ea)y de7 6an pr )ide 7ater. -ie ra$s r t(!ts ! !ine $rass ar (nd y (r an4'es and 7a'4 t"r ($" de76 )ered $rass be! re s(nrise. As t"e ra$s r $rass t(!ts abs rb t"e de73 7rin$ t"e 7ater int a 6 ntainer. Repeat t"e pr 6ess (nti' y ( "a)e a s(pp'y ! 7ater r (nti' t"e de7 is $ ne. A(stra'ian nati)es s metimes m p (p as m(6" as a 'iter an " (r t"is 7ay. .ees r ants $ in$ int a " 'e in a tree may p int t a 7ater-!i''ed " 'e. Sip" n t"e 7ater 7it" p'asti6 t(bin$ r s6 p it (p 7it" an impr )ised dipper. Y ( 6an a's st(!! 6' t" in t"e " 'e t abs rb t"e 7ater and t"en 7rin$ it !r m t"e 6' t". &ater s metimes $at"ers in tree 6r t6"es r r 64 6re)i6es. Use t"e ab )e pr 6ed(res t $et t"e 7ater. In arid areas3 bird dr ppin$s ar (nd a 6ra64 in t"e r 64s may indi6ate 7ater in r near t"e 6ra64. *reen bamb t"i64ets are an e@6e''ent s (r6e ! !res" 7ater. &ater !r m $reen bamb is 6'ear and d r'ess. - $et t"e 7ater3 bend a $reen bamb sta'43 tie it d 7n3 and 6(t !! t"e t p DFi$(re 6-%E. -"e 7ater 7i'' drip !ree'y d(rin$ t"e ni$"t. /'d3 6ra64ed bamb may 6 ntain 7ater.
CAUTION #(ri!y t"e 7ater be! re drin4in$ it. &"ere)er y ( !ind banana r p'antain trees3 y ( 6an $et 7ater. 0(t d 7n t"e tree3 'ea)in$ ab (t a %=6entimeter st(mp3 and s6 p (t t"e 6enter ! t"e st(mp s t"at t"e " '' 7 is b 7'-s"aped. &ater !r m t"e r ts 7i'' immediate'y start t !i'' t"e " '' 7. -"e !irst t"ree !i''in$s ! 7ater 7i'' be bitter3 b(t s(66eedin$ !i''in$s 7i'' be pa'atab'e. -"e st(mp DFi$(re 6-8E 7i'' s(pp'y 7ater ! r (p t ! (r days. .e s(re t 6 )er it t 4eep (t inse6ts.
S me tr pi6a' )ines 6an $i)e y ( 7ater. 0(t a n t6" in t"e )ine as "i$" as y ( 6an rea6"3 t"en 6(t t"e )ine !! 6' se t t"e $r (nd. 0at6" t"e dr ppin$ 'i5(id in a 6 ntainer r in y (r m (t" DFi$(re 6-:E.
CAUTION D n t drin4 t"e 'i5(id i! it is sti64y3 mi'4y3 r bitter tastin$. -"e mi'4 !r m $reen D(nripeE 6 6 n(ts is a $ d t"irst 5(en6"er. 1 7e)er3 t"e mi'4 !r m mat(re 6 6 n(ts 6 ntains an i' t"at a6ts as a 'a@ati)e. Drin4 in m derati n n'y. In t"e Ameri6an tr pi6s y ( may !ind 'ar$e trees 7" se bran6"es s(pp rt air p'ants. -"ese air p'ants may " 'd a 6 nsiderab'e am (nt ! rain7ater in t"eir )er'appin$3 t"i64'y $r 7in$ 'ea)es. Strain t"e 7ater t"r ($" a 6' t" t rem )e inse6ts and debris. Y ( 6an $et 7ater !r m p'ants 7it" m ist p('py 6enters. 0(t !! a se6ti n ! t"e p'ant and s5(ee2e r smas" t"e p('p s t"at t"e m ist(re r(ns (t. 0at6" t"e 'i5(id in a 6 ntainer. #'ant r ts may pr )ide 7ater. Di$ r pry t"e r ts (t ! t"e $r (nd3 6(t t"em int s" rt pie6es3 and smas" t"e p('p s t"at t"e m ist(re r(ns (t. 0at6" t"e 'i5(id in a 6 ntainer. F'es"y 'ea)es3 stems3 r sta'4s3 s(6" as bamb 3 6 ntain 7ater. 0(t r n t6" t"e sta'4s at t"e base ! a A int t drain (t t"e 'i5(id. -"e ! '' 7in$ trees 6an a's pr )ide 7aterL

:alms. #a'ms3 s(6" as t"e b(ri3 6 6 n(t3 s($ar3 rattan3 and nips3 6 ntain 'i5(id. .r(ise a ' 7er !r nd and p('' it d 7n s t"e tree 7i'' Jb'eedJ at t"e inA(ry. Traveler.s tree. F (nd in Mada$as6ar3 t"is tree "as a 6(p'i4e s"eat" at t"e base ! its 'ea)es in 7"i6" 7ater 6 ''e6ts. Umbrella tree. -"e 'ea! bases and r ts ! t"is tree ! 7estern tr pi6a' A!ri6a 6an pr )ide 7ater. ?aobab tree. -"is tree ! t"e sandy p'ains ! n rt"ern A(stra'ia and A!ri6a 6 ''e6ts 7ater in its b tt'e'i4e tr(n4 d(rin$ t"e 7et seas n. Fre5(ent'y3 y ( 6an !ind 6'ear3 !res" 7ater in t"ese trees a!ter 7ee4s ! dry 7eat"er.
CAUTION D n t 4eep t"e sap !r m p'ants ' n$er t"an 28 " (rs. It be$ins !ermentin$3 be6 min$ dan$er (s as a 7ater s (r6e.
STILL CONSTRUCTION
Y ( 6an (se sti''s in )ari (s areas ! t"e 7 r'd. -"ey dra7 m ist(re !r m t"e $r (nd and !r m p'ant materia'. Y ( need 6ertain materia's t b(i'd a sti''3 and y ( need time t 'et it 6 ''e6t t"e 7ater. It ta4es ab (t 28 " (rs t $et =.: t 1 'iter ! 7ater.
A+".e/&" #( Sti%%
- ma4e t"e ab )e$r (nd sti''3 y ( need a s(nny s' pe n 7"i6" t p'a6e t"e sti''3 a 6'ear p'asti6 ba$3 $reen 'ea!y )e$etati n3 and a sma'' r 64 DFi$(re 6-6E.
- ma4e t"e sti''-
Fi'' t"e ba$ 7it" air by t(rnin$ t"e penin$ int t"e bree2e r by Js6 pin$J air int t"e ba$. Fi'' t"e p'asti6 ba$ "a'! t t"ree-! (rt"s !('' ! $reen 'ea!y )e$etati n. .e s(re t rem )e a'' "ard sti64s r s"arp spines t"at mi$"t p(n6t(re t"e ba$.
CAUTION D n t (se p is n (s )e$etati n. It 7i'' pr )ide p is n (s 'i5(id.

#'a6e a sma'' r 64 r simi'ar item in t"e ba$. 0' se t"e ba$ and tie t"e m (t" se6(re'y as 6' se t t"e end ! t"e ba$ as p ssib'e t 4eep t"e ma@im(m am (nt ! air spa6e. I! y ( "a)e a pie6e ! t(bin$3 a sma'' stra73 r a " '' 7 reed3 insert ne end in t"e m (t" ! t"e ba$ be! re y ( tie it se6(re'y. -"en tie !! r p'($ t"e t(bin$ s t"at air 7i'' n t es6ape. -"is t(bin$ 7i'' a'' 7 y ( t drain (t 6 ndensed 7ater 7it" (t (ntyin$ t"e ba$. #'a6e t"e ba$3 m (t" d 7n"i''3 n a s' pe in !('' s(n'i$"t. # siti n t"e m (t" ! t"e ba$ s'i$"t'y "i$"er t"an t"e ' 7 p int in t"e ba$. Sett'e t"e ba$ in p'a6e s t"at t"e r 64 7 r4s itse'! int t"e ' 7 p int in t"e ba$.
- $et t"e 6 ndensed 7ater !r m t"e sti''3 ' sen t"e tie ar (nd t"e ba$Gs m (t" and tip t"e ba$ s t"at t"e 7ater 6 ''e6ted ar (nd t"e r 64 7i'' drain (t. -"en retie t"e m (t" se6(re'y and rep siti n t"e sti'' t a'' 7 !(rt"er 6 ndensati n. 0"an$e t"e )e$etati n in t"e ba$ a!ter e@tra6tin$ m st ! t"e 7ater !r m it. -"is 7i'' ens(re ma@im(m (tp(t ! 7ater.
Be%"0/&" #( Sti%%
- ma4e a be' 7$r (nd sti''3 y ( need a di$$in$ t and a r 64 DFi$(re 6-7E. '3 a 6 ntainer3 a 6'ear p'asti6 s"eet3 a drin4in$ t(be3
Se'e6t a site 7"ere y ( be'ie)e t"e s i' 7i'' 6 ntain m ist(re Ds(6" as a dry stream bed r a ' 7 sp t 7"ere rain7ater "as 6 ''e6tedE. -"e s i' at t"is site s" ('d be easy t di$3 and s(n'i$"t m(st "it t"e site m st ! t"e day. - 6 nstr(6t t"e sti''-
Di$ a b 7'-s"aped " 'e ab (t 1 meter a6r ss and 6= 6entimeters deep. Di$ a s(mp in t"e 6enter ! t"e " 'e. -"e s(mpGs dept" and perimeter 7i'' depend n t"e si2e ! t"e 6 ntainer t"at y ( "a)e t p'a6e in it. -"e b tt m ! t"e s(mp s" ('d a'' 7 t"e 6 ntainer t stand (pri$"t. An6" r t"e t(bin$ t t"e 6 ntainerGs b tt m by ! rmin$ a ' se )er"and 4n t in t"e t(bin$. #'a6e t"e 6 ntainer (pri$"t in t"e s(mp. ,@tend t"e (nan6" red end ! t"e t(bin$ (p3 )er3 and bey nd t"e 'ip ! t"e " 'e. #'a6e t"e p'asti6 s"eet )er t"e " 'e3 6 )erin$ its ed$es 7it" s i' t " 'd it in p'a6e. #'a6e a r 64 in t"e 6enter ! t"e p'asti6 s"eet. L 7er t"e p'asti6 s"eet int t"e " 'e (nti' it is ab (t 8= 6entimeters be' 7 $r (nd 'e)e'. It n 7 ! rms an in)erted 6 ne 7it" t"e r 64 at its ape@. Ma4e s(re t"at t"e 6 neGs ape@ is dire6t'y )er y (r 6 ntainer. A's ma4e s(re t"e p'asti6 6 ne d es n t t (6" t"e sides ! t"e " 'e be6a(se t"e eart" 7i'' abs rb t"e 6 ndensed 7ater. #(t m re s i' n t"e ed$es ! t"e p'asti6 t " 'd it se6(re'y in p'a6e and t pre)ent t"e ' ss ! m ist(re. #'($ t"e t(be 7"en n t in (se s t"at t"e m ist(re 7i'' n t e)ap rate.
Y ( 6an drin4 7ater 7it" (t dist(rbin$ t"e sti'' by (sin$ t"e t(be as a stra7. Y ( may 7ant t (se p'ants in t"e " 'e as a m ist(re s (r6e. I! s 3 di$ (t additi na' s i' !r m t"e sides ! t"e " 'e t ! rm a s' pe n 7"i6" t p'a6e t"e p'ants. -"en pr 6eed as ab )e. I! p ''(ted 7ater is y (r n'y m ist(re s (r6e3 di$ a sma'' tr ($" (tside t"e " 'e ab (t 2: 6entimeters !r m t"e sti''Gs 'ip DFi$(re 6-;E. Di$ t"e tr ($" ab (t 2: 6entimeters deep and ; 6entimeters 7ide. # (r t"e p ''(ted 7ater in t"e tr ($". .e s(re y ( d n t spi'' any p ''(ted 7ater ar (nd t"e rim ! t"e " 'e 7"ere t"e p'asti6 s"eet t (6"es t"e s i'. -"e tr ($" " 'ds t"e p ''(ted 7ater and t"e s i' !i'ters it as t"e sti'' dra7s it. -"e 7ater t"en 6 ndenses n t"e p'asti6 and drains int t"e 6 ntainer. -"is pr 6ess 7 r4s e@treme'y 7e'' 7"en y (r n'y 7ater s (r6e is sa't 7ater.
Y ( 7i'' need at 'east t"ree sti''s t meet y (r indi)id(a' dai'y 7ater inta4e needs.
3AT R PURI'ICATION
Rain7ater 6 ''e6ted in 6'ean 6 ntainers r in p'ants is (s(a''y sa!e ! r drin4in$. 1 7e)er3 p(ri!y 7ater !r m 'a4es3 p nds3 s7amps3 sprin$s3 r streams3 espe6ia''y t"e 7ater near "(man sett'ements r in t"e tr pi6s. &"en p ssib'e3 p(ri!y a'' 7ater y ( $ t !r m )e$etati n r !r m t"e $r (nd by (sin$ i dine r 6"' rine3 r by b i'in$. #(ri!y 7ater by-
Usin$ 7ater p(ri!i6ati n tab'ets. DF '' 7 t"e dire6ti ns pr )ided.E #'a6in$ : dr ps ! 2 per6ent tin6t(re ! i dine in a 6anteen !('' ! 6'ear 7ater. I! t"e 6anteen is !('' ! 6' (dy r 6 'd 7ater3 (se 1= dr ps. DLet t"e 6anteen ! 7ater stand ! r %= min(tes be! re drin4in$.E . i'in$ 7ater ! r 1 min(te at sea 'e)e'3 addin$ 1 min(te ! r ea6" additi na' %== meters ab )e sea 'e)e'3 r b i' ! r 1= min(tes n matter 7"ere y ( are.
.y drin4in$ n np tab'e 7ater y ( may 6 ntra6t diseases r s7a'' 7 r$anisms t"at 6an "arm y (. ,@amp'es ! s(6" diseases r r$anisms are-
<ysentery. Se)ere3 pr ' n$ed diarr"ea 7it" b' dy st 's3 !e)er3 and 7ea4ness. 1holera and typhoid. Y ( may be s(s6eptib'e t t"ese diseases re$ard'ess ! in 6('ati ns. -lukes. Sta$nant3 p ''(ted 7ater--espe6ia''y in tr pi6a' areas-- !ten 6 ntains b' d !'(4es. I! y ( s7a'' 7 !'(4es3 t"ey 7i'' b re int t"e b' dstream3 'i)e as parasites3 and 6a(se disease. Leeches. I! y ( s7a'' 7 a 'ee6"3 it 6an " 4 nt t"e t"r at passa$e r inside t"e n se. It 7i'' s(64 b' d3 6reate a 7 (nd3 and m )e t an t"er area. ,a6" b'eedin$ 7 (nd may be6 me in!e6ted.
3AT R 'ILTRATION , VIC S

I! t"e 7ater y ( !ind is a's m(ddy3 sta$nant3 and ! (' sme''in$3 y ( 6an 6'ear t"e 7ater-
.y p'a6in$ it in a 6 ntainer and 'ettin$ it stand ! r 12 " (rs. .y p (rin$ it t"r ($" a !i'terin$ system.
8ote9 These procedures only clear the water and make it more palatable. @ou will have to puri!y it. - ma4e a !i'terin$ system3 p'a6e se)era' 6entimeters r 'ayers ! !i'terin$ materia' s(6" as sand3 6r(s"ed r 643 6"ar6 a'3 r 6' t" in bamb 3 a " '' 7 ' $3 r an arti6'e ! 6' t"in$ DFi$(re 6-<E.
Rem )e t"e d r !r m 7ater by addin$ 6"ar6 a' !r m y (r !ire. Let t"e 7ater stand ! r 8: min(tes be! re drin4in$ it.
CHAPTER ; - FIRECRAFT
In many survival situations" the ability to start a !ire can make the di!!erence between living and dying. -ire can !ul!ill many needs. It can provide warmth and com!ort. It not only cooks and preserves !ood" it also provides warmth in the !orm o! heated !ood that saves calories our body normally uses to produce body heat. @ou can use !ire to puri!y water" sterili*e bandages" signal !or rescue" and provide protection !rom animals. It can be a psychological boost by providing peace o! mind and companionship. @ou can also use !ire to produce tools and weapons. -ire can cause problems" as well. The enemy can detect the smoke and light it produces. It can cause !orest !ires or destroy essential e)uipment. -ire can also cause burns carbon mono+ide poisoning when used in shelters. Remember weigh your need !or !ire against your need to avoid enemy detection.
#ASIC 'IR PRINCIPL S

- b(i'd a !ire3 it "e'ps t (nderstand t"e basi6 prin6ip'es ! a !ire. F(e' Din a n n$ase (s stateE d es n t b(rn dire6t'y. &"en y ( app'y "eat t a !(e'3 it pr d(6es a $as. -"is $as3 6 mbined 7it" @y$en in t"e air3 b(rns. Understandin$ t"e 6 n6ept ! t"e !ire trian$'e is )ery imp rtant in 6 rre6t'y 6 nstr(6tin$ and maintainin$ a !ire. -"e t"ree sides ! t"e trian$'e represent air" heat" and !uel. I! y ( rem )e any ! t"ese3 t"e !ire 7i'' $ (t. -"e 6 rre6t rati ! t"ese 6 mp nents is )ery imp rtant ! r a !ire t b(rn at its $reatest 6apabi'ity. -"e n'y 7ay t 'earn t"is rati is t pra6ti6e.
SIT S L CTION AN, PR PARATION

Y ( 7i'' "a)e t de6ide 7"at site and arran$ement t (se. .e! re b(i'din$ a !ire 6 nsider-
-"e area Dterrain and 6'imateE in 7"i6" y ( are peratin$. -"e materia's and t 's a)ai'ab'e. -imeL " 7 m(6" time y ( "a)eH NeedL 7"y y ( need a !ireH Se6(rityL " 7 6' se is t"e enemyH
4 ! r a dry sp t t"at-
Is pr te6ted !r m t"e 7ind. Is s(itab'y p'a6ed in re'ati n t y (r s"e'ter Di! anyE. &i'' 6 n6entrate t"e "eat in t"e dire6ti n y ( desire. d r t"er !(e' a)ai'ab'e. DSee Fi$(re 7-8 ! r types ! materia' y ( 6an (se.E
1as a s(pp'y ! 7
I! y ( are in a 7 ded r br(s"-6 )ered area3 6'ear t"e br(s" and s6rape t"e s(r!a6e s i' !r m t"e sp t y ( "a)e se'e6ted. 0'ear a 6ir6'e at 'east 1 meter in diameter s t"ere is 'itt'e 6"an6e ! t"e !ire spreadin$. I! time a'' 7s3 6 nstr(6t a !ire 7a'' (sin$ ' $s r r 64s. -"is 7a'' 7i'' "e'p t re!'e6t r dire6t t"e "eat 7"ere y ( 7ant it DFi$(re 7-1E. It 7i'' a's red(6e !'yin$ spar4s and 6(t d 7n n t"e am (nt ! 7ind b' 7in$ int t"e !ire. 1 7e)er3 y ( 7i'' need en ($" 7ind t 4eep t"e !ire b(rnin$. CAUTION D n t (se 7et r p r (s r 64s as t"ey may e@p' de 7"en "eated.
In s me sit(ati ns3 y ( may !ind t"at an (nder$r (nd !irep'a6e 7i'' best meet y (r needs. It 6 n6ea's t"e !ire and ser)es 7e'' ! r 6 4in$ ! d. - ma4e an (nder$r (nd !irep'a6e r Da4 ta !ire " 'e DFi$(re 7-2E-
Di$ a " 'e in t"e $r (nd. /n t"e (p7ind side ! t"is " 'e3 p 4e r di$ a 'ar$e 6 nne6tin$ " 'e ! r )enti'ati n. .(i'd y (r !ire in t"e " 'e as i''(strated.
I! y ( are in a sn 7-6 )ered area3 (se $reen ' $s t ma4e a dry base ! r y (r !ire DFi$(re 7-%E. -rees 7it" 7rist-si2ed tr(n4s are easi'y br 4en in e@treme 6 'd. 0(t r brea4 se)era' $reen ' $s and 'ay t"em side by side n t p ! t"e sn 7. Add ne r t7 m re 'ayers. Lay t"e t p 'ayer ! ' $s pp site t" se be' 7 it.
'IR 0AT RIAL S L CTION

Y ( need t"ree types ! materia's DFi$(re 7-8E t b(i'd a !ire--tinder3 4ind'in$3 and !(e'. -inder is dry materia' t"at i$nites 7it" 'itt'e "eat--a spar4 starts a !ire. -"e tinder m(st be abs '(te'y dry t be s(re A(st a spar4 7i'' i$nite it. I! y ( n'y "a)e a de)i6e t"at $enerates spar4s3 6"arred 6' t" 7i'' be a'm st essentia'. It " 'ds a spar4 ! r ' n$ peri ds3 a'' 7in$ y ( t p(t tinder n t"e " t area t $enerate a sma'' !'ame. Y ( 6an ma4e 6"arred 6' t" by "eatin$ 6 tt n 6' t" (nti' it t(rns b'a643 b(t d es n t b(rn. /n6e it is b'a643 y ( m(st 4eep it in an airti$"t 6 ntainer t 4eep it dry. #repare t"is 6' t" 7e'' in ad)an6e ! any s(r)i)a' sit(ati n. Add it t y (r indi)id(a' s(r)i)a' 4it. 9ind'in$ is readi'y 6 mb(stib'e materia' t"at y ( add t t"e b(rnin$ tinder. A$ain3 t"is materia' s" ('d be abs '(te'y dry t ens(re rapid b(rnin$. 9ind'in$ in6reases t"e !ireGs temperat(re s t"at it 7i'' i$nite 'ess 6 mb(stib'e materia'. F(e' is 'ess 6 mb(stib'e materia' t"at b(rns s' 7'y and steadi'y n6e i$nited.
.O3 TO #UIL, A 'IR

-"ere are se)era' met" ds ! r 'ayin$ a !ire3 ea6" ! 7"i6" "as ad)anta$es. -"e sit(ati n y ( !ind y (rse'! in 7i'' determine 7"i6" !ire t (se.
Tepee
- ma4e t"is !ire DFi$(re 7-:E3 arran$e t"e tinder and a !e7 sti64s ! 4ind'in$ in t"e s"ape ! a tepee r 6 ne. Li$"t t"e 6enter. As t"e tepee b(rns3 t"e (tside ' $s 7i'' !a'' in7ard3 !eedin$ t"e !ire. -"is type ! !ire b(rns 7e'' e)en 7it" 7et 7 d.
Le!#-T"
- 'ay t"is !ire DFi$(re 7-:E3 p(s" a $reen sti64 int t"e $r (nd at a %=-de$ree an$'e. # int t"e end ! t"e sti64 in t"e dire6ti n ! t"e 7ind. #'a6e s me tinder deep (nder t"is 'ean-t sti64. Lean pie6es ! 4ind'in$ a$ainst t"e 'ean-t sti64. Li$"t t"e tinder. As t"e 4ind'in$ 6at6"es !ire !r m t"e tinder3 add m re 4ind'in$.
C&"$$-Dit-h
- (se t"is met" d DFi$(re 7-:E3 s6rat6" a 6r ss ab (t %= 6entimeters in si2e in t"e $r (nd. Di$ t"e 6r ss 7.: 6entimeters deep. #(t a 'ar$e 7ad ! tinder in t"e midd'e ! t"e 6r ss. .(i'd a 4ind'in$ pyramid ab )e t"e tinder. -"e s"a'' 7 dit6" a'' 7s air t s7eep (nder t"e tinder t pr )ide a dra!t.
P1&!*i(
- 'ay t"is !ire DFi$(re 7-:E3 p'a6e t7 sma'' ' $s r bran6"es para''e' n t"e $r (nd. #'a6e a s 'id 'ayer ! sma'' ' $s a6r ss t"e para''e' ' $s. Add t"ree r ! (r m re 'ayers ! ' $s r bran6"es3 ea6" 'ayer sma''er t"an and at a ri$"t an$'e t t"e 'ayer be' 7 it. Ma4e a starter !ire n t p ! t"e pyramid. As t"e starter !ire b(rns3 it 7i'' i$nite t"e ' $s be' 7 it. -"is $i)es y ( a !ire t"at b(rns d 7n7ard3 re5(irin$ n attenti n d(rin$ t"e ni$"t. -"ere are se)era' t"er 7ays t 'ay a !ire t"at are 5(ite e!!e6ti)e. Y (r sit(ati n and t"e materia' a)ai'ab'e in t"e area may ma4e an t"er met" d m re s(itab'e.
.O3 TO LI/.T A 'IR

A'7ays 'i$"t y (r !ire !r m t"e (p7ind side. Ma4e s(re t 'ay y (r tinder3 4ind'in$3 and !(e' s t"at y (r !ire 7i'' b(rn as ' n$ as y ( need it. I$niters pr )ide t"e initia' "eat re5(ired t start t"e tinder b(rnin$. -"ey !a'' int t7 6ate$ riesL m dern met" ds and primiti)e met" ds.
M"(e&# Meth"($
M dem i$niters (se m dem de)i6es--items 7e n rma''y t"in4 ! t start a !ire.
0atches
Ma4e s(re t"ese mat6"es are 7aterpr dependab'e stri4er pad. !. A's 3 st re t"em in a 7aterpr ! 6 ntainer a' n$ 7it" a
Con(e4 Lens
Use t"is met" d DFi$(re 7-6E n'y n bri$"t3 s(nny days. -"e 'ens 6an 6 me !r m bin 6('ars3 6amera3 te'es6 pi6 si$"ts3 r ma$ni!yin$ $'asses. An$'e t"e 'ens t 6 n6entrate t"e s(nGs rays n t"e tinder. 1 'd t"e 'ens )er t"e same sp t (nti' t"e tinder be$ins t sm 'der. *ent'y b' 7 r !an t"e tinder int !'ame3 and app'y it t t"e !ire 'ay.
0etal 0atch
#'a6e a !'at3 dry 'ea! (nder y (r tinder 7it" a p rti n e@p sed. #'a6e t"e tip ! t"e meta' mat6" n t"e dry 'ea!3 " 'din$ t"e meta' mat6" in ne "and and a 4ni!e in t"e t"er. S6rape y (r 4ni!e a$ainst t"e meta' mat6" t pr d(6e spar4s. -"e spar4s 7i'' "it t"e tinder. &"en t"e tinder starts t sm 'der3 pr 6eed as ab )e.
#attery
Use a battery t $enerate a spar4. Use ! t"is met" d depends n t"e type ! battery a)ai'ab'e. Atta6" a 7ire t ea6" termina'. - (6" t"e ends ! t"e bare 7ires t $et"er ne@t t t"e tinder s t"e spar4s 7i'' i$nite it.
/unpo%der
/!ten3 y ( 7i'' "a)e amm(niti n 7it" y (r e5(ipment. I! s 3 6are!(''y e@tra6t t"e b(''et !r m t"e s"e'' 6asin$3 and (se t"e $(np 7der as tinder. A spar4 7i'' i$nite t"e p 7der. .e e@treme'y 6are!(' 7"en e@tra6tin$ t"e b(''et !r m t"e 6ase.
P&i*iti.e Meth"($
#rimiti)e i$niters are t" se attrib(ted t (r ear'y an6est rs.
'lint and Steel

-"e dire6t spar4 met" d is t"e easiest ! t"e primiti)e met" ds t (se. -"e !'int and stee' met" d is t"e m st re'iab'e ! t"e dire6t spar4 met" ds. Stri4e a !'int r t"er "ard3 s"arp-ed$ed r 64 ed$e 7it" a pie6e ! 6arb n stee' Dstain'ess stee' 7i'' n t pr d(6e a $ d spar4E. -"is met" d re5(ires a ' se-A inted 7rist and pra6ti6e. &"en a spar4 "as 6a($"t in t"e tinder3 b' 7 n it. -"e spar4 7i'' spread and b(rst int !'ames.
'ire5Plo%
-"e !ire-p' 7 DFi$(re 7-7E is a !ri6ti n met" d ! i$niti n. Y ( r(b a "ard7 d s"a!t a$ainst a s !ter 7 d base. - (se t"is met" d3 6(t a strai$"t $r )e in t"e base and p' 7 t"e b'(nt tip ! t"e s"a!t (p and d 7n t"e $r )e. -"e p' 7in$ a6ti n ! t"e s"a!t p(s"es (t sma'' parti6'es ! 7 d !ibers. -"en3 as y ( app'y m re press(re n ea6" str 4e3 t"e !ri6ti n i$nites t"e 7 d parti6'es.
#o% and ,rill

-"e te6"ni5(e ! startin$ a !ire 7it" a b 7 and dri'' DFi$(re 7-;E is simp'e3 b(t y ( m(st e@ert m(6" e!! rt and be persistent t pr d(6e a !ire. Y ( need t"e ! '' 7in$ items t (se t"is met" dL

Socket. -"e s 64et is an easi'y $rasped st ne r pie6e ! "ard7 d r b ne 7it" a s'i$"t depressi n in ne side. Use it t " 'd t"e dri'' in p'a6e and t app'y d 7n7ard press(re. <rill. -"e dri'' s" ('d be a strai$"t3 seas ned "ard7 d sti64 ab (t 2 6entimeters in diameter and 2: 6entimeters ' n$. -"e t p end is r (nd and t"e ' 7 end b'(nt Dt pr d(6e m re !ri6ti nE. -ire board. Its si2e is (p t y (. A seas ned s !t7 d b ard ab (t 2.: 6entimeters t"i64 and 1= 6entimeters 7ide is pre!erab'e. 0(t a depressi n ab (t 2 6entimeters !r m t"e ed$e n ne side ! t"e b ard. /n t"e (nderside3 ma4e a V-s"aped 6(t !r m t"e ed$e ! t"e b ard t t"e depressi n.
?ow. -"e b 7 is a resi'ient3 $reen sti64 ab (t 2.: 6entimeters in diameter and a strin$. -"e type ! 7 d is n t imp rtant. -"e b 7strin$ 6an be any type ! 6 rda$e. Y ( tie t"e b 7strin$ !r m ne end ! t"e b 7 t t"e t"er3 7it" (t any s'a64.
- (se t"e b 7 and dri''3 !irst prepare t"e !ire 'ay. -"en p'a6e a b(nd'e ! tinder (nder t"e V-s"aped 6(t in t"e !ire b ard. #'a6e ne ! t n t"e !ire b ard. L p t"e b 7strin$ )er t"e dri'' and p'a6e t"e dri'' in t"e pre6(t depressi n n t"e !ire b ard. #'a6e t"e s 64et3 "e'd in ne "and3 n t"e t p ! t"e dri'' t " 'd it in p siti n. #ress d 7n n t"e dri'' and sa7 t"e b 7 ba64 and ! rt" t t7ir' t"e dri'' DFi$(re 7-;E. /n6e y ( "a)e estab'is"ed a sm t" m ti n3 app'y m re d 7n7ard press(re and 7 r4 t"e b 7 !aster. -"is a6ti n 7i'' $rind " t b'a64 p 7der int t"e tinder3 6a(sin$ a spar4 t 6at6". .' 7 n t"e tinder (nti' it i$nites. 8ote9 :rimitive !ire%building methods are e+haustive and re)uire practice to ensure success. HELPFUL HINTS Use n nar mati6 seas ned "ard7 d ! r !(e'3 i! p ssib'e. 0 ''e6t 4ind'in$ and tinder a' n$ t"e trai'. Add inse6t repe''ent t t"e tinder. 9eep t"e !ire7 d dry. Dry damp !ire7 d near t"e !ire. .an4 t"e !ire t 4eep t"e 6 a's a'i)e )erni$"t. 0arry 'i$"ted p(n43 7"en p ssib'e. .e s(re t"e !ire is (t be! re 'ea)in$ 6amp. D n t se'e6t 7 d 'yin$ n t"e $r (nd. It may appear t be dry b(t $enera''y d esnGt pr )ide en ($" !ri6ti n.
CHAPTER < - FOOD PROCUREMENT
A!ter water" man.s most urgent re)uirement is !ood. In contemplating virtually any hypothetical survival situation" the mind immediately turns to thoughts o! !ood. Unless the situation occurs in an arid environment" even water" which is more important to maintaining body !unctions" will almost always !ollow !ood in our initial thoughts. The survivor must remember that the three essentials o! survival%%water" !ood" and shelter%%are prioriti*ed according to the estimate o! the actual situation. This estimate must not only be timely but accurate as well. Some situations may well dictate that shelter precede both !ood and water.
ANI0ALS 'OR 'OO,

Un'ess y ( "a)e t"e 6"an6e t ta4e 'ar$e $ame3 6 n6entrate y (r e!! rts n t"e sma''er anima's3 d(e t t"eir ab(ndan6e. -"e sma''er anima' spe6ies are a's easier t prepare. Y ( m(st n t 4n 7 a'' t"e anima' spe6ies t"at are s(itab'e as ! d. Re'ati)e'y !e7 are p is n (s3 and t"ey ma4e a sma''er 'ist t remember. &"at is imp rtant is t 'earn t"e "abits and be"a)i ra' patterns ! 6'asses ! anima's. F r e@amp'e3 anima's t"at are e@6e''ent 6" i6es ! r trappin$3 t" se t"at in"abit a parti6('ar ran$e and 66(py a den r nest3 t" se t"at "a)e s me7"at !i@ed !eedin$ areas3 and t" se t"at "a)e trai's 'eadin$ !r m ne area t an t"er. Lar$er3 "erdin$ anima's3 s(6" as e'4 r 6arib (3 r am )ast areas and are s me7"at m re di!!i6('t t trap. A's 3 y ( m(st (nderstand t"e ! d 6" i6es ! a parti6('ar spe6ies. Y ( 6an3 7it" re'ati)e'y !e7 e@6epti ns3 eat anyt"in$ t"at 6ra7's3 s7ims3 7a'4s3 r !'ies. -"e !irst bsta6'e is )er6 min$ y (r nat(ra' a)ersi n t a parti6('ar ! d s (r6e. 1ist ri6a''y3 pe p'e in star)ati n sit(ati ns "a)e res rted t eatin$ e)eryt"in$ ima$inab'e ! r n (ris"ment. A pers n 7" i$n res an t"er7ise "ea't"y ! d s (r6e d(e t a pers na' bias3 r be6a(se "e !ee's it is (nappeti2in$3 is ris4in$ "is 7n s(r)i)a'. A't" ($" it may pr )e di!!i6('t at !irst3 a s(r)i) r m(st eat 7"at is a)ai'ab'e t maintain "is "ea't".
I#$e-t$
-"e m st ab(ndant 'i!e-! rm n eart"3 inse6ts are easi'y 6a($"t. Inse6ts pr )ide 6: t ;= per6ent pr tein 6 mpared t 2= per6ent ! r bee!. -"is !a6t ma4es inse6ts an imp rtant3 i! n t )er'y appeti2in$3 ! d s (r6e. Inse6ts t a) id in6'(de a'' ad('ts t"at stin$ r bite3 "airy r bri$"t'y 6 ' red inse6ts3 and 6aterpi''ars and inse6ts t"at "a)e a p(n$ent d r. A's a) id spiders and 6 mm n disease 6arriers s(6" as ti64s3 !'ies3 and m s5(it es. R ttin$ ' $s 'yin$ n t"e $r (nd are e@6e''ent p'a6es t ' 4 ! r a )ariety ! inse6ts in6'(din$ ants3 termites3 beet'es3 and $r(bs3 7"i6" are beet'e 'ar)ae. D n t )er' 4 inse6t nests n r in t"e $r (nd. *rassy areas3 s(6" as !ie'ds3 are $ d areas t sear6" be6a(se t"e inse6ts are easi'y seen. St nes3 b ards3 r t"er materia's 'yin$ n t"e $r (nd pr )ide t"e inse6ts 7it" $ d nestin$ sites. 0"e64 t"ese sites. Inse6t 'ar)ae are a's edib'e. Inse6ts s(6" as beet'es and $rass" ppers t"at "a)e a "ard (ter
s"e'' 7i'' "a)e parasites. 0 4 t"em be! re eatin$. Rem )e any 7in$s and barbed 'e$s a's . Y ( 6an eat m st inse6ts ra7. -"e taste )aries !r m ne spe6ies t an t"er. & d $r(bs are b'and3 7"i'e s me spe6ies ! ants st re " ney in t"eir b dies3 $i)in$ t"em a s7eet taste. Y ( 6an $rind a 6 ''e6ti n ! inse6ts int a paste. Y ( 6an mi@ t"em 7it" edib'e )e$etati n. Y ( 6an 6 4 t"em t impr )e t"eir taste.
W"&*$
& rms DAnnelideaE are an e@6e''ent pr tein s (r6e. Di$ ! r t"em in damp "(m(s s i' r 7at6" ! r t"em n t"e $r (nd a!ter a rain. A!ter 6apt(rin$ t"em3 dr p t"em int 6'ean3 p tab'e 7ater ! r a !e7 min(tes. -"e 7 rms 7i'' nat(ra''y p(r$e r 7as" t"emse')es (t3 a!ter 7"i6" y ( 6an eat t"em ra7.
C& $t!-e!#$
Fres"7ater s"rimp ran$e in si2e !r m =.2: 6entimeter (p t 2.: 6entimeters. -"ey 6an ! rm rat"er 'ar$e 6 ' nies in mats ! !' atin$ a'$ae r in m(d b tt ms ! p nds and 'a4es. 0ray!is" are a4in t marine ' bsters and 6rabs. Y ( 6an distin$(is" t"em by t"eir "ard e@ s4e'et n and !i)e pairs ! 'e$s3 t"e !r nt pair "a)in$ )ersi2ed pin6ers. 0ray!is" are a6ti)e at ni$"t3 b(t y ( 6an ' 6ate t"em in t"e daytime by ' 4in$ (nder and ar (nd st nes in streams. Y ( 6an a's !ind t"em by ' 4in$ in t"e s !t m(d near t"e 6"imney'i4e breat"in$ " 'es ! t"eir nests. Y ( 6an 6at6" 6ray!is" by tyin$ bits ! !!a' r interna' r$ans t a strin$. &"en t"e 6ray!is" $rabs t"e bait3 p('' it t s" re be! re it "as a 6"an6e t re'ease t"e bait. Y ( !ind sa't7ater ' bsters3 6rabs3 and s"rimp !r m t"e s(r!Gs ed$e (t t 7ater 1= meters deep. S"rimp may 6 me t a 'i$"t at ni$"t 7"ere y ( 6an s6 p t"em (p 7it" a net. Y ( 6an 6at6" ' bsters and 6rabs 7it" a baited trap r a baited " 4. 0rabs 7i'' 6 me t bait p'a6ed at t"e ed$e ! t"e s(r!3 7"ere y ( 6an trap r net t"em. L bsters and 6rabs are n 6t(rna' and 6a($"t best at ni$"t.
M"%% $)$
-"is 6'ass in6'(des 6t p(ses and !res"7ater and sa't7ater s"e''!is" s(6" as snai's3 6'ams3 m(sse's3 bi)a')es3 barna6'es3 peri7in4'es3 6"it ns3 and sea (r6"ins DFi$(re ;-1E. Y ( !ind bi)a')es simi'ar t (r !res"7ater m(sse' and terrestria' and a5(ati6 snai's 7 r'd7ide (nder a'' 7ater 6 nditi ns.
Ri)er snai's r !res"7ater peri7in4'es are p'enti!(' in ri)ers3 streams3 and 'a4es ! n rt"ern 6 ni!er (s ! rests. -"ese snai's may be pen6i' p int r $' b('ar in s"ape. In !res" 7ater3 ' 4 ! r m ''(s4s in t"e s"a'' 7s3 espe6ia''y in 7ater 7it" a sandy r m(ddy b tt m. L 4 ! r t"e narr 7 trai's t"ey 'ea)e in t"e m(d r ! r t"e dar4 e''ipti6a' s'it ! t"eir pen )a')es. Near t"e sea3 ' 4 in t"e tida' p 's and t"e 7et sand. R 64s a' n$ bea6"es r e@tendin$ as ree!s int deeper 7ater !ten bear 6'in$in$ s"e''!is". Snai's and 'impets 6'in$ t r 64s and sea7eed !r m t"e ' 7 7ater mar4 (p7ard. Lar$e snai's3 6a''ed 6"it ns3 ad"ere ti$"t'y t r 64s ab )e t"e s(r! 'ine. M(sse's (s(a''y ! rm dense 6 ' nies in r 64 p 's3 n ' $s3 r at t"e base ! b ('ders. CAUTION M(sse's may be p is n (s in tr pi6a' 2 nes d(rin$ t"e s(mmerK Steam3 b i'3 r ba4e m ''(s4s in t"e s"e''. -"ey ma4e e@6e''ent ste7s in 6 mbinati n 7it" $reens and t(bers. CAUTION D n t eat s"e''!is" t"at are n t 6 )ered by 7ater at "i$" tideK
Fi$h
Fis" represent a $ d s (r6e ! pr tein and !at. -"ey !!er s me distin6t ad)anta$es t t"e s(r)i) r r e)ader. -"ey are (s(a''y m re ab(ndant t"an mamma' 7i'd'i!e3 and t"e 7ays t $et t"em are si'ent. be s(66ess!(' at 6at6"in$ !is"3 y ( m(st 4n 7 t"eir "abits. F r instan6e3 !is" tend t !eed "ea)i'y be! re a st rm. Fis" are n t 'i4e'y t !eed a!ter a st rm 7"en t"e 7ater is m(ddy and s7 ''en. Li$"t !ten attra6ts !is" at ni$"t. &"en t"ere is a "ea)y 6(rrent3 !is" 7i'' rest in p'a6es 7"ere t"ere is an eddy3 s(6" as near r 64s. Fis" 7i'' a's $at"er 7"ere t"ere are deep p 's3 (nder )er"an$in$ br(s"3 and in and ar (nd s(bmer$ed ! 'ia$e3 ' $s3 r t"er bAe6ts t"at !!er t"em s"e'ter. -"ere are n p is n (s !res"7ater !is". 1 7e)er3 t"e 6at!is" spe6ies "as s"arp3 need'e'i4e pr tr(si ns n its d rsa' !ins and barbe's. -"ese 6an in!'i6t pain!(' p(n6t(re 7 (nds t"at 5(i64'y be6 me in!e6ted. 0 4 a'' !res"7ater !is" t 4i'' parasites. A's 6 4 sa't7ater !is" 6a($"t 7it"in a ree! r 7it"in t"e in!'(en6e ! a !res"7ater s (r6e as a pre6a(ti n. Any marine 'i!e btained !art"er (t in t"e sea 7i'' n t 6 ntain parasites be6a(se ! t"e sa't7ater en)ir nment. Y ( 6an eat t"ese ra7. 0ertain sa't7ater spe6ies ! !is" "a)e p is n (s !'es". In s me spe6ies t"e p is n 66(rs seas na''y in t"ers3 it is permanent. ,@amp'es ! p is n (s sa't7ater !is" are t"e p r6(pine !is"3 tri$$er!is"3 6 7!is"3 t" rn !is"3 i'!is"3 red snapper3 Aa643 and p(!!er DFi$(re ;-2E. -"e barra6(da3 7"i'e n t a6t(a''y p is n (s itse'!3 may transmit 6i$(atera D!is" p is nin$E i! eaten ra7.
A*phi+i!#$
Fr $s and sa'amanders are easi'y ! (nd ar (nd b dies ! !res" 7ater. Fr $s se'd m m )e !r m t"e sa!ety ! t"e 7aterGs ed$e. At t"e !irst si$n ! dan$er3 t"ey p'(n$e int t"e 7ater and b(ry t"emse')es in t"e m(d and debris. -"ere are !e7 p is n (s spe6ies ! !r $s. A) id any bri$"t'y 6 ' red !r $ r ne t"at "as a distin6t JCJ mar4 n itGs ba64. D n t 6 n!(se t ads 7it" !r $s. Y ( n rma''y !ind t ads in drier en)ir nments. Se)era' spe6ies ! t ads se6rete a p is n (s s(bstan6e t"r ($" t"eir s4in as a de!ense a$ainst atta64. -"ere! re3 t a) id p is nin$3 d n t "and'e r eat t ads. Sa'amanders are n 6t(rna'. -"e best time t 6at6" t"em is at ni$"t (sin$ a 'i$"t. -"ey 6an ran$e in si2e !r m a !e7 6entimeters t 7e'' )er 6= 6entimeters in 'en$t". L 4 in 7ater ar (nd r 64s and m(d ban4s ! r sa'amanders.
Repti%e$
Repti'es are a $ d pr tein s (r6e and re'ati)e'y easy t 6at6". Y ( s" ('d 6 4 t"em3 b(t in an emer$en6y3 y ( 6an eat t"em ra7. -"eir ra7 !'es" may transmit parasites3 b(t be6a(se repti'es are 6 'db' ded3 t"ey d n t 6arry t"e b' d diseases ! t"e 7arm-b' ded anima's. -"e b @ t(rt'e is a 6 mm n'y en6 (ntered t(rt'e t"at y ( s" ('d n t eat. It !eeds n p is n (s m(s"r ms and may b(i'd (p a "i$"'y t @i6 p is n in its !'es". 0 4in$ d es n t destr y t"is t @in. A) id t"e "a74sbi'' t(rt'e3 ! (nd in t"e At'anti6 /6ean3 be6a(se ! its p is n (s t" ra@ $'and. # is n (s sna4es3 a''i$at rs3 6r 6 di'es3 and 'ar$e sea t(rt'es present b)i (s "a2ards t t"e s(r)i) r.
Bi&($
A'' spe6ies ! birds are edib'e3 a't" ($" t"e !'a) r 7i'' )ary 6 nsiderab'y. Y ( may s4in !is"-eatin$ birds t impr )e t"eir taste. As 7it" any 7i'd anima'3 y ( m(st (nderstand birdsG 6 mm n "abits t "a)e a rea'isti6 6"an6e ! 6apt(rin$ t"em. Y ( 6an ta4e pi$e ns3 as 7e'' as s me t"er spe6ies3 !r m t"eir r st at ni$"t by "and. D(rin$ t"e nestin$ seas n3 s me spe6ies 7i'' n t 'ea)e t"e nest e)en 7"en appr a6"ed. 9n 7in$ 7"ere and 7"en t"e birds nest ma4es 6at6"in$ t"em easier DFi$(re ;-%E. .irds tend t "a)e re$('ar !'y7ays $ in$ !r m t"e r st t a !eedin$ area3 t 7ater3 and s ! rt". 0are!(' bser)ati n s" ('d re)ea' 7"ere t"ese !'y7ays are and indi6ate $ d areas ! r 6at6"in$ birds in nets stret6"ed a6r ss t"e !'y7ays DFi$(re ;-8E. R stin$ sites and 7ater" 'es are s me ! t"e m st pr misin$ areas ! r trappin$ r snarin$.
Nestin$ birds present an t"er ! d s (r6e--e$$s. Rem )e a'' b(t t7 r t"ree e$$s !r m t"e 6'(t6"3 mar4in$ t"e nes t"at y ( 'ea)e. -"e bird 7i'' 6 ntin(e t 'ay m re e$$s t !i'' t"e 6'(t6". 0 ntin(e rem )in$ t"e !res" e$$s3 'ea)in$ t"e nes y ( mar4ed.
M!**!%$
Mamma's are e@6e''ent pr tein s (r6es and3 ! r Ameri6ans3 t"e m st tasty ! d s (r6e. -"ere are s me dra7ba64s t btainin$ mamma's. In a " sti'e en)ir nment3 t"e enemy may dete6t any traps r snares p'a6ed n 'and. -"e am (nt ! inA(ry an anima' 6an in!'i6t is in dire6t pr p rti n t its si2e. A'' mamma's "a)e teet" and near'y a'' 7i'' bite in se'!-de!ense. ,)en a s5(irre' 6an in!'i6t a seri (s 7 (nd and any bite presents a seri (s ris4 ! in!e6ti n. A's 3 a m t"er 6an be e@treme'y a$$ressi)e in de!ense ! "er y (n$. Any anima' 7it" n r (te ! es6ape 7i'' !i$"t 7"en 6 rnered. A'' mamma's are edib'eI " 7e)er3 t"e p 'ar bear and bearded sea' "a)e t @i6 'e)e's ! )itamin A in t"eir 'i)ers. -"e p'atyp(s3 nati)e t A(stra'ia and -asmania3 is an e$$-'ayin$3 semia5(ati6 mamma' t"at "as p is n (s $'ands. S6a)en$in$ mamma's3 s(6" as t"e p ss(m3 may 6arry diseases.
TRAPS AN, SNAR S

F r an (narmed s(r)i) r r e)ader3 r 7"en t"e s (nd ! a ri!'e s" t 6 ('d be a pr b'em3 trappin$ r snarin$ 7i'd $ame is a $ d a'ternati)e. Se)era' 7e''-p'a6ed traps "a)e t"e p tentia' t 6at6" m(6" m re $ame t"an a man 7it" a ri!'e is 'i4e'y t s" t. - be e!!e6ti)e 7it" any type ! trap r snare3 y ( m(st-
.e !ami'iar 7it" t"e spe6ies ! anima' y ( intend t 6at6". .e 6apab'e ! 6 nstr(6tin$ a pr per trap. N t a'arm t"e prey by 'ea)in$ si$ns ! y (r presen6e.
-"ere are n 6at6"a'' traps y ( 6an set ! r a'' anima's. Y ( m(st determine 7"at spe6ies are in a $i)en area and set y (r traps spe6i!i6a''y 7it" t" se anima's in mind. L 4 ! r t"e ! '' 7in$L

R(ns and trai's. -ra64s. Dr ppin$s. 0"e7ed r r(bbed )e$etati n. Nestin$ r r stin$ sites. Feedin$ and 7aterin$ areas.
# siti n y (r traps and snares 7"ere t"ere is pr ! t"at anima's pass t"r ($". Y ( m(st determine i! it is a Jr(nJ r a Jtrai'.J A trai' 7i'' s" 7 si$ns ! (se by se)era' spe6ies and 7i'' be rat"er distin6t. A r(n is (s(a''y sma''er and 'ess distin6t and 7i'' n'y 6 ntain si$ns ! ne spe6ies. Y ( may 6 nstr(6t a per!e6t snare3 b(t it 7i'' n t 6at6" anyt"in$ i! "ap"a2ard'y p'a6ed in t"e 7 ds. Anima's "a)e beddin$ areas3 7ater" 'es3 and !eedin$ areas 7it" trai's 'eadin$ !r m ne t an t"er. Y ( m(st p'a6e snares and traps ar (nd t"ese areas t be e!!e6ti)e. F r an e)ader in a " sti'e en)ir nment3 trap and snare 6 n6ea'ment is imp rtant. It is e5(a''y imp rtant3 " 7e)er3 n t t 6reate a dist(rban6e t"at 7i'' a'arm t"e anima' and 6a(se it t a) id t"e trap. -"ere! re3 i! y ( m(st di$3 rem )e a'' !res" dirt !r m t"e area. M st anima's 7i'' instin6ti)e'y a) id a pit!a''-type trap. #repare t"e )ari (s parts ! a trap r snare a7ay !r m t"e site3 6arry t"em in3 and set t"em (p. S(6" a6ti ns ma4e it easier t a) id dist(rbin$ t"e ' 6a' )e$etati n3 t"ereby a'ertin$ t"e prey. D n t (se !res"'y 6(t3 'i)e )e$etati n t 6 nstr(6t a trap r snare. Fres"'y 6(t )e$etati n 7i'' Jb'eedJ sap t"at "as an d r t"e prey 7i'' be ab'e t sme''. It is an a'arm si$na' t t"e anima'. Y ( m(st rem )e r mas4 t"e "(man s6ent n and ar (nd t"e trap y ( set. A't" ($" birds d n t "a)e a de)e' ped sense ! sme''3 near'y a'' mamma's depend n sme'' e)en m re t"an n si$"t. ,)en t"e s'i$"test "(man s6ent n a trap 7i'' a'arm t"e prey and 6a(se it t a) id t"e area. A6t(a''y rem )in$ t"e s6ent !r m a trap is di!!i6('t b(t mas4in$ it is re'ati)e'y easy. Use t"e !'(id !r m t"e $a'' and (rine b'adders ! pre)i (s 4i''s. D n t (se "(man (rine. M(d3 parti6('ar'y !r m an area 7it" p'enty ! r ttin$ )e$etati n3 is a's $ d. Use it t 6 at y (r "ands 7"en "and'in$ t"e trap and t 6 at t"e trap 7"en settin$ it. In near'y a'' parts ! t"e 7 r'd3 anima's 4n 7 t"e sme'' ! b(rned )e$etati n and sm 4e. It is n'y 7"en a !ire is a6t(a''y b(rnin$ t"at t"ey be6 me a'armed. -"ere! re3 sm 4in$ t"e trap parts is an e!!e6ti)e means t mas4 y (r s6ent. I! ne ! t"e ab )e te6"ni5(es is n t pra6ti6a'3 and i! time permits3 a'' 7 a trap t 7eat"er ! r a !e7 days and t"en set it. D n t "and'e a trap 7"i'e it is 7eat"erin$. &"en y ( p siti n t"e trap3 6am (!'a$e it as nat(ra''y as p ssib'e t pre)ent dete6ti n by t"e enemy and t a) id a'armin$ t"e prey. -raps r snares p'a6ed n a trai' r r(n s" ('d (se 6"anne'i2ati n. - b(i'd a 6"anne'3 6 nstr(6t a !(nne'-s"aped barrier e@tendin$ !r m t"e sides ! t"e trai' t 7ard t"e trap3 7it" t"e narr 7est part nearest t"e trap. 0"anne'i2ati n s" ('d be in6 nspi6( (s t a) id a'ertin$ t"e prey. As t"e anima' $ets t t"e trap3 it 6ann t t(rn 'e!t r ri$"t and 6 ntin(es int t"e trap. Fe7 7i'd anima's 7i'' ba64 (p3 pre!errin$ t !a6e t"e dire6ti n ! tra)e'. 0"anne'i2ati n d es n t "a)e t be an impassab'e barrier. Y ( n'y "a)e t ma4e it in6 n)enient ! r t"e anima' t $ )er r t"r ($" t"e barrier. F r best e!!e6t3 t"e 6"anne'i2ati n s" ('d red(6e t"e trai'Gs 7idt" t A(st s'i$"t'y 7ider t"an t"e tar$eted anima'Gs b dy. Maintain t"is 6 nstri6ti n at 'east as !ar ba64 !r m t"e trap as t"e anima'Gs b dy 'en$t"3 t"en be$in t"e 7idenin$ t 7ard t"e m (t" ! t"e !(nne'.
U$e "5 B!it

.aitin$ a trap r snare in6reases y (r 6"an6es ! 6at6"in$ an anima'. &"en 6at6"in$ !is"3 y ( m(st bait near'y a'' t"e de)i6es. S(66ess 7it" an (nbaited trap depends n its p'a6ement in a $ d ' 6ati n. A baited trap 6an a6t(a''y dra7 anima's t it. -"e bait s" ('d be s met"in$ t"e anima' 4n 7s. -"is bait3 " 7e)er3 s" ('d n t be s readi'y a)ai'ab'e in t"e immediate area t"at t"e anima' 6an $et it 6' se by. F r e@amp'e3 baitin$ a trap 7it" 6 rn in t"e midd'e ! a 6 rn !ie'd 7 ('d n t be 'i4e'y t 7 r4. Li4e7ise3 i! 6 rn is n t $r 7n in t"e re$i n3 a 6 rn-baited trap may ar (se an anima'Gs 6(ri sity and 4eep it a'erted 7"i'e it p nders t"e stran$e ! d. Under s(6" 6ir6(mstan6es it may n t $ ! r t"e bait. /ne bait t"at 7 r4s 7e'' n sma'' mamma's is t"e pean(t b(tter !r m a mea'3 ready-t -eat DMR,E rati n. Sa't is a's a $ d bait. &"en (sin$ s(6" baits3 s6atter bits ! it ar (nd t"e trap t $i)e t"e prey a 6"an6e t samp'e it and de)e' p a 6ra)in$ ! r it. -"e anima' 7i'' t"en )er6 me s me ! its 6a(ti n be! re it $ets t t"e trap. I! y ( set and bait a trap ! r ne spe6ies b(t an t"er spe6ies ta4es t"e bait 7it" (t bein$ 6a($"t3 try t determine 7"at t"e anima' 7as. -"en set a pr per trap ! r t"at anima'3 (sin$ t"e same bait. 8ote9 0nce you have success!ully trapped an animal" you will not only gain con!idence in your ability" you also will have resupplied yoursel! with bait !or several more traps.
T&!p !#( S#!&e C"#$t& -ti"#
-raps and snares crush" choke" hang" r entangle t"e prey. A sin$'e trap r snare 7i'' 6 mm n'y in6 rp rate t7 r m re ! t"ese prin6ip'es. -"e me6"anisms t"at pr )ide p 7er t t"e trap are a'm st a'7ays )ery simp'e. -"e str($$'in$ )i6tim3 t"e ! r6e ! $ra)ity3 r a bent sap'in$Gs tensi n pr )ides t"e p 7er. -"e "eart ! any trap r snare is t"e tri$$er. &"en p'annin$ a trap r snare3 as4 y (rse'! " 7 it s" ('d a!!e6t t"e prey3 7"at is t"e s (r6e ! p 7er3 and 7"at 7i'' be t"e m st e!!i6ient tri$$er. Y (r ans7ers 7i'' "e'p y ( de)ise a spe6i!i6 trap ! r a spe6i!i6 spe6ies. -raps are desi$ned t 6at6" and " 'd r t 6at6" and 4i''. Snares are traps t"at in6 rp rate a n se t a66 mp'is" eit"er !(n6ti n.
Si"ple Snare
A simp'e snare DFi$(re ;-:E 6 nsists ! a n se p'a6ed )er a trai' r den " 'e and atta6"ed t a !irm'y p'anted sta4e. I! t"e n se is s me type ! 6 rda$e p'a6ed (pri$"t n a $ame trai'3 (se sma'' t7i$s r b'ades ! $rass t " 'd it (p. Fi'aments !r m spider 7ebs are e@6e''ent ! r " 'din$ n ses pen. Ma4e s(re t"e n se is 'ar$e en ($" t pass !ree'y )er t"e anima'Gs "ead. As t"e anima' 6 ntin(es t m )e3 t"e n se ti$"tens ar (nd its ne64. -"e m re t"e anima' str($$'es3 t"e ti$"ter t"e n se $ets. -"is type ! snare (s(a''y d es n t 4i'' t"e anima'. I! y ( (se 6 rda$e3 it may ' sen en ($" t s'ip !! t"e anima'Gs ne64. &ire is t"ere! re t"e best 6" i6e ! r a simp'e snare.
,rag Noose
Use a dra$ n se n an anima' r(n DFi$(re ;-6E. #'a6e ! r4ed sti64s n eit"er side ! t"e r(n and 'ay a st(rdy 6r ssmember a6r ss t"em. -ie t"e n se t t"e 6r ssmember and "an$ it at a "ei$"t ab )e t"e anima'Gs "ead. DN ses desi$ned t 6at6" by t"e "ead s" ('d ne)er be ' 7 en ($" ! r t"e prey t step int 7it" a ! t.E As t"e n se ti$"tens ar (nd t"e anima'Gs ne643 t"e anima' p(''s t"e 6r ssmember !r m t"e ! r4ed sti64s and dra$s it a' n$. -"e s(rr (ndin$ )e$etati n 5(i64'y 6at6"es t"e 6r ssmember and t"e anima' be6 mes entan$'ed.
T%itch5Up
A t7it6"-(p is a s(pp'e sap'in$3 7"i6"3 7"en bent )er and se6(red 7it" a tri$$erin$ de)i6e3 7i'' pr )ide p 7er t a )ariety ! snares. Se'e6t a "ard7 d sap'in$ a' n$ t"e trai'. A t7it6"-(p 7i'' 7 r4 m(6" !aster and 7it" m re ! r6e i! y ( rem )e a'' t"e bran6"es and ! 'ia$e.
T%itch5Up Snare
A simp'e t7it6"-(p snare (ses t7 ! r4ed sti64s3 ea6" 7it" a ' n$ and s" rt 'e$ DFi$(re ;-7E. .end t"e t7it6"-(p and mar4 t"e trai' be' 7 it. Dri)e t"e ' n$ 'e$ ! ne ! r4ed sti64 !irm'y int t"e $r (nd at t"at p int. ,ns(re t"e 6(t n t"e s" rt 'e$ ! t"is sti64 is para''e' t t"e $r (nd. -ie t"e ' n$ 'e$ ! t"e remainin$ ! r4ed sti64 t a pie6e ! 6 rda$e se6(red t t"e t7it6"-(p. 0(t t"e s" rt 'e$ s t"at it 6at6"es n t"e s" rt 'e$ ! t"e t"er ! r4ed sti64. ,@tend a n se )er t"e trai'. Set t"e trap by bendin$ t"e t7it6"-(p and en$a$in$ t"e s" rt 'e$s ! t"e ! r4ed sti64s. &"en an anima' 6at6"es its "ead in t"e n se3 it p(''s t"e ! r4ed sti64s apart3 a'' 7in$ t"e t7it6"-(p t sprin$ (p and "an$ t"e prey. 8ote9 <o not use green sticks !or the trigger. The sap that oo*es out could glue them together.
S!uirrel Pole
A s5(irre' p 'e is a ' n$ p 'e p'a6ed a$ainst a tree in an area s" 7in$ a ' t ! s5(irre' a6ti)ity DFi$(re ;;E. #'a6e se)era' 7ire n ses a' n$ t"e t p and sides ! t"e p 'e s t"at a s5(irre' tryin$ t $ (p r d 7n t"e p 'e 7i'' "a)e t pass t"r ($" ne r m re ! t"em. # siti n t"e n ses D: t 6 6entimeters in diameterE ab (t 2.: 6entimeters !! t"e p 'e. #'a6e t"e t p and b tt m 7ire n ses 8: 6entimeters !r m t"e t p and b tt m ! t"e p 'e t pre)ent t"e s5(irre' !r m $ettin$ its !eet n a s 'id s(r!a6e. I! t"is "appens3 t"e s5(irre' 7i'' 6"e7 t"r ($" t"e 7ire. S5(irre's are nat(ra''y 6(ri (s. A!ter an initia' peri d ! 6a(ti n3 t"ey 7i'' try t $ (p r d 7n t"e p 'e and 7i'' $et 6a($"t in a n se. -"e str($$'in$ anima' 7i'' s n !a'' !r m t"e p 'e and stran$'e. /t"er s5(irre's 7i'' s n ! '' 7 and3 in t"is 7ay3 y ( 6an 6at6" se)era' s5(irre's. Y ( 6an emp'a6e m('tip'e p 'es t in6rease t"e 6at6".
O+i6%a #ird Pole
An /Aib7a bird p 'e is a snare (sed by nati)e Ameri6ans ! r 6ent(ries DFi$(re ;-<E. - be e!!e6ti)e3 p'a6e it in a re'ati)e'y pen area a7ay !r m ta'' trees. F r best res('ts3 pi64 a sp t near !eedin$ areas3 d(stin$ areas3 r 7aterin$ " 'es. 0(t a p 'e 1.; t 2.1 meters ' n$ and trim a7ay a'' 'imbs and ! 'ia$e. D n t (se resin (s 7 d s(6" as pine. S"arpen t"e (pper end t a p int3 t"en dri'' a sma'' diameter " 'e : t 7.: 6entimeters d 7n !r m t"e t p. 0(t a sma'' sti64 1= t 1: 6entimeters ' n$ and s"ape ne end s t"at it 7i'' a'm st !it int t"e " 'e. -"is is t"e per6". #'ant t"e ' n$ p 'e in t"e $r (nd 7it" t"e p inted end (p. -ie a sma'' 7ei$"t3 ab (t e5(a' t t"e 7ei$"t ! t"e tar$eted spe6ies3 t a 'en$t" ! 6 rda$e. #ass t"e !ree end ! t"e 6 rda$e t"r ($" t"e " 'e3 and tie a s'ip n se t"at 6 )ers t"e per6". -ie a sin$'e )er"and 4n t in t"e 6 rda$e and p'a6e t"e per6" a$ainst t"e " 'e. A'' 7 t"e 6 rda$e t s'ip t"r ($" t"e " 'e (nti' t"e )er"and 4n t rests a$ainst t"e p 'e and t"e t p ! t"e per6". -"e tensi n ! t"e )er"and 4n t a$ainst t"e p 'e and per6" 7i'' " 'd t"e per6" in p siti n. Spread t"e n se )er t"e per6"3 ens(rin$ it 6 )ers t"e per6" and drapes )er n b t" sides. M st birds pre!er t rest n s met"in$ ab )e $r (nd and 7i'' 'and n t"e per6". As s n as t"e bird 'ands3 t"e per6" 7i'' !a''3 re'easin$ t"e )er-"and 4n t and a'' 7in$ t"e 7ei$"t t dr p. -"e n se 7i'' ti$"ten ar (nd t"e birdGs !eet3 6apt(rin$ it. I! t"e 7ei$"t is t "ea)y3 it 7i'' 6(t t"e birdGs !eet !!3 a'' 7in$ it t es6ape.
Noosing 3and
A n se sti64 r Jn sin$ 7andJ is (se!(' ! r 6apt(rin$ r stin$ birds r sma'' mamma's DFi$(re ;-1=E. It re5(ires a patient perat r. -"is 7and is m re a 7eap n t"an a trap. It 6 nsists ! a p 'e Das ' n$ as y ( 6an e!!e6ti)e'y "and'eE 7it" a s'ip n se ! 7ire r sti!! 6 rda$e at t"e sma'' end. - 6at6" an anima'3 y ( s'ip t"e n se )er t"e ne64 ! a r stin$ bird and p('' it ti$"t. Y ( 6an a's p'a6e it )er a den " 'e and "ide in a nearby b'ind. &"en t"e anima' emer$es !r m t"e den3 y ( Aer4 t"e p 'e t ti$"ten t"e n se and t"(s 6apt(re t"e anima'. 0arry a st (t 6'(b t 4i'' t"e prey.
Treadle Spring Snare

Use a tread'e snare a$ainst sma'' $ame n a trai' DFi$(re ;-11E. Di$ a s"a'' 7 " 'e in t"e trai'. -"en dri)e a ! r4ed sti64 D! r4 d 7nE int t"e $r (nd n ea6" side ! t"e " 'e n t"e same side ! t"e trai'. Se'e6t t7 !air'y strai$"t sti64s t"at span t"e t7 ! r4s. # siti n t"ese t7 sti64s s t"at t"eir ends en$a$e t"e ! r4s. #'a6e se)era' sti64s )er t"e " 'e in t"e trai' by p siti nin$ ne end )er t"e ' 7er " ri2 nta' sti64
and t"e t"er n t"e $r (nd n t"e t"er side ! t"e " 'e. 0 )er t"e " 'e 7it" en ($" sti64s s t"at t"e prey m(st step n at 'east ne ! t"em t set !! t"e snare. -ie ne end ! a pie6e ! 6 rda$e t a t7it6"(p r t a 7ei$"t s(spended )er a tree 'imb. .end t"e t7it6"-(p r raise t"e s(spended 7ei$"t t determine 7"ere Y ( 7i'' tie a : 6entimeter r s ' n$ tri$$er. F rm a n se 7it" t"e t"er end ! t"e 6 rda$e. R (te and spread t"e n se )er t"e t p ! t"e sti64s )er t"e " 'e. #'a6e t"e tri$$er sti64 a$ainst t"e " ri2 nta' sti64s and r (te t"e 6 rda$e be"ind t"e sti64s s t"at t"e tensi n ! t"e p 7er s (r6e 7i'' " 'd it in p'a6e. AdA(st t"e b tt m " ri2 nta' sti64 s t"at it 7i'' bare'y " 'd a$ainst t"e tri$$er. A t"e anima' p'a6es its ! t n a sti64 a6r ss t"e " 'e3 t"e b tt m " ri2 nta' sti64 m )es d 7n3 re'easin$ t"e tri$$er and a'' 7in$ t"e n se t 6at6" t"e anima' by t"e ! t. .e6a(se ! t"e dist(rban6e n t"e trai'3 an anima' 7i'' be 7ary. Y ( m(st t"ere! re (se 6"anne'i2ati n.
'igure 7 ,ead$all
-"e !i$(re 8 is a tri$$er (sed t dr p a 7ei$"t nt a prey and 6r(s" it DFi$(re ;-12E. -"e type ! 7ei$"t (sed may )ary3 b(t it s" ('d be "ea)y en ($" t 4i'' r in6apa6itate t"e prey immediate'y. 0 nstr(6t t"e
!i$(re 8 (sin$ t"ree n t6"ed sti64s. -"ese n t6"es " 'd t"e sti64s t $et"er in a !i$(re 8 pattern 7"en (nder tensi n. #ra6ti6e ma4in$ t"is tri$$er be! re-"andI it re5(ires 6' se t 'eran6es and pre6ise an$'es in its 6 nstr(6ti n.
Paiute ,ead$all
-"e #ai(te dead!a'' is simi'ar t t"e !i$(re 8 b(t (ses a pie6e ! 6 rda$e and a 6at6" sti64 DFi$(re ;-1%E. It "as t"e ad)anta$e ! bein$ easier t set t"an t"e !i$(re 8. -ie ne end ! a pie6e ! 6 rda$e t t"e ' 7er end ! t"e dia$ na' sti64. -ie t"e t"er end ! t"e 6 rda$e t an t"er sti64 ab (t : 6entimeters ' n$. -"is :-6entimeter sti64 is t"e 6at6" sti64. .rin$ t"e 6 rd "a'!7ay ar (nd t"e )erti6a' sti64 7it" t"e 6at6" sti64 at a <=-de$ree an$'e. #'a6e t"e bait sti64 7it" ne end a$ainst t"e dr p 7ei$"t3 r a pe$ dri)en int t"e $r (nd3 and t"e t"er a$ainst t"e 6at6" sti64. &"en a prey dist(rbs t"e bait sti643 it !a''s !ree3 re'easin$ t"e 6at6" sti64. As t"e dia$ na' sti64 !'ies (p3 t"e 7ei$"t !a''s3 6r(s"in$ t"e prey.
#o% Trap
A b 7 trap is ne ! t"e dead'iest traps. It is dan$er (s t man as 7e'' as anima's DFi$(re ;-18E. 6 nstr(6t t"is trap3 b(i'd a b 7 and an6" r it t t"e $r (nd 7it" pe$s. AdA(st t"e aimin$ p int as y ( an6" r t"e b 7. Las" a t $$'e sti64 t t"e tri$$er sti64. -7 (pri$"t sti64s dri)en int t"e $r (nd " 'd t"e tri$$er sti64 in p'a6e at a p int 7"ere t"e t $$'e sti64 7i'' en$a$e t"e p(''ed b 7 strin$. #'a6e a 6at6" sti64 bet7een t"e t $$'e sti64 and a sta4e dri)en int t"e $r (nd. -ie a trip 7ire r 6 rda$e t t"e 6at6" sti64 and r (te it ar (nd sta4es and a6r ss t"e $ame trai' 7"ere y ( tie it !! Das in Fi$(re ;-18E. &"en t"e prey trips t"e trip 7ire3 t"e b 7 ' ses an arr 7 int it. A n t6" in t"e b 7 ser)es t "e'p aim t"e arr 7. WARNING -"is is a 'et"a' trap. Appr a6" it 7it" 6a(ti n and !r m t"e rear n'yK
Pig Spear Sha$t

- 6 nstr(6t t"e pi$ spear s"a!t3 se'e6t a st (t p 'e ab (t 2.: meters ' n$ DFi$(re ;-1:E. At t"e sma''er end3 !irm'y 'as" se)era' sma'' sta4es. Las" t"e 'ar$e end ti$"t'y t a tree a' n$ t"e $ame trai'. -ie a 'en$t" ! 6 rda$e t an t"er tree a6r ss t"e trai'. -ie a st(rdy3 sm t" sti64 t t"e t"er end ! t"e 6 rd. Fr m t"e !irst tree3 tie a trip 7ire r 6 rd ' 7 t t"e $r (nd3 stret6" it a6r ss t"e trai'3 and tie it t a 6at6" sti64. Ma4e a s'ip rin$ !r m )ines r t"er s(itab'e materia'. ,n6ir6'e t"e trip 7ire and t"e sm t" sti64 7it" t"e s'ip rin$. ,mp'a6e ne end ! an t"er sm t" sti64 7it"in t"e s'ip rin$ and its t"er end a$ainst t"e se6 nd tree. #('' t"e sma''er end ! t"e spear s"a!t a6r ss t"e trai' and p siti n it bet7een t"e s" rt 6 rd and t"e sm t" sti64. As t"e anima' trips t"e trip 7ire3 t"e 6at6" sti64 p(''s t"e s'ip rin$ !! t"e sm t" sti64s3 re'easin$ t"e spear s"a!t t"at sprin$s a6r ss t"e trai' and impa'es t"e prey a$ainst t"e tree. WARNING -"is is a 'et"a' trap. Appr a6" it 7it" 6a(ti nK
#ottle Trap
A b tt'e trap is a simp'e trap ! r mi6e and ) 'es DFi$(re ;-16E. Di$ a " 'e %= t 8: 6entimeters deep t"at is 7ider at t"e b tt m t"an at t"e t p. Ma4e t"e t p ! t"e " 'e as sma'' as p ssib'e. #'a6e a pie6e ! bar4 r 7 d )er t"e " 'e 7it" sma'' st nes (nder it t " 'd it (p 2.: t : 6entimeters !! t"e $r (nd. Mi6e r ) 'es 7i'' "ide (nder t"e 6 )er t es6ape dan$er and !a'' int t"e " 'e. -"ey 6ann t 6'imb (t be6a(se ! t"e 7a''Gs ba647ard s' pe. Use 6a(ti n 7"en 6"e64in$ t"is trapI it is an e@6e''ent "idin$ p'a6e ! r sna4es.
*ILLIN/ , VIC S
-"ere are se)era' 4i''in$ de)i6es t"at y ( 6an 6 nstr(6t t "e'p y ( btain sma'' $ame t "e'p y ( s(r)i)e. -"e rabbit sti643 t"e spear3 t"e b 7 and arr 73 and t"e s'in$ are s(6" de)i6es.
R!++it Sti-)
/ne ! t"e simp'est and m st e!!e6ti)e 4i''in$ de)i6es is a st (t sti64 as ' n$ as y (r arm3 !r m !in$ertip t s" ('der3 6a''ed a Jrabbit sti64.J Y ( 6an t"r 7 it eit"er )er"and r sidearm and 7it" 6 nsiderab'e ! r6e. It is )ery e!!e6ti)e a$ainst sma'' $ame t"at st ps and !ree2es as a de!ense.
Spe!&
Y ( 6an ma4e a spear t 4i'' sma'' $ame and t !is". ?ab 7it" t"e spear3 d n t t"r 7 it. See spear!is"in$ be' 7.
B"0 !#( A&&"0

A $ d b 7 is t"e res('t ! many " (rs ! 7 r4. Y ( 6an 6 nstr(6t a s(itab'e s" rt-term b 7 !air'y easi'y. &"en it ' ses its sprin$ r brea4s3 y ( 6an rep'a6e it. Se'e6t a "ard7 d sti64 ab (t ne meter ' n$ t"at is !ree ! 4n ts r 'imbs. 0are!(''y s6rape t"e 'ar$e end d 7n (nti' it "as t"e same p('' as t"e sma'' end. 0are!(' e@aminati n 7i'' s" 7 t"e nat(ra' 6(r)e ! t"e sti64. A'7ays s6rape !r m t"e side t"at !a6es y (3 r t"e b 7 7i'' brea4 t"e !irst time y ( p('' it. Dead3 dry 7 d is pre!erab'e t $reen 7 d. - in6rease t"e p(''3 'as" a se6 nd b 7 t t"e !irst3 !r nt t !r nt3 ! rmin$ an JCJ 7"en )ie7ed !r m t"e side. Atta6" t"e tips ! t"e b 7s 7it" 6 rda$e and n'y (se a b 7strin$ n ne b 7. Se'e6t arr 7s !r m t"e strai$"test dry sti64s a)ai'ab'e. -"e arr 7s s" ('d be ab (t "a'! as ' n$ as t"e b 7. S6rape ea6" s"a!t sm t" a'' ar (nd. Y ( 7i'' pr bab'y "a)e t strai$"ten t"e s"a!t. Y ( 6an bend an arr 7 strai$"t by "eatin$ t"e s"a!t )er " t 6 a's. D n t a'' 7 t"e s"a!t t s6 r6" r b(m. 1 'd t"e s"a!t strai$"t (nti' it 6 's. Y ( 6an ma4e arr 7"eads !r m b ne3 $'ass3 meta'3 r pie6es ! r 64. Y ( 6an a's s"arpen and !ire "arden t"e end ! t"e s"a!t. - !ire "arden 7 d3 " 'd it )er " t 6 a's3 bein$ 6are!(' n t t b(m r s6 r6" t"e 7 d. Y ( m(st n t6" t"e ends ! t"e arr 7s ! r t"e b 7strin$. 0(t r !i'e t"e n t6"I d n t sp'it it. F'et6"in$ Daddin$ !eat"ers t t"e n t6"ed end ! an arr 7E impr )es t"e arr 7Gs !'i$"t 6"ara6teristi6s3 b(t is n t ne6essary n a !ie'd-e@pedient arr 7.
S%i#/
Y ( 6an ma4e a s'in$ by tyin$ t7 pie6es ! 6 rda$e3 ab (t si@ty 6entimeters ' n$3 at pp site ends ! a pa'm-si2ed pie6e ! 'eat"er r 6' t". #'a6e a r 64 in t"e 6' t" and 7rap ne 6 rd ar (nd t"e midd'e !in$er and " 'd in y (r pa'm. 1 'd t"e t"er 6 rd bet7een t"e ! re!in$er and t"(mb. - t"r 7 t"e r 643 spin t"e s'in$ se)era' times in a 6ir6'e and re'ease t"e 6 rd bet7een t"e t"(mb and ! re!in$er. #ra6ti6e t $ain pr !i6ien6y. -"e s'in$ is )ery e!!e6ti)e a$ainst sma'' $ame.
'IS.IN/ , VIC S
Y ( 6an ma4e y (r 7n !is"" sit(ati n. 4s3 nets and traps and (se se)era' met" ds t btain !is" in a s(r)i)a'
I*p&".i$e( Fi$hh"")$
Y ( 6an ma4e !ie'd-e@pedient !is"" 4s !r m pins3 need'es3 7ire3 sma'' nai's3 r any pie6e ! meta'. Y ( 6an a's (se 7 d3 b ne3 6 6 n(t s"e''3 t" rns3 !'int3 seas"e''3 r t rt ise s"e''. Y ( 6an a's ma4e !is"" 4s !r m any 6 mbinati n ! t"ese items DFi$(re ;-17E.
- ma4e a 7 den " 43 6(t a pie6e ! "ard7 d ab (t 2.: 6entimeters ' n$ and ab (t 6 mi''imeters in diameter t ! rm t"e s"an4. 0(t a n t6" in ne end in 7"i6" t p'a6e t"e p int. #'a6e t"e p int Dpie6e ! b ne3 7ire3 nai'E in t"e n t6". 1 'd t"e p int in t"e n t6" and tie se6(re'y s t"at it d es n t m )e (t ! p siti n. -"is is a !air'y 'ar$e " 4. - ma4e sma''er " 4s3 (se sma''er materia'. A $ r$e is a sma'' s"a!t ! 7 d3 b ne3 meta'3 r t"er materia'. It is s"arp n b t" ends and n t6"ed in t"e midd'e 7"ere y ( tie 6 rda$e. .ait t"e $ r$e by p'a6in$ a pie6e ! bait n it 'en$t"7ise. &"en t"e !is" s7a'' 7s t"e bait3 it a's s7a'' 7s t"e $ r$e.
St!)e" t
A sta4e (t is a !is"in$ de)i6e y ( 6an (se in a " sti'e en)ir nment DFi$(re ;-1;E. - 6 nstr(6t a sta4e (t3 dri)e t7 s(pp'e sap'in$s int t"e b tt m ! t"e 'a4e3 p nd3 r stream 7it" t"eir t ps A(st be' 7 t"e 7ater s(r!a6e. -ie a 6 rd bet7een t"em and s'i$"t'y be' 7 t"e s(r!a6e. -ie t7 s" rt 6 rds 7it" " 4s r $ r$es t t"is 6 rd3 ens(rin$ t"at t"ey 6ann t 7rap ar (nd t"e p 'es r ea6" t"er. -"ey s" ('d a's n t s'ip a' n$ t"e ' n$ 6 rd. .ait t"e " 4s r $ r$es.
Gi%% Net
I! a $i'' net is n t a)ai'ab'e3 y ( 6an ma4e ne (sin$ para6"(te s(spensi n 'ine r simi'ar materia' DFi$(re ;-1<E. Rem )e t"e 6 re 'ines !r m t"e s(spensi n 'ine and tie t"e easin$ bet7een t7 trees. Atta6" se)era' 6 re 'ines t t"e easin$ by d (b'in$ t"em )er and tyin$ t"em 7it" pr(si4 4n ts r $irt" "it6"es. -"e 'en$t" ! t"e desired net and t"e si2e ! t"e mes" determine t"e n(mber ! 6 re 'ines (sed and t"e spa6e bet7een t"em. Startin$ at ne end ! t"e easin$3 tie t"e se6 nd and t"e t"ird 6 re 'ines t $et"er (sin$ an )er"and 4n t. -"en tie t"e ! (rt" and !i!t"3 si@t" and se)ent"3 and s n3 (nti' y ( rea6" t"e 'ast 6 re 'ine. Y ( s" ('d n 7 "a)e a'' 6 re 'ines tied in pairs 7it" a sin$'e 6 re 'ine "an$in$ at ea6" end. Start t"e se6 nd r 7 7it" t"e !irst 6 re 'ine3 tie it t t"e se6 nd3 t"e t"ird t t"e ! (rt"3 and s n.
- 4eep t"e r 7s e)en and t re$('ate t"e si2e ! t"e mes"3 tie a $(ide'ine t t"e trees. # siti n t"e $(ide'ine n t"e pp site side ! t"e net y ( are 7 r4in$ n. M )e t"e $(ide'ine d 7n a!ter 6 mp'etin$ ea6" r 7. -"e 'ines 7i'' a'7ays "an$ in pairs and y ( a'7ays tie a 6 rd !r m ne pair t a 6 rd !r m an adA inin$ pair. 0 ntin(e tyin$ r 7s (nti' t"e net is t"e desired 7idt". -"read a s(spensi n 'ine easin$ a' n$ t"e b tt m ! t"e net t stren$t"en it. Use t"e $i'' net as s" 7n in Fi$(re ;-2=.
Fi$h T&!p$
Y ( may trap !is" (sin$ se)era' met" ds DFi$(re ;-21E. Fis" bas4ets are ne met" d. Y ( 6 nstr(6t t"em by 'as"in$ se)era' sti64s t $et"er 7it" )ines int a !(nne' s"ape. Y ( 6' se t"e t p3 'ea)in$ a " 'e 'ar$e en ($" ! r t"e !is" t s7im t"r ($".
Y ( 6an a's (se traps t 6at6" sa't7ater !is"3 as s6" 's re$('ar'y appr a6" t"e s" re 7it" t"e in6 min$ tide and !ten m )e para''e' t t"e s" re. #i64 a ' 6ati n at "i$" tide and b(i'd t"e trap at ' 7 tide. /n r 64y s" res3 (se nat(ra' r 64 p 's. /n 6 ra' is'ands3 (se nat(ra' p 's n t"e s(r!a6e ! ree!s by b' 64in$ t"e penin$s as t"e tide re6edes. /n sandy s" res3 (se sandbars and t"e dit6"es t"ey en6' se. .(i'd t"e trap as a ' 7 st ne 7a'' e@tendin$ (t7ard int t"e 7ater and ! rmin$ an an$'e 7it" t"e s" re.
Spe!&5i$hi#/
I! y ( are near s"a'' 7 7ater Dab (t 7aist deepE 7"ere t"e !is" are 'ar$e and p'enti!('3 y ( 6an spear t"em. - ma4e a spear3 6(t a ' n$3 strai$"t sap'in$ DFi$(re ;-22E. S"arpen t"e end t a p int r atta6" a 4ni!e3 Aa$$ed pie6e ! b ne3 r s"arpened meta'. Y ( 6an a's ma4e a spear by sp'ittin$ t"e s"a!t a !e7 in6"es d 7n !r m t"e end and insertin$ a pie6e ! 7 d t a6t as a spreader. Y ( t"en s"arpen t"e t7 separated "a')es t p ints. - spear !is"3 !ind an area 7"ere !is" eit"er $at"er r 7"ere t"ere is a !is" r(n. #'a6e t"e spear p int int t"e 7ater and s' 7'y m )e it t 7ard t"e !is". -"en3 7it" a s(dden p(s"3 impa'e t"e !is" n t"e stream b tt m. D n t try t 'i!t t"e !is" 7it" t"e spear3 as it 7it" pr bab'y s'ip !! and y ( 7i'' ' se itI " 'd t"e spear 7it" ne "and and $rab and " 'd t"e !is" 7it" t"e t"er. D n t t"r 7 t"e spear3 espe6ia''y i! t"e p int is a 4ni!e. Y ( 6ann t a!! rd t ' se a 4ni!e in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n. .e a'ert t t"e pr b'ems 6a(sed by 'i$"t re!ra6ti n 7"en ' 4in$ at bAe6ts in t"e 7ater.
Ch"p Fi$hi#/
At ni$"t3 in an area 7it" a $ d !is" density3 y ( 6an (se a 'i$"t t attra6t !is". -"en3 armed 7it" a ma6"ete r simi'ar 7eap n3 y ( 6an $at"er !is" (sin$ t"e ba64 side ! t"e b'ade t stri4e t"em. D n t (se t"e s"arp side as y ( 7i'' 6(t t"em in t7 pie6es and end (p ' sin$ s me ! t"e !is".
Fi$h P"i$"#
An t"er 7ay t 6at6" !is" is by (sin$ p is n. # is n 7 r4s 5(i64'y. It a'' 7s y ( t remain 6 n6ea'ed 7"i'e it ta4es e!!e6t. It a's enab'es y ( t 6at6" se)era' !is" at ne time. &"en (sin$ !is" p is n3 be s(re t $at"er a'' ! t"e a!!e6ted !is"3 be6a(se many dead !is" !' atin$ d 7nstream 6 ('d ar (se s(spi6i n. S me p'ants t"at $r 7 in 7arm re$i ns ! t"e 7 r'd 6 ntain r ten ne3 a s(bstan6e t"at st(ns r 4i''s 6 'd-b' ded anima's b(t d es n t "arm pers ns 7" eat t"e anima's. -"e best p'a6e t (se r ten ne3 r r ten ne-pr d(6in$ p'ants3 is in p nds r t"e "ead7aiters ! sma'' streams 6 ntainin$ !is". R ten ne 7 r4s 5(i64'y n !is" in 7ater 21 de$rees 0 D7= de$rees FE r ab )e. -"e !is" rise "e'p'ess'y t t"e s(r!a6e. It 7 r4s s' 7'y in 7ater 1= t 21 de$rees 0 D:= t 7= de$rees FE and is ine!!e6ti)e in 7ater be' 7 1= de$rees 0 D:= de$rees FE. -"e ! '' 7in$ p'ants3 (sed as indi6ated3 7i'' st(n r 4i'' !is"L Anamirta cocculus DFi$(re ;-2%E. -"is 7 dy )ine $r 7s in s (t"ern Asia and n is'ands ! t"e S (t" #a6i!i6. 0r(s" t"e bean-s"aped seeds and t"r 7 t"em in t"e 7ater. 1roton tiglium DFi$(re ;-2%E. -"is s"r(b r sma'' tree $r 7s in 7aste areas n is'ands ! t"e S (t" #a6i!i6. It bears seeds in t"ree an$'ed 6aps('es. 0r(s" t"e seeds and t"r 7 t"em int t"e 7ater. ?arringtonia DFi$(re ;-2%E. -"ese 'ar$e trees $r 7 near t"e sea in Ma'aya and parts ! # 'ynesia. -"ey bear a !'es"y ne-seeded !r(it. 0r(s" t"e seeds and bar4 and t"r 7 int t"e 7ater. <erris eliptica DFi$(re ;-2%E. -"is 'ar$e $en(s ! tr pi6a' s"r(bs and 7 dy )ines is t"e main s (r6e ! 6 mmer6ia''y pr d(6ed r ten ne. *rind t"e r ts int a p 7der and mi@ 7it" 7ater. -"r 7 a 'ar$e 5(antity ! t"e mi@t(re int t"e 7ater. <uboisia DFi$(re ;-2%E. -"is s"r(b $r 7s in A(stra'ia and bears 7"ite 6'(sters ! !' 7ers and berry'i4e !r(it. 0r(s" t"e p'ants and t"r 7 t"em int t"e 7ater. Tephrosia DFi$(re ;-2%E. -"is spe6ies ! sma'' s"r(bs3 7"i6" bears bean'i4e p ds3 $r 7s t"r ($" (t t"e tr pi6s. 0r(s" r br(ise b(nd'es ! 'ea)es and stems and t"r 7 t"em int t"e 7ater.
Lime. Y ( 6an $et 'ime !r m 6 mmer6ia' s (r6es and in a$ri6('t(ra' areas t"at (se 'ar$e 5(antities ! it. Y ( may pr d(6e y (r 7n by b(rnin$ 6 ra' r seas"e''s. -"r 7 t"e 'ime int t"e 7ater. 8ut husks. 0r(s" $reen "(s4s !r m b(ttern(ts r b'a64 7a'n(ts. -"r 7 t"e "(s4s int t"e 7ater.
PR PARATION O' 'IS. AN, /A0 'OR COO*IN/ AN, STORA/

Y ( m(st 4n 7 " 7 t prepare !is" and $ame ! r 6 4in$ and st ra$e in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n. Impr per 6'eanin$ r st ra$e 6an res('t in inedib'e !is" r $ame.
Fi$h
D n t eat !is" t"at appears sp i'ed. 0 sp i'a$e are-
4in$ d es n t ens(re t"at sp i'ed !is" 7i'' be edib'e. Si$ns !
S(n4en eyes. #e6('iar d r. S(spi6i (s 6 ' r. D*i''s s" ('d be red t pin4. S6a'es s" ('d be a pr n (n6ed s"ade ! $ray3 n t !aded.E Dents stay in t"e !is"Gs !'es" a!ter pressin$ it 7it" y (r t"(mb. S'imy3 rat"er t"an m ist r 7et b dy. S"arp r peppery taste.
,atin$ sp i'ed r r tten !is" may 6a(se diarr"ea3 na(sea3 6ramps3 ) mitin$3 it6"in$3 para'ysis3 r a meta''i6 taste in t"e m (t". -"ese sympt ms appear s(dden'y3 ne t si@ " (rs a!ter eatin$. Ind(6e ) mitin$ i! sympt ms appear. Fis" sp i's 5(i64'y a!ter deat"3 espe6ia''y n a " t day. #repare !is" ! r eatin$ as s n as p ssib'e a!ter 6at6"in$ it. 0(t (t t"e $i''s and 'ar$e b' d )esse's t"at 'ie near t"e spine. *(t !is" t"at is m re t"an 1= 6entimeters ' n$. S6a'e r s4in t"e !is". Y ( 6an impa'e a 7" 'e !is" n a sti64 and 6 4 it )er an pen !ire. 1 7e)er3 b i'in$ t"e !is" 7it" t"e s4in n is t"e best 7ay t $et t"e m st ! d )a'(e. -"e !ats and i' are (nder t"e s4in and3 by b i'in$3 y ( 6an sa)e t"e A(i6es ! r br t". Y ( 6an (se any ! t"e met" ds (sed t 6 4 p'ant ! d t 6 4 !is". #a64 !is" int a ba'' ! 6'ay and b(ry it in t"e 6 a's ! a !ire (nti' t"e 6'ay "ardens. .rea4 pen t"e 6'ay ba'' t $et t t"e 6 4ed !is". Fis" is d ne 7"en t"e meat !'a4es !!. I! y ( p'an t 4eep t"e !is" ! r 'ater3 sm 4e r !ry it. - prepare !is" ! r sm 4in$3 6(t !! t"e "ead and rem )e t"e ba64b ne.
S#!)e$
- s4in a sna4e3 !irst 6(t !! its "ead and b(ry it. -"en 6(t t"e s4in d 7n t"e b dy 1: t 2= 6entimeters DFi$(re ;-28E. #ee' t"e s4in ba643 t"en $rasp t"e s4in in ne "and and t"e b dy in t"e t"er and p('' apart. /n 'ar$e3 b('4y sna4es it may be ne6essary t s'it t"e be''y s4in. 0 4 sna4es in t"e same manner as sma'' $ame. Rem )e t"e entrai's and dis6ard. 0(t t"e sna4e int sma'' se6ti ns and b i' r r ast it.
Bi&($
A!ter 4i''in$ t"e bird3 rem )e its !eat"ers by eit"er p'(64in$ r s4innin$. Remember3 s4innin$ rem )es s me ! t"e ! d )a'(e. /pen (p t"e b dy 6a)ity and rem )e its entrai's3 sa)in$ t"e 6ra7 Din seed-eatin$ birdsE3 "eart3 and 'i)er. 0(t !! t"e !eet. 0 4 by b i'in$ r r astin$ )er a spit. .e! re 6 4in$ s6a)en$er birds3 b i' t"em at 'east 2= min(tes t 4i'' parasites.
S)i##i#/ !#( B t-he&i#/ G!*e

.'eed t"e anima' by 6(ttin$ its t"r at. I! p ssib'e3 6'ean t"e 6ar6ass near a stream. #'a6e t"e 6ar6ass be''y (p and sp'it t"e "ide !r m t"r at t tai'3 6(ttin$ ar (nd a'' se@(a' r$ans DFi$(re ;-2:E. Rem )e t"e m(s4 $'ands at p ints A and . t a) id taintin$ t"e meat. F r sma''er mamma's3 6(t t"e "ide ar (nd t"e b dy and insert t7 !in$ers (nder t"e "ide n b t" sides ! t"e 6(t and p('' b t" pie6es !! DFi$(re ;-26E. 8ote9 hen cutting the hide" insert the kni!e blade under the skin and turn the blade up so that only the hide gets cut. This will also prevent cutting hair and getting it on the meat.
Rem )e t"e entrai's !r m sma''er $ame by sp'ittin$ t"e b dy pen and p(''in$ t"em (t 7it" t"e !in$ers. D n t ! r$et t"e 6"est 6a)ity. F r 'ar$er $ame3 6(t t"e $(''et a7ay !r m t"e diap"ra$m. R '' t"e entrai's (t ! t"e b dy. 0(t ar (nd t"e an(s3 t"en rea6" int t"e ' 7er abd mina' 6a)ity3 $rasp t"e ' 7er intestine3 and p('' t rem )e. Rem )e t"e (rine b'adder by pin6"in$ it !! and 6(ttin$ it be' 7 t"e !in$ers. I! y ( spi'' (rine n t"e meat3 7as" it t a) id taintin$ t"e meat. Sa)e t"e "eart and 'i)er. 0(t t"ese pen and inspe6t ! r si$ns ! 7 rms r t"er parasites. A's inspe6t t"e 'i)erGs 6 ' rI it 6 ('d indi6ate a diseased anima'. -"e 'i)erGs s(r!a6e s" ('d be sm t" and 7et and its 6 ' r deep red r p(rp'e. I! t"e 'i)er appears diseased3 dis6ard it. 1 7e)er3 a diseased 'i)er d es n t indi6ate y ( 6ann t eat t"e m(s6'e tiss(e.
0(t a' n$ ea6" 'e$ !r m ab )e t"e ! t t t"e pre)i (s'y made b dy 6(t. Rem )e t"e "ide by p(''in$ it a7ay !r m t"e 6ar6ass3 6(ttin$ t"e 6 nne6ti)e tiss(e 7"ere ne6essary. 0(t !! t"e "ead and !eet. 0(t 'ar$er $ame int mana$eab'e pie6es. First3 s'i6e t"e m(s6'e tiss(e 6 nne6tin$ t"e !r nt 'e$s t t"e b dy. -"ere are n b nes r A ints 6 nne6tin$ t"e !r nt 'e$s t t"e b dy n ! (r-'e$$ed anima's. 0(t t"e "ind5(arters !! 7"ere t"ey A in t"e b dy. Y ( m(st 6(t ar (nd a 'ar$e b ne at t"e t p ! t"e 'e$ and 6(t t t"e ba'' and s 64et "ip A int. 0(t t"e 'i$aments ar (nd t"e A int and bend it ba64 t separate it. Rem )e t"e 'ar$e m(s6'es Dt"e tender' inE t"at 'ie n eit"er side ! t"e spine. Separate t"e ribs !r m t"e ba64b ne. -"ere is 'ess 7 r4 and 'ess 7ear n y (r 4ni!e i! y ( brea4 t"e ribs !irst3 t"en 6(t t"r ($" t"e brea4s. 0 4 'ar$e meat pie6es )er a spit r b i' t"em. Y ( 6an ste7 r b i' sma''er pie6es3 parti6('ar'y t" se t"at remain atta6"ed t b ne a!ter t"e initia' b(t6"erin$3 as s (p r br t". Y ( 6an 6 4 b dy r$ans s(6" as t"e "eart3 'i)er3 pan6reas3 sp'een3 and 4idneys (sin$ t"e same met" ds as ! r m(s6'e meat. Y ( 6an a's 6 4 and eat t"e brain. 0(t t"e t n$(e (t3 s4in it3 b i' it (nti' tender3 and eat it.
S*")i#/ Me!t
- sm 4e meat3 prepare an en6' s(re ar (nd a !ire DFi$(re ;-27E. -7 p n6" s snapped t $et"er 7i'' 7 r4. -"e !ire d es n t need t be bi$ r " t. -"e intent is t pr d(6e sm 4e3 n t "eat. D n t (se resin (s 7 d in t"e !ire be6a(se its sm 4e 7i'' r(in t"e meat. Use "ard7 ds t pr d(6e $ d sm 4e. -"e 7 d s" ('d be s me7"at $reen. I! it is t dry3 s a4 it. 0(t t"e meat int t"in s'i6es3 n m re t"an 6 6entimeters t"i643 and drape t"em )er a !rame7 r4. Ma4e s(re n ne ! t"e meat t (6"es an t"er pie6e. 9eep t"e p n6" en6' s(re ar (nd t"e meat t " 'd t"e sm 4e and 4eep a 6' se 7at6" n t"e !ire. D n t 'et t"e !ire $et t " t. Meat sm 4ed )erni$"t in t"is manner 7i'' 'ast ab (t 1 7ee4. -7 days ! 6 ntin( (s sm 4in$ 7i'' preser)e t"e meat ! r 2 t 8 7ee4s. #r per'y sm 4ed meat 7i'' ' 4 'i4e a dar43 6(r'ed3 britt'e sti64 and y ( 6an eat it 7it" (t !(rt"er 6 4in$. Y ( 6an a's (se a pit t sm 4e meat DFi$(re ;-2;E.
D&1i#/ Me!t
- preser)e meat by dryin$3 6(t it int 6-mi''imeter strips 7it" t"e $rain. 1an$ t"e meat strips n a ra64 in a s(nny ' 6ati n 7it" $ d air !' 7. 9eep t"e strips (t ! t"e rea6" ! anima's and 6 )er t"em t 4eep b' 7!'ies !!. A'' 7 t"e meat t dry t" r ($"'y be! re eatin$. #r per'y dried meat 7i'' "a)e a dry3 6risp te@t(re and 7i'' n t !ee' 6 ' t t"e t (6".
Othe& P&e$e&.!ti"# Meth"($

Y ( 6an a's preser)e meats (sin$ t"e !ree2in$ r brine and sa't met" ds.
'reezing
In 6 'd 6'imates3 y ( 6an !ree2e and 4eep meat inde!inite'y. Free2in$ is n t a means ! preparin$ meat. Y ( m(st sti'' 6 4 it be! re eatin$.
#rine and Salt

Y ( 6an preser)e meat by s a4in$ it t" r ($"'y in a sa't7ater s '(ti n. -"e s '(ti n m(st 6 )er t"e meat. Y ( 6an a's (se sa't by itse'!. &as" !! t"e sa't be! re 6 4in$.
CHAPTER = - SURVIVAL USE OF PLANTS
A!ter having solved the problems o! !inding water" shelter" and animal !ood" you will have to consider the use o! plants you can eat. In a survival situation you should always be on the lookout !or !amiliar wild !oods and live o!! the land whenever possible. @ou must not count on being able to go !or days without !ood as some sources would suggest. Cven in the most static survival situation" maintaining health through a complete and nutritious diet is essential to maintaining strength and peace o! mind. 8ature can provide you with !ood that will let you survive any ordeal" i! you don.t eat the wrong plant. @ou must there!ore learn as much as possible be!orehand about the !lora o! the region where you will be operating. :lants can provide you with medicines in a survival situation. :lants can supply you with weapons and raw materials to construct shelters and build !ires. :lants can even provide you with chemicals !or poisoning !ish" preserving animal hides" and !or camou!laging yoursel! and your e)uipment. 8ote9 @ou will !ind illustrations o! the plants described in this chapter in Appendi+es ? and 1.
,I#ILITY O' PLANTS

#'ants are )a'(ab'e s (r6es ! ! d be6a(se t"ey are 7ide'y a)ai'ab'e3 easi'y pr 6(red3 and3 in t"e pr per 6 mbinati ns3 6an meet a'' y (r n(triti na' needs. WARNING -"e 6riti6a' !a6t r in (sin$ p'ants ! r ! d is t a) id a66identa' p is nin$. ,at n'y t" se p'ants y ( 6an p siti)e'y identi!y and y ( 4n 7 are sa!e t eat. Abs '(te'y identi!y p'ants be! re (sin$ t"em as ! d. # is n "em' 64 "as 4i''ed pe p'e 7" mist 4 it ! r its re'ati)es3 7i'd 6arr ts and 7i'd parsnips. At times y ( may !ind y (rse'! in a sit(ati n ! r 7"i6" y ( 6 ('d n t p'an. In t"is instan6e y ( may n t "a)e "ad t"e 6"an6e t 'earn t"e p'ant 'i!e ! t"e re$i n in 7"i6" y ( m(st s(r)i)e. In t"is 6ase y ( 6an (se t"e Uni)ersa' ,dibi'ity -est t determine 7"i6" p'ants y ( 6an eat and t" se t a) id. It is imp rtant t be ab'e t re6 $ni2e b t" 6('ti)ated and 7i'd edib'e p'ants in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n. M st ! t"e in! rmati n in t"is 6"apter is dire6ted t 7ards identi!yin$ 7i'd p'ants be6a(se in! rmati n re'atin$ t 6('ti)ated p'ants is m re readi'y a)ai'ab'e. Remember t"e ! '' 7in$ 7"en 6 ''e6tin$ 7i'd p'ants ! r ! dL
#'ants $r 7in$ near " mes and 66(pied b(i'din$s r a' n$ r adsides may "a)e been sprayed 7it" pesti6ides. &as" t"em t" r ($"'y. In m re "i$"'y de)e' ped 6 (ntries 7it" many a(t m bi'es3 a) id r adside p'ants3 i! p ssib'e3 d(e t 6 ntaminati n !r m e@"a(st emissi ns.
#'ants $r 7in$ in 6 ntaminated 7ater r in 7ater 6 ntainin$ >iardia lamblia and t"er parasites are 6 ntaminated t"emse')es. . i' r disin!e6t t"em. S me p'ants de)e' p e@treme'y dan$er (s !(n$a' t @ins. - 'essen t"e 6"an6e ! a66identa' p is nin$3 d n t eat any !r(it t"at is startin$ t sp i' r s" 7in$ si$ns ! mi'de7 r !(n$(s. #'ants ! t"e same spe6ies may di!!er in t"eir t @i6 r s(bt @i6 6 mp (nds 6 ntent be6a(se ! $eneti6 r en)ir nmenta' !a6t rs. /ne e@amp'e ! t"is is t"e ! 'ia$e ! t"e 6 mm n 6" 4e6"erry. S me 6" 4e6"erry p'ants "a)e "i$" 6 n6entrati ns ! dead'y 6yanide 6 mp (nds 7"i'e t"ers "a)e ' 7 6 n6entrati ns r n ne. 1 rses "a)e died !r m eatin$ 7i'ted 7i'd 6"erry 'ea)es. A) id any 7eed3 'ea)es3 r seeds 7it" an a'm nd'i4e s6ent3 a 6"ara6teristi6 ! t"e 6yanide 6 mp (nds. S me pe p'e are m re s(s6eptib'e t $astri6 distress D!r m p'antsE t"an t"ers. I! y ( are sensiti)e in t"is 7ay3 a) id (n4n 7n 7i'd p'ants. I! y ( are e@treme'y sensiti)e t p is n i)y3 a) id pr d(6ts !r m t"is !ami'y3 in6'(din$ any parts !r m s(ma6s3 man$ es3 and 6as"e7s. S me edib'e 7i'd p'ants3 s(6" as a6 rns and 7ater 'i'y r"i2 mes3 are bitter. -"ese bitter s(bstan6es3 (s(a''y tannin 6 mp (nds3 ma4e t"em (npa'atab'e. . i'in$ t"em in se)era' 6"an$es ! 7ater 7i'' (s(a''y rem )e t"ese bitter pr perties. Many )a'(ab'e 7i'd p'ants "a)e "i$" 6 n6entrati ns ! @a'ate 6 mp (nds3 a's 4n 7n as @a'i6 a6id. /@a'ates pr d(6e a s"arp b(rnin$ sensati n in y (r m (t" and t"r at and dama$e t"e 4idneys. .a4in$3 r astin$3 r dryin$ (s(a''y destr ys t"ese @a'ate 6rysta's. -"e 6 rm Db('bE ! t"e Aa64-in-t"e-p('pit is 4n 7n as t"e JIndian t(rnip3J b(t y ( 6an eat it n'y a!ter rem )in$ t"ese 6rysta's by s' 7 ba4in$ r by dryin$.
WARNING D n t eat m(s"r ms in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati nK -"e n'y 7ay t te'' i! a m(s"r m is edib'e is by p siti)e identi!i6ati n. -"ere is n r m ! r e@perimentati n. Sympt ms ! t"e m st dan$er (s m(s"r ms a!!e6tin$ t"e 6entra' ner) (s system may s" 7 (p a!ter se)era' days "a)e passed 7"en it is t 'ate t re)erse t"eir e!!e6ts.
P%!#t I(e#ti5i-!ti"#
Y ( identi!y p'ants3 t"er t"an by mem ri2in$ parti6('ar )arieties t"r ($" !ami'iarity3 by (sin$ s(6" !a6t rs as 'ea! s"ape and mar$in3 'ea! arran$ements3 and r t str(6t(re. -"e basi6 'ea! mar$ins DFi$(re <-1E are t t"ed3 ' bed3 and t t"'ess r sm t".
-"ese 'ea)es may be 'an6e-s"aped3 e''ipti6a'3 e$$-s"aped3 b' n$3 7ed$e-s"aped3 trian$('ar3 ' n$p inted3 r t p-s"aped DFi$(re <-2E.
-"e basi6 types ! 'ea! arran$ements DFi$(re <-%E are pp site3 a'ternate3 6 mp (nd3 simp'e3 and basa' r sette.
-"e basi6 types ! r t str(6t(res DFi$(re <-8E are t"e b('b3 6' )e3 tapr t3 t(ber3 r"i2 me3 6 rm3 and 6r 7n. .('bs are !ami'iar t (s as ni ns and3 7"en s'i6ed in "a'!3 7i'' s" 7 6 n6entri6 rin$s. 0' )es are t" se b('b'i4e str(6t(res t"at remind (s ! $ar'i6 and 7i'' separate int sma'' pie6es 7"en br 4en apart. -"is 6"ara6teristi6 separates 7i'd ni ns !r m 7i'd $ar'i6. -apr ts resemb'e 6arr ts and may be sin$'er ted r bran6"ed3 b(t (s(a''y n'y ne p'ant sta'4 arises !r m ea6" r t. -(bers are 'i4e p tat es and day'i'ies and y ( 7i'' !ind t"ese str(6t(res eit"er n strin$s r in 6'(sters (nderneat" t"e parent p'ants.
R"i2 mes are 'ar$e 6reepin$ r tst 64 r (nder$r (nd stems and many p'ants arise !r m t"e JeyesJ ! t"ese r ts. 0 rms are simi'ar t b('bs b(t are s 'id 7"en 6(t rat"er t"an p ssessin$ rin$s. A 6r 7n is t"e type ! r t str(6t(re ! (nd n p'ants s(6" as aspara$(s and ' 4s m(6" 'i4e a m p"ead (nder t"e s i'Gs s(r!a6e.
Learn as m(6" as p ssib'e ab (t p'ants y ( intend t (se ! r ! d and t"eir (ni5(e 6"ara6teristi6s. S me p'ants "a)e b t" edib'e and p is n (s parts. Many are edib'e n'y at 6ertain times ! t"e year. /t"ers may "a)e p is n (s re'ati)es t"at ' 4 )ery simi'ar t t"e nes y ( 6an eat r (se ! r medi6ine.
U#i.e&$!% E(i+i%it1 Te$t

-"ere are many p'ants t"r ($" (t t"e 7 r'd. -astin$ r s7a'' 7in$ e)en a sma'' p rti n ! s me 6an 6a(se se)ere dis6 m! rt3 e@treme interna' dis rders3 and e)en deat". -"ere! re3 i! y ( "a)e t"e s'i$"test d (bt ab (t a p'antGs edibi'ity3 app'y t"e Uni)ersa' ,dibi'ity -est DFi$(re <-:E be! re eatin$ any p rti n ! it.
.e! re testin$ a p'ant ! r edibi'ity3 ma4e s(re t"ere are en ($" p'ants t ma4e t"e testin$ 7 rt" y (r time and e!! rt. ,a6" part ! a p'ant Dr ts3 'ea)es3 !' 7ers3 and s nE re5(ires m re t"an 28 " (rs t test. D n t 7aste time testin$ a p'ant t"at is n t re'ati)e'y ab(ndant in t"e area. Remember3 eatin$ 'ar$e p rti ns ! p'ant ! d n an empty st ma6" may 6a(se diarr"ea3 na(sea3 r 6ramps. -7 $ d e@amp'es ! t"is are s(6" !ami'iar ! ds as $reen app'es and 7i'd ni ns. ,)en a!ter testin$ p'ant ! d and !indin$ it sa!e3 eat it in m derati n. Y ( 6an see !r m t"e steps and time in) ')ed in testin$ ! r edibi'ity A(st " 7 imp rtant it is t be ab'e t identi!y edib'e p'ants. - a) id p tentia''y p is n (s p'ants3 stay a7ay !r m any 7i'd r (n4n 7n p'ants t"at "a)e-
Mi'4y r dis6 ' red sap. .eans3 b('bs3 r seeds inside p ds. .itter r s apy taste. Spines3 !ine "airs3 r t" rns. Di''3 6arr t3 parsnip3 r pars'ey'i4e ! 'ia$e.
JA'm ndJ s6ent in 7 dy parts and 'ea)es. *rain "eads 7it" pin43 p(rp'is"3 r b'a64 sp(rs. -"ree-'ea)ed $r 7t" pattern.
Usin$ t"e ab )e 6riteria as e'iminat rs 7"en 6" sin$ p'ants ! r t"e Uni)ersa' ,dibi'ity -est 7i'' 6a(se y ( t a) id s me edib'e p'ants. M re imp rtant3 t"ese 6riteria 7i'' !ten "e'p y ( a) id p'ants t"at are p tentia''y t @i6 t eat r t (6". An entire en6y6' pedia ! edib'e 7i'd p'ants 6 ('d be 7ritten3 b(t spa6e 'imits t"e n(mber ! p'ants presented "ere. Learn as m(6" as p ssib'e ab (t t"e p'ant 'i!e ! t"e areas 7"ere y ( train re$('ar'y and 7"ere y ( e@pe6t t be tra)e'in$ r 7 r4in$. Listed be' 7 and 'ater in t"is 6"apter are s me ! t"e m st 6 mm n edib'e and medi6ina' p'ants. Detai'ed des6ripti ns and p" t $rap"s ! t"ese and t"er 6 mm n p'ants are at Appendi@ .. TEMPERATE >ONE FOOD PLANTS

Amarant" DAmaranthus retro!le+us and t"er spe6iesE Arr 7r t DSagittaria spe6iesE Aspara$(s &Asparagus o!!icinalis' .ee6"n(t D-agus spe6iesE .'a64berries DRubus spe6iesE .'(eberries DVaccinium spe6iesE .(rd 64 &Arctium lappa' 0attai' DTypha spe6iesE 0"estn(t D1astanea spe6iesE 0"i6 ry &1ichorium intybus' 0"(!a &1yperus esculentus' Dande'i n &Tara+acum o!!icinale' Day'i'y &(emerocallis !ulva' Nett'e DUrtica spe6iesE /a4s DDuercus spe6iesE #ersimm n &<iospyros virginiana' #'antain D:lantago spe6iesE # 4e7eed &:hytolacca americana' #ri64'y pear 6a6t(s D0puntia spe6iesE #(rs'ane &:ortulaca oleracea' Sassa!ras &Sassa!ras albidum' S"eep s rre' &Rume+ acetosella' Stra7berries D-ragaria spe6iesE -"ist'e D1irsium spe6iesE &ater 'i'y and ' t(s D8uphar" 8elumbo" and t"er spe6iesE &i'd ni n and $ar'i6 DAllium spe6iesE &i'd r se DRosa spe6iesE & d s rre' D0+alis spe6iesE
TROPICAL >ONE FOOD PLANTS

.amb D?ambusa and t"er spe6iesE .ananas D/usa spe6iesE .read!r(it &Artocarpus incisa' 0as"e7 n(t &Anacardium occidental' 0 6 n(t &1ocos nuci!era' Man$ &/angi!era indica' #a'ms D)ari (s spe6iesE
#apaya D1arica spe6iesE S($ar6ane &Saccharum o!!icinarum' -ar D1olocasia spe6iesE
DESERT >ONE FOOD PLANTS
A6a6ia &Acacia !arnesiana' A$a)e DAgave spe6iesE 0a6t(s D)ari (s spe6iesE Date pa'm &:hoeni+ dactyli!era' Desert amarant" &Amaranths palmeri'
Se!0ee($
/ne p'ant y ( s" ('d ne)er )er' 4 is sea7eed. It is a ! rm ! marine a'$ae ! (nd n r near 6ean s" res. -"ere are a's s me edib'e !res"7ater )arieties. Sea7eed is a )a'(ab'e s (r6e ! i dine3 t"er minera's3 and )itamin 0. Lar$e 5(antities ! sea7eed in an (na66(st med st ma6" 6an pr d(6e a se)ere 'a@ati)e e!!e6t. &"en $at"erin$ sea7eeds ! r ! d3 !ind 'i)in$ p'ants atta6"ed t r 64s r !' atin$ !ree. Sea7eed 7as"ed ns" re any 'en$t" ! time may be sp i'ed r de6ayed. Y ( 6an dry !res"'y "ar)ested sea7eeds ! r 'ater (se. Its preparati n ! r eatin$ depends n t"e type ! sea7eed. Y ( 6an dry t"in and tender )arieties in t"e s(n r )er a !ire (nti' 6risp. 0r(s" and add t"ese t s (ps r br t"s. . i' t"i643 'eat"ery sea7eeds ! r a s" rt time t s !ten t"em. ,at t"em as a )e$etab'e r 7it" t"er ! ds. Y ( 6an eat s me )arieties ra7 a!ter testin$ ! r edibi'ity. SEAWEEDS
D('se &Rhodymenia palmata' *reen sea7eed &Ulva lactuca' Iris" m ss &1hondrus crispus' 9e'p &Alaria esculenta' La)er D:orphyra spe6iesE M Aaban &Sargassum !ulvellum' S($ar 7ra64 &Laminaria saccharina'
P&ep!&!ti"# "5 P%!#t F""(

A't" ($" s me p'ants r p'ant parts are edib'e ra73 y ( m(st 6 4 t"ers t be edib'e r pa'atab'e. ,dib'e means t"at a p'ant r ! d 7i'' pr )ide y ( 7it" ne6essary n(trients3 7"i'e pa'atab'e means t"at it a6t(a''y is p'easin$ t eat. Many 7i'd p'ants are edib'e b(t bare'y pa'atab'e. It is a $ d idea t 'earn t identi!y3 prepare3 and eat 7i'd ! ds. Met" ds (sed t impr )e t"e taste ! p'ant ! d in6'(de s a4in$3 b i'in$3 6 4in$3 r 'ea6"in$. Lea6"in$ is d ne by 6r(s"in$ t"e ! d D! r e@amp'e3 a6 rnsE3 p'a6in$ it in a strainer3 and p (rin$ b i'in$ 7ater t"r ($" it r immersin$ it in r(nnin$ 7ater. . i' 'ea)es3 stems3 and b(ds (nti' tender3 6"an$in$ t"e 7ater3 i! ne6essary3 t rem )e any bitterness. . i'3 ba4e3 r r ast t(bers and r ts. Dryin$ "e'ps t rem )e 6a(sti6 @a'ates !r m s me r ts 'i4e t" se in t"e Arum !ami'y.
Lea6" a6 rns in 7ater3 i! ne6essary3 t rem )e t"e bitterness. S me n(ts3 s(6" as 6"estn(ts3 are $ d ra73 b(t taste better r asted. Y ( 6an eat many $rains and seeds ra7 (nti' t"ey mat(re. &"en "ard r dry3 y ( may "a)e t b i' r $rind t"em int mea' r !' (r. -"e sap !r m many trees3 s(6" as map'es3 bir6"es3 7a'n(ts3 and sy6am res3 6 ntains s($ar. Y ( may b i' t"ese saps d 7n t a syr(p ! r s7eetenin$. It ta4es ab (t %: 'iters ! map'e sap t ma4e ne 'iter ! map'e syr(pK
PLANTS 'OR 0 ,ICIN

In a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n y ( 7i'' "a)e t (se 7"at is a)ai'ab'e. In (sin$ p'ants and t"er nat(ra' remedies3 p siti)e identi!i6ati n ! t"e p'ants in) ')ed is as 6riti6a' as in (sin$ t"em ! r ! d. #r per (se ! t"ese p'ants is e5(a''y imp rtant.
Te&*$ !#( De5i#iti"#$

-"e ! '' 7in$ terms3 and t"eir de!initi ns3 are ass 6iated 7it" medi6ina' p'ant (seL

:oultice. -"e name $i)en t 6r(s"ed 'ea)es r t"er p'ant parts3 p ssib'y "eated3 t"at y ( app'y t a 7 (nd r s re eit"er dire6t'y r 7rapped in 6' t" r paper. In!usion or tisane or tea. -"e preparati n ! medi6ina' "erbs ! r interna' r e@terna' app'i6ati n. Y ( p'a6e a sma'' 5(antity ! a "erb in a 6 ntainer3 p (r " t 7ater )er it3 and 'et it steep D6 )ered r (n6 )eredE be! re (se. <ecoction. -"e e@tra6t ! a b i'ed d 7n r simmered "erb 'ea! r r t. Y ( add "erb 'ea! r r t t 7ater. Y ( brin$ t"em t a s(stained b i' r simmer t dra7 t"eir 6"emi6a's int t"e 7ater. -"e a)era$e rati is ab (t 2; t :6 $rams D1 t 2 (n6esE ! "erb t =.: 'iter ! 7ater. C+pressed $uice. Li5(ids r saps s5(ee2ed !r m p'ant materia' and eit"er app'ied t t"e 7 (nd r made int an t"er medi6ine.
Many nat(ra' remedies 7 r4 s' 7er t"an t"e medi6ines y ( 4n 7. -"ere! re3 start 7it" sma''er d ses and a'' 7 m re time ! r t"em t ta4e e!!e6t. Nat(ra''y3 s me 7i'' a6t m re rapid'y t"an t"ers.
Spe-i5i- Re*e(ie$
-"e ! '' 7in$ remedies are ! r (se n'y in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n3 n t ! r r (tine (seL
<iarrhea. Drin4 tea made !r m t"e r ts ! b'a64berries and t"eir re'ati)es t st p diarr"ea. &"ite a4 bar4 and t"er bar4s 6 ntainin$ tannin are a's e!!e6ti)e. 1 7e)er3 (se t"em 7it" 6a(ti n 7"en n t"in$ e'se is a)ai'ab'e be6a(se ! p ssib'e ne$ati)e e!!e6ts n t"e 4idneys. Y ( 6an a's st p diarr"ea by eatin$ 7"ite 6'ay r 6amp!ire as"es. -ea made !r m 6 7berry r 6ranberry r "a2e' 'ea)es 7 r4s t . Antihemorrhagics. Ma4e medi6ati ns t st p b'eedin$ !r m a p ('ti6e ! t"e p(!!ba'' m(s"r m3 !r m p'antain 'ea)es3 r m st e!!e6ti)e'y !r m t"e 'ea)es ! t"e 6 mm n yarr 7 r 7 (nd7 rt &Achillea mille!olium'. Antiseptics. Use t 6'eanse 7 (nds3 s res3 r ras"es. Y ( 6an ma4e t"em !r m t"e e@pressed A(i6e !r m 7i'd ni n r $ar'i63 r e@pressed A(i6e !r m 6"i647eed 'ea)es r t"e 6r(s"ed 'ea)es ! d 64. Y ( 6an a's ma4e antisepti6s !r m a de6 6ti n ! b(rd 64 r t3 ma'' 7 'ea)es r r ts3 r 7"ite a4 bar4. A'' t"ese medi6ati ns are ! r e@terna' (se n'y. -evers. -reat a !e)er 7it" a tea made !r m 7i'' 7 bar43 an in!(si n ! e'der !' 7ers r !r(it3 'inden !' 7er tea3 r e'm bar4 de6 6ti n. 1olds and sore throats. -reat t"ese i''nesses 7it" a de6 6ti n made !r m eit"er p'antain 'ea)es r 7i'' 7 bar4. Y ( 6an a's (se a tea made !r m b(rd 64 r ts3 ma'' 7 r m(''ein !' 7ers r r ts3 r mint 'ea)es.
Aches" pains" and sprains. -reat 7it" e@terna''y app'ied p ('ti6es ! d 643 p'antain3 6"i647eed3 7i'' 7 bar43 $ar'i63 r s rre'. Y ( 6an a's (se sa')es made by mi@in$ t"e e@pressed A(i6es ! t"ese p'ants in anima' !at r )e$etab'e i's. Itching. Re'ie)e t"e it6" !r m inse6t bites3 s(nb(rn3 r p'ant p is nin$ ras"es by app'yin$ a p ('ti6e ! Ae7e'7eed &Impatiens bi!lora' r 7it6" "a2e' 'ea)es &(amamelis virginiana'. -"e Ae7e'7eed A(i6e 7i'' "e'p 7"en app'ied t p is n i)y ras"es r inse6t stin$s. It 7 r4s n s(nb(rn as 7e'' as a' e )era. Sedatives. *et "e'p in !a''in$ as'eep by bre7in$ a tea made !r m mint 'ea)es r passi n!' 7er 'ea)es. (emorrhoids. -reat t"em 7it" e@terna' 7as"es !r m e'm bar4 r a4 bar4 tea3 !r m t"e e@pressed A(i6e ! p'antain 'ea)es3 r !r m a S ' m nGs sea' r t de6 6ti n. 1onstipation. Re'ie)e 6 nstipati n by drin4in$ de6 6ti ns !r m dande'i n 'ea)es3 r se "ips3 r 7a'n(t bar4. ,atin$ ra7 day'i'y !' 7ers 7i'' a's "e'p. orms or intestinal parasites. Usin$ m derati n3 treat 7it" tea made !r m tansy &Tanacetum vulgare' r !r m 7i'd 6arr t 'ea)es. >as and cramps. Use a tea made !r m 6arr t seeds as an anti!'at('entI (se tea made !r m mint 'ea)es t sett'e t"e st ma6". Anti!ungal washes. Ma4e a de6 6ti n ! 7a'n(t 'ea)es r a4 bar4 r a6 rns t treat rin$7 rm and at"'eteGs ! t. App'y !re5(ent'y t t"e site3 a'ternatin$ 7it" e@p s(re t dire6t s(n'i$"t.
MISCELLANEOUS USES OF PLANTS Ma4e dyes !r m )ari (s p'ants t 6 ' r 6' t"in$ r t 6am (!'a$e y (r s4in. Us(a''y3 y ( 7i'' "a)e t b i' t"e p'ants t $et t"e best res('ts. /ni n s4ins pr d(6e ye'' 73 7a'n(t "(''s pr d(6e br 7n3 and p 4eberries pr )ide a p(rp'e dye.
Ma4e !ibers and 6 rda$e !r m p'ant !ibers. M st 6 mm n'y (sed are t"e stems !r m nett'es and mi'47eeds3 y(66a p'ants3 and t"e inner bar4 ! trees 'i4e t"e 'inden.
Ma4e !is" p is n by immersin$ 7a'n(t "(''s in a sma'' area ! 5(iet 7ater. -"is p is n ma4es it imp ssib'e ! r t"e !is" t breat"e b(t d esnGt ad)erse'y a!!e6t t"eir edibi'ity.
Ma4e tinder ! r startin$ !ires !r m 6attai' !'(!!3 6edar bar43 'i$"ter 4n t 7 trees3 r "ardened sap !r m resin (s 7 d trees.
d !r m pine
Ma4e ins('ati n by !'(!!in$ (p !ema'e 6attai' "eads r mi'47eed d 7n.
Ma4e inse6t repe''ents by app'yin$ t"e e@pressed A(i6e ! 7i'd $ar'i6 r ni n t t"e s4in3 by p'a6in$ sassa!ras 'ea)es in y (r s"e'ter3 r by b(rnin$ r sm(d$in$ 6attai' seed "air !ibers. #'ants 6an be y (r a''y as ' n$ as y ( (se t"em 6a(ti (s'y. The key to the sa!e use o! plants is positive identi!ication 7"et"er y ( (se t"em as ! d r medi6ine r in 6 nstr(6tin$ s"e'ters r e5(ipment.
CHAPTER 1? - POISONOUS PLANTS
Success!ul use o! plants in a survival situation depends on positive identi!ication. Anowing poisonous plants is as important to a survivor as knowing edible plants. Anowing the poisonous plants will help you avoid sustaining in$uries !rom them.
.O3 PLANTS POISON

#'ants $enera''y p is n by-
Ingestion. &"en a pers n eats a part ! a p is n (s p'ant. 1ontact. &"en a pers n ma4es 6 nta6t 7it" a p is n (s p'ant t"at 6a(ses any type ! s4in irritati n r dermatitis. Absorption or inhalation. &"en a pers n eit"er abs rbs t"e p is n t"r ($" t"e s4in r in"a'es it int t"e respirat ry system.
#'ant p is nin$ ran$es !r m min r irritati n t deat". A 6 mm n 5(esti n as4ed is3 J1 7 p is n (s is t"is p'antHJ It is di!!i6('t t say " 7 p is n (s p'ants are be6a(se-
S me p'ants re5(ire 6 nta6t 7it" a 'ar$e am (nt ! t"e p'ant be! re n ti6in$ any ad)erse rea6ti n 7"i'e t"ers 7i'' 6a(se deat" 7it" n'y a sma'' am (nt. ,)ery p'ant 7i'' )ary in t"e am (nt ! t @ins it 6 ntains d(e t di!!erent $r 7in$ 6 nditi ns and s'i$"t )ariati ns in s(bspe6ies. ,)ery pers n "as a di!!erent 'e)e' ! resistan6e t t @i6 s(bstan6es. S me pers ns may be m re sensiti)e t a parti6('ar p'ant.
S me 6 mm n mis6 n6epti ns ab (t p is n (s p'ants are-
atch the animals and eat what they eat. M st ! t"e time t"is statement is tr(e3 b(t s me anima's 6an eat p'ants t"at are p is n (s t "(mans. ?oil the plant in water and any poisons will be removed. . i'in$ rem )es many p is ns3 b(t n t a''. :lants with a red color are poisonous. S me p'ants t"at are red are p is n (s3 b(t n t a''.
-"e p int is t"ere is n ne r('e t aid in identi!yin$ p is n (s p'ants. Y ( m(st ma4e an e!! rt t 'earn as m(6" ab (t t"em as p ssib'e.
ALL A#OUT PLANTS

It is t y (r bene!it t 'earn as m(6" ab (t p'ants as p ssib'e. Many p is n (s p'ants ' 4 'i4e t"eir edib'e re'ati)es r 'i4e t"er edib'e p'ants. F r e@amp'e3 p is n "em' 64 appears )ery simi'ar t 7i'd 6arr t. 0ertain p'ants are sa!e t eat in 6ertain seas ns r sta$es ! $r 7t" and p is n (s in t"er
be6 mes p is n (s. Y ( 6an eat s me p'ants and t"eir !r(its n'y 7"en t"ey are ripe. F r e@amp'e3 t"e ripe !r(it ! mayapp'e is edib'e3 b(t a'' t"er parts and t"e $reen !r(it are p is n (s. S me p'ants 6 ntain b t" edib'e and p is n (s partsI p tat es and t mat es are 6 mm n p'ant ! ds3 b(t t"eir $reen parts are p is n (s. S me p'ants be6 me t @i6 a!ter 7i'tin$. F r e@amp'e3 7"en t"e b'a64 6"erry starts t 7i't3 "ydr 6yani6 a6id de)e' ps. Spe6i!i6 preparati n met" ds ma4e s me p'ants edib'e t"at are p is n (s ra7. Y ( 6an eat t"e t"in'y s'i6ed and t" r ($"'y dried 6 rms Ddryin$ may ta4e a yearE ! t"e Aa64-in-t"e-p('pit3 b(t t"ey are p is n (s i! n t t" r ($"'y dried. Learn t identi!y and (se p'ants be! re a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n. S me s (r6es ! in! rmati n ab (t p'ants are pamp"'ets3 b 4s3 !i'ms3 nat(re trai's3 b tani6a' $ardens3 ' 6a' mar4ets3 and ' 6a' nati)es. *at"er and 6r ss-re!eren6e in! rmati n !r m as many s (r6es as p ssib'e3 be6a(se many s (r6es 7i'' n t 6 ntain a'' t"e in! rmati n needed.
RUL S 'OR AVOI,IN/ POISONOUS PLANTS

Y (r best p 'i6y is t be ab'e t ' 4 at a p'ant and identi!y it 7it" abs '(te 6ertainty and t 4n 7 its (ses r dan$ers. Many times t"is is n t p ssib'e. I! y ( "a)e 'itt'e r n 4n 7'ed$e ! t"e ' 6a' )e$etati n3 (se t"e r('es t se'e6t p'ants ! r t"e JUni)ersa' ,dibi'ity -est.J Remember3 a) id -
All mushrooms. M(s"r m identi!i6ati n is )ery di!!i6('t and m(st be pre6ise3 e)en m re s t"an 7it" t"er p'ants. S me m(s"r ms 6a(se deat" )ery 5(i64'y. S me m(s"r ms "a)e n 4n 7n antid te. -7 $enera' types ! m(s"r m p is nin$ are $astr intestina' and 6entra' ner) (s system. 1ontact with or touching plants unnecessarily.
CONTACT , R0ATITIS
0 nta6t dermatitis !r m p'ants 7i'' (s(a''y 6a(se t"e m st tr (b'e in t"e !ie'd. -"e e!!e6ts may be persistent3 spread by s6rat6"in$3 and are parti6('ar'y dan$er (s i! t"ere is 6 nta6t in r ar (nd t"e eyes. -"e prin6ipa' t @in ! t"ese p'ants is (s(a''y an i' t"at $ets n t"e s4in (p n 6 nta6t 7it" t"e p'ant. -"e i' 6an a's $et n e5(ipment and t"en in!e6t 7" e)er t (6"es t"e e5(ipment. Ne)er b(m a 6 nta6t p is n (s p'ant be6a(se t"e sm 4e may be as "arm!(' as t"e p'ant. -"ere is a $reater dan$er ! bein$ a!!e6ted 7"en )er"eated and s7eatin$. -"e in!e6ti n may be ' 6a' r it may spread )er t"e b dy. Sympt ms may ta4e !r m a !e7 " (rs t se)era' days t appear. Si$ns and sympt ms 6an in6'(de b(rnin$3 reddenin$3 it6"in$3 s7e''in$3 and b'isters. &"en y ( !irst 6 nta6t t"e p is n (s p'ants r t"e !irst sympt ms appear3 try t rem )e t"e i' by 7as"in$ 7it" s ap and 6 'd 7ater. I! 7ater is n t a)ai'ab'e3 7ipe y (r s4in repeated'y 7it" dirt r sand. D n t (se dirt i! b'isters "a)e de)e' ped. -"e dirt may brea4 pen t"e b'isters and 'ea)e t"e b dy pen t in!e6ti n. A!ter y ( "a)e rem )ed t"e i'3 dry t"e area. Y ( 6an 7as" 7it" a tanni6 a6id s '(ti n and 6r(s" and r(b Ae7e'7eed n t"e a!!e6ted area t treat p'ant-6a(sed ras"es. Y ( 6an ma4e tanni6 a6id !r m a4 bar4. # is n (s p'ants t"at 6a(se 6 nta6t dermatitis are-
0 7"a$e. # is n i)y. # is n a4. # is n s(ma6. Ren$as tree. -r(mpet )ine.
IN/ STION POISONIN/

In$esti n p is nin$ 6an be )ery seri (s and 6 ('d 'ead t deat" )ery 5(i64'y. D n t eat any p'ant (n'ess y ( "a)e p siti)e'y identi!ied it !irst. 9eep a ' $ ! a'' p'ants eaten.
Si$ns and sympt ms ! in$esti n p is nin$ 6an in6'(de na(sea3 ) mitin$3 diarr"ea3 abd mina' 6ramps3 depressed "eartbeat and respirati n3 "eada6"es3 "a''(6inati ns3 dry m (t"3 (n6 ns6i (sness3 6 ma3 and deat". I! y ( s(spe6t p'ant p is nin$3 try t rem )e t"e p is n (s materia' !r m t"e )i6timGs m (t" and st ma6" as s n as p ssib'e. Ind(6e ) mitin$ by ti64'in$ t"e ba64 ! "is t"r at r by $i)in$ "im 7arm sa't7ater3 i! "e is 6 ns6i (s. Di'(te t"e p is n by administerin$ 'ar$e 5(antities ! 7ater r mi'43 i! "e is 6 ns6i (s. -"e ! '' 7in$ p'ants 6an 6a(se in$esti n p is nin$ i! eatenL

0ast r bean. 0"inaberry. Deat" 6amas. Lantana. Man6"inee'. /'eander. #an$i. #"ysi6 n(t. # is n and 7ater "em' 64s. R sary pea. Stry6"nine tree.
See Appendi@ 0 ! r p" t $rap"s and des6ripti ns ! t"ese p'ants.
CHAPTER 11 - DANGEROUS ANIMALS
Animals rarely are as threatening to the survivor as the rest o! the environment. 1ommon sense tells the survivor to avoid encounters with lions" bears" and other large or dangerous animals. @ou should also avoid large gra*ing animals with horns" hooves" and great weight. @our actions may prevent une+pected meetings. /ove care!ully through their environment. <o not attract large predators by leaving !ood lying around your camp. 1are!ully survey the scene be!ore entering water or !orests. Smaller animals actually present more o! a threat to the survivor than large animals. To compensate !or their si*e" nature has given many small animals weapons such as !angs and stingers to de!end themselves. Cach year" a !ew people are bitten by sharks" mauled by alligators" and attacked by bears. /ost o! these incidents were in some way the victim.s !ault. (owever" each year more victims die !rom bites by relatively small venomous snakes than by large dangerous animals. Cven more victims die !rom allergic reactions to bee stings. -or this reason" we will pay more attention to smaller and potentially more dangerous creatures. These are the animals you are more likely to meet as you unwittingly move into their habitat" or they slip into your environment unnoticed. Aeeping a level head and an awareness o! your surroundings will keep you alive i! you use a !ew simple sa!ety procedures. <o not let curiosity and carelessness kill or in$ure you.
INS CTS AN, ARAC.NI,S

Y ( re6 $ni2e and identi!y inse6ts3 e@6ept 6entipedes and mi''ipedes3 by t"eir si@ 'e$s 7"i'e ara6"nids "a)e ei$"t. A'' t"ese sma'' 6reat(res be6 me pests 7"en t"ey bite3 stin$3 r irritate y (. A't" ($" t"eir )en m 6an be 5(ite pain!('3 bee3 7asp3 and " rnet stin$s rare'y 4i'' a s(r)i) r (n'ess "e is a''er$i6 t t"at parti6('ar t @in. ,)en t"e m st dan$er (s spiders rare'y 4i''3 and t"e e!!e6ts ! ti64-b rne diseases are )ery s' 7-a6tin$. 1 7e)er3 in a'' 6ases3 a) idan6e is t"e best de!ense. In en)ir nments 4n 7n t "a)e spiders and s6 rpi ns3 6"e64 y (r ! t$ear and 6' t"in$ e)ery m rnin$. A's 6"e64 y (r beddin$ and s"e'ter ! r t"em. Use 6are 7"en t(rnin$ )er r 64s and ' $s. See Appendi@ D ! r e@amp'es ! dan$er (s inse6ts and ara6"nids.
S-"&pi"#$
Y ( !ind s6 rpi ns D?uthotus spe6iesE in deserts3 A(n$'es3 and ! rests ! tr pi6a'3 s(btr pi6a'3 and 7arm temperate areas ! t"e 7 r'd. -"ey are m st'y n 6t(rna' in "abit. Y ( 6an !ind desert s6 rpi ns !r m be' 7 sea 'e)e' in Deat" Va''ey t e'e)ati ns as "i$" as %36== meters in t"e Andes. -ypi6a''y br 7n r b'a64 in m ist areas3 t"ey may be ye'' 7 r 'i$"t $reen in t"e desert. -"eir a)era$e si2e is ab (t 2.: 6entimeters. 1 7e)er3 t"ere are 2=-6entimeter $iants in t"e A(n$'es ! 0entra' Ameri6a3 Ne7 *(inea3 and s (t"ern A!ri6a. Fata'ities !r m s6 rpi n stin$s are rare3 b(t t"ey 6an 66(r in 6"i'dren3 t"e e'der'y3 and i'' pers ns. S6 rpi ns resemb'e sma'' ' bsters 7it" raised3 A inted tai's bearin$ a stin$er in t"e tip.
Nat(re mimi6s t"e s6 rpi ns 7it" 7"ip s6 rpi ns r )ine$ar-r ns. -"ese are "arm'ess and "a)e a tai' 'i4e a 7ire r 7"ip3 rat"er t"an t"e A inted tai' and stin$er ! tr(e s6 rpi ns.
Spi(e&$
Y ( re6 $ni2e t"e br 7n re6'(se r !idd'eba64 spider ! N rt" Ameri6a &Lo+osceles reclusa' by a pr minent )i 'in-s"aped 'i$"t sp t n t"e ba64 ! its b dy. As its name s($$ests3 t"is spider 'i4es t "ide in dar4 p'a6es. -" ($" rare'y !ata'3 its bite 6a(ses e@6essi)e tiss(e de$enerati n ar (nd t"e 7 (nd and 6an e)en 'ead t amp(tati n ! t"e di$its i! 'e!t (ntreated. Y ( !ind members ! t"e 7id 7 !ami'y &Latrodectus species' 7 r'd7ide3 t" ($" t"e b'a64 7id 7 ! N rt" Ameri6a is per"aps t"e m st 7e''-4n 7n. F (nd in 7armer areas ! t"e 7 r'd3 t"e 7id 7s are sma''3 dar4 spiders 7it" !ten " (r$'ass-s"aped 7"ite3 red3 r ran$e sp ts n t"eir abd mens. F(nne'7ebs DAtra+ spe6iesE are 'ar$e3 $ray r br 7n A(stra'ian spiders. 0"(n4y3 7it" s" rt 'e$s3 t"ey are ab'e t m )e easi'y (p and d 7n t"e 6 ne-s"aped 7ebs !r m 7"i6" t"ey $et t"eir name. -"e ' 6a' p p('a6e 6 nsiders t"em dead'y. A) id t"em as t"ey m )e ab (t3 (s(a''y at ni$"t3 in sear6" ! prey. Sympt ms ! t"eir bite are simi'ar t t" se ! t"e 7id 7Gs--se)ere pain a66 mpanied by s7eatin$ and s"i)erin$3 7ea4ness3 and disab'in$ epis des t"at 6an 'ast a 7ee4. -arant('as are 'ar$e3 "airy spiders DTheraphosidae and Lycosa spe6iesE best 4n 7n be6a(se t"ey are !ten s 'd in pet st res. -"ere is ne spe6ies in ,(r pe3 b(t m st 6 me !r m tr pi6a' Ameri6a. S me S (t" Ameri6an spe6ies d inAe6t a dan$er (s t @in3 b(t m st simp'y pr d(6e a pain!(' bite. S me tarant('as 6an be as 'ar$e as a dinner p'ate. -"ey a'' "a)e 'ar$e !an$s ! r 6apt(rin$ ! d s(6" as birds3 mi6e3 and 'i2ards. I! bitten by a tarant('a3 pain and b'eedin$ are 6ertain3 and in!e6ti n is 'i4e'y.
Ce#tipe(e$ !#( Mi%%ipe(e$

0entipedes and mi''ipedes are m st'y sma'' and "arm'ess3 a't" ($" s me tr pi6a' and desert spe6ies may rea6" 2: 6entimeters. A !e7 )arieties ! 6entipedes "a)e a p is n (s bite3 b(t in!e6ti n is t"e $reatest dan$er3 as t"eir s"arp 6'a7s di$ in and p(n6t(re t"e s4in. - pre)ent s4in p(n6t(res3 br(s" t"em !! in t"e dire6ti n t"ey are tra)e'in$3 i! y ( !ind t"em 6ra7'in$ n y (r s4in.
Bee$' W!$p$' !#( H"&#et$

&e are a'' !ami'iar 7it" bees3 7asps3 and " rnets. -"ey 6 me in many )arieties and "a)e a 7ide di)ersity ! "abits and "abitats. Y ( re6 $ni2e bees by t"eir "airy and (s(a''y t"i64 b dy3 7"i'e t"e 7asps3 " rnets3 and ye'' 7 Aa64ets "a)e m re s'ender3 near'y "air'ess3 b dies. S me bees3 s(6" as " neybees3 'i)e in 6 ' nies. -"ey may be eit"er d mesti6ated r 'i)in$ 7i'd in 6a)es r " '' 7 trees. Y ( may !ind t"er bees3 s(6" as 6arpenter bees3 in indi)id(a' nest " 'es in 7 d3 r in t"e $r (nd3 'i4e b(mb'ebees. -"e main dan$er !r m bees is t"eir barbed stin$er ' 6ated n t"eir abd mens. &"en t"e bee stin$s y (3 it rips its stin$er (t ! its abd men a' n$ 7it" t"e )en m sa63 and t"e bee dies. ,@6ept ! r 4i''er bees3 m st bees tend t be m re d 6i'e t"an 7asps3 " rnets3 and ye'' 7 Aa64ets t"at "a)e sm t" stin$ers and are 6apab'e ! repeated atta64s. A) idan6e is t"e best ta6ti6 ! r se'!-pr te6ti n. &at6" (t ! r !' 7ers r !r(it 7"ere bees may be !eedin$. .e 6are!(' ! meat-eatin$ ye'' 7 Aa64ets 7"en 6'eanin$ !is" r $ame. -"e a)era$e pers n "as a re'ati)e'y min r and temp rary rea6ti n t bee stin$s and re6 )ers in a 6 (p'e ! " (rs 7"en t"e pain and "eada6"e $ a7ay. -" se 7" are a''er$i6 t bee )en m "a)e se)ere rea6ti ns in6'(din$ anap"y'a6ti6 s" 643 6 ma3 and deat". I! anti"istamine medi6ine is n t a)ai'ab'e and y ( 6ann t !ind a s(bstit(te3 an a''er$y s(!!erer in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n is in $ra)e dan$er.
Ti-)$
-i64s are 6 mm n in t"e tr pi6s and temperate re$i ns. -"ey are !ami'iar t m st ! (s. -i64s are sma'' r (nd ara6"nids 7it" ei$"t 'e$s and 6an "a)e eit"er a s !t r "ard b dy. -i64s re5(ire a b' d " st t s(r)i)e and repr d(6e. -"is ma4es t"em dan$er (s be6a(se t"ey spread diseases 'i4e Lyme disease3
R 64y M (ntain sp tted !e)er3 en6ep"a'itis3 and t"ers t"at 6an ('timate'y be disab'in$ r !ata'. -"ere is 'itt'e y ( 6an d t treat t"ese diseases n6e 6 ntra6ted3 b(t time is y (r a''y sin6e t"ey are s' 7-a6tin$ ai'ments. A66 rdin$ t m st a(t" rities3 it ta4es at 'east 6 " (rs ! atta6"ment t t"e " st ! r t"e ti64 t transmit t"e disease r$anisms. -"(s3 y ( "a)e time t t" r ($"'y inspe6t y (r b dy ! r t"eir presen6e. .e7are ! ti64s 7"en passin$ t"r ($" t"e t"i64 )e$etati n t"ey 6'in$ t 3 7"en 6'eanin$ " st anima's ! r ! d3 and 7"en $at"erin$ nat(ra' materia's t 6 nstr(6t a s"e'ter. A'7ays (se inse6t repe''ents3 i! p ssib'e.
C. S
Lee6"es are b' d-s(64in$ 6reat(res 7it" a 7 rm'i4e appearan6e. Y ( !ind t"em in t"e tr pi6s and in temperate 2 nes. Y ( 7i'' 6ertain'y en6 (nter t"em 7"en s7immin$ in in!ested 7aters r ma4in$ e@pedient 7ater 6r ssin$s. Y ( 6an !ind t"em 7"en passin$ t"r ($" s7ampy3 tr pi6a' )e$etati n and b $s. Y ( 6an a's !ind t"em 7"i'e 6'eanin$ ! d anima's3 s(6" as t(rt'es3 ! (nd in !res" 7ater. Lee6"es 6an 6ra7' int sma'' penin$sI t"ere! re3 a) id 6ampin$ in t"eir "abitats 7"en p ssib'e. 9eep y (r tr (sers t(64ed in y (r b ts. 0"e64 y (rse'! !re5(ent'y ! r 'ee6"es. S7a'' 7ed r eaten3 'ee6"es 6an be a $reat "a2ard. It is t"ere! re essentia' t treat 7ater !r m 5(esti nab'e s (r6es by b i'in$ r (sin$ 6"emi6a' 7ater treatments. S(r)i) rs "a)e de)e' ped se)ere in!e6ti ns !r m 7 (nds inside t"e t"r at r n se 7"en s res !r m s7a'' 7ed 'ee6"es be6ame in!e6ted.
#ATS
Despite t"e 'e$ends3 bats D<esmodus spe6iesE are a re'ati)e'y sma'' "a2ard t t"e s(r)i) r. -"ere are many bat )arieties 7 r'd7ide3 b(t y ( !ind t"e tr(e )ampire bats n'y in 0entra' and S (t" Ameri6a. -"ey are sma''3 a$i'e !'iers t"at 'and n t"eir s'eepin$ )i6tims3 m st'y 6 7s and " rses3 t 'ap a b' d mea' a!ter bitin$ t"eir )i6tim. -"eir sa'i)a 6 ntains an anti6 a$('ant t"at 4eeps t"e b' d s' 7'y !' 7in$ 7"i'e t"ey !eed. /n'y a sma'' per6enta$e ! t"ese bats a6t(a''y 6arry rabiesI " 7e)er3 a) id any si64 r inA(red bat. -"ey 6an 6arry t"er diseases and in!e6ti ns and 7i'' bite readi'y 7"en "and'ed. -a4in$ s"e'ter in a 6a)e 66(pied by bats3 " 7e)er3 presents t"e m(6" $reater "a2ard ! in"a'in$ p 7dered bat d(n$3 r $(an . .at d(n$ 6arries many r$anisms t"at 6an 6a(se diseases. ,atin$ t" r ($"'y 6 4ed !'yin$ ! @es r t"er bats presents n dan$er !r m rabies and t"er diseases3 b(t a$ain3 t"e emp"asis is n t" r ($" 6 4in$.
POISONOUS SNA* S
-"ere are n in!a''ib'e r('es ! r e@pedient identi!i6ati n ! p is n (s sna4es in t"e !ie'd3 be6a(se t"e $(ide'ines a'' re5(ire 6' se bser)ati n r manip('ati n ! t"e sna4eGs b dy. -"e best strate$y is t 'ea)e a'' sna4es a' ne. &"ere sna4es are p'enti!(' and p is n (s spe6ies are present3 t"e ris4 ! t"eir bites ne$ates t"eir ! d )a'(e. App'y t"e ! '' 7in$ sa!ety r('es 7"en tra)e'in$ in areas 7"ere t"ere are p is n (s sna4esL

&a'4 6are!(''y and 7at6" 7"ere y ( step. Step nt ' $s rat"er t"an )er t"em be! re ' 4in$ and m )in$ n. L 4 6' se'y 7"en pi64in$ !r(it r m )in$ ar (nd 7ater. D n t tease3 m 'est3 r "arass sna4es. Sna4es 6ann t 6' se t"eir eyes. -"ere! re3 y ( 6ann t te'' i! t"ey are as'eep. S me sna4es3 s(6" as mambas3 6 bras3 and b(s"masters3 7i'' atta64 a$$ressi)e'y 7"en 6 rnered r $(ardin$ a nest. Use sti64s t t(rn ' $s and r 64s. &ear pr per ! t$ear3 parti6('ar'y at ni$"t. 0are!(''y 6"e64 beddin$3 s"e'ter3 and 6' t"in$. .e 6a'm 7"en y ( en6 (nter serpents. Sna4es 6ann t "ear and y ( 6an 66asi na''y s(rprise t"em 7"en t"ey are s'eepin$ r s(nnin$. N rma''y3 t"ey 7i'' !'ee i! $i)en t"e pp rt(nity. Use e@treme 6are i! y ( m(st 4i'' sna4es ! r ! d r sa!ety. A't" ($" it is n t 6 mm n3 7arm3 s'eepin$ "(man b dies 66asi na''y attra6t sna4es.
See Appendi@ , ! r detai'ed des6ripti ns ! t"e sna4es 'isted be' 7.
S#!)e-F&ee A&e!$
-"e p 'ar re$i ns are !ree ! sna4es d(e t t"eir in" spitab'e en)ir nments. /t"er areas 6 nsidered t be !ree ! p is n (s sna4es are Ne7 Bea'and3 0(ba3 1aiti3 ?amai6a3 #(ert Ri6 3 Ire'and3 # 'ynesia3 and 1a7aii. POISONOUS SNA6ES OF THE AMERICAS
Ameri6an 0 pper"ead &Agkistrodon contortri+' .(s"master &Lachesis mutus' 0 ra' sna4e &/icrurus !ulvius' 0 tt nm (t" &Agkistrodon piscivorus' Fer-de-'an6e &?othrops atro+' Ratt'esna4e &1rotalus species'
POISONOUS SNA6ES OF EUROPE

0 mm n adder &Vipers berus' #a''asG )iper &Agkistrodon halys'
POISONOUS SNA6ES OF AFRICA AND ASIA

. ms'an$ &<ispholidus typus' 0 bra &8a$a species' *ab n )iper &?itis gabonica' *reen tree pit )iper &Trimeresurus gramineus' 1ab( pit )iper &Trimeresurus !lavoviridis' 9rait &?ungarus caeruleus' Ma'ayan pit )iper &1allaselasma rhodostoma' Mamba &<endraspis species' #(!! adder &?itis arietans' R"in 6er s )iper &?itis nasicornis' R(sse''G s )iper &Vipera russellii' Sand )iper &1erastes vipera' Sa7-s6a'ed )iper &Cchis carinatus' &a$'erGs pit )iper &Trimeresurus wagleri'
POISONOUS SNA6ES OF AUSTRALASIA

Deat" adder &Acanthophis antarcticus' -aipan &0+yuranus scutellatus' -i$er sna4e &8otechis scutatus' Ye'' 7-be''ied sea sna4e &:elamis platurus'
,AN/ ROUS LI8AR,S

-"e *i'a m nster and t"e Me@i6an beaded 'i2ard are dan$er (s and p is n (s 'i2ards.
Gi%! M"#$te&
-"e *i'a m nster &(eloderma suspectrum' ! t"e Ameri6an s (t"7est3 in6'(din$ Me@i6 3 is a 'ar$e 'i2ard 7it" dar43 "i$"'y te@t(red s4in mar4ed by pin4is" m tt'in$. It a)era$es %: t 8: 6entimeters in 'en$t" and "as a t"i643 st(mpy tai'. Un'i4e'y t bite (n'ess m 'ested3 it "as a p is n (s bite.
Me3i-!# Be!(e( Liz!&(

-"e Me@i6an beaded 'i2ard &(eloderma horridum' resemb'es its re'ati)e3 t"e *i'a m nster. It "as m re (ni! rm sp ts rat"er t"an bands ! 6 ' r Dt"e *i'a m nsterE. It a's is p is n (s and "as a d 6i'e nat(re. Y ( !ind it !r m Me@i6 t 0entra' Ameri6a.
6"*"(" D&!/"#
-"is $iant 'i2ard &Varanus komodoensis' $r 7s t m re t"an % meters in 'en$t" and 6an be dan$er (s i! y ( try t 6apt(re it. -"is Ind nesian 'i2ard 6an 7ei$" m re t"an 1%: 4i' $rams.
,AN/ RS IN RIV RS
0 mm n sense 7i'' te'' y ( t a) id 6 n!r ntati ns 7it" "ipp p tami3 a''i$at rs3 6r 6 di'es3 and t"er 'ar$e ri)er 6reat(res. -"ere are3 " 7e)er3 a !e7 sma''er ri)er 6reat(res 7it" 7"i6" y ( s" ('d be 6a(ti (s.
E%e-t&i- Ee%
,'e6tri6 ee's &Clectrophorus electricus' may rea6" 2 meters in 'en$t" and 2= 6entimeters in diameter. A) id t"em. -"ey are 6apab'e ! $eneratin$ (p t :== ) 'ts ! e'e6tri6ity in 6ertain r$ans in t"eir b dy. -"ey (se t"is s" 64 t st(n prey and enemies. N rma''y3 y ( !ind t"ese ee's in t"e /rin 6 and Ama2 n Ri)er systems in S (t" Ameri6a. -"ey seem t pre!er s"a'' 7 7aters t"at are m re "i$"'y @y$enated and pr )ide m re ! d. -"ey are b('4ier t"an (r nati)e ee's. -"eir (pper b dy is dar4 $ray r b'a643 7it" a 'i$"ter-6 ' red (nderbe''y.
Pi&!#h!
#iran"as DSerrasalmo spe6iesE are an t"er "a2ard ! t"e /rin 6 and Ama2 n Ri)er systems3 as 7e'' as t"e #ara$(ay Ri)er .asin3 7"ere t"ey are nati)e. -"ese !is" )ary $reat'y in si2e and 6 ' rati n3 b(t (s(a''y "a)e a 6 mbinati n ! ran$e (ndersides and dar4 t ps. -"ey "a)e 7"ite3 ra2 r-s"arp teet" t"at are 6'ear'y )isib'e. -"ey may be as ' n$ as := 6entimeters. Use $reat 6are 7"en 6r ssin$ 7aters 7"ere t"ey 'i)e. .' d attra6ts t"em. -"ey are m st dan$er (s in s"a'' 7 7aters d(rin$ t"e dry seas n.
T &t%e
.e 6are!(' 7"en "and'in$ and 6apt(rin$ 'ar$e !res"7ater t(rt'es3 s(6" as t"e snappin$ t(rt'es and s !ts"e''ed t(rt'es ! N rt" Ameri6a and t"e matamata and t"er t(rt'es ! S (t" Ameri6a. A'' ! t"ese t(rt'es 7i'' bite in se'!-de!ense and 6an amp(tate !in$ers and t es.
P%!t1p $
-"e p'atyp(s r d(64bi'' &0rnithorhyncus anatinus' is t"e n'y member ! its !ami'y and is easi'y re6 $ni2ed. It "as a ' n$ b dy 6 )ered 7it" $rayis"3 s" rt "air3 a tai' 'i4e a bea)er3 and a bi'' 'i4e a d(64. *r 7in$ (p t 6= 6entimeters in 'en$t"3 it may appear t be a $ d ! d s (r6e3 b(t t"is e$$-'ayin$ mamma'3 t"e n'y ne in t"e 7 r'd3 is )ery dan$er (s. -"e ma'e "as a p is n (s sp(r n ea6" "ind ! t
t"at 6an in!'i6t intense'y pain!(' 7 (nds. Y ( !ind t"e p'atyp(s n'y in A(stra'ia3 main'y a' n$ m(d ban4s n 7ater7ays.
,AN/ RS IN #AYS AN, STUARI S

In areas 7"ere seas and ri)ers 6 me t $et"er3 t"ere are dan$ers ass 6iated 7it" b t" !res" and sa't 7ater. In s"a'' 7 sa't 7aters3 t"ere are many 6reat(res t"at 6an in!'i6t pain and 6a(se in!e6ti n t de)e' p. Steppin$ n sea (r6"ins3 ! r e@amp'e3 6an pr d(6e pain and in!e6ti n. &"en m )in$ ab (t in s"a'' 7 7ater3 7ear s me ! rm ! ! t$ear and s"(!!'e y (r !eet a' n$ t"e b tt m3 rat"er t"an pi64in$ (p y (r !eet and steppin$. Stin$rays D<asyatidae spe6iesE are a rea' "a2ard in s"a'' 7 7aters3 espe6ia''y tr pi6a' 7aters. -"e type ! b tt m appears t be irre'e)ant. -"ere is a $reat )arian6e bet7een spe6ies3 b(t a'' "a)e a s"arp spi4e in t"eir tai' t"at may be )en m (s and 6an 6a(se e@treme'y pain!(' 7 (nds i! stepped n. A'' rays "a)e a typi6a' s"ape t"at resemb'es a 4ite. Y ( !ind t"em a' n$ t"e 6 asts ! t"e Ameri6as3 A!ri6a3 and A(stra'asia.
SALT3AT R ,AN/ RS
-"ere are se)era' !is" t"at y ( s" ('d n t "and'e3 t (6"3 r 6 nta6t. -"ere are t"ers t"at y ( s" ('d n t eat.
Fi$h D!#/e&" $ t" H!#(%e' T" -h' "& C"#t!-t

-"ere are se)era' !is" y ( s" ('d n t "and'e3 t (6"3 r 6 nta6t t"at are identi!ied be' 7. SharS"ar4s are t"e m st !eared anima' in t"e sea. Us(a''y3 s"ar4 atta64s 6ann t be a) ided and are 6 nsidered a66idents. Y (3 as a s(r)i) r3 s" ('d ta4e e)ery pre6a(ti n t a) id any 6 nta6t 7it" s"ar4s. -"ere are many s"ar4 spe6ies3 b(t in $enera'3 dan$er (s s"ar4s "a)e 7ide m (t"s and )isib'e teet"3 7"i'e re'ati)e'y "arm'ess nes "a)e sma'' m (t"s n t"e (nderside ! t"eir "eads. 1 7e)er3 any s"ar4 6an in!'i6t pain!(' and !ten !ata' inA(ries3 eit"er t"r ($" bites r t"r ($" abrasi ns !r m t"eir r ($" s4in. Ra66it$ish Rabbit!is" r spine! t DSiganidae spe6iesE 66(r main'y n 6 ra' ree!s in t"e Indian and #a6i!i6 6eans. -"ey "a)e )ery s"arp3 p ssib'y )en m (s spines in t"eir !ins. 1and'e t"em 7it" 6are3 i! at a''. -"is !is"3 'i4e many t"ers ! t"e dan$er (s !is" in t"is se6ti n3 is 6 nsidered edib'e by nati)e pe p'es 7"ere t"e !is" are ! (nd3 b(t deat"s 66(r !r m 6are'ess "and'in$. See4 t"er n np is n (s !is" t eat i! at a'' p ssib'e. Tang -an$ r s(r$e n!is" DAcanthuridae spe6iesE a)era$e 2= t 2: 6entimeters in 'en$t" and !ten are bea(ti!(''y 6 ' red. -"ey are 6a''ed s(r$e n!is" be6a(se ! t"e s6a'pe''i4e spines ' 6ated in t"e tai'. -"e 7 (nds in!'i6ted by t"ese spines 6an brin$ ab (t deat" t"r ($" in!e6ti n3 en)en mati n3 and ' ss ! b' d3 7"i6" may in6identa''y attra6t s"ar4s. Toad$ish - ad!is" D.atra6" ididae spe6iesE 66(r in tr pi6a' 7aters !! t"e *('! 0 ast ! t"e United States and a' n$ b t" 6 asts ! 0entra' and S (t" Ameri6a. -"ese d(''y 6 ' red !is" a)era$e 1; t 2: 6entimeters in 'en$t". -"ey typi6a''y b(ry t"emse')es in t"e sand t a7ait !is" and t"er prey. -"ey "a)e s"arp3 )ery t @i6 spines a' n$ t"eir ba64s. Scorpion 'ish # is n (s s6 rpi n !is" r 2ebra !is" DScorpaenidae spe6iesE are m st'y ar (nd ree!s in t"e tr pi6a' Indian and #a6i!i6 6eans and 66asi na''y in t"e Mediterranean and Ae$ean seas. -"ey a)era$e %= t 7: 6entimeters in 'en$t". -"eir 6 ' rati n is "i$"'y )ariab'e3 !r m reddis" br 7n t a'm st p(rp'e r br 7nis" ye'' 7. -"ey "a)e ' n$3 7a)y !ins and spines and t"eir stin$ is intensi)e'y pain!('. Less p is n (s re'ati)es 'i)e in t"e At'anti6 /6ean. Stone$ish
St ne!is" DSynance$a spe6iesE are in t"e #a6i!i6 and Indian 6eans. -"ey 6an inAe6t a pain!(' )en m !r m t"eir d rsa' spines 7"en stepped n r "and'ed 6are'ess'y. -"ey are a'm st imp ssib'e t see be6a(se ! t"eir '(mpy s"ape and drab 6 ' rs. -"ey ran$e in si2e (p t 8= 6entimeters. 3ee(er 'ish &ee)er !is" DTrachinidae spe6iesE a)era$e %= 6entimeters ' n$. -"ey are "ard t see as t"ey 'ie b(ried in t"e sand !! t"e 6 asts ! ,(r pe3 A!ri6a3 and t"e Mediterranean. -"eir 6 ' r is (s(a''y a d('' br 7n. -"ey "a)e )en m (s spines n t"e ba64 and $i''s. See Appendi@ F ! r m re detai's n t"ese )en m (s !is".
A#i*!%$ !#( Fi$h P"i$"#" $ t" E!t

S(r)i)a' man(a's !ten menti n t"at t"e 'i)ers ! p 'ar bears are t @i6 d(e t t"eir "i$" 6 n6entrati ns ! )itamin A. F r t"is reas n3 7e menti n t"e 6"an6e ! deat" a!ter eatin$ t"is r$an. An t"er t @i6 meat is t"e !'es" ! t"e "a74sbi'' t(rt'e. Y ( re6 $ni2e t"em by t"eir d 7n-t(rned bi'' and ye'' 7 p '4a d ts n t"eir ne64 and !r nt !'ippers. -"ey 7ei$" m re t"an 27: 4i' $rams and are (n'i4e'y t be 6apt(red. Many !is" 'i)in$ in ree!s near s" re3 r in 'a$ ns and est(aries3 are p is n (s t eat3 t" ($" s me are n'y seas na''y dan$er (s. -"e maA rity are tr pi6a' !is"I " 7e)er3 be 7ary ! eatin$ any (nidenti!iab'e !is" 7"ere)er y ( are. S me predat ry !is"3 s(6" as barra6(da and snapper3 may be6 me t @i6 i! t"e !is" t"ey !eed n in s"a'' 7 7aters are p is n (s. -"e m st p is n (s types appear t "a)e parr t'i4e bea4s and "ard s"e''-'i4e s4ins 7it" spines and !ten 6an in!'ate t"eir b dies 'i4e ba'' ns. 1 7e)er3 at 6ertain times ! t"e year3 indi$en (s p p('ati ns 6 nsider t"e p(!!er a de'i6a6y. #lo%$ish .' 7!is" r p(!!er DTetraodontidae spe6iesE are m re t 'erant ! 6 'd 7ater. Y ( !ind t"em a' n$ tr pi6a' and temperate 6 asts 7 r'd7ide3 e)en in s me ! t"e ri)ers ! S (t"east Asia and A!ri6a. St (t-b died and r (nd3 many ! t"ese !is" "a)e s" rt spines and 6an in!'ate t"emse')es int a ba'' 7"en a'armed r a$itated. -"eir b' d3 'i)er3 and $ nads are s t @i6 t"at as 'itt'e as 2; mi''i$rams D1 (n6eE 6an be !ata'. -"ese !is" )ary in 6 ' r and si2e3 $r 7in$ (p t 7: 6entimeters in 'en$t". Trigger$ish -"e tri$$er!is" D?alistidae spe6iesE 66(r in $reat )ariety3 m st'y in tr pi6a' seas. -"ey are deep-b died and 6 mpressed3 resemb'in$ a sea$ in$ pan6a4e (p t 6= 6entimeters in 'en$t"3 7it" 'ar$e and s"arp d rsa' spines. A) id t"em a''3 as many "a)e p is n (s !'es". #arracuda A't" ($" m st pe p'e a) id t"em be6a(se ! t"eir !er 6ity3 t"ey 66asi na''y eat barra6(da &Sphyraena barracuda'. -"ese predat rs ! m st'y tr pi6a' seas 6an rea6" a'm st 1.: meters in 'en$t" and "a)e atta64ed "(mans 7it" (t pr ) 6ati n. -"ey 66asi na''y 6arry t"e p is n 6i$(atera in t"eir !'es"3 ma4in$ t"em dead'y i! 6 ns(med. See Appendi@ F ! r m re detai's n t @i6 !is" and t @i6 m ''(s4s.
Othe& D!#/e&" $ Se! C&e!t &e$

-"e b'(e-rin$ed 6t p(s3 Ae''y!is"3 and t"e 6 ne and a($er s"e''s are t"er dan$er (s sea 6reat(res. #lue5Ringed Octopus M st 6t pi are e@6e''ent 7"en pr per'y prepared. 1 7e)er3 t"e b'(erin$ed 6t p(s &(apalochlaena lunulata' 6an in!'i6t a dead'y bite !r m its parr t'i4e bea4. F rt(nate'y3 it is restri6ted t t"e *reat .arrier Ree! ! A(stra'ia and is )ery sma''. It is easi'y re6 $ni2ed by its $rayis" 7"ite )era'' 6 ' r and irides6ent b'(e rin$s. A(t" rities 7arn t"at a'' tr pi6a' 6t p(s spe6ies s" ('d be treated 7it" 6a(ti n3 sin6e many "a)e p is n (s bites3 a't" ($" t"e !'es" is edib'e. 2elly$ish ?e''y!is"-re'ated deat"s are rare3 b(t t"e stin$ t"ey in!'i6t is e@treme'y pain!('. -"e # rt($(ese man- !7ar resemb'es a 'ar$e pin4 r p(rp'e ba'' n !' atin$ n t"e sea. It "as p is n (s tenta6'es "an$in$ (p t 12 meters be' 7 its b dy. -"e "($e tenta6'es are a6t(a''y 6 ' nies ! stin$in$ 6e''s. M st 4n 7n deat"s !r m Ae''y!is" are attrib(ted t t"e man- !-7ar. /t"er Ae''y!is" 6an in!'i6t )ery pain!(' stin$s as 7e''. A) id t"e ' n$ tenta6'es ! any Ae''y!is"3 e)en t" se 7as"ed (p n t"e bea6" and apparent'y dead. Cone Shell
-"e s(btr pi6a' and tr pi6a' 6 ne s"e''s D1onidae spe6iesE "a)e a )en m (s "arp n'i4e barb. A'' are 6 ne-s"aped and "a)e a !ine net'i4e pattern n t"e s"e''. A membrane may p ssib'y bs6(re t"is 6 ' rati n. -"ere are s me )ery p is n (s 6 ne s"e''s3 e)en s me 'et"a' nes in t"e Indian and #a6i!i6 6eans. A) id any s"e'' s"aped 'i4e an i6e 6ream 6 ne. Auger Shell -"e a($er s"e'' r terebra DTerebridae spe6iesE are m(6" ' n$er and t"inner t"an t"e 6 ne s"e''s3 b(t 6an be near'y as dead'y as t"e 6 ne s"e''s. -"ey are ! (nd in temperate and tr pi6a' seas. -" se in t"e Indian and #a6i!i6 6eans "a)e a m re t @i6 )en m in t"eir stin$in$ barb. D n t eat t"ese snai's3 as t"eir !'es" may be p is n (s.
CHAPTER 14 - FIELD-E@PEDIENT WEAPONS' TOOLS' AND EAUIPMENT
As a soldier you know the importance o! proper care and use o! your weapons" tools" and e)uipment. This is especially true o! your kni!e. @ou must always keep it sharp and ready to use. A kni!e is your most valuable tool in a survival situation. Imagine being in a survival situation without any weapons" tools" or e)uipment e+cept your kni!e. It could happen, @ou might even be without a kni!e. @ou would probably !eel helpless" but with the proper knowledge and skills" you can easily improvise needed items. In survival situations" you may have to !ashion any number and type o! !ield%e+pedient tools and e)uipment to survive. C+amples o! tools and e)uipment that could make your li!e much easier are ropes" rucksacks" clothes" nets" and so on. eapons serve a dual purpose. @ou use them to obtain and prepare !ood and to provide sel!%de!ense. A weapon can also give you a !eeling o! security and provide you with the ability to hunt on the move.
CLU#S
Y ( " 'd 6'(bs3 y ( d n t t"r 7 t"em. As a !ie'd-e@pedient 7eap n3 t"e 6'(b d es n t pr te6t y ( !r m enemy s 'diers. It 6an3 " 7e)er3 e@tend y (r area ! de!ense bey nd y (r !in$ertips. It a's ser)es t in6rease t"e ! r6e ! a b' 7 7it" (t inA(rin$ y (rse'!. -"ere are t"ree basi6 types ! 6'(bs. -"ey are t"e simp'e3 7ei$"ted3 and s'in$ 6'(b.
Si*p%e C% +
A simp'e 6'(b is a sta!! r bran6". It m(st be s" rt en ($" ! r y ( t s7in$ easi'y3 b(t ' n$ en ($" and str n$ en ($" ! r y ( t dama$e 7"ate)er y ( "it. Its diameter s" ('d !it 6 m! rtab'y in y (r pa'm3 b(t it s" ('d n t be s t"in as t a'' 7 t"e 6'(b t brea4 easi'y (p n impa6t. A strai$"t-$rained "ard7 d is best i! y ( 6an !ind it.
Wei/hte( C% +
A 7ei$"ted 6'(b is any simp'e 6'(b 7it" a 7ei$"t n ne end. -"e 7ei$"t may be a nat(ra' 7ei$"t3 s(6" as a 4n t n t"e 7 d3 r s met"in$ added3 s(6" as a st ne 'as"ed t t"e 6'(b. - ma4e a 7ei$"ted 6'(b3 !irst !ind a st ne t"at "as a s"ape t"at 7i'' a'' 7 y ( t 'as" it se6(re'y t t"e 6'(b. A st ne 7it" a s'i$"t " (r$'ass s"ape 7 r4s 7e''. I! y ( 6ann t !ind a s(itab'y s"aped st ne3 y ( m(st !as"i n a $r )e r 6"anne' int t"e st ne by a te6"ni5(e 4n 7n as pe64in$. .y repeated'y rappin$ t"e 6'(b st ne 7it" a sma''er "ard st ne3 y ( 6an $et t"e desired s"ape. Ne@t3 !ind a pie6e ! 7 d t"at is t"e ri$"t 'en$t" ! r y (. A strai$"t-$rained "ard7 d is best. -"e 'en$t" ! t"e 7 d s" ('d !ee' 6 m! rtab'e in re'ati n t t"e 7ei$"t ! t"e st ne. Fina''y3 'as" t"e st ne t t"e
-"ere are t"ree te6"ni5(es ! r 'as"in$ t"e st ne t t"e "and'eL sp'it "and'e3 ! r4ed bran6"3 and 7rapped "and'e. -"e te6"ni5(e y ( (se 7i'' depend n t"e type ! "and'e y ( 6" se. See Fi$(re 12-1.
S%i#/ C% +
A s'in$ 6'(b is an t"er type ! 7ei$"ted 6'(b. A 7ei$"t "an$s ; t 1= 6entimeters !r m t"e "and'e by a str n$3 !'e@ib'e 'as"in$ DFi$(re 12-2E. -"is type ! 6'(b b t" e@tends t"e (serGs rea6" and m('tip'ies t"e ! r6e ! t"e b' 7.
,/ , 3 APONS
9ni)es3 spear b'ades3 and arr 7 p ints !a'' (nder t"e 6ate$ ry ! ed$ed 7eap ns. -"e ! '' 7in$ para$rap"s 7i'' dis6(ss t"e ma4in$ ! s(6" 7eap ns.
6#i.e$
A 4ni!e "as t"ree basi6 !(n6ti ns. It 6an p(n6t(re3 s'as" r 6" p3 and 6(t. A 4ni!e is a's an in)a'(ab'e t ' (sed t 6 nstr(6t t"er s(r)i)a' items. Y ( may !ind y (rse'! 7it" (t a 4ni!e r y ( may need an t"er type 4ni!e r a spear. - impr )ise y ( 6an (se st ne3 b ne3 7 d3 r meta' t ma4e a 4ni!e r spear b'ade. Stone - ma4e a st ne 4ni!e3 y ( 7i'' need a s"arp-ed$ed pie6e ! st ne3 a 6"ippin$ t '3 and a !'a4in$ t '. A 6"ippin$ t ' is a 'i$"t3 b'(nt-ed$ed t ' (sed t brea4 !! sma'' pie6es ! st ne. A !'a4in$ t ' is a p inted t ' (sed t brea4 !! t"in3 !'attened pie6es ! st ne. Y ( 6an ma4e a 6"ippin$ t ' !r m 7 d3 b ne3 r meta'3 and a !'a4in$ t ' !r m b ne3 ant'er tines3 r s !t ir n DFi$(re 12-%E.
Start ma4in$ t"e 4ni!e by r ($"in$ (t t"e desired s"ape n y (r s"arp pie6e ! st ne3 (sin$ t"e 6"ippin$ t '. -ry t ma4e t"e 4ni!e !air'y t"in. -"en3 (sin$ t"e !'a4in$ t '3 press it a$ainst t"e ed$es. -"is a6ti n 7i'' 6a(se !'a4es t 6 me !! t"e pp site side ! t"e ed$e3 'ea)in$ a ra2 r s"arp ed$e. Use t"e !'a4in$ t ' a' n$ t"e entire 'en$t" ! t"e ed$e y ( need t s"arpen. ,)ent(a''y3 y ( 7i'' "a)e a )ery s"arp 6(ttin$ ed$e t"at y ( 6an (se as a 4ni!e. Las" t"e b'ade t s me type ! "i't DFi$(re 12-%E. 8ote9 Stone will make an e+cellent puncturing tool and a good chopping tool but will not hold a !ine edge. Some stones such as chert or !lint can have very !ine edges. #one Y ( 6an a's (se b ne as an e!!e6ti)e !ie'd-e@pedient ed$ed 7eap n. First3 y ( 7i'' need t se'e6t a s(itab'e b ne. -"e 'ar$er b nes3 s(6" as t"e 'e$ b ne ! a deer r an t"er medi(m-si2ed anima'3 are best. Lay t"e b ne (p n an t"er "ard bAe6t. S"atter t"e b ne by "ittin$ it 7it" a "ea)y bAe6t3 s(6" as a r 64. Fr m t"e pie6es3 se'e6t a s(itab'e p inted sp'inter. Y ( 6an !(rt"er s"ape and s"arpen t"is sp'inter by r(bbin$ it n a r ($"-s(r!a6ed r 64. I! t"e pie6e is t sma'' t "and'e3 y ( 6an sti'' (se it by addin$ a "and'e t it. Se'e6t a s(itab'e pie6e ! "ard7 d ! r a "and'e and 'as" t"e b ne sp'inter se6(re'y t it. 8ote9 Use the bone kni!e only to puncture. It will not hold an edge and it may !lake or break i! used di!!erently.
3ood Y ( 6an ma4e !ie'd-e@pedient ed$ed 7eap ns !r m 7 d. Use t"ese n'y t p(n6t(re. .amb is t"e n'y 7 d t"at 7i'' " 'd a s(itab'e ed$e. - ma4e a 4ni!e (sin$ 7 d3 !irst se'e6t a strai$"t-$rained pie6e ! "ard7 d t"at is ab (t %= 6entimeters ' n$ and 2.: 6entimeters in diameter. Fas"i n t"e b'ade ab (t 1: 6entimeters ' n$. S"a)e it d 7n t a p int. Use n'y t"e strai$"t-$rained p rti ns ! t"e 7 d. D n t (se t"e 6 re r pit"3 as it 7 ('d ma4e a 7ea4 p int. 1arden t"e p int by a pr 6ess 4n 7n as !ire "ardenin$. I! a !ire is p ssib'e3 dry t"e b'ade p rti n )er t"e !ire s' 7'y (nti' 'i$"t'y 6"arred. -"e drier t"e 7 d3 t"e "arder t"e p int. A!ter 'i$"t'y 6"arrin$ t"e b'ade p rti n3 s"arpen it n a 6 arse st ne. I! (sin$ bamb and a!ter !as"i nin$ t"e b'ade3 rem )e any t"er 7 d t ma4e t"e b'ade t"inner !r m t"e inside p rti n ! t"e bamb . Rem )a' is d ne t"is 7ay be6a(se bamb Gs "ardest part is its (ter 'ayer. 9eep as m(6" ! t"is 'ayer as p ssib'e t ens(re t"e "ardest b'ade p ssib'e. &"en 6"arrin$ bamb )er a !ire3 6"ar n'y t"e inside 7 dI d n t 6"ar t"e (tside. Meta' Meta' is t"e best materia' t ma4e !ie'd-e@pedient ed$ed 7eap ns. Meta'3 7"en pr per'y desi$ned3 6an !('!i'' a 4ni!eGs t"ree (ses--p(n6t(re3 s'i6e r 6" p3 and 6(t. First3 se'e6t a s(itab'e pie6e ! meta'3 ne t"at m st resemb'es t"e desired end pr d(6t. Dependin$ n t"e si2e and ri$ina' s"ape3 y ( 6an btain a p int and 6(ttin$ ed$e by r(bbin$ t"e meta' n a r ($"-s(r!a6ed st ne. I! t"e meta' is s !t en ($"3 y ( 6an "ammer (t ne ed$e 7"i'e t"e meta' is 6 'd. Use a s(itab'e !'at3 "ard s(r!a6e as an an)i' and a sma''er3 "arder bAe6t ! st ne r meta' as a "ammer t "ammer (t t"e ed$e. Ma4e a 4ni!e "and'e !r m 7 d3 b ne3 r t"er materia' t"at 7i'' pr te6t y (r "and. /t"er Materia's Y ( 6an (se t"er materia's t pr d(6e ed$ed 7eap ns. *'ass is a $ d a'ternati)e t an ed$ed 7eap n r t '3 i! n t"er materia' is a)ai'ab'e. /btain a s(itab'e pie6e in t"e same manner as des6ribed ! r b ne. *'ass "as a nat(ra' ed$e b(t is 'ess d(rab'e ! r "ea)y 7 r4. Y ( 6an a's s"arpen p'asti6--i! it is t"i64 en ($" r "ard en ($"--int a d(rab'e p int ! r p(n6t(rin$.
Spe!& B%!(e$
- ma4e spears3 (se t"e same pr 6ed(res t ma4e t"e b'ade t"at y ( (sed t ma4e a 4ni!e b'ade. -"en se'e6t a s"a!t Da strai$"t sap'in$E 1.2 t 1.: meters ' n$. -"e 'en$t" s" ('d a'' 7 y ( t "and'e t"e spear easi'y and e!!e6ti)e'y. Atta6" t"e spear b'ade t t"e s"a!t (sin$ 'as"in$. -"e pre!erred met" d is t sp'it t"e "and'e3 insert t"e b'ade3 t"en 7rap r 'as" it ti$"t'y. Y ( 6an (se t"er materia's 7it" (t addin$ a b'ade. Se'e6t a 1.2-t 1.:-meter ' n$ strai$"t "ard7 d s"a!t and s"a)e ne end t a p int. I! p ssib'e3 !ire "arden t"e p int. .amb a's ma4es an e@6e''ent spear. Se'e6t a pie6e 1.2 t 1.: meters ' n$. Startin$ ; t 1= 6entimeters ba64 !r m t"e end (sed as t"e p int3 s"a)e d 7n t"e end at a 8:-de$ree an$'e DFi$(re 12-8E. Remember3 t s"arpen t"e ed$es3 s"a)e n'y t"e inner p rti n.
A&&"0 P"i#t$
- ma4e an arr 7 p int3 (se t"e same pr 6ed(res ! r ma4in$ a st ne 4ni!e b'ade. 0"ert3 !'int3 and s"e''type st nes are best ! r arr 7 p ints. Y ( 6an !as"i n b ne 'i4e st ne--by !'a4in$. Y ( 6an ma4e an e!!i6ient arr 7 p int (sin$ br 4en $'ass.
OT. R 9P ,I NT 3 APONS
Y ( 6an ma4e t"er !ie'd-e@pedient 7eap ns s(6" as t"e t"r 7in$ sti643 ar6"ery e5(ipment3 and t"e b 'a.
Th&"0i#/ Sti-)
-"e t"r 7in$ sti643 6 mm n'y 4n 7n as t"e rabbit sti643 is )ery e!!e6ti)e a$ainst sma'' $ame Ds5(irre's3 6"ipm(n4s3 and rabbitsE. -"e rabbit sti64 itse'! is a b'(nt sti643 nat(ra''y 6(r)ed at ab (t a 8:-de$ree an$'e. Se'e6t a sti64 7it" t"e desired an$'e !r m "ea)y "ard7 d s(6" as a4. S"a)e !! t7 pp site sides s t"at t"e sti64 is !'at 'i4e a b meran$ DFi$(re 12-:E. Y ( m(st pra6ti6e t"e t"r 7in$ te6"ni5(e ! r a66(ra6y and speed. First3 a'i$n t"e tar$et by e@tendin$ t"e n nt"r 7in$ arm in 'ine 7it" t"e mid t ' 7er se6ti n ! t"e tar$et. S' 7'y and repeated'y raise t"e t"r 7in$ arm (p and ba64 (nti' t"e t"r 7in$ sti64 6r sses t"e ba64 at ab (t a 8:-de$ree an$'e r is in 'ine 7it" t"e n nt"r 7in$ "ip. .rin$ t"e t"r 7in$ arm ! r7ard (nti' it is A(st s'i$"t'y ab )e and para''e' t t"e n nt"r 7in$ arm. -"is 7i'' be t"e t"r 7in$ sti64Gs re'ease p int. #ra6ti6e s' 7'y and repeated'y t attain a66(ra6y.
A&-he&1 E, ip*e#t
Y ( 6an ma4e a b 7 and arr 7 DFi$(re 12-6E !r m materia's a)ai'ab'e in y (r s(r)i)a' area. - ma4e a b 73 (se t"e pr 6ed(re des6ribed (nder 9i''in$ De)i6es in 0"apter ;.
&"i'e it may be re'ati)e'y simp'e t ma4e a b 7 and arr 73 it is n t easy t (se ne. Y ( m(st pra6ti6e (sin$ it a ' n$ time t be reas nab'y s(re t"at y ( 7i'' "it y (r tar$et. A's 3 a !ie'd-e@pedient b 7 7i'' n t 'ast )ery ' n$ be! re y ( "a)e t ma4e a ne7 ne. F r t"e time and e!! rt in) ')ed3 y ( may 7e'' de6ide t (se an t"er type ! !ie'd-e@pedient 7eap n.
B"%!
-"e b 'a is an t"er !ie'd-e@pedient 7eap n t"at is easy t ma4e DFi$(re 12-7E. It is espe6ia''y e!!e6ti)e ! r 6apt(rin$ r(nnin$ $ame r ' 7-!'yin$ ! 7' in a !' 64. - (se t"e b 'a3 " 'd it by t"e 6enter 4n t and t7ir' it ab )e y (r "ead. Re'ease t"e 4n t s t"at t"e b 'a !'ies t 7ard y (r tar$et. &"en y ( re'ease t"e b 'a3 t"e 7ei$"ted 6 rds 7i'' separate. -"ese 6 rds 7i'' 7rap ar (nd and imm bi'i2e t"e ! 7' r anima' t"at y ( "it.
LAS.IN/ AN, COR,A/

Many materia's are str n$ en ($" ! r (se as 'as"in$ and 6 rda$e. A n(mber ! nat(ra' and man-made materia's are a)ai'ab'e in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n. F r e@amp'e3 y ( 6an ma4e a 6 tt n 7eb be't m(6" m re (se!(' by (nra)e'in$ it. Y ( 6an t"en (se t"e strin$ ! r t"er p(rp ses D!is"in$ 'ine3 t"read ! r se7in$3 and 'as"in$E.
N!t &!% C"&(!/e Se%e-ti"#

.e! re ma4in$ 6 rda$e3 t"ere are a !e7 simp'e tests y ( 6an d t determine y ( materia'Gs s(itabi'ity. First3 p('' n a 'en$t" ! t"e materia' t test ! r stren$t". Ne@t3 t7ist it bet7een y (r !in$ers and r '' t"e !ibers t $et"er. I! it 7it"stands t"is "and'in$ and d es n t snap apart3 tie an )er"and 4n t 7it" t"e !ibers and $ent'y ti$"ten. I! t"e 4n t d es n t brea43 t"e materia' is (sab'e. Fi$(re 12-; s" 7s )ari (s met" ds ! ma4in$ 6 rda$e.
L!$hi#/ M!te&i!%
-"e best nat(ra' materia' ! r 'as"in$ sma'' bAe6ts is sine7. Y ( 6an ma4e sine7 !r m t"e tend ns ! 'ar$e $ame3 s(6" as deer. Rem )e t"e tend ns !r m t"e $ame and dry t"em 6 mp'ete'y. Smas" t"e dried tend ns s t"at t"ey separate int !ibers. M isten t"e !ibers and t7ist t"em int a 6 ntin( (s strand. I! y ( need str n$er 'as"in$ materia'3 y ( 6an braid t"e strands. &"en y ( (se sine7 ! r sma'' 'as"in$s3 y ( d n t need 4n ts as t"e m istened sine7 is sti64y and it "ardens 7"en dry. Y ( 6an s"red and braid p'ant !ibers !r m t"e inner bar4 ! s me trees t ma4e 6 rd. Y ( 6an (se t"e 'inden3 e'm3 "i64 ry3 7"ite a43 m('berry3 6"estn(t3 and red and 7"ite 6edar trees. A!ter y ( ma4e t"e 6 rd3 test it t be s(re it is str n$ en ($" ! r y (r p(rp se. Y ( 6an ma4e t"ese materia's str n$er by braidin$ se)era' strands t $et"er. Y ( 6an (se ra7"ide ! r 'ar$er 'as"in$ A bs. Ma4e ra7"ide !r m t"e s4ins ! medi(m r 'ar$e $ame. A!ter s4innin$ t"e anima'3 rem )e any e@6ess !at and any pie6es ! meat !r m t"e s4in. Dry t"e s4in 6 mp'ete'y. Y ( d n t need t stret6" it as ' n$ as t"ere are n ! 'ds t trap m ist(re. Y ( d n t "a)e t rem )e t"e "air !r m t"e s4in. 0(t t"e s4in 7"i'e it is dry. Ma4e 6(ts ab (t 6 mi''imeters 7ide. Start !r m t"e 6enter ! t"e "ide and ma4e ne 6 ntin( (s 6ir6('ar 6(t3 7 r4in$ 6' 647ise t t"e "ideGs (ter ed$e. S a4 t"e ra7"ide ! r 2 t 8 " (rs r (nti' it is s !t. Use it 7et3 stret6"in$ it as m(6" as p ssib'e 7"i'e app'yin$ it. It 7i'' be str n$ and d(rab'e 7"en it dries.
RUC*SAC* CONSTRUCTION
-"e materia's ! r 6 nstr(6tin$ a r(64sa64 r pa64 are a'm st 'imit'ess. Y ( 6an (se 7 d3 bamb 3 r pe3 p'ant !iber3 6' t"in$3 anima' s4ins3 6an)as3 and many t"er materia's t ma4e a pa64. -"ere are se)era' 6 nstr(6ti n te6"ni5(es ! r r(64sa64s. Many are )ery e'ab rate3 b(t t" se t"at are simp'e and easy are !ten t"e m st readi'y made in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n.
H"&$e$h"e P!-)
-"is pa64 is simp'e t ma4e and (se and re'ati)e'y 6 m! rtab'e t 6arry )er ne s" ('der. Lay a)ai'ab'e s5(are-s"aped materia'3 s(6" as p n6" 3 b'an4et3 r 6an)as3 !'at n t"e $r (nd. Lay items n ne ed$e ! t"e materia'. #ad t"e "ard items. R '' t"e materia' D7it" t"e itemsE t 7ard t"e pp site ed$e and tie b t" ends se6(re'y. Add e@tra ties a' n$ t"e 'en$t" ! t"e b(nd'e. Y ( 6an drape t"e pa64 )er ne s" ('der 7it" a 'ine 6 nne6tin$ t"e t7 ends DFi$(re 12-<E.
S, !&e P!-)
-"is pa64 is easy t 6 nstr(6t i! r pe r 6 rda$e is a)ai'ab'e. /t"er7ise3 y ( m(st !irst ma4e 6 rda$e. ma4e t"is pa643 6 nstr(6t a s5(are !rame !r m bamb 3 'imbs3 r sti64s. Si2e 7i'' )ary ! r ea6" pers n and t"e am (nt ! e5(ipment 6arried DFi$(re 12-1=E.
CLOT.IN/ AN, INSULATION

Y ( 6an (se many materia's ! r 6' t"in$ and ins('ati n. . t" man-made materia's3 s(6" as para6"(tes3 and nat(ra' materia's3 s(6" as s4ins and p'ant materia's3 are a)ai'ab'e and !!er si$ni!i6ant pr te6ti n.
P!&!-h te A$$e*+%1
0 nsider t"e entire para6"(te assemb'y as a res (r6e. Use e)ery pie6e ! materia' and "ard7are3 t in6'(de t"e 6an py3 s(spensi n 'ines3 6 nne6t r snaps3 and para6"(te "arness. .e! re disassemb'in$ t"e para6"(te3 6 nsider a'' ! y (r s(r)i)a' re5(irements and p'an t (se di!!erent p rti ns ! t"e para6"(te a66 rdin$'y. F r e@amp'e3 6 nsider s"e'ter re5(irements3 need ! r a r(64sa643 and s n3 in additi n t 6' t"in$ r ins('ati n needs.
A#i*!% S)i#$
-"e se'e6ti n ! anima' s4ins in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n 7i'' m st !ten be 'imited t 7"at y ( mana$e t trap r "(nt. 1 7e)er3 i! t"ere is an ab(ndan6e ! 7i'd'i!e3 se'e6t t"e "ides ! 'ar$er anima's 7it" "ea)ier 6 ats and 'ar$e !at 6 ntent. D n t (se t"e s4ins ! in!e6ted r diseased anima's i! at a'' p ssib'e. Sin6e t"ey 'i)e in t"e 7i'd3 anima's are 6arriers ! pests s(6" as ti64s3 'i6e3 and !'eas. .e6a(se ! t"ese pests3 (se 7ater t t" r ($"'y 6'ean any s4in btained !r m any anima'. I! 7ater is n t a)ai'ab'e3 at 'east s"a4e (t t"e s4in t" r ($"'y. As 7it" ra7"ide3 'ay (t t"e s4in3 and rem )e a'' !at and meat. Dry t"e s4in 6 mp'ete'y. Use t"e "ind 5(arter A int areas t ma4e s" es and mittens r s 64s. &ear t"e "ide 7it" t"e !(r t t"e inside ! r its ins('atin$ !a6t r.
P%!#t Fi+e&$
Se)era' p'ants are s (r6es ! ins('ati n !r m 6 'd. 0attai' is a mars"'and p'ant ! (nd a' n$ 'a4es3 p nds3 and t"e ba647aters ! ri)ers. -"e !(22 n t"e t ps ! t"e sta'4s ! rms dead air spa6es and ma4es a $ d d 7n-'i4e ins('ati n 7"en p'a6ed bet7een t7 pie6es ! materia'. Mi'47eed "as p ''en'i4e seeds t"at a6t as $ d ins('ati n. -"e "(s4 !ibers !r m 6 6 n(ts are )ery $ d ! r 7ea)in$ r pes and3 7"en dried3 ma4e e@6e''ent tinder and ins('ati n.
COO*IN/ AN, ATIN/ UT NSILS

Many materia's may be (sed t ma4e e5(ipment ! r t"e 6 4in$3 eatin$3 and st rin$ ! ! d.
B"0%$
Use 7 d3 b ne3 " rn3 bar43 r t"er simi'ar materia' t ma4e b 7's. - ma4e 7 den b 7's3 (se a " '' 7ed (t pie6e ! 7 d t"at 7i'' " 'd y (r ! d and en ($" 7ater t 6 4 it in. 1an$ t"e 7 den 6 ntainer )er t"e !ire and add " t r 64s t t"e 7ater and ! d. Rem )e t"e r 64s as t"ey 6 ' and add m re " t r 64s (nti' y (r ! d is 6 4ed. CAUTION D n t (se r 64s 7it" air p 64ets3 s(6" as 'imest ne and sandst ne. -"ey may e@p' de 7"i'e "eatin$ in t"e !ire. Y ( 6an a's (se t"is met" d 7it" 6 ntainers made ! bar4 r 'ea)es. 1 7e)er3 t"ese 6 ntainers 7i'' b(rn ab )e t"e 7ater'ine (n'ess y ( 4eep t"em m ist r 4eep t"e !ire ' 7. A se6ti n ! bamb 7 r4s )ery 7e''3 i! y ( 6(t (t a se6ti n bet7een t7 sea'ed A ints DFi$(re 12-11E.
CAUTION A sea'ed se6ti n ! bamb
7i'' e@p' de i! "eated be6a(se ! trapped air and 7ater in t"e se6ti n.
F"&)$' 6#i.e$' !#( Sp""#$

0ar)e ! r4s3 4ni)es3 and sp ns !r m n nresin (s 7 ds s t"at y ( d n t $et a 7 d resin a!tertaste r d n t taint t"e ! d. N nresin (s 7 ds in6'(de a43 bir6"3 and t"er "ard7 d trees. 8ote9 <o not use those trees that secrete a syrup or resinlike li)uid on the bark or when cut.
P"t$
Y ( 6an ma4e p ts !r m t(rt'e s"e''s r 7 d. As des6ribed 7it" b 7's3 (sin$ " t r 64s in a " '' 7ed (t pie6e ! 7 d is )ery e!!e6ti)e. .amb is t"e best 7 d ! r ma4in$ 6 4in$ 6 ntainers. - (se t(rt'e s"e''s3 !irst t" r ($"'y b i' t"e (pper p rti n ! t"e s"e''. -"en (se it t "eat ! d and 7ater )er a !'ame DFi$(re 12-11E.
W!te& B"tt%e$
Ma4e 7ater b tt'es !r m t"e st ma6"s ! 'ar$er anima's. -" r ($"'y !'(s" t"e st ma6" (t 7it" 7ater3 t"en tie !! t"e b tt m. Lea)e t"e t p pen3 7it" s me means ! !astenin$ it 6' sed.
CHAPTER 17 - DESERT SURVIVAL
To survive and evade in arid or desert areas" you must understand and prepare !or the environment you will !ace. @ou must determine your e)uipment needs" the tactics you will use" and how the environment will a!!ect you and your tactics. @our survival will depend upon your knowledge o! the terrain" basic climatic elements" your ability to cope with these elements" and your will to survive.
T RRAIN
M st arid areas "a)e se)era' types ! terrain. -"e !i)e basi6 desert terrain types are-
M (ntain (s D1i$" A'tit(deE. R 64y p'atea(. Sand d(nes. Sa't mars"es. .r 4en3 disse6ted terrain DJ$ebe'J r J7adiJE.
Desert terrain ma4es m )ement di!!i6('t and demandin$. Land na)i$ati n 7i'' be e@treme'y di!!i6('t as t"ere may be )ery !e7 'andmar4s. 0 )er and 6 n6ea'ment may be )ery 'imitedI t"ere! re3 t"e t"reat ! e@p s(re t t"e enemy remains 6 nstant.
M" #t!i# De$e&t$

S6attered ran$es r areas ! barren "i''s r m (ntains separated by dry3 !'at basins 6"ara6teri2e m (ntain deserts. 1i$" $r (nd may rise $rad(a''y r abr(pt'y !r m !'at areas t se)era' t" (sand meters ab )e sea 'e)e'. M st ! t"e in!re5(ent rain!a'' 66(rs n "i$" $r (nd and r(ns !! rapid'y in t"e ! rm ! !'as" !' ds. -"ese !' d7aters er de deep $(''ies and ra)ines and dep sit sand and $ra)e' ar (nd t"e ed$es ! t"e basins. &ater rapid'y e)ap rates3 'ea)in$ t"e 'and as barren as be! re3 a't" ($" t"ere may be s" rt-'i)ed )e$etati n. I! en ($" 7ater enters t"e basin t 6 mpensate ! r t"e rate ! e)ap rati n3 s"a'' 7 'a4es may de)e' p3 s(6" as t"e *reat Sa't La4e in Uta"3 r t"e Dead Sea. M st ! t"ese 'a4es "a)e a "i$" sa't 6 ntent.
R"-)1 P%!te! De$e&t$

R 64y p'atea( deserts "a)e re'ati)e'y s'i$"t re'ie! interspersed 7it" e@tensi)e !'at areas 7it" 5(antities ! s 'id r br 4en r 64 at r near t"e s(r!a6e. -"ere may be steep-7a''ed3 er ded )a''eys3 4n 7n as 7adis in t"e Midd'e ,ast and arr y s r 6any ns in t"e United States and Me@i6 . A't" ($" t"eir !'at b tt ms may be s(per!i6ia''y attra6ti)e as assemb'y areas3 t"e narr 7er )a''eys 6an be e@treme'y dan$er (s t men and materia' d(e t !'as" !' din$ a!ter rains. -"e * 'an 1ei$"ts is an e@amp'e ! a r 64y p'atea( desert.
S!#(1 "& D #e De$e&t$

Sandy r d(ne deserts are e@tensi)e !'at areas 6 )ered 7it" sand r $ra)e'. JF'atJ is a re'ati)e term3 as s me areas may 6 ntain sand d(nes t"at are )er %== meters "i$" and 16 t 28 4i' meters ' n$. -ra!!i6abi'ity in s(6" terrain 7i'' depend n t"e 7ind7ard r 'ee7ard s' pe ! t"e d(nes and t"e te@t(re ! t"e sand. /t"er areas3 " 7e)er3 may be !'at ! r %3=== meters and m re. #'ant 'i!e may )ary !r m n ne t s6r(b )er 2 meters "i$". ,@amp'es ! t"is type ! desert in6'(de t"e ed$es ! t"e Sa"ara3 t"e empty 5(arter ! t"e Arabian Desert3 areas ! 0a'i! rnia and Ne7 Me@i6 3 and t"e 9a'a"ari in S (t" A!ri6a.
S!%t M!&$he$
Sa't mars"es are !'at3 des 'ate areas3 s metimes st(dded 7it" 6'(mps ! $rass b(t de) id ! t"er )e$etati n. -"ey 66(r in arid areas 7"ere rain7ater "as 6 ''e6ted3 e)ap rated3 and 'e!t 'ar$e dep sits ! a'4a'i sa'ts and 7ater 7it" a "i$" sa't 6 n6entrati n. -"e 7ater is s sa'ty it is (ndrin4ab'e. A 6r(st t"at may be 2.: t %= 6entimeters t"i64 ! rms )er t"e sa't7ater. In arid areas t"ere are sa't mars"es "(ndreds ! 4i' meters s5(are. -"ese areas (s(a''y s(pp rt many inse6ts3 m st ! 7"i6" bite. A) id sa't mars"es. -"is type ! terrain is "i$"'y 6 rr si)e t b ts3 6' t"in$3 and s4in. A $ d e@amp'e is t"e S"at-e'-Arab 7ater7ay a' n$ t"e Iran-Ira5 b rder.
B&")e# Te&&!i#
A'' arid areas 6 ntain br 4en r "i$"'y disse6ted terrain. Rainst rms t"at er de s !t sand and 6ar)e (t 6any ns ! rm t"is terrain. A 7adi may ran$e !r m % meters 7ide and 2 meters deep t se)era' "(ndred meters 7ide and deep. -"e dire6ti n it ta4es )aries as m(6" as its 7idt" and dept". It t7ists and t(rns and ! rms a ma2e'i4e pattern. A 7adi 7i'' $i)e y ( $ d 6 )er and 6 n6ea'ment3 b(t d n t try t m )e t"r ($" it be6a(se it is )ery di!!i6('t terrain t ne$ tiate.
NVIRON0 NTAL 'ACTORS

S(r)i)in$ and e)adin$ t"e enemy in an arid area depends n 7"at y ( 4n 7 and " 7 prepared y ( are ! r t"e en)ir nmenta' 6 nditi ns y ( 7i'' !a6e. Determine 7"at e5(ipment y ( 7i'' need3 t"e ta6ti6s y ( 7i'' (se3 and t"e en)ir nmentGs impa6t n t"em and y (. In a desert area t"ere are se)en en)ir nmenta' !a6t rs t"at y ( m(st 6 nsider-
L 7 rain!a''. Intense s(n'i$"t and "eat. &ide temperat(re ran$e. Sparse )e$etati n. 1i$" minera' 6 ntent near $r (nd s(r!a6e. Sandst rms. Mira$es.
L"0 R!i#5!%%
L 7 rain!a'' is t"e m st b)i (s en)ir nmenta' !a6t r in an arid area. S me desert areas re6ei)e 'ess t"an 1= 6entimeters ! rain ann(a''y3 and t"is rain 6 mes in brie! t rrents t"at 5(i64'y r(n !! t"e $r (nd s(r!a6e. Y ( 6ann t s(r)i)e ' n$ 7it" (t 7ater in "i$" desert temperat(res. In a desert s(r)i)a' sit(ati n3 y ( m(st !irst 6 nsider J1 7 m(6" 7ater d I "a)eHJ and J&"ere are t"er 7ater s (r6esHJ
I#te#$e S #%i/ht !#( He!t

Intense s(n'i$"t and "eat are present in a'' arid areas. Air temperat(re 6an rise as "i$" as 6= de$rees 0 D18= de$rees FE d(rin$ t"e day. 1eat $ain res('ts !r m dire6t s(n'i$"t3 " t b' 7in$ 7inds3 re!'e6ti)e "eat
Dt"e s(nGs rays b (n6in$ !! t"e sandE3 and 6 nd(6ti)e "eat !r m dire6t 6 nta6t 7it" t"e desert sand and r 64 DFi$(re 1%-1E.
-"e temperat(re ! desert sand and r 64 a)era$es 16 t 22 de$rees 0 D%= t 8= de$rees FE m re t"an t"at ! t"e air. F r instan6e3 7"en t"e air temperat(re is 8% de$rees 0 D11= de$rees FE3 t"e sand temperat(re may be 6= de$rees 0 D18= de$rees FE. Intense s(n'i$"t and "eat in6rease t"e b dyGs need ! r 7ater. - 6 nser)e y (r b dy !'(ids and ener$y3 y ( 7i'' need a s"e'ter t red(6e y (r e@p s(re t t"e "eat ! t"e day. -ra)e' at ni$"t t 'essen y (r (se ! 7ater. Radi s and sensiti)e items ! e5(ipment e@p sed t dire6t intense s(n'i$"t 7i'' ma'!(n6ti n.
Wi(e Te*pe&!t &e R!#/e

-emperat(res in arid areas may $et as "i$" as :: de$rees 0 d(rin$ t"e day and as ' 7 as 1= de$rees 0 d(rin$ t"e ni$"t. -"e dr p in temperat(re at ni$"t 66(rs rapid'y and 7i'' 6"i'' a pers n 7" 'a64s 7arm 6' t"in$ and is (nab'e t m )e ab (t. -"e 6 ' e)enin$s and ni$"ts are t"e best times t 7 r4 r tra)e'. I! y (r p'an is t rest at ni$"t3 y ( 7i'' !ind a 7 ' s7eater3 ' n$ (nder7ear3 and a 7 ' st 64in$ 6ap e@treme'y "e'p!('.
Sp!&$e Ve/et!ti"#
Ve$etati n is sparse in arid areas. Y ( 7i'' t"ere! re "a)e tr (b'e !indin$ s"e'ter and 6am (!'a$in$ y (r m )ements. D(rin$ day'i$"t " (rs 'ar$e areas ! terrain are )isib'e and easi'y 6 ntr ''ed by a sma'' pp sin$ ! r6e.
I! tra)e'in$ in " sti'e territ ry3 ! '' 7 t"e prin6ip'es ! desert 6am (!'a$e-
1ide r see4 s"e'ter in dry 7as"es D7adisE 7it" t"i64er $r 7t"s ! )e$etati n and 6 )er !r m b'i5(e bser)ati n. Use t"e s"ad 7s 6ast !r m br(s"3 r 64s3 r (t6r ppin$. -"e temperat(re in s"aded areas 7i'' be 11 t 17 de$rees 0 6 'er t"an t"e air temperat(re. 0 )er bAe6ts t"at 7i'' re!'e6t t"e 'i$"t !r m t"e s(n.
.e! re m )in$3 s(r)ey t"e area ! r sites t"at pr )ide 6 )er and 6 n6ea'ment. Y ( 7i'' "a)e tr (b'e estimatin$ distan6e. -"e emptiness ! desert terrain 6a(ses m st pe p'e t (nderestimate distan6e by a !a6t r ! t"reeL &"at appears t be 1 4i' meter a7ay is rea''y % 4i' meters a7ay.
Hi/h Mi#e&!% C"#te#t

A'' arid re$i ns "a)e areas 7"ere t"e s(r!a6e s i' "as a "i$" minera' 6 ntent Db ra@3 sa't3 a'4a'i3 and 'imeE. Materia' in 6 nta6t 7it" t"is s i' 7ears (t 5(i64'y3 and 7ater in t"ese areas is e@treme'y "ard and (ndrin4ab'e. &ettin$ y (r (ni! rm in s(6" 7ater t 6 ' !! may 6a(se a s4in ras". -"e *reat Sa't La4e area in Uta" is an e@amp'e ! t"is type ! minera'-'aden 7ater and s i'. -"ere is 'itt'e r n p'ant 'i!eI t"ere-! re3 s"e'ter is "ard t !ind. A) id t"ese areas i! p ssib'e.
S!#($t"&*$
Sandst rms Dsand-'aden 7indsE 66(r !re5(ent'y in m st deserts. -"e JSeistanJ desert 7ind in Iran and A!$"anistan b' 7s 6 nstant'y ! r (p t 12= days. &it"in Sa(di Arabia3 7inds a)era$e %.2 t 8.; 4i' meters per " (r D4p"E and 6an rea6" 112 t 12; 4p" in ear'y a!tern n. ,@pe6t maA r sandst rms and d(st st rms at 'east n6e a 7ee4. -"e $reatest dan$er is $ettin$ ' st in a s7ir'in$ 7a'' ! sand. &ear $ $$'es and 6 )er y (r m (t" and n se 7it" 6' t". I! nat(ra' s"e'ter is (na)ai'ab'e3 mar4 y (r dire6ti n ! tra)e'3 'ie d 7n3 and sit (t t"e st rm. D(st and 7ind-b' 7n sand inter!ere 7it" radi transmissi ns. -"ere! re3 be ready t (se t"er means ! r si$na'in$3 s(6" as pyr te6"ni6s3 si$na' mirr rs3 r mar4er pane's3 i! a)ai'ab'e.
Mi&!/e$
Mira$es are pti6a' p"en mena 6a(sed by t"e re!ra6ti n ! 'i$"t t"r ($" "eated air risin$ !r m a sandy r st ny s(r!a6e. -"ey 66(r in t"e interi r ! t"e desert ab (t 1= 4i' meters !r m t"e 6 ast. -"ey ma4e bAe6ts t"at are 1.: 4i' meters r m re a7ay appear t m )e. -"is mira$e e!!e6t ma4es it di!!i6('t ! r y ( t identi!y an bAe6t !r m a distan6e. It a's b'(rs distant ran$e 6 nt (rs s m(6" t"at y ( !ee' s(rr (nded by a s"eet ! 7ater !r m 7"i6" e'e)ati ns stand (t as Jis'ands.J -"e mira$e e!!e6t ma4es it "ard ! r a pers n t identi!y tar$ets3 estimate ran$e3 and see bAe6ts 6'ear'y. 1 7e)er3 i! y ( 6an $et t "i$" $r (nd D% meters r m re ab )e t"e desert !' rE3 y ( 6an $et ab )e t"e s(per"eated air 6' se t t"e $r (nd and )er6 me t"e mira$e e!!e6t. Mira$es ma4e 'and na)i$ati n di!!i6('t be6a(se t"ey bs6(re nat(ra' !eat(res. Y ( 6an s(r)ey t"e area at da7n3 d(s43 r by m n'i$"t 7"en t"ere is 'itt'e 'i4e'i" d ! mira$e. Li$"t 'e)e's in desert areas are m re intense t"an in t"er $e $rap"i6 areas. M n'it ni$"ts are (s(a''y 6rysta' 6'ear3 7inds die d 7n3 "a2e and $'are disappear3 and )isibi'ity is e@6e''ent. Y ( 6an see 'i$"ts3 red !'as"-'i$"ts3 and b'a64 (t 'i$"ts at $reat distan6es. S (nd 6arries )ery !ar. 0 n)erse'y3 d(rin$ ni$"ts 7it" 'itt'e m n'i$"t3 )isibi'ity is e@treme'y p r. -ra)e'in$ is e@treme'y "a2ard (s. Y ( m(st a) id $ettin$ ' st3 !a''in$ int ra)ines3 r st(mb'in$ int enemy p siti ns. M )ement d(rin$ s(6" a ni$"t is pra6ti6a' n'y i! y ( "a)e a 6 mpass and "a)e spent t"e day in a s"e'ter3 restin$3 bser)in$ and mem ri2in$ t"e terrain3 and se'e6tin$ y (r r (te.
, 'OR 3AT R
-"e s(bAe6t ! man and 7ater in t"e desert "as $enerated 6 nsiderab'e interest and 6 n!(si n sin6e t"e ear'y days ! & r'd &ar II 7"en t"e U. S. Army 7as preparin$ t !i$"t in N rt" A!ri6a. At ne time t"e U. S. Army t" ($"t it 6 ('d 6 nditi n men t d 7it" 'ess 7ater by pr $ressi)e'y red(6in$ t"eir 7ater s(pp'ies d(rin$ trainin$. -"ey 6a''ed it 7ater dis6ip'ine. It 6a(sed "(ndreds ! "eat 6as(a'ties. A 4ey !a6t r in desert s(r)i)a' is (nderstandin$ t"e re'ati ns"ip bet7een p"ysi6a' a6ti)ity3 air temperat(re3 and 7ater 6 ns(mpti n. -"e b dy re5(ires a 6ertain am (nt ! 7ater ! r a 6ertain 'e)e' ! a6ti)ity at a 6ertain temperat(re. F r e@amp'e3 a pers n per! rmin$ "ard 7 r4 in t"e s(n at 8% de$rees 0 re5(ires 1< 'iters ! 7ater dai'y. La64 ! t"e re5(ired am (nt ! 7ater 6a(ses a rapid de6'ine in an indi)id(a'Gs abi'ity t ma4e de6isi ns and t per! rm tas4s e!!i6ient'y. Y (r b dyGs n rma' temperat(re is %6.< de$rees 0 D<;.6 de$rees FE. Y (r b dy $ets rid ! e@6ess "eat D6 's !!E by s7eatin$. -"e 7armer y (r b dy be6 mes--7"et"er 6a(sed by 7 r43 e@er6ise3 r air temperat(re--t"e m re y ( s7eat. -"e m re y ( s7eat3 t"e m re m ist(re y ( ' se. S7eatin$ is t"e prin6ipa' 6a(se ! 7ater ' ss. I! a pers n st ps s7eatin$ d(rin$ peri ds ! "i$" air temperat(re and "ea)y 7 r4 r e@er6ise3 "e 7i'' 5(i64'y de)e' p "eat str 4e. -"is is an emer$en6y t"at re5(ires immediate medi6a' attenti n. Fi$(re 1%-2 s" 7s dai'y 7ater re5(irements ! r )ari (s 'e)e's ! 7 r4. Understandin$ " 7 t"e air temperat(re and y (r p"ysi6a' a6ti)ity a!!e6t y (r 7ater re5(irements a'' 7s y ( t ta4e meas(res t $et t"e m st !r m y (r 7ater s(pp'y. -"ese meas(res are-
Find s"adeK *et (t ! t"e s(nK #'a6e s met"in$ bet7een y ( and t"e " t $r (nd. Limit y (r m )ementsK 0 nser)e y (r s7eat. &ear y (r 6 mp'ete (ni! rm t in6'(de --s"irt. R '' t"e s'ee)es d 7n3 6 )er y (r "ead3 and pr te6t y (r ne64 7it" a s6ar! r simi'ar item. -"ese steps 7i'' pr te6t y (r b dy !r m " t-b' 7in$ 7inds and t"e dire6t rays ! t"e s(n. Y (r 6' t"in$ 7i'' abs rb y (r s7eat3 4eepin$ it a$ainst y (r s4in s t"at y ( $ain its !('' 6 'in$ e!!e6t. .y stayin$ in t"e s"ade 5(iet'y3 !(''y 6' t"ed3 n t ta'4in$3 4eepin$ y (r m (t" 6' sed3 and breat"in$ t"r ($" y (r n se3 y (r 7ater re5(irement ! r s(r)i)a' dr ps dramati6a''y. I! 7ater is s6ar6e3 d n t eat. F d re5(ires 7ater ! r di$esti nI t"ere! re3 eatin$ ! d 7i'' (se 7ater t"at y ( need ! r 6 'in$.
Thirst is not a reliable guide !or your need !or water. A pers n 7" (ses t"irst as a $(ide 7i'' drin4 n'y t7 -t"irds ! "is dai'y 7ater re5(irement. - pre)ent t"is J) '(ntaryJ de"ydrati n3 (se t"e ! '' 7in$ $(ideL

At temperat(res be' 7 %; de$rees 03 drin4 =.: 'iter ! 7ater e)ery " (r. At temperat(res ab )e %; de$rees 03 drin4 1 'iter ! 7ater e)ery " (r.
Drin4in$ 7ater at re$('ar inter)a's "e'ps y (r b dy remain 6 ' and de6reases s7eatin$. ,)en 7"en y (r 7ater s(pp'y is ' 73 sippin$ 7ater 6 nstant'y 7i'' 4eep y (r b dy 6 'er and red(6e 7ater ' ss t"r ($" s7eatin$. 0 nser)e y (r !'(ids by red(6in$ a6ti)ity d(rin$ t"e "eat ! day. D" #"t rati n y (r 7aterK I! y ( try t rati n 7ater3 y ( stand a $ d 6"an6e ! be6 min$ a "eat 6as(a'ty.
. AT CASUALTI S
Y (r 6"an6es ! be6 min$ a "eat 6as(a'ty as a s(r)i) r are $reat3 d(e t inA(ry3 stress3 and 'a64 ! 6riti6a' items ! e5(ipment. F '' 7in$ are t"e maA r types ! "eat 6as(a'ties and t"eir treatment when little water and no medical help are available.
He!t C&!*p$
-"e ' ss ! sa't d(e t e@6essi)e s7eatin$ 6a(ses "eat 6ramps. Sympt ms are m derate t se)ere m(s6'e 6ramps in 'e$s3 arms3 r abd men. -"ese sympt ms may start as a mi'd m(s6('ar dis6 m! rt. Y ( s" ('d n 7 st p a'' a6ti)ity3 $et in t"e s"ade3 and drin4 7ater. I! y ( !ai' t re6 $ni2e t"e ear'y sympt ms and 6 ntin(e y (r p"ysi6a' a6ti)ity3 y ( 7i'' "a)e se)ere m(s6'e 6ramps and pain. -reat as ! r "eat e@"a(sti n3 be' 7.
He!t E3h! $ti"#

A 'ar$e ' ss ! b dy 7ater and sa't 6a(ses "eat e@"a(sti n. Sympt ms are "eada6"e3 menta' 6 n!(si n3 irritabi'ity3 e@6essi)e s7eatin$3 7ea4ness3 di22iness3 6ramps3 and pa'e3 m ist3 6 'd D6'ammyE s4in. Immediate'y $et t"e patient (nder s"ade. Ma4e "im 'ie n a stret6"er r simi'ar item ab (t 8: 6entimeters !! t"e $r (nd. L sen "is 6' t"in$. Sprin4'e "im 7it" 7ater and !an "im. 1a)e "im drin4 sma'' am (nts ! 7ater e)ery % min(tes. ,ns(re "e stays 5(iet and rests.
He!t St&")e
A se)ere "eat inA(ry 6a(sed by e@treme ' ss ! 7ater and sa't and t"e b dyGs inabi'ity t 6 ' itse'!. -"e patient may die i! n t 6 'ed immediate'y. Sympt ms are t"e 'a64 ! s7eat3 " t and dry s4in3 "eada6"e3 di22iness3 !ast p('se3 na(sea and ) mitin$3 and menta' 6 n!(si n 'eadin$ t (n6 ns6i (sness. Immediate'y $et t"e pers n t s"ade. Lay "im n a stret6"er r simi'ar item ab (t 8: 6entimeters !! t"e $r (nd. L sen "is 6' t"in$. # (r 7ater n "im Dit d es n t matter i! t"e 7ater is p ''(ted r bra64is"E and !an "im. Massa$e "is arms3 'e$s3 and b dy. I! "e re$ains 6 ns6i (sness3 'et "im drin4 sma'' am (nts ! 7ater e)ery % min(tes.
PR CAUTIONS
In a desert s(r)i)a' and e)asi n sit(ati n3 it is (n'i4e'y t"at y ( 7i'' "a)e a medi6 r medi6a' s(pp'ies 7it" y ( t treat "eat inA(ries. -"ere! re3 ta4e e@tra 6are t a) id "eat inA(ries. Rest d(rin$ t"e day. & r4 d(rin$ t"e 6 ' e)enin$s and ni$"ts. Use a b(ddy system t 7at6" ! r "eat inA(ry3 and bser)e t"e ! '' 7in$ $(ide'inesL

Ma4e s(re y ( te'' s me ne 7"ere y ( are $ in$ and 7"en y ( 7i'' ret(rn. &at6" ! r si$ns ! "eat inA(ry. I! s me ne 6 mp'ains ! tiredness r 7anders a7ay !r m t"e $r (p3 "e may be a "eat 6as(a'ty. Drin4 7ater at 'east n6e an " (r. *et in t"e s"ade 7"en restin$I d n t 'ie dire6t'y n t"e $r (nd. D n t ta4e !! y (r s"irt and 7 r4 d(rin$ t"e day. 0"e64 t"e 6 ' r ! y (r (rine. A 'i$"t 6 ' r means y ( are drin4in$ en ($" 7ater3 a dar4 6 ' r means y ( need t drin4 m re.
, S RT .A8AR,S
-"ere are se)era' "a2ards (ni5(e t desert s(r)i)a'. -"ese in6'(de inse6ts3 sna4es3 t" rned p'ants and 6a6ti3 6 ntaminated 7ater3 s(nb(rn3 eye irritati n3 and 6'imati6 stress. Inse6ts ! a'm st e)ery type ab (nd in t"e desert. Man3 as a s (r6e ! 7ater and ! d3 attra6ts 'i6e3 mites3 7asps3 and !'ies. -"ey are e@treme'y (np'easant and may 6arry diseases. /'d b(i'din$s3 r(ins3 and 6a)es are !a) rite "abitats ! spiders3 s6 rpi ns3 6entipedes3 'i6e3 and mites. -"ese areas pr )ide pr te6ti n !r m t"e e'ements and a's attra6t t"er 7i'd-'i!e. -"ere! re3 ta4e e@tra 6are 7"en stayin$ in t"ese areas. &ear $' )es at a'' times in t"e desert. D n t p'a6e y (r "ands any7"ere 7it" (t !irst ' 4in$ t see 7"at is t"ere. Vis(a''y inspe6t an area be! re sittin$ r 'yin$ d 7n. &"en y ( $et (p3 s"a4e (t and inspe6t y (r b ts and 6' t"in$. A'' desert areas "a)e sna4es. -"ey in"abit r(ins3 nati)e )i''a$es3 $arba$e d(mps3 6a)es3 and nat(ra' r 64 (t6r ppin$ t"at !!er s"ade. Ne)er $ bare! t r 7a'4 t"r ($" t"ese areas 7it" (t 6are!(''y inspe6tin$ t"em ! r sna4es. #ay attenti n t 7"ere y ( p'a6e
y (r !eet and "ands. M st sna4ebites res('t !r m steppin$ n r "and'in$ sna4es. A) id t"em. /n6e y ( see a sna4e3 $i)e it a 7ide bert".
CHAPTER 18 - TROPICAL SURVIVAL
/ost people think o! the tropics as a huge and !orbidding tropical rain !orest through which every step taken must be hacked out" and where every inch o! the way is crawling with danger. Actually" over hal! o! the land in the tropics is cultivated in some way. A knowledge o! !ield skills" the ability to improvise" and the application o! the principles o! survival will increase the prospects o! survival. <o not be a!raid o! being alone in the $ungle# !ear will lead to panic. :anic will lead to e+haustion and decrease your chance o! survival. Cverything in the $ungle thrives" including disease germs and parasites that breed at an alarming rate. 8ature will provide water" !ood" and plenty o! materials to build shelters. Indigenous peoples have lived !or millennia by hunting and gathering. (owever" it will take an outsider some time to get used to the conditions and the nonstop activity o! tropical survival.
TROPICAL 3 AT. R
1i$" temperat(res3 "ea)y rain!a''3 and ppressi)e "(midity 6"ara6teri2e e5(at ria' and s(btr pi6a' re$i ns3 e@6ept at "i$" a'tit(des. At ' 7 a'tit(des3 temperat(re )ariati n is se'd m 'ess t"an 1= de$rees 0 and is !ten m re t"an %: de$rees 0. At a'tit(des )er 13:== meters3 i6e !ten ! rms at ni$"t. -"e rain "as a 6 'in$ e!!e6t3 b(t 7"en it st ps3 t"e temperat(re s ars. Rain!a'' is "ea)y3 !ten 7it" t"(nder and 'i$"tnin$. S(dden rain beats n t"e tree 6an py3 t(rnin$ tri64'es int ra$in$ t rrents and 6a(sin$ ri)ers t rise. ?(st as s(dden'y3 t"e rain st ps. Vi 'ent st rms may 66(r3 (s(a''y t 7ard t"e end ! t"e s(mmer m nt"s. 1(rri6anes3 6y6' nes3 and typ" ns de)e' p )er t"e sea and r(s" in'and3 6a(sin$ tida' 7a)es and de)astati n as" re. In 6" sin$ 6ampsites3 ma4e s(re y ( are ab )e any p tentia' !' din$. #re)ai'in$ 7inds )ary bet7een 7inter and s(mmer. -"e dry seas n "as rain n6e a day and t"e m ns n "as 6 ntin( (s rain. In S (t"east Asia3 7inds !r m t"e Indian /6ean brin$ t"e m ns n3 b(t it is dry 7"en t"e 7ind b' 7s !r m t"e 'andmass ! 0"ina. -r pi6a' day and ni$"t are ! e5(a' 'en$t". Dar4ness !a''s 5(i64'y and daybrea4 is A(st as s(dden.
2UN/L TYP S
-"ere is n standard A(n$'e. -"e tr pi6a' area may be any ! t"e ! '' 7in$L

Rain ! rests. Se6 ndary A(n$'es. Semie)er$reen seas na' and m ns
n ! rests.
S6r(b and t" rn ! rests. Sa)annas. Sa't7ater s7amps. Fres"7ater s7amps.
T&"pi-!% R!i# F"&e$t$

-"e 6'imate )aries 'itt'e in rain ! rests. Y ( !ind t"ese ! rests a6r ss t"e e5(at r in t"e Ama2 n and 0 n$ basins3 parts ! Ind nesia3 and se)era' #a6i!i6 is'ands. Up t %.: meters ! rain !a'' e)en'y t"r ($" (t t"e year. -emperat(res ran$e !r m ab (t %2 de$rees 0 in t"e day t 21 de$rees 0 at ni$"t. -"ere are !i)e 'ayers ! )e$etati n in t"is A(n$'e DFi$(re 18-1E. &"ere (nt (6"ed by man3 A(n$'e trees rise !r m b(ttress r ts t "ei$"ts ! 6= meters. .e' 7 t"em3 sma''er trees pr d(6e a 6an py s t"i64 t"at 'itt'e 'i$"t rea6"es t"e A(n$'e !' r. Seed'in$s str($$'e beneat" t"em t rea6" 'i$"t3 and masses ! )ines and 'ianas t7ine (p t t"e s(n. Ferns3 m sses3 and "erba6e (s p'ants p(s" t"r ($" a t"i64 6arpet ! 'ea)es3 and a $reat )ariety ! !(n$i $r 7 n 'ea)es and !a''en tree tr(n4s.
.e6a(se ! t"e 'a64 ! 'i$"t n t"e A(n$'e !' r3 t"ere is 'itt'e (nder$r 7t" t "amper m )ement3 b(t dense $r 7t" 'imits )isibi'ity t ab (t := meters. Y ( 6an easi'y ' se y (r sense ! dire6ti n in t"is A(n$'e3 and it is e@treme'y "ard ! r air6ra!t t see y (.
Se-"#(!&1 B #/%e$
Se6 ndary A(n$'e is )ery simi'ar t rain ! rest. #r 'i!i6 $r 7t"3 7"ere s(n'i$"t penetrates t t"e A(n$'e !' r3 typi!ies t"is type ! ! rest. S(6" $r 7t" "appens main'y a' n$ ri)er ban4s3 n A(n$'e !rin$es3 and 7"ere man "as 6'eared rain ! rest. &"en aband ned3 tan$'ed masses ! )e$etati n 5(i64'y re6'aim t"ese 6('ti)ated areas. Y ( 6an !ten !ind 6('ti)ated ! d p'ants am n$ t"is )e$etati n.
Se*ie.e&/&ee# Se!$"#!% !#( M"#$""# F"&e$t$

-"e 6"ara6teristi6s ! t"e Ameri6an and A!ri6an semie)er$reen seas na' ! rests 6 rresp nd 7it" t" se ! t"e Asian m ns n ! rests. -"ese 6"ara6teristi6s are-
-"eir trees !a'' int t7 st ries ! tree strata. -" se in t"e (pper st ry a)era$e 1; t 28 metersI t" se in t"e ' 7er st ry a)era$e 7 t 1% meters. -"e diameter ! t"e trees a)era$es =.: meter. -"eir 'ea)es !a'' d(rin$ a seas na' dr ($"t.
,@6ept ! r t"e sa$ 3 nipa3 and 6 6 n(t pa'ms3 t"e same edib'e p'ants $r 7 in t"ese areas as in t"e tr pi6a' rain ! rests.
Y ( !ind t"ese ! rests in p rti ns ! 0 '(mbia and Vene2(e'a and t"e Ama2 n basin in S (t" Ameri6aI in p rti ns ! s (t"east 6 asta' 9enya3 -an2ania3 and M 2ambi5(e in A!ri6aI in N rt"eastern India3 m(6" ! .(rma3 -"ai'and3 Ind 6"ina3 ?a)a3 and parts ! t"er Ind nesian is'ands in Asia.
T&"pi-!% S-& + !#( Th"&# F"&e$t$

-"e 6"ie! 6"ara6teristi6s ! tr pi6a' s6r(b and t" rn ! rests are-
-"ere is a de!inite dry seas n. -rees are 'ea!'ess d(rin$ t"e dry seas n. -"e $r (nd is bare e@6ept ! r a !e7 t(!ted p'ants in b(n6"esI $rasses are (n6 mm n. #'ants 7it" t" rns pred minate. Fires 66(r !re5(ent'y.
Y ( !ind tr pi6a' s6r(b and t" rn ! rests n t"e 7est 6 ast ! Me@i6 3 Y(6atan penins('a3 Vene2(e'a3 .ra2i'I n t"e n rt"7est 6 ast and 6entra' parts ! A!ri6aI and in Asia3 in -(r4estan and India. &it"in t"e tr pi6a' s6r(b and t" rn ! rest areas3 y ( 7i'' !ind it "ard t btain ! d p'ants d(rin$ t"e dry seas n. D(rin$ t"e rainy seas n3 p'ants are 6 nsiderab'y m re ab(ndant.
T&"pi-!% S!.!##!$
*enera' 6"ara6teristi6s ! t"e sa)anna are-
It is ! (nd 7it"in t"e tr pi6a' 2 nes in S (t" Ameri6a and A!ri6a. It ' 4s 'i4e a br ad3 $rassy mead 73 7it" trees spa6ed at 7ide inter)a's. It !re5(ent'y "as red s i'. It $r 7s s6attered trees t"at (s(a''y appear st(nted and $nar'ed 'i4e app'e trees. #a'ms a's 66(r n sa)annas.
Y ( !ind sa)annas in parts ! Vene2(e'a3 .ra2i'3 and t"e *(ianas in S (t" Ameri6a. In A!ri6a3 y ( !ind t"em in t"e s (t"ern Sa"ara Dn rt"-6entra' 0amer n and *ab n and s (t"ern S(danE3 .enin3 - $ 3 m st ! Ni$eria3 n rt"eastern Baire3 n rt"ern U$anda3 7estern 9enya3 part ! Ma'a7i3 part ! -an2ania3 s (t"ern Bimbab7e3 M 2ambi5(e3 and 7estern Mada$as6ar.
S!%t0!te& S0!*p$
Sa't7ater s7amps are 6 mm n in 6 asta' areas s(bAe6t t tida' !' din$. Man$r )e trees t"ri)e in t"ese s7amps. Man$r )e trees 6an rea6" "ei$"ts ! 12 meters3 and t"eir tan$'ed r ts are an bsta6'e t m )ement. Visibi'ity in t"is type ! s7amp is p r3 and m )ement is e@treme'y di!!i6('t. S metimes3 streams t"at y ( 6an ra!t ! rm 6"anne's3 b(t y ( (s(a''y m(st tra)e' n ! t t"r ($" t"is s7amp. Y ( !ind sa't7ater s7amps in &est A!ri6a3 Mada$as6ar3 Ma'aysia3 t"e #a6i!i6 is'ands3 0entra' and S (t" Ameri6a3 and at t"e m (t" ! t"e *an$es Ri)er in India. -"e s7amps at t"e m (t"s ! t"e /rin 6 and Ama2 n ri)ers and ri)ers ! *(yana 6 nsist ! m(d and trees t"at !!er 'itt'e s"ade. -ides in sa't7ater s7amps 6an )ary as m(6" as 12 meters. ,)eryt"in$ in a sa't7ater s7amp may appear " sti'e t y (3 !r m 'ee6"es and inse6ts t 6r 6 di'es and 6aimans. A) id t"e dan$er (s anima's in t"is s7amp. A) id t"is s7amp a't $et"er i! y ( 6an. I! t"ere are 7ater 6"anne's t"r ($" it3 y ( may be ab'e t (se a ra!t t es6ape.
F&e$h0!te& S0!*p$
Y ( !ind !res"7ater s7amps in ' 7-'yin$ in'and areas. -"eir 6"ara6teristi6s are masses ! t" rny (nder$r 7t"3 reeds3 $rasses3 and 66asi na' s" rt pa'ms t"at red(6e )isibi'ity and ma4e tra)e' di!!i6('t. -"ere are !ten is'ands t"at d t t"ese s7amps3 a'' 7in$ y ( t $et (t ! t"e 7ater. &i'd'i!e is ab(ndant in t"ese s7amps.
TRAV L T.ROU/. 2UN/L AR AS

&it" pra6ti6e3 m )ement t"r ($" t"i64 (nder$r 7t" and A(n$'e 6an be d ne e!!i6ient'y. A'7ays 7ear ' n$ s'ee)es t a) id 6(ts and s6rat6"es. - m )e easi'y3 y ( m(st de)e' p JA(n$'e eye3J t"at is3 y ( s" ('d n t 6 n6entrate n t"e pattern ! b(s"es and trees t y (r immediate !r nt. Y ( m(st ! 6(s n t"e A(n$'e !(rt"er (t and !ind nat(ra' brea4s in t"e ! 'ia$e. L 4 through t"e A(n$'e3 n t at it. St p and st p d 7n 66asi na''y t ' 4 a' n$ t"e A(n$'e !' r. -"is a6ti n may re)ea' $ame trai's t"at y ( 6an ! '' 7. Stay a'ert and m )e s' 7'y and steadi'y t"r ($" dense ! rest r A(n$'e. St p peri di6a''y t 'isten and ta4e y (r bearin$s. Use a ma6"ete t 6(t t"r ($" dense )e$etati n3 b(t d n t 6(t (nne6essari'y r y ( 7i'' 5(i64'y 7ear y (rse'! (t. I! (sin$ a ma6"ete3 str 4e (p7ard 7"en 6(ttin$ )ines t red(6e n ise be6a(se s (nd 6arries ' n$ distan6es in t"e A(n$'e. Use a sti64 t part t"e )e$etati n. Usin$ a sti64 7i'' a's "e'p dis' d$e bitin$ ants3 spiders3 r sna4es. D" #"t $rasp at br(s" r )ines 7"en 6'imbin$ s' pesI t"ey may "a)e irritatin$ spines r s"arp t" rns. Many A(n$'e and ! rest anima's ! '' 7 $ame trai's. -"ese trai's 7ind and 6r ss3 b(t !re5(ent'y 'ead t 7ater r 6'earin$s. Use t"ese trai's i! t"ey 'ead in y (r desired dire6ti n ! tra)e'. In many 6 (ntries3 e'e6tri6 and te'ep" ne 'ines r(n ! r mi'es t"r ($" sparse'y in"abited areas. Us(a''y3 t"e ri$"t- !-7ay is 6'ear en ($" t a'' 7 easy tra)e'. &"en tra)e'in$ a' n$ t"ese 'ines3 be 6are!(' as y ( appr a6" trans! rmer and re'ay stati ns. In enemy territ ry3 t"ey may be $(arded. TRAVEL TIPS #inp int y (r initia' ' 6ati n as a66(rate'y as p ssib'e t determine a $enera' 'ine ! tra)e' t sa!ety. I! y ( d n t "a)e a 6 mpass3 (se a !ie'd-e@pedient dire6ti n !indin$ met" d.
-a4e st 64 ! 7ater s(pp'ies and e5(ipment.
M )e in ne dire6ti n3 b(t n t ne6essari'y in a strai$"t 'ine. A) id bsta6'es. In enemy territ ry3 ta4e ad)anta$e ! nat(ra' 6 )er and 6 n6ea'ment.
M )e sm t"'y t"r ($" t"e A(n$'e. D n t b'(nder t"r ($" it sin6e y ( 7i'' $et many 6(ts and s6rat6"es. -(rn y (r s" ('ders3 s"i!t y (r "ips3 bend y (r b dy3 and s" rten r 'en$t"en y (r stride as ne6essary t s'ide bet7een t"e (nder$r 7t".
I00 ,IAT CONSI, RATIONS

-"ere is 'ess 'i4e'i" d ! y (r res6(e !r m beneat" a dense A(n$'e 6an py t"an in t"er s(r)i)a' sit(ati ns. Y ( 7i'' pr bab'y "a)e t tra)e' t rea6" sa!ety. I! y ( are t"e )i6tim ! an air6ra!t 6ras"3 t"e m st imp rtant items t ta4e 7it" y ( !r m t"e 6ras" site are a ma6"ete3 a 6 mpass3 a !irst aid 4it3 and a para6"(te r t"er materia' ! r (se as m s5(it nettin$ and s"e'ter. -a4e s"e'ter !r m tr pi6a' rain3 s(n3 and inse6ts. Ma'aria-6arryin$ m s5(it es and t"er inse6ts are immediate dan$ers3 s pr te6t y (rse'! a$ainst bites. D n t 'ea)e t"e 6ras" area 7it" (t 6are!(''y b'a2in$ r mar4in$ y (r r (te. Use y (r 6 mpass. 9n 7 7"at dire6ti n y ( are ta4in$.
In t"e tr pi6s3 e)en t"e sma''est s6rat6" 6an 5(i64'y be6 me dan$er (s'y in!e6ted. #r mpt'y treat any 7 (nd3 n matter " 7 min r.
3AT R PROCUR 0 NT
,)en t" ($" 7ater is ab(ndant in m st tr pi6a' en)ir nments3 y ( may3 as a s(r)i) r3 "a)e tr (b'e !indin$ it. I! y ( d !ind 7ater3 it may n t be sa!e t drin4. S me ! t"e many s (r6es are )ines3 r ts3 pa'm trees3 and 6 ndensati n. Y ( 6an s metimes ! '' 7 anima's t 7ater. /!ten y ( 6an $et near'y 6'ear 7ater !r m m(ddy streams r 'a4es by di$$in$ a " 'e in sandy s i' ab (t 1 meter !r m t"e ban4. &ater 7i'' seep int t"e " 'e. Y ( m(st p(ri!y any 7ater btained in t"is manner.
A#i*!%$ !$ Si/#$ "5 W!te&

Anima's 6an !ten 'ead y ( t 7ater. M st anima's re5(ire 7ater re$('ar'y. *ra2in$ anima's s(6" as deer3 are (s(a''y ne)er !ar !r m 7ater and (s(a''y drin4 at da7n and d(s4. 0 n)er$in$ $ame trai's !ten 'ead t 7ater. 0arni) res Dmeat eatersE are n t re'iab'e indi6at rs ! 7ater. -"ey $et m ist(re !r m t"e anima's t"ey eat and 6an $ 7it" (t 7ater ! r ' n$ peri ds. .irds 6an s metimes a's 'ead y ( t 7ater. *rain eaters3 s(6" as !in6"es and pi$e ns3 are ne)er !ar !r m 7ater. -"ey drin4 at da7n and d(s4. &"en t"ey !'y strai$"t and ' 73 t"ey are "eadin$ ! r 7ater. &"en ret(rnin$ !r m 7ater3 t"ey are !('' and 7i'' !'y !r m tree t tree3 restin$ !re5(ent'y. D n t re'y n 7ater birds t 'ead y ( t 7ater. -"ey !'y ' n$ distan6es 7it" (t st ppin$. 1a74s3 ea$'es3 and t"er birds ! prey $et 'i5(ids !r m t"eir )i6timsI y ( 6ann t (se t"em as a 7ater indi6at r. Inse6ts 6an be $ d indi6at rs ! 7ater3 espe6ia''y bees. .ees se'd m ran$e m re t"an 6 4i' meters !r m t"eir nests r "i)es. -"ey (s(a''y 7i'' "a)e a 7ater s (r6e in t"is ran$e. Ants need 7ater. A 6 '(mn ! ants mar6"in$ (p a tree is $ in$ t a sma'' reser) ir ! trapped 7ater. Y ( !ind s(6" reser) irs e)en in arid areas. M st !'ies stay 7it"in 1== meters ! 7ater3 espe6ia''y t"e ,(r pean mas n !'y3 easi'y re6 $ni2ed by its irides6ent $reen b dy. 1(man tra64s 7i'' (s(a''y 'ead t a 7e''3 b re " 'e3 r s a4. S6r(b r r 64s may 6 )er it t red(6e e)ap rati n. Rep'a6e t"e 6 )er a!ter (se.
W!te& F&"* P%!#t$

#'ants s(6" as )ines3 r ts3 and pa'm trees are $ d s (r6es ! 7ater.
Vines
Vines 7it" r ($" bar4 and s" ts ab (t : 6entimeters t"i64 6an be a (se!(' s (r6e ! 7ater. Y ( m(st 'earn by e@perien6e 7"i6" are t"e 7ater-bearin$ )ines3 be6a(se n t a'' "a)e drin4ab'e 7ater. S me may e)en "a)e a p is n (s sap. -"e p is n (s nes yie'd a sti64y3 mi'4y sap 7"en 6(t. N np is n (s )ines 7i'' $i)e a 6'ear !'(id. S me )ines 6a(se a s4in irritati n n 6 nta6tI t"ere! re 'et t"e 'i5(id drip int y (r m (t"3 rat"er t"an p(t y (r m (t" t t"e )ine. #re!erab'y3 (se s me type ! 6 ntainer. Use t"e pr 6ed(re des6ribed in 0"apter 6 t btain 7ater !r m a )ine.
Roots
In A(stra'ia3 t"e 7ater tree3 desert a43 and b' d7 d "a)e r ts near t"e s(r!a6e. #ry t"ese r ts (t ! t"e $r (nd and 6(t t"em int %=-6entimeter 'en$t"s. Rem )e t"e bar4 and s(64 (t t"e m ist(re3 r s"a)e t"e r t t a p('p and s5(ee2e it )er y (r m (t".
Pal" Trees
-"e b(ri3 6 6 n(t3 and nipa pa'ms a'' 6 ntain a s($ary !'(id t"at is )ery $ d t drin4. - btain t"e 'i5(id3 bend a !' 7erin$ sta'4 ! ne ! t"ese pa'ms d 7n7ard3 and 6(t !! its tip. I! y ( 6(t a t"in s'i6e !!
t"e sta'4 e)ery 12 " (rs3 t"e !' 7 7i'' rene73 ma4in$ it p ssib'e t 6 ''e6t (p t a 'iter per day. Nipa pa'm s" ts $r 7 !r m t"e base3 s t"at y ( 6an 7 r4 at $r (nd 'e)e'. /n $r 7n trees ! t"er spe6ies3 y ( may "a)e t 6'imb t"em t rea6" a !' 7erin$ sta'4. Mi'4 !r m 6 6 n(ts "as a 'ar$e 7ater 6 ntent3 b(t may 6 ntain a str n$ 'a@ati)e in ripe n(ts. Drin4in$ t m(6" ! t"is mi'4 may 6a(se y ( t ' se m re !'(id t"an y ( drin4.
W!te& F&"* C"#(e#$!ti"#

/!ten it re5(ires t m(6" e!! rt t di$ ! r r ts 6 ntainin$ 7ater. It may be easier t 'et a p'ant pr d(6e 7ater ! r y ( in t"e ! rm ! 6 ndensati n. -yin$ a 6'ear p'asti6 ba$ ar (nd a $reen 'ea!y bran6" 7i'' 6a(se 7ater in t"e 'ea)es t e)ap rate and 6 ndense in t"e ba$. #'a6in$ 6(t )e$etati n in a p'asti6 ba$ 7i'' a's pr d(6e 6 ndensati n. -"is is a s 'ar sti'' Dsee 0"apter 6E.
'OO,
F d is (s(a''y ab(ndant in a tr pi6a' s(r)i)a' sit(ati n. - btain anima' ! d3 (se t"e pr 6ed(res (t'ined in 0"apter ;. In additi n t anima' ! d3 y ( 7i'' "a)e t s(pp'ement y (r diet 7it" edib'e p'ants. -"e best p'a6es t ! ra$e are t"e ban4s ! streams and ri)ers. &"ere)er t"e s(n penetrates t"e A(n$'e3 t"ere 7i'' be a mass ! )e$etati n3 b(t ri)er ban4s may be t"e m st a66essib'e areas. I! y ( are 7ea43 d n t e@pend ener$y 6'imbin$ r !e''in$ a tree ! r ! d. -"ere are m re easi'y btained s (r6es ! ! d nearer t"e $r (nd. D n t pi64 m re ! d t"an y ( need. F d sp i's rapid'y in tr pi6a' 6 nditi ns. Lea)e ! d n t"e $r 7in$ p'ant (nti' y ( need it3 and eat it !res". -"ere are an a'm st (n'imited n(mber ! edib'e p'ants !r m 7"i6" t 6" se. Un'ess y ( 6an p siti)e'y identi!y t"ese p'ants3 it may be sa!er at !irst t be$in 7it" pa'ms3 bamb s3 and 6 mm n !r(its. -"e 'ist be' 7 identi!ies s me ! t"e m st 6 mm n ! ds. Detai'ed des6ripti ns and p" t $rap"s are at Appendi@ .. TROPICAL >ONE FOOD PLANTS

.ae' !r(it &Aegle marmelos' .amb D)ari (s spe6iesE .anana r p'antain D/usa spe6iesE .i$nay &Antidesma bunius' .read!r(it &Artrocarpus incisa' 0 6 n(t pa'm &1ocos nuci!era' Fis"tai' pa'm &1aryota urens' 1 rseradis" tree &/oringa pterygosperma' L t(s D8elumbo spe6iesE Man$ &/angi!era indica' Mani 6 &/anihot utillissima' Nipa pa'm &8ipa !ruticans' #apaya &1arica papaya' #ersimm n &<iospyros virginiana' Rattan pa'm D1alamus spe6iesE Sa$ pa'm &/etro+ylon sagu' Ster6('ia &Sterculia !oetida' S($ar6ane &Saccharum o!!icinarum' S($ar pa'm &Arenga pinnata' S7eets p &Annona s)uamosa' -ar D1olocasia and Alocasia spe6iesE &ater 'i'y &8ymphaea odorata' &i'd !i$ D-icus spe6iesE &i'd ri6e &Ei*ania a)uatica' Yam D<ioscorea spe6iesE
POISONOUS PLANTS
-"e pr p rti n ! p is n (s p'ants in tr pi6a' re$i ns is n $reater t"an in any t"er area ! t"e 7 r'd. 1 7e)er3 it may appear t"at m st p'ants in t"e tr pi6s are p is n (s be6a(se ! t"e $reat density ! p'ant $r 7t" in s me tr pi6a' areas. See Appendi@ 0.
CHAPTER 19 - COLD WEATHER SURVIVAL
0ne o! the most di!!icult survival situations is a cold weather scenario. Remember" cold weather is an adversary that can be as dangerous as an enemy soldier. Cvery time you venture into the cold" you are pitting yoursel! against the elements. ith a little knowledge o! the environment" proper plans" and appropriate e)uipment" you can overcome the elements. As you remove one or more o! these !actors" survival becomes increasingly di!!icult. Remember" winter weather is highly variable. :repare yoursel! to adapt to bli**ard conditions even during sunny and clear weather. 1old is a !ar greater threat to survival than it appears. It decreases your ability to think and weakens your will to do anything e+cept to get warm. 1old is an insidious enemy# as it numbs the mind and body" it subdues the will to survive. 1old makes it very easy to !orget your ultimate goal%%to survive.
COL, R /IONS AN, LOCATIONS

0 'd re$i ns in6'(de ar6ti6 and s(bar6ti6 areas and areas immediate'y adA inin$ t"em. Y ( 6an 6'assi!y ab (t 8; per6ent ! t"e n rt"ern "emisp"ereGs t ta' 'andmass as a 6 'd re$i n d(e t t"e in!'(en6e and e@tent ! air temperat(res. /6ean 6(rrents a!!e6t 6 'd 7eat"er and 6a(se 'ar$e areas n rma''y in6'(ded in t"e temperate 2 ne t !a'' 7it"in t"e 6 'd re$i ns d(rin$ 7inter peri ds. ,'e)ati n a's "as a mar4ed e!!e6t n de!inin$ 6 'd re$i ns. &it"in t"e 6 'd 7eat"er re$i ns3 y ( may !a6e t7 types ! 6 'd 7eat"er en)ir nments--7et r dry. 9n 7in$ in 7"i6" en)ir nment y (r area ! perati ns !a''s 7i'' a!!e6t p'annin$ and e@e6(ti n ! a 6 'd 7eat"er perati n.
Wet C"%( We!the& E#.i&"#*e#t$

&et 6 'd 7eat"er 6 nditi ns e@ist 7"en t"e a)era$e temperat(re in a 28-" (r peri d is -1= de$rees 0 r ab )e. 0"ara6teristi6s ! t"is 6 nditi n are !ree2in$ d(rin$ t"e 6 'der ni$"t " (rs and t"a7in$ d(rin$ t"e day. ,)en t" ($" t"e temperat(res are 7armer d(rin$ t"is 6 nditi n3 t"e terrain is (s(a''y )ery s' ppy d(e t s'(s" and m(d. Y ( m(st 6 n6entrate n pr te6tin$ y (rse'! !r m t"e 7et $r (nd and !r m !ree2in$ rain r 7et sn 7.
D&1 C"%( We!the& E#.i&"#*e#t$

Dry 6 'd 7eat"er 6 nditi ns e@ist 7"en t"e a)era$e temperat(re in a 28-" (r peri d remains be' 7 -1= de$rees 0. ,)en t" ($" t"e temperat(res in t"is 6 nditi n are m(6" ' 7er t"an n rma'3 y ( d n t "a)e t 6 ntend 7it" t"e !ree2in$ and t"a7in$. In t"ese 6 nditi ns3 y ( need m re 'ayers ! inner 6' t"in$ t
pr te6t y ( !r m temperat(res as ' 7 as -6= de$rees 0. ,@treme'y "a2ard (s 6 nditi ns e@ist 7"en 7ind and ' 7 temperat(re 6 mbine.
3IN,C.ILL
&ind6"i'' in6reases t"e "a2ards in 6 'd re$i ns. &ind6"i'' is t"e e!!e6t ! m )in$ air n e@p sed !'es". F r instan6e3 7it" a 27.;-4p" D1:-4n tE 7ind and a temperat(re ! -1= de$rees 03 t"e e5(i)a'ent 7ind6"i'' temperat(re is -2% de$rees 0. Fi$(re 1:-1 $i)es t"e 7ind6"i'' !a6t rs ! r )ari (s temperat(res and 7ind speeds.
Remember3 e)en 7"en t"ere is n 7ind3 y ( 7i'' 6reate t"e e5(i)a'ent 7ind by s4iin$3 r(nnin$3 bein$ t 7ed n s4is be"ind a )e"i6'e3 7 r4in$ ar (nd air6ra!t t"at pr d(6e 7ind b'asts.
#ASIC PRINCIPL S O' COL, 3 AT. R SURVIVAL

It is m re di!!i6('t ! r y ( t satis!y y (r basi6 7ater3 ! d3 and s"e'ter needs in a 6 'd en)ir nment t"an in a 7arm en)ir nment. ,)en i! y ( "a)e t"e basi6 re5(irements3 y ( m(st a's "a)e ade5(ate pr te6ti)e 6' t"in$ and t"e 7i'' t s(r)i)e. -"e 7i'' t s(r)i)e is as imp rtant as t"e basi6 needs. -"ere "a)e been in6idents 7"en trained and 7e''-e5(ipped indi)id(a's "a)e n t s(r)i)ed 6 'd 7eat"er sit(ati ns be6a(se t"ey 'a64ed t"e 7i'' t 'i)e. 0 n)erse'y3 t"is 7i'' "as s(stained indi)id(a's 'ess 7e''trained and e5(ipped. -"ere are many di!!erent items ! 6 'd 7eat"er e5(ipment and 6' t"in$ iss(ed by t"e U.S. Army t day. Spe6ia'i2ed (nits may "a)e a66ess t ne7er3 'i$"t7ei$"t $ear s(6" as p 'ypr py'ene (nder7ear3 */R,-,C (ter7ear and b ts3 and t"er spe6ia' e5(ipment. Remember3 " 7e)er3 t"e 'der $ear 7i'' 4eep y ( 7arm as ' n$ as y ( app'y a !e7 6 'd 7eat"er prin6ip'es. I! t"e ne7er types ! 6' t"in$ are a)ai'ab'e3 (se t"em. I! n t3 t"en y (r 6' t"in$ s" ('d be entire'y 7 '3 7it" t"e p ssib'e e@6epti n ! a 7indbrea4er. Y ( m(st n t n'y "a)e en ($" 6' t"in$ t pr te6t y ( !r m t"e 6 'd3 y ( m(st a's 4n 7 " 7 t ma@imi2e t"e 7armt" y ( $et !r m it. F r e@amp'e3 a'7ays 4eep y (r "ead 6 )ered. Y ( 6an ' se 8= t 8: per6ent ! b dy "eat !r m an (npr te6ted "ead and e)en m re !r m t"e (npr te6ted ne643 7rist3 and an4'es. -"ese areas ! t"e b dy are $ d radiat rs ! "eat and "a)e )ery 'itt'e ins('atin$ !at. -"e brain is )ery s(s6eptib'e t 6 'd and 6an stand t"e 'east am (nt ! 6 'in$. .e6a(se t"ere is m(6" b' d 6ir6('ati n in t"e "ead3 m st ! 7"i6" is n t"e s(r!a6e3 y ( 6an ' se "eat 5(i64'y i! y ( d n t 6 )er y (r "ead. -"ere are ! (r basi6 prin6ip'es t ! '' 7 t 4eep 7arm. An easy 7ay t remember t"ese basi6 prin6ip'es is t (se t"e 7 rd 0/LD-0 - 9eep 6' t"in$ clean. / - A) id overheating. L - &ear 6' t"es loose and in layers. D - 9eep 6' t"in$ dry. 0Aeep clothing clean. -"is prin6ip'e is a'7ays imp rtant ! r sanitati n and 6 m! rt. In 7inter3 it is a's imp rtant !r m t"e standp int ! 7armt". 0' t"es matted 7it" dirt and $rease ' se m(6" ! t"eir ins('ati n )a'(e. 1eat 6an es6ape m re easi'y !r m t"e b dy t"r ($" t"e 6' t"in$Gs 6r(s"ed r !i''ed (p air p 64ets. /Avoid overheating. &"en y ( $et t " t3 y ( s7eat and y (r 6' t"in$ abs rbs t"e m ist(re. -"is a!!e6ts y (r 7armt" in t7 7aysL dampness de6reases t"e ins('ati n 5(a'ity ! 6' t"in$3 and as s7eat e)ap rates3 y (r b dy 6 's. AdA(st y (r 6' t"in$ s t"at y ( d n t s7eat. D t"is by partia''y penin$ y (r par4a r Aa64et3 by rem )in$ an inner 'ayer ! 6' t"in$3 by rem )in$ "ea)y (ter mittens3 r by t"r 7in$ ba64 y (r par4a " d r 6"an$in$ t 'i$"ter "ead$ear. -"e "ead and "ands a6t as e!!i6ient "eat dissipaters 7"en )er"eated. Lear your clothing loose and in layers. &earin$ ti$"t 6' t"in$ and ! t$ear restri6ts b' d 6ir6('ati n and in)ites 6 'd inA(ry. It a's de6reases t"e ) '(me ! air trapped bet7een t"e 'ayers3 red(6in$ its ins('atin$ )a'(e. Se)era' 'ayers ! 'i$"t7ei$"t 6' t"in$ are better t"an ne e5(a''y t"i64 'ayer ! 6' t"in$3 be6a(se t"e 'ayers "a)e dead-air spa6e bet7een t"em. -"e dead-air spa6e pr )ides e@tra ins('ati n. A's 3 'ayers ! 6' t"in$ a'' 7 y ( t ta4e !! r add 6' t"in$ 'ayers t pre)ent e@6essi)e s7eatin$ r t in6rease 7armt". DAeep clothing dry. In 6 'd temperat(res3 y (r inner 'ayers ! 6' t"in$ 6an be6 me 7et !r m s7eat and y (r (ter 'ayer3 i! n t 7ater repe''ent3 6an be6 me 7et !r m sn 7 and !r st me'ted by b dy "eat. &ear 7ater repe''ent (ter 6' t"in$3 i! a)ai'ab'e. It 7i'' s"ed m st ! t"e 7ater 6 ''e6ted !r m me'tin$ sn 7 and !r st. .e! re enterin$ a "eated s"e'ter3 br(s" !! t"e sn 7 and !r st. Despite t"e pre6a(ti ns y ( ta4e3 t"ere 7i'' be times 7"en y ( 6ann t 4eep !r m $ettin$ 7et. At s(6" times3 dryin$ y (r 6' t"in$ may be6 me a maA r pr b'em. /n t"e mar6"3 "an$ y (r damp mittens and s 64s n y (r r(64sa64. S metimes in !ree2in$ temperat(res3 t"e 7ind and s(n 7i'' dry t"is 6' t"in$. Y ( 6an a's p'a6e damp s 64s r mittens3 (n! 'ded3 near y (r b dy s t"at y (r b dy "eat 6an dry t"em. In a 6ampsite3 "an$ damp 6' t"in$ inside t"e s"e'ter near t"e t p3 (sin$ dryin$ 'ines r impr )ised ra64s. Y ( may e)en be ab'e t dry ea6" item by " 'din$ it be! re an pen !ire. Dry 'eat"er items s' 7'y. I! n t"er means are
a)ai'ab'e ! r dryin$ y (r b ts3 p(t t"em bet7een y (r s'eepin$ ba$ s"e'' and 'iner. Y (r b dy "eat 7i'' "e'p t dry t"e 'eat"er. A "ea)y3 d 7n-'ined s'eepin$ ba$ is a )a'(ab'e pie6e ! s(r)i)a' $ear in 6 'd 7eat"er. ,ns(re t"e d 7n remains dry. I! 7et3 it ' ses a ' t ! its ins('ati n )a'(e. I! y ( d n t "a)e a s'eepin$ ba$3 y ( 6an ma4e ne (t ! para6"(te 6' t" r simi'ar materia' and nat(ra' dry materia'3 s(6" as 'ea)es3 pine need'es3 r m ss. #'a6e t"e dry materia' bet7een t7 'ayers ! t"e materia'. /t"er imp rtant s(r)i)a' items are a 4ni!eI 7aterpr ! mat6"es in a 7aterpr ! 6 ntainer3 pre!erab'y ne 7it" a !'int atta6"edI a d(rab'e 6 mpassI mapI 7at6"I 7aterpr ! $r (nd 6' t" and 6 )erI !'as"'i$"tI bin 6('arsI dar4 $'assesI !atty emer$en6y ! dsI ! d $at"erin$ $earI and si$na'in$ items. Remember3 a 6 'd 7eat"er en)ir nment 6an be )ery "ars". *i)e a $ d dea' ! t" ($"t t se'e6tin$ t"e ri$"t e5(ipment ! r s(r)i)a' in t"e 6 'd. I! (ns(re ! an item y ( "a)e ne)er (sed3 test it in an J )erni$"t ba64yardJ en)ir nment be! re )ent(rin$ !(rt"er. /n6e y ( "a)e se'e6ted items t"at are essentia' ! r y (r s(r)i)a'3 d n t ' se t"em a!ter y ( enter a 6 'd 7eat"er en)ir nment.
.Y/I N
A't" ($" 7as"in$ y (rse'! may be impra6ti6a' and (n6 m! rtab'e in a 6 'd en)ir nment3 y ( m(st d s . &as"in$ "e'ps pre)ent s4in ras"es t"at 6an de)e' p int m re seri (s pr b'ems. In s me sit(ati ns3 y ( may be ab'e t ta4e a sn 7 bat". -a4e a "and!(' ! sn 7 and 7as" y (r b dy 7"ere s7eat and m ist(re a66(m('ate3 s(6" as (nder t"e arms and bet7een t"e 'e$s3 and t"en 7ipe y (rse'! dry. I! p ssib'e3 7as" y (r !eet dai'y and p(t n 6'ean3 dry s 64s. 0"an$e y (r (nder7ear at 'east t7i6e a 7ee4. I! y ( are (nab'e t 7as" y (r (nder7ear3 ta4e it !!3 s"a4e it3 and 'et it air (t ! r an " (r r t7 . I! y ( are (sin$ a pre)i (s'y (sed s"e'ter3 6"e64 y (r b dy and 6' t"in$ ! r 'i6e ea6" ni$"t. I! y (r 6' t"in$ "as be6 me in!ested3 (se inse6ti6ide p 7der i! y ( "a)e any. /t"er7ise3 "an$ y (r 6' t"es in t"e 6 'd3 t"en beat and br(s" t"em. -"is 7i'' "e'p $et rid ! t"e 'i6e3 b(t n t t"e e$$s. I! y ( s"a)e3 try t d s be! re $ in$ t bed. -"is 7i'' $i)e y (r s4in a 6"an6e t re6 )er be! re e@p sin$ it t t"e e'ements.
0 ,ICAL ASP CTS

&"en y ( are "ea't"y3 y (r inner 6 re temperat(re Dt rs temperat(reE remains a'm st 6 nstant at %7 de$rees 0 D<;.6 de$rees FE. Sin6e y (r 'imbs and "ead "a)e 'ess pr te6ti)e b dy tiss(e t"an y (r t rs 3 t"eir temperat(res )ary and may n t rea6" 6 re temperat(re. Y (r b dy "as a 6 ntr ' system t"at 'ets it rea6t t temperat(re e@tremes t maintain a temperat(re ba'an6e. -"ere are t"ree main !a6t rs t"at a!!e6t t"is temperat(re ba'an6e--"eat pr d(6ti n3 "eat ' ss3 and e)ap rati n. -"e di!!eren6e bet7een t"e b dyGs 6 re temperat(re and t"e en)ir nmentGs temperat(re $ )erns t"e "eat pr d(6ti n rate. Y (r b dy 6an $et rid ! "eat better t"an it 6an pr d(6e it. S7eatin$ "e'ps t 6 ntr ' t"e "eat ba'an6e. Ma@im(m s7eatin$ 7i'' $et rid ! "eat ab (t as !ast as ma@im(m e@erti n pr d(6es it. S"i)erin$ 6a(ses t"e b dy t pr d(6e "eat. It a's 6a(ses !ati$(e t"at3 in t(rn3 'eads t a dr p in b dy temperat(re. Air m )ement ar (nd y (r b dy a!!e6ts "eat ' ss. It "as been 6a'6('ated t"at a na4ed man e@p sed t sti'' air at r ab (t = de$rees 0 6an maintain a "eat ba'an6e i! "e s"i)ers as "ard as "e 6an. 1 7e)er3 "e 6anGt s"i)er ! re)er. It "as a's been 6a'6('ated t"at a man at rest 7earin$ t"e ma@im(m ar6ti6 6' t"in$ in a 6 'd en)ir nment 6an 4eep "is interna' "eat ba'an6e d(rin$ temperat(res 7e'' be' 7 !ree2in$. - 7it"stand rea''y 6 'd 6 nditi ns ! r any 'en$t" ! time3 " 7e)er3 "e 7i'' "a)e t be6 me a6ti)e r s"i)er.
COL, IN2URI S
-"e best 7ay t dea' 7it" inA(ries and si64nesses is t ta4e meas(res t pre)ent t"em !r m "appenin$ in t"e !irst p'a6e. -reat any inA(ry r si64ness t"at 66(rs as s n as p ssib'e t pre)ent it !r m 7 rsenin$. -"e 4n 7'ed$e ! si$ns and sympt ms and t"e (se ! t"e b(ddy system are 6riti6a' in maintainin$ "ea't". F '' 7in$ are 6 'd inA(ries t"at 6an 66(r.
H1p"the&*i!
1yp t"ermia is t"e ' 7erin$ ! t"e b dy temperat(re at a rate !aster t"an t"e b dy 6an pr d(6e "eat. 0a(ses ! "yp t"ermia may be $enera' e@p s(re r t"e s(dden 7ettin$ ! t"e b dy by !a''in$ int a 'a4e r sprayin$ 7it" !(e' r t"er 'i5(ids. -"e initia' sympt m is s"i)erin$. -"is s"i)erin$ may pr $ress t t"e p int t"at it is (n6 ntr ''ab'e and inter!eres 7it" an indi)id(a'Gs abi'ity t 6are ! r "imse'!. -"is be$ins 7"en t"e b dyGs 6 re Dre6ta'E temperat(re !a''s t ab (t %:.: de$rees 0 D<6 de$rees FE. &"en t"e 6 re temperat(re rea6"es %: t %2 de$rees 0 D<: t <= de$rees FE3 s'($$is" t"in4in$3 irrati na' reas nin$3 and a !a'se !ee'in$ ! 7armt" may 66(r. 0 re temperat(res ! %2 t %= de$rees 0 D<= t ;6 de$rees FE and be' 7 res('t in m(s6'e ri$idity3 (n6 ns6i (sness3 and bare'y dete6tab'e si$ns ! 'i!e. I! t"e )i6timGs 6 re temperat(re !a''s be' 7 2: de$rees 0 D77 de$rees FE3 deat" is a'm st 6ertain. - treat "yp t"ermia3 re7arm t"e entire b dy. I! t"ere are means a)ai'ab'e3 re7arm t"e pers n by !irst immersin$ t"e tr(n4 area n'y in 7arm 7ater ! %7.7 t 8%.% de$rees 0 D1== t 11= de$rees FE. CAUTION Re7armin$ t"e t ta' b dy in a 7arm 7ater bat" s" ('d be d ne n'y in a " spita' en)ir nment be6a(se ! t"e in6reased ris4 ! 6ardia6 arrest and re7armin$ s" 64. /ne ! t"e 5(i64est 7ays t $et "eat t t"e inner 6 re is t $i)e 7arm 7ater enemas. S(6" an a6ti n3 " 7e)er3 may n t be p ssib'e in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n. An t"er met" d is t 7rap t"e )i6tim in a 7armed s'eepin$ ba$ 7it" an t"er pers n 7" is a'ready 7armI b t" s" ('d be na4ed. CAUTION -"e indi)id(a' p'a6ed in t"e s'eepin$ ba$ 7it" )i6tim 6 ('d a's be6 me a "yp t"ermia )i6tim i! 'e!t in t"e ba$ t ' n$. I! t"e pers n is 6 ns6i (s3 $i)e "im " t3 s7eetened !'(ids. /ne ! t"e best s (r6es ! 6a' ries is " ney r de@tr seI i! (na)ai'ab'e3 (se s($ar3 6 6 a3 r a simi'ar s '(b'e s7eetener. CAUTION D n t ! r6e an (n6 ns6i (s pers n t drin4. -"ere are t7 dan$ers in treatin$ "yp t"ermia--re7armin$ t rapid'y and Ja!ter dr p.J Re7armin$ t rapid'y 6an 6a(se t"e )i6tim t "a)e 6ir6('at ry pr b'ems3 res('tin$ in "eart !ai'(re. A!ter dr p is t"e s"arp b dy 6 re temperat(re dr p t"at 66(rs 7"en ta4in$ t"e )i6tim !r m t"e 7arm 7ater. Its pr bab'e m(se is t"e ret(rn ! pre)i (s'y sta$nant 'imb b' d t t"e 6 re Dinner t rs E area as re6ir6('ati n 66(rs. 0 n6entratin$ n 7armin$ t"e 6 re area and stim('atin$ perip"era' 6ir6('ati n 7i'' 'essen t"e e!!e6ts ! a!ter dr p. Immersin$ t"e t rs in a 7arm bat"3 i! p ssib'e3 is t"e best treatment.
F&"$t+ite
-"is inA(ry is t"e res('t ! !r 2en tiss(es. Li$"t !r stbite in) ')es n'y t"e s4in t"at ta4es n a d('' 7"itis" pa'' r. Deep !r stbite e@tends t a dept" be' 7 t"e s4in. -"e tiss(es be6 me s 'id and imm )ab'e. Y (r !eet3 "ands3 and e@p sed !a6ia' areas are parti6('ar'y )('nerab'e t !r stbite. -"e best !r stbite pre)enti n3 7"en y ( are 7it" t"ers3 is t (se t"e b(ddy system. 0"e64 y (r b(ddyGs !a6e !ten and ma4e s(re t"at "e 6"e64s y (rs. I! y ( are a' ne3 peri di6a''y 6 )er y (r n se and ' 7er part ! y (r !a6e 7it" y (r mittened "and. -"e ! '' 7in$ p inters 7i'' aid y ( in 4eepin$ 7arm and pre)entin$ !r stbite 7"en it is e@treme'y 6 'd r 7"en y ( "a)e 'ess t"an ade5(ate 6' t"in$L

-ace. Maintain 6ir6('ati n by t7it6"in$ and 7rin4'in$ t"e s4in n y (r !a6e ma4in$ !a6es. &arm 7it" y (r "ands. Cars. &i$$'e and m )e y (r ears. &arm 7it" y (r "ands. (ands. M )e y (r "ands inside y (r $' )es. &arm by p'a6in$ y (r "ands 6' se t y (r b dy. -eet. M )e y (r !eet and 7i$$'e y (r t es inside y (r b ts.
A ' ss ! !ee'in$ in y (r "ands and !eet is a si$n ! !r stbite. I! y ( "a)e ' st !ee'in$ ! r n'y a s" rt time3 t"e !r stbite is pr bab'y 'i$"t. /t"er7ise3 ass(me t"e !r stbite is deep. - re7arm a 'i$"t !r stbite3 (se y (r "ands r mittens t 7arm y (r !a6e and ears. #'a6e y (r "ands (nder y (r armpits. #'a6e y (r !eet ne@t t y (r b(ddyGs st ma6". A deep !r stbite inA(ry3 i! t"a7ed and re!r 2en3 7i'' 6a(se m re dama$e t"an a n nmedi6a''y trained pers n 6an "and'e. Fi$(re 1:-2 'ists s me d Gs and d nGts re$ardin$ !r stbite.
T&e#-h F""t !#( I**e&$i"# F""t

-"ese 6 nditi ns res('t !r m many " (rs r days ! e@p s(re t 7et r damp 6 nditi ns at a temperat(re A(st ab )e !ree2in$. -"e sympt ms are a sensati n ! pins and need'es3 tin$'in$3 n(mbness3 and t"en pain. -"e s4in 7i'' initia''y appear 7et3 s $$y3 7"ite3 and s"ri)e'ed. As it pr $resses and dama$e appears3 t"e s4in 7i'' ta4e n a red and t"en a b'(is" r b'a64 dis6 ' rati n. -"e !eet be6 me 6 'd3 s7 ''en3 and "a)e a 7a@y appearan6e. &a'4in$ be6 mes di!!i6('t and t"e !eet !ee' "ea)y and n(mb. -"e ner)es and m(s6'es s(stain t"e main dama$e3 b(t $an$rene 6an 66(r. In e@treme 6ases3 t"e !'es" dies and it may be6 me ne6essary t "a)e t"e ! t r 'e$ amp(tated. -"e best pre)enti n is t 4eep y (r !eet dry. 0arry e@tra s 64s 7it" y ( in a 7aterpr ! pa64et. Y ( 6an dry 7et s 64s a$ainst y (r t rs Dba64 r 6"estE. &as" y (r !eet and p(t n dry s 64s dai'y.
Deh1(&!ti"#
&"en b(nd'ed (p in many 'ayers ! 6' t"in$ d(rin$ 6 'd 7eat"er3 y ( may be (na7are t"at y ( are ' sin$ b dy m ist(re. Y (r "ea)y 6' t"in$ abs rbs t"e m ist(re t"at e)ap rates in t"e air. Y ( m(st drin4 7ater t rep'a6e t"is ' ss ! !'(id. Y (r need ! r 7ater is as $reat in a 6 'd en)ir nment as it is in a 7arm en)ir nment D0"apter 1%E. /ne 7ay t te'' i! y ( are be6 min$ de"ydrated is t 6"e64 t"e 6 ' r ! y (r (rine n sn 7. I! y (r (rine ma4es t"e sn 7 dar4 ye'' 73 y ( are be6 min$ de"ydrated and need t rep'a6e b dy !'(ids. I! it ma4es t"e sn 7 'i$"t ye'' 7 t n 6 ' r3 y (r b dy !'(ids "a)e a m re n rma' ba'an6e.
C"%( Di &e$i$
,@p s(re t 6 'd in6reases (rine (tp(t. It a's de6reases b dy !'(ids t"at y ( m(st rep'a6e.
S #+ &#
,@p sed s4in 6an be6 me s(nb(rned e)en 7"en t"e air temperat(re is be' 7 !ree2in$. -"e s(nGs rays re!'e6t at a'' an$'es !r m sn 73 i6e3 and 7ater3 "ittin$ sensiti)e areas ! s4in--'ips3 n stri's3 and eye'ids. ,@p s(re t t"e s(n res('ts in s(nb(rn m re 5(i64'y at "i$" a'tit(des t"an at ' 7 a'tit(des. App'y s(nb(rn 6ream r 'ip sa')e t y (r !a6e 7"en in t"e s(n.
S#"0 B%i#(#e$$
-"e re!'e6ti n ! t"e s(nGs ('tra)i 'et rays !! a sn 7-6 )ered area 6a(ses t"is 6 nditi n. -"e sympt ms ! sn 7 b'indness are a sensati n ! $rit in t"e eyes3 pain in and )er t"e eyes t"at in6reases 7it" eyeba'' m )ement3 red and teary eyes3 and a "eada6"e t"at intensi!ies 7it" 6 ntin(ed e@p s(re t 'i$"t. #r ' n$ed e@p s(re t t"ese rays 6an res('t in permanent eye dama$e. - treat sn 7 b'indness3 banda$e y (r eyes (nti' t"e sympt ms disappear. Y ( 6an pre)ent sn 7 b'indness by 7earin$ s(n$'asses. I! y ( d nGt "a)e s(n$'asses3 impr )ise. 0(t s'its in a pie6e ! 6ardb ard3 t"in 7 d3 tree bar43 r t"er a)ai'ab'e materia' DFi$(re 1:-%E. #(ttin$ s t (nder y (r eyes 7i'' "e'p red(6e s"ine and $'are.
C"#$tip!ti"#
It is )ery imp rtant t re'ie)e y (rse'! 7"en needed. D n t de'ay be6a(se ! t"e 6 'd 6 nditi n. De'ayin$ re'ie)in$ y (rse'! be6a(se ! t"e 6 'd3 eatin$ de"ydrated ! ds3 drin4in$ t 'itt'e 'i5(id3 and irre$('ar eatin$ "abits 6an 6a(se y ( t be6 me 6 nstipated. A't" ($" n t disab'in$3 6 nstipati n 6an 6a(se s me dis6 m! rt. In6rease y (r !'(id inta4e t at 'east 2 'iters ab )e y (r n rma' 2 t % 'iters dai'y inta4e and3 i! a)ai'ab'e3 eat !r(it and t"er ! ds t"at 7i'' ' sen t"e st '.
I#$e-t Bite$
Inse6t bites 6an be6 me in!e6ted t"r ($" 6 nstant s6rat6"in$. F'ies 6an 6arry )ari (s disease-pr d(6in$ $erms. - pre)ent inse6t bites3 (se inse6t repe''ent3 nettin$3 and 7ear pr per 6' t"in$. See 0"apter 11 ! r in! rmati n n inse6t bites and 0"apter 8 ! r treatment.
S. LT RS
Y (r en)ir nment and t"e e5(ipment y ( 6arry 7it" y ( 7i'' determine t"e type ! s"e'ter y ( 6an b(i'd. Y ( 6an b(i'd s"e'ters in 7 ded areas3 pen 6 (ntry3 and barren areas. & ded areas (s(a''y pr )ide t"e best ' 6ati n3 7"i'e barren areas "a)e n'y sn 7 as b(i'din$ materia'. & ded areas pr )ide timber ! r s"e'ter 6 nstr(6ti n3 7 d ! r !ire3 6 n6ea'ment !r m bser)ati n3 and pr te6ti n !r m t"e 7ind. 8ote9 In e+treme cold" do not use metal" such as an aircra!t !uselage" !or shelter. The metal will conduct away !rom the shelter what little heat you can generate. S"e'ters made !r m i6e r sn 7 (s(a''y re5(ire t 's s(6" as i6e a@es r sa7s. Y ( m(st a's e@pend m(6" time and ener$y t b(i'd s(6" a s"e'ter. .e s(re t )enti'ate an en6' sed s"e'ter3 espe6ia''y i! y ( intend t b(i'd a !ire in it. A'7ays b' 64 a s"e'terGs entran6e3 i! p ssib'e3 t 4eep t"e "eat in and t"e 7ind (t. Use a r(64sa64 r sn 7 b' 64. 0 nstr(6t a s"e'ter n 'ar$er t"an needed. -"is 7i'' red(6e t"e am (nt ! spa6e t "eat. A !ata' err r in 6 'd 7eat"er s"e'ter 6 nstr(6ti n is ma4in$ t"e s"e'ter s 'ar$e t"at it stea's b dy "eat rat"er t"an sa)in$ it. 9eep s"e'ter spa6e sma''.
Ne)er s'eep dire6t'y n t"e $r (nd. Lay d 7n s me pine b ($"s3 $rass3 r t"er ins('atin$ materia' t 4eep t"e $r (nd !r m abs rbin$ y (r b dy "eat. Ne)er !a'' as'eep 7it" (t t(rnin$ (t y (r st )e r 'amp. 0arb n m n @ide p is nin$ 6an res('t !r m a !ire b(rnin$ in an (n)enti'ated s"e'ter. 0arb n m n @ide is a $reat dan$er. It is 6 ' r'ess and d r'ess. Any time y ( "a)e an pen !'ame3 it may $enerate 6arb n m n @ide. A'7ays 6"e64 y (r )enti'ati n. ,)en in a )enti'ated s"e'ter3 in6 mp'ete 6 mb(sti n 6an 6a(se 6arb n m n @ide p is nin$. Us(a''y3 t"ere are n sympt ms. Un6 ns6i (sness and deat" 6an 66(r 7it" (t 7arnin$. S metimes3 " 7e)er3 press(re at t"e temp'es3 b(rnin$ ! t"e eyes3 "eada6"e3 p (ndin$ p('se3 dr 7siness3 r na(sea may 66(r. -"e ne 6"ara6teristi63 )isib'e si$n ! 6arb n m n @ide p is nin$ is a 6"erry red 6 ' rin$ in t"e tiss(es ! t"e 'ips3 m (t"3 and inside ! t"e eye'ids. *et int !res" air at n6e i! y ( "a)e any ! t"ese sympt ms. -"ere are se)era' types ! !ie'd-e@pedient s"e'ters y ( 6an 5(i64'y b(i'd r emp' y. Many (se sn 7 ! r ins('ati n.
S#"0 C!.e She%te&

-"e sn 7 6a)e s"e'ter DFi$(re 1:-8E is a m st e!!e6ti)e s"e'ter be6a(se ! t"e ins('atin$ 5(a'ities ! sn 7. Remember t"at it ta4es time and ener$y t b(i'd and t"at y ( 7i'' $et 7et 7"i'e b(i'din$ it. First3 y ( need t !ind a dri!t ab (t % meters deep int 7"i6" y ( 6an di$. &"i'e b(i'din$ t"is s"e'ter3 4eep t"e r ! ar6"ed ! r stren$t" and t a'' 7 me'ted sn 7 t drain d 7n t"e sides. .(i'd t"e s'eepin$ p'at! rm "i$"er t"an t"e entran6e. Separate t"e s'eepin$ p'at! rm !r m t"e sn 7 6a)eGs 7a''s r di$ a sma'' tren6" bet7een t"e p'at! rm and t"e 7a''. -"is p'at! rm 7i'' pre)ent t"e me'tin$ sn 7 !r m 7ettin$ y ( and y (r e5(ipment. -"is 6 nstr(6ti n is espe6ia''y imp rtant i! y ( "a)e a $ d s (r6e ! "eat in t"e sn 7 6a)e. ,ns(re t"e r ! is "i$" en ($" s t"at y ( 6an sit (p n t"e s'eepin$ p'at! rm. .' 64 t"e entran6e 7it" a sn 7 b' 64 r t"er materia' and (se t"e ' 7er entran6e area ! r 6 4in$. -"e 7a''s and 6ei'in$ s" ('d be at 'east %= 6entimeters t"i64. Insta'' a )enti'ati n s"a!t. I! y ( d n t "a)e a dri!t 'ar$e en ($" t b(i'd a sn 7 6a)e3 y ( 6an ma4e a )ariati n ! it by pi'in$ sn 7 int a m (nd 'ar$e en ($" t di$ (t.
S#"0 T&e#-h She%te&

-"e idea be"ind t"is s"e'ter DFi$(re 1:-8E is t $et y ( be' 7 t"e sn 7 and 7ind 'e)e' and (se t"e sn 7Gs ins('atin$ 5(a'ities. I! y ( are in an area ! 6 mpa6ted sn 73 6(t sn 7 b' 64s and (se t"em as )er"ead 6 )er. I! n t3 y ( 6an (se a p n6" r t"er materia'. .(i'd n'y ne entran6e and (se a sn 7 b' 64 r r(64sa64 as a d r.
S#"0 B%"-) !#( P!&!-h te She%te&

Use sn 7 b' 64s ! r t"e sides and para6"(te materia' ! r )er"ead 6 )er DFi$(re 1:-8E. I! sn 7!a'' is "ea)y3 y ( 7i'' "a)e t 6'ear sn 7 !r m t"e t p at re$('ar inter)a's t pre)ent t"e 6 ''apse ! t"e para6"(te materia'.
S#"0 H" $e "& I/%""

In 6ertain areas3 t"e nati)es !re5(ent'y (se t"is type ! s"e'ter DFi$(re 1:-8E as "(ntin$ and !is"in$ s"e'ters. -"ey are e!!i6ient s"e'ters b(t re5(ire s me pra6ti6e t ma4e t"em pr per'y. A's 3 y ( m(st be in an area t"at is s(itab'e ! r 6(ttin$ sn 7 b' 64s and "a)e t"e e5(ipment t 6(t t"em Dsn 7 sa7 r 4ni!eE.
Le!#-T" She%te&
0 nstr(6t t"is s"e'ter in t"e same manner as ! r t"er en)ir nmentsI " 7e)er3 pi'e sn 7 ar (nd t"e sides ! r ins('ati n DFi$(re 1:-:E.
F!%%e# T&ee She%te&

- b(i'd t"is s"e'ter3 !ind a !a''en tree and di$ (t t"e sn 7 (nderneat" it DFi$(re 1:-6E. -"e sn 7 7i'' n t be deep (nder t"e tree. I! y ( m(st rem )e bran6"es !r m t"e inside3 (se t"em t 'ine t"e !' r.
T&ee-Pit She%te&
Di$ sn 7 (t !r m (nder a s(itab'e 'ar$e tree. It 7i'' n t be as deep near t"e base ! t"e tree. Use t"e 6(t bran6"es t 'ine t"e s"e'ter. Use a $r (nd s"eet as )er"ead 6 )er t pre)ent sn 7 !r m !a''in$ !! t"e tree int t"e s"e'ter. I! b(i't pr per'y3 y ( 6an "a)e %6=-de$ree )isibi'ity DFi$(re :-123 0"apter :E.
4?-M!# Li5e R!5t

-"is ra!t is t"e standard )er7ater ra!t n U.S. Air F r6e air6ra!t. Y ( 6an (se it as a s"e'ter. D n t 'et 'ar$e am (nts ! sn 7 b(i'd (p n t"e )er"ead pr te6ti n. I! p'a6ed in an pen area3 it a's ser)es as a $ d si$na' t )er"ead air6ra!t.
'IR
Fire is espe6ia''y imp rtant in 6 'd 7eat"er. It n t n'y pr )ides a means t prepare ! d3 b(t a's t $et 7arm and t me't sn 7 r i6e ! r 7ater. It a's pr )ides y ( 7it" a si$ni!i6ant psy6" ' $i6a' b st by ma4in$ y ( !ee' a 'itt'e m re se6(re in y (r sit(ati n. Use t"e te6"ni5(es des6ribed in 0"apter 7 t b(i'd and 'i$"t y (r !ire. I! y ( are in enemy territ ry3 remember t"at t"e sm 4e3 sme''3 and 'i$"t !r m y (r !ire may re)ea' y (r ' 6ati n. Li$"t re!'e6ts !r m s(rr (ndin$ trees r r 64s3 ma4in$ e)en indire6t 'i$"t a s (r6e ! dan$er. Sm 4e tends t $ strai$"t (p in 6 'd3 6a'm 7eat"er3 ma4in$ it a bea6 n d(rin$ t"e day3 b(t "e'pin$ t 6 n6ea' t"e sme'' at ni$"t. In 7armer 7eat"er3 espe6ia''y in a 7 ded area3 sm 4e tends t "($ t"e $r (nd3 ma4in$ it 'ess )isib'e in t"e day3 b(t ma4in$ its d r spread. I! y ( are in enemy territ ry3 6(t ' 7 tree b ($"s rat"er t"an t"e entire tree ! r !ire7 d. Fa''en trees are easi'y seen !r m t"e air. A'' 7 d 7i'' b(rn3 b(t s me types ! 7 d 6reate m re sm 4e t"an t"ers. F r instan6e3 6 ni!er (s trees t"at 6 ntain resin and tar 6reate m re and dar4er sm 4e t"an de6id( (s trees. -"ere are !e7 materia's t (se ! r !(e' in t"e "i$" m (ntain (s re$i ns ! t"e ar6ti6. Y ( may !ind s me $rasses and m ss3 b(t )ery 'itt'e. -"e ' 7er t"e e'e)ati n3 t"e m re !(e' a)ai'ab'e. Y ( may !ind s me s6r(b 7i'' 7 and sma''3 st(nted spr(6e trees ab )e t"e tree 'ine. /n sea i6e3 !(e's are seemin$'y n ne@istent. Dri!t7 d r !ats may be t"e n'y !(e's a)ai'ab'e t a s(r)i) r n t"e barren 6 ast'ines in t"e ar6ti6 and s(bar6ti6 re$i ns. Ab(ndant !(e's 7it"in t"e tree 'ine are-
Spr(6e trees are 6 mm n in t"e interi r re$i ns. As a 6 ni!er3 spr(6e ma4es a ' t ! sm 4e 7"en b(rned in t"e sprin$ and s(mmer m nt"s. 1 7e)er3 it b(rns a'm st sm 4e-!ree in 'ate !a'' and 7inter. -"e tamara64 tree is a's a 6 ni!er. It is t"e n'y tree ! t"e pine !ami'y t"at ' ses its need'es in t"e !a''. &it" (t its need'es3 it ' 4s 'i4e a dead spr(6e3 b(t it "as many 4n bby b(ds and 6 nes n its bare bran6"es. &"en b(rnin$3 tamara64 7 d ma4es a ' t ! sm 4e and is e@6e''ent ! r si$na'in$ p(rp ses. .ir6" trees are de6id( (s and t"e 7 d b(rns " t and !ast3 as i! s a4ed 7it" i' r 4er sene. M st bir6"es $r 7 near streams and 'a4es3 b(t 66asi na''y y ( 7i'' !ind a !e7 n "i$"er $r (nd and a7ay !r m 7ater. &i'' 7 and a'der $r 7 in ar6ti6 re$i ns3 n rma''y in mars" areas r near 'a4es and streams. -"ese 7 ds b(rn " t and !ast 7it" (t m(6" sm 4e.
Dried m ss3 $rass3 and s6r(b 7i'' 7 are t"er materia's y ( 6an (se ! r !(e'. -"ese are (s(a''y p'enti!(' near streams in t(ndras D pen3 tree'ess p'ainsE. .y b(nd'in$ r t7istin$ $rasses r t"er s6r(b )e$etati n t ! rm a 'ar$e3 s 'id mass3 y ( 7i'' "a)e a s' 7er b(rnin$3 m re pr d(6ti)e !(e'. I! !(e' r i' is a)ai'ab'e !r m a 7re64ed )e"i6'e r d 7ned air6ra!t3 (se it ! r !(e'. Lea)e t"e !(e' in t"e tan4 ! r st ra$e3 dra7in$ n t"e s(pp'y n'y as y ( need it. /i' 6 n$ea's in e@treme'y 6 'd temperat(res3 t"ere! re3 drain it !r m t"e )e"i6'e r air6ra!t 7"i'e sti'' 7arm i! t"ere is n dan$er ! e@p' si n r !ire. I! y ( "a)e n 6 ntainer3 'et t"e i' drain nt t"e sn 7 r i6e. S6 p (p t"e !(e' as y ( need it. CAUTION D n t e@p se !'es" t petr 'e(m3 i'3 and '(bri6ants in e@treme'y 6 'd temperat(res. -"e 'i5(id state !
t"ese pr d(6ts is de6epti)e in t"at it 6an 6a(se !r stbite. S me p'asti6 pr d(6ts3 s(6" as MR, sp ns3 "e'met )is rs3 )is r " (sin$s3 aid ! am r(bber 7i'' i$nite 5(i64'y !r m a b(rnin$ mat6". -"ey 7i'' a's b(rn ' n$ en ($" t "e'p start a !ire. F r e@amp'e3 a p'asti6 sp n 7i'' b(rn ! r ab (t 1= min(tes. In 6 'd 7eat"er re$i ns3 t"ere are s me "a2ards in (sin$ !ires3 7"et"er t 4eep 7arm r t 6 4. F r e@amp'e-
Fires "a)e been 4n 7n t b(rn (nder$r (nd3 res(r!a6in$ nearby. -"ere! re3 d n t b(i'd a !ire t 6' se t a s"e'ter. In sn 7 s"e'ters3 e@6essi)e "eat 7i'' me't t"e ins('atin$ 'ayer ! sn 7 t"at may a's be y (r 6am (!'a$e. A !ire inside a s"e'ter 'a64in$ ade5(ate )enti'ati n 6an res('t in 6arb n m n @ide p is nin$. A pers n tryin$ t $et 7arm r t dry 6' t"es may be6 me 6are'ess and b(rn r s6 r6" "is 6' t"in$ and e5(ipment. Me'tin$ )er"ead sn 7 may $et y ( 7et3 b(ry y ( and y (r e5(ipment3 and p ssib'y e@tin$(is" y (r !ire.
In $enera'3 a sma'' !ire and s me type ! st )e is t"e best 6 mbinati n ! r 6 4in$ p(rp ses. A " b st )e DFi$(re 1:-7E is parti6('ar'y s(itab'e t t"e ar6ti6. It is easy t ma4e (t ! a tin 6an3 and it 6 nser)es !(e'. A bed ! " t 6 a's pr )ides t"e best 6 4in$ "eat. 0 a's !r m a 6riss6r ss !ire 7i'' sett'e (ni! rm'y. Ma4e t"is type ! !ire by 6riss6r ssin$ t"e !ire7 d. A simp'e 6rane pr pped n a ! r4ed sti64 7i'' " 'd a 6 4in$ 6 ntainer )er a !ire.
F r "eatin$ p(rp ses3 a sin$'e 6and'e pr )ides en ($" "eat t 7arm an en6' sed s"e'ter. A sma'' !ire ab (t t"e si2e ! a manGs "and is idea' ! r (se in enemy territ ry. It re5(ires )ery 'itt'e !(e'3 yet it $enerates 6 nsiderab'e 7armt" and is " t en ($" t 7arm 'i5(ids.
3AT R
-"ere are many s (r6es ! 7ater in t"e ar6ti6 and s(bar6ti6. Y (r ' 6ati n and t"e seas n ! t"e year 7i'' determine 7"ere and " 7 y ( btain 7ater. &ater s (r6es in ar6ti6 and s(bar6ti6 re$i ns are m re sanitary t"an in t"er re$i ns d(e t t"e 6'imati6 and en)ir nmenta' 6 nditi ns. 1 7e)er3 always puri!y t"e 7ater be! re drin4in$ it. D(rin$ t"e s(mmer m nt"s3 t"e best nat(ra' s (r6es ! 7ater are !res"7ater 'a4es3 streams3 p nds3 ri)ers3 and sprin$s. &ater !r m p nds r 'a4es may be s'i$"t'y sta$nant3 b(t sti'' (sab'e. R(nnin$ 7ater in streams3 ri)ers3 and b(bb'in$ sprin$s is (s(a''y !res" and s(itab'e ! r drin4in$.
-"e br 7nis" s(r!a6e 7ater ! (nd in a t(ndra d(rin$ t"e s(mmer is a $ d s (r6e ! 7ater. 1 7e)er3 y ( may "a)e t !i'ter t"e 7ater be! re p(ri!yin$ it. Y ( 6an me't !res"7ater i6e and sn 7 ! r 7ater. 0 mp'ete'y me't b t" be! re p(ttin$ t"em in y (r m (t". -ryin$ t me't i6e r sn 7 in y (r m (t" ta4es a7ay b dy "eat and may 6a(se interna' 6 'd inA(ries. I! n r near pa64 i6e in t"e sea3 y ( 6an (se 'd sea i6e t me't ! r 7ater. In time3 sea i6e ' ses its sa'inity. Y ( 6an identi!y t"is i6e by its r (nded 6 rners and b'(is" 6 ' r. Y ( 6an (se b dy "eat t me't sn 7. #'a6e t"e sn 7 in a 7ater ba$ and p'a6e t"e ba$ bet7een y (r 'ayers ! 6' t"in$. -"is is a s' 7 pr 6ess3 b(t y ( 6an (se it n t"e m )e r 7"en y ( "a)e n !ire. 8ote9 <o not waste !uel to melt ice or snow when drinkable water is available !rom other sources. &"en i6e is a)ai'ab'e3 me't it3 rat"er t"an sn 7. /ne 6(p ! i6e yie'ds m re 7ater t"an ne 6(p ! sn 7. I6e a's ta4es 'ess time t me't. Y ( 6an me't i6e r sn 7 in a 7ater ba$3 MR, rati n ba$3 tin 6an3 r impr )ised 6 ntainer by p'a6in$ t"e 6 ntainer near a !ire. .e$in 7it" a sma'' am (nt ! i6e r sn 7 in t"e 6 ntainer and3 as it t(rns t 7ater3 add m re i6e r sn 7. An t"er 7ay t me't i6e r sn 7 is by p(ttin$ it in a ba$ made !r m p r (s materia' and s(spendin$ t"e ba$ near t"e !ire. #'a6e a 6 ntainer (nder t"e ba$ t 6at6" t"e 7ater. D(rin$ 6 'd 7eat"er3 a) id drin4in$ a ' t ! 'i5(id be! re $ in$ t bed. 0ra7'in$ (t ! a 7arm s'eepin$ ba$ at ni$"t t re'ie)e y (rse'! means 'ess rest and m re e@p s(re t t"e 6 'd. /n6e y ( "a)e 7ater3 4eep it ne@t t y ( t pre)ent re!ree2in$. A's 3 d n t !i'' y (r 6anteen 6 mp'ete'y. A'' 7in$ t"e 7ater t s' s" ar (nd 7i'' "e'p 4eep it !r m !ree2in$.
'OO,
-"ere are se)era' s (r6es ! ! d in t"e ar6ti6 and s(bar6ti6 re$i ns. -"e type ! ! d--!is"3 anima'3 ! 7'3 r p'ant--and t"e ease in btainin$ it depend n t"e time ! t"e year and y (r ' 6ati n.
Fi$h
D(rin$ t"e s(mmer m nt"s3 y ( 6an easi'y $et !is" and t"er 7ater 'i!e !r m 6 asta' 7aters3 streams3 ri)ers3 and 'a4es. Use t"e te6"ni5(es des6ribed in 0"apter ; t 6at6" !is". -"e N rt" At'anti6 and N rt" #a6i!i6 6 asta' 7aters are ri6" in sea! d. Y ( 6an easi'y !ind 6ra7!is"3 snai's3 6'ams3 ysters3 and 4in$ 6rab. In areas 7"ere t"ere is a $reat di!!eren6e bet7een t"e "i$" and ' 7 tide 7ater 'e)e's3 y ( 6an easi'y !ind s"e''!is" at ' 7 tide. Di$ in t"e sand n t"e tida' !'ats. L 4 in tida' p 's and n !!s" re ree!s. In areas 7"ere t"ere is a sma'' di!!eren6e bet7een t"e "i$"- and ' 7-tide 7ater 'e)e's3 st rm 7a)es !ten 7as" s"e''!is" nt t"e bea6"es. -"e e$$s ! t"e spiny sea (r6"in t"at 'i)es in t"e 7aters ar (nd t"e A'e(tian Is'ands and s (t"ern A'as4a are e@6e''ent ! d. L 4 ! r t"e sea (r6"ins in tida' p 's. .rea4 t"e s"e'' by p'a6in$ it bet7een t7 st nes. -"e e$$s are bri$"t ye'' 7 in 6 ' r. M st n rt"ern !is" and !is" e$$s are edib'e. ,@6epti ns are t"e meat ! t"e ar6ti6 s"ar4 and t"e e$$s ! t"e s6('pins. -"e bi)a')es3 s(6" as 6'ams and m(sse's3 are (s(a''y m re pa'atab'e t"an spira'-s"e''ed sea! d3 s(6" as snai's. WARNING -"e b'a64 m(sse'3 a 6 mm n m ''(s4 ! t"e !ar n rt"3 may be p is n (s in any seas n. - @ins s metimes ! (nd in t"e m(sse'Gs tiss(e are as dan$er (s as stry6"nine. -"e sea 6(6(mber is an t"er edib'e sea anima'. Inside its b dy are !i)e ' n$ 7"ite m(s6'es t"at taste m(6" 'i4e 6'am meat. In ear'y s(mmer3 sme't spa7n in t"e bea6" s(r!. S metimes y ( 6an s6 p t"em (p 7it" y (r "ands. Y ( 6an !ten !ind "errin$ e$$s n t"e sea7eed in mids(mmer. 9e'p3 t"e ' n$ ribb n'i4e sea7eed3 and t"er sma''er sea7eed t"at $r 7 am n$ !!s" re r 64s are a's edib'e.
Se! I-e A#i*!%$
Y ( !ind p 'ar bears in pra6ti6a''y a'' ar6ti6 6 asta' re$i ns3 b(t rare'y in'and. A) id t"em i! p ssib'e. -"ey are t"e m st dan$er (s ! a'' bears. -"ey are tire'ess3 6'e)er "(nters 7it" $ d si$"t and an e@tra rdinary sense ! sme''. I! y ( m(st 4i'' ne ! r ! d3 appr a6" it 6a(ti (s'y. Aim ! r t"e brainI a b(''et e'se7"ere 7i'' rare'y 4i'' ne. A'7ays 6 4 p 'ar bear meat be! re eatin$ it. CAUTION D n t eat p 'ar bear 'i)er as it 6 ntains a t @i6 6 n6entrati n ! )itamin A. ,ar'ess sea' meat is s me ! t"e best meat a)ai'ab'e. Y ( need 6 nsiderab'e s4i''3 " 7e)er3 t $et 6' se en ($" t an ear'ess sea' t 4i'' it. In sprin$3 sea's !ten bas4 n t"e i6e beside t"eir breat"in$ " 'es. -"ey raise t"eir "eads ab (t e)ery %= se6 nds3 " 7e)er3 t ' 4 ! r t"eir enemy3 t"e p 'ar bear. - appr a6" a sea'3 d as t"e ,s4im s d --stay d 7n7ind !r m it3 6a(ti (s'y m )in$ 6' ser 7"i'e it s'eeps. I! it m )es3 st p and imitate its m )ements by 'yin$ !'at n t"e i6e3 raisin$ y (r "ead (p and d 7n3 and 7ri$$'in$ y (r b dy s'i$"t'y. Appr a6" t"e sea' 7it" y (r b dy side-7ays t it and y (r arms 6' se t y (r b dy s t"at y ( ' 4 as m(6" 'i4e an t"er sea' as p ssib'e. -"e i6e at t"e ed$e ! t"e breat"in$ " 'e is (s(a''y sm t" and at an in6'ine3 s t"e 'east m )ement ! t"e sea' may 6a(se it t s'ide int t"e 7ater. -"ere! re3 try t $et 7it"in 22 t 8: meters ! t"e sea' and 4i'' it instant'y Daim ! r t"e brainE. -ry t rea6" t"e sea' be! re it s'ips int t"e 7ater. In 7inter3 a dead sea' 7i'' (s(a''y !' at3 b(t it is di!!i6('t t retrie)e !r m t"e 7ater. 9eep t"e sea' b'(bber and s4in !r m 6 min$ int 6 nta6t 7it" any s6rat6" r br 4en s4in y ( may "a)e. Y ( 6 ('d $et Jspe44-!in$er3J t"at is3 a rea6ti n t"at 6a(ses t"e "ands t be6 me bad'y s7 ''en. 9eep in mind t"at 7"ere t"ere are sea's3 t"ere are (s(a''y p 'ar bears3 and p 'ar bears "a)e sta'4ed and 4i''ed sea' "(nters. Y ( 6an !ind p r6(pines in s (t"ern s(bar6ti6 re$i ns 7"ere t"ere are trees. # r6(pines !eed n bar4I i! y ( !ind tree 'imbs stripped bare3 y ( are 'i4e'y t !ind p r6(pines in t"e area. #tarmi$ans3 7's3 0anadian Aays3 $r (se3 and ra)ens are t"e n'y birds t"at remain in t"e ar6ti6 d(rin$ t"e 7inter. -"ey are s6ar6e n rt" ! t"e tree 'ine. #tarmi$ans and 7's are as $ d ! r ! d as any $ame bird. Ra)ens are t t"in t be 7 rt" t"e e!! rt it ta4es t 6at6" t"em. #tarmi$ans3 7"i6" 6"an$e 6 ' r t b'end 7it" t"eir s(rr (ndin$s3 are "ard t sp t. R 64 ptarmi$ans tra)e' in pairs and y ( 6an easi'y appr a6" t"em. &i'' 7 ptarmi$ans 'i)e am n$ 7i'' 7 6'(mps in b tt m-'ands. -"ey $at"er in 'ar$e !' 64s and y ( 6an easi'y snare t"em. D(rin$ t"e s(mmer m nt"s a'' ar6ti6 birds "a)e a 2- t %-7ee4 m 'tin$ peri d d(rin$ 7"i6" t"ey 6ann t !'y and are easy t 6at6". Use ne ! t"e te6"ni5(es des6ribed in 0"apter ; t 6at6" t"em. S4in and b(t6"er $ame Dsee 0"apter ;E 7"i'e it is sti'' 7arm. I! y ( d n t "a)e time t s4in t"e $ame3 at 'east rem )e its entrai's3 m(s4 $'ands3 and $enita's be! re st rin$. I! time a'' 7s3 6(t t"e meat int (sab'e pie6es and !ree2e ea6" separate'y s t"at y ( 6an (se t"e pie6es as needed. Lea)e t"e !at n a'' anima's e@6ept sea's. D(rin$ t"e 7inter3 $ame !ree2es 5(i64'y i! 'e!t in t"e pen. D(rin$ t"e s(mmer3 y ( 6an st re it in (nder$r (nd i6e " 'es.
P%!#t$
A't" ($" t(ndras s(pp rt a )ariety ! p'ants d(rin$ t"e 7arm m nt"s3 a'' are sma''3 " 7e)er3 7"en 6 mpared t p'ants in 7armer 6'imates. F r instan6e3 t"e ar6ti6 7i'' 7 and bir6" are s"r(bs rat"er t"an trees. -"e ! '' 7in$ is a 'ist ! s me p'ant ! ds ! (nd in ar6ti6 and s(bar6ti6 re$i ns Dsee Appendi@ . ! r des6ripti nsE. ARCTIC FOOD PLANTS

Ar6ti6 raspberry and b'(eberry Ar6ti6 7i'' 7 .earberry 0ranberry 0r 7berry Dande'i n ,s4im p tat
Fire7eed I6e'and m ss Mars" mari$ 'd Reindeer m ss R 64 tripe Spatterd 64
-"ere are s me p'ants $r 7in$ in ar6ti6 and s(bar6ti6 re$i ns t"at are p is n (s i! eaten Dsee Appendi@ 0E. Use t"e p'ants t"at y ( 4n 7 are edib'e. &"en in d (bt3 ! '' 7 t"e Uni)ersa' ,dibi'ity -est in 0"apter <3 Fi$(re <-:.
TRAV L
As a s(r)i) r r an e)ader in an ar6ti6 r s(bar6ti6 re$i n3 y ( 7i'' !a6e many bsta6'es. Y (r ' 6ati n and t"e time ! t"e year 7i'' determine t"e types ! bsta6'es and t"e in"erent dan$ers. Y ( s" ('d-
A) id tra)e'in$ d(rin$ a b'i22ard. -a4e 6are 7"en 6r ssin$ t"in i6e. Distrib(te y (r 7ei$"t by 'yin$ !'at and 6ra7'in$. 0r ss streams 7"en t"e 7ater 'e)e' is ' 7est. N rma' !ree2in$ and t"a7in$ a6ti n may 6a(se a stream 'e)e' t )ary as m(6" as 2 t 2.: meters per day. -"is )arian6e may 66(r any time d(rin$ t"e day3 dependin$ n t"e distan6e !r m a $'a6ier3 t"e temperat(re3 and t"e terrain. 0 nsider t"is )ariati n in 7ater 'e)e' 7"en se'e6tin$ a 6ampsite near a stream. 0 nsider t"e 6'ear ar6ti6 air. It ma4es estimatin$ distan6e di!!i6('t. Y ( m re !re5(ent'y (nderestimate t"an )erestimate distan6es. D n t tra)e' in J7"ite (tJ 6 nditi ns. -"e 'a64 ! 6 ntrastin$ 6 ' rs ma4es it imp ssib'e t A(d$e t"e nat(re ! t"e terrain. A'7ays 6r ss a sn 7 brid$e at ri$"t an$'es t t"e bsta6'e it 6r sses. Find t"e str n$est part ! t"e brid$e by p 4in$ a"ead ! y ( 7it" a p 'e r i6e a@e. Distrib(te y (r 7ei$"t by 6ra7'in$ r by 7earin$ sn 7s" es r s4is. Ma4e 6amp ear'y s t"at y ( "a)e p'enty ! time t b(i'd a s"e'ter. 0 nsider !r 2en r (n!r 2en ri)ers as a)en(es ! tra)e'. 1 7e)er3 s me ri)ers t"at appear !r 2en may "a)e s !t3 pen areas t"at ma4e tra)e' )ery di!!i6('t r may n t a'' 7 7a'4in$3 s4iin$3 r s'eddin$. Use sn 7s" es i! y ( are tra)e'in$ )er sn 7-6 )ered terrain. Sn 7 %= r m re 6entimeters deep ma4es tra)e'in$ di!!i6('t. I! y ( d n t "a)e sn 7s" es3 ma4e a pair (sin$ 7i'' 73 strips ! 6' t"3 'eat"er3 r t"er s(itab'e materia'.
It is a'm st imp ssib'e t tra)e' in deep sn 7 7it" (t sn 7s" es r s4is. -ra)e'in$ by ! t 'ea)es a 7e''mar4ed trai' ! r any p(rs(ers t ! '' 7. I! y ( m(st tra)e' in deep sn 73 a) id sn 7-6 )ered streams. -"e sn 73 7"i6" a6ts as an ins('at r3 may "a)e pre)ented i6e !r m ! rmin$ )er t"e 7ater. In "i''y terrain3 a) id areas 7"ere a)a'an6"es appear p ssib'e. -ra)e' in t"e ear'y m rnin$ in areas 7"ere t"ere is dan$er ! a)a'an6"es. /n rid$es3 sn 7 $at"ers n t"e 'ee side in )er"an$in$ pi'es 6a''ed 6 rni6es. -"ese !ten e@tend !ar (t !r m t"e rid$e and may brea4 ' se i! stepped n.
3 AT. R SI/NS
-"ere are se)era' $ d indi6at rs ! 6'imati6 6"an$es.
Wi#(
Y ( 6an determine 7ind dire6ti n by dr ppin$ a !e7 'ea)es r $rass r by 7at6"in$ t"e treet ps. /n6e y ( determine t"e 7ind dire6ti n3 y ( 6an predi6t t"e type ! 7eat"er t"at is imminent. Rapid'y s"i!tin$ 7inds indi6ate an (nsett'ed atm sp"ere and a 'i4e'y 6"an$e in t"e 7eat"er.
C%" ($
0' (ds 6 me in a )ariety ! s"apes and patterns. A $enera' 4n 7'ed$e ! 6' (ds and t"e atm sp"eri6 6 nditi ns t"ey indi6ate 6an "e'p y ( predi6t t"e 7eat"er. See Appendi@ * ! r detai's.
S*")e
Sm 4e risin$ in a t"in )erti6a' 6 '(mn indi6ates !air 7eat"er. L 7 risin$ r J!'attened (tJ sm 4e indi6ates st rmy 7eat"er.
Bi&($ !#( I#$e-t$

.irds and inse6ts !'y ' 7er t t"e $r (nd t"an n rma' in "ea)y3 m ist(re-'aden air. S(6" !'i$"t indi6ates t"at rain is 'i4e'y. M st inse6t a6ti)ity in6reases be! re a st rm3 b(t bee a6ti)ity in6reases be! re !air 7eat"er.
L"0-P&e$$ &e F&"#t

S' 7-m )in$ r imper6eptib'e 7inds and "ea)y3 "(mid air !ten indi6ate a ' 7-press(re !r nt. S(6" a !r nt pr mises bad 7eat"er t"at 7i'' pr bab'y 'in$er ! r se)era' days. Y ( 6an Jsme''J and J"earJ t"is !r nt. -"e s'($$is"3 "(mid air ma4es 7i'derness d rs m re pr n (n6ed t"an d(rin$ "i$"-press(re 6 nditi ns. In additi n3 s (nds are s"arper and 6arry !art"er in ' 7-press(re t"an "i$"-press(re 6 nditi ns.
CHAPTER 1: - SEA SURVIVAL
:erhaps the most di!!icult survival situation to be in is sea survival. Short%or long%term survival depends upon rations and e)uipment available and your ingenuity. @ou must be resource!ul to survive. ater covers about F6 percent o! the earth.s sur!ace" with about F; percent being oceans and seas. @ou can assume that you will sometime cross vast e+panses o! water. There is always the chance that the plane or ship you are on will become crippled by such ha*ards as storms" collision" !ire" or war.
T. OP N S A
As a s(r)i) r n t"e pen sea3 y ( 7i'' !a6e 7a)es and 7ind. Y ( may a's !a6e e@treme "eat r 6 'd. - 4eep t"ese en)ir nmenta' "a2ards !r m be6 min$ seri (s pr b'ems3 ta4e pre6a(ti nary meas(res as s n as p ssib'e. Use t"e a)ai'ab'e res (r6es t pr te6t y (rse'! !r m t"e e'ements and !r m "eat r e@treme 6 'd and "(midity. #r te6tin$ y (rse'! !r m t"e e'ements meets n'y ne ! y (r basi6 needs. Y ( m(st a's be ab'e t btain 7ater and ! d. Satis!yin$ t"ese t"ree basi6 needs 7i'' "e'p pre)ent seri (s p"ysi6a' and psy6" ' $i6a' pr b'ems. 1 7e)er3 y ( m(st 4n 7 " 7 t treat "ea't" pr b'ems t"at may res('t !r m y (r sit(ati n.
P&e-! ti"#!&1 Me!$ &e$

Y (r s(r)i)a' at sea depends (p n-
Y (r 4n 7'ed$e ! and abi'ity t (se t"e a)ai'ab'e s(r)i)a' e5(ipment. Y (r spe6ia' s4i''s and abi'ity t app'y t"em t 6 pe 7it" t"e "a2ards y ( !a6e. Y (r 7i'' t 'i)e.
&"en y ( b ard a s"ip r air6ra!t3 !ind (t 7"at s(r)i)a' e5(ipment is n b ard3 7"ere it is st 7ed3 and 7"at it 6 ntains. F r instan6e3 " 7 many 'i!e preser)ers and 'i!eb ats r ra!ts are n b ardH &"ere are t"ey ' 6atedH &"at type ! s(r)i)a' e5(ipment d t"ey "a)eH 1 7 m(6" ! d3 7ater3 and medi6ine d t"ey 6 ntainH 1 7 many pe p'e are t"ey desi$ned t s(pp rtH I! y ( are resp nsib'e ! r t"er pers nne' n b ard3 ma4e s(re y ( 4n 7 7"ere t"ey are and t"ey 4n 7 7"ere y ( are.
D"0# !t Se!
I! y ( are in an air6ra!t t"at $ es d 7n at sea3 ta4e t"e ! '' 7in$ a6ti ns n6e y ( 6'ear t"e air6ra!t. &"et"er y ( are in t"e 7ater r in a ra!t --
*et 6'ear and (p7ind ! t"e air6ra!t as s n as p ssib'e3 b(t stay in t"e )i6inity (nti' t"e air6ra!t sin4s. *et 6'ear ! !(e'-6 )ered 7ater in 6ase t"e !(e' i$nites. -ry t !ind t"er s(r)i) rs.
A sear6" ! r s(r)i) rs (s(a''y ta4es p'a6e ar (nd t"e entire area ! and near t"e 6ras" site. Missin$ pers nne' may be (n6 ns6i (s and !' atin$ ' 7 in t"e 7ater. Fi$(re 16-1 i''(strates res6(e pr 6ed(res.
-"e best te6"ni5(e ! r res6(in$ pers nne' !r m t"e 7ater is t t"r 7 t"em a 'i!e preser)er atta6"ed t a 'ine. An t"er is t send a s7immer Dres6(erE !r m t"e ra!t 7it" a 'ine atta6"ed t a !' tati n de)i6e t"at 7i'' s(pp rt t"e res6(erGs 7ei$"t. -"is de)i6e 7i'' "e'p 6 nser)e a res6(erGs ener$y 7"i'e re6 )erin$ t"e s(r)i) r. -"e 'east a66eptab'e te6"ni5(e is t send an atta6"ed s7immer 7it" (t !' tati n de)i6es t retrie)e a s(r)i) r. In a'' 6ases3 t"e res6(er 7ears a 'i!e preser)er. A res6(er s" ('d n t (nderestimate t"e stren$t" ! a pani6-stri64en pers n in t"e 7ater. A 6are!(' appr a6" 6an pre)ent inA(ry t t"e res6(er.
&"en t"e res6(er appr a6"es a s(r)i) r in tr (b'e !r m be"ind3 t"ere is 'itt'e dan$er t"e s(r)i) r 7i'' 4i643 s6rat6"3 r $rab "im. -"e res6(er s7ims t a p int dire6t'y be"ind t"e s(r)i) r and $rasps t"e 'i!e preser)erGs ba64strap. -"e res6(er (ses t"e sidestr 4e t dra$ t"e s(r)i) r t t"e ra!t. I! y ( are in t"e 7ater3 ma4e y (r 7ay t a ra!t. I! n ra!ts are a)ai'ab'e3 try t !ind a 'ar$e pie6e ! !' atin$ debris t 6'in$ t . Re'a@I a pers n 7" 4n 7s " 7 t re'a@ in 6ean 7ater is in )ery 'itt'e dan$er ! dr 7nin$. -"e b dyGs nat(ra' b( yan6y 7i'' 4eep at 'east t"e t p ! t"e "ead ab )e 7ater3 b(t s me m )ement is needed t 4eep t"e !a6e ab )e 7ater. F' atin$ n y (r ba64 ta4es t"e 'east ener$y. Lie n y (r ba64 in t"e 7ater3 spread y (r arms and 'e$s3 and ar6" y (r ba64. .y 6 ntr ''in$ y (r breat"in$ in and (t3 y (r !a6e 7i'' a'7ays be (t ! t"e 7ater and y ( may e)en s'eep in t"is p siti n ! r s" rt peri ds. Y (r "ead 7i'' be partia''y s(bmer$ed3 b(t y (r !a6e 7i'' be ab )e 7ater. I! y ( 6ann t !' at n y (r ba64 r i! t"e sea is t r ($"3 !' at !a6ed 7n in t"e 7ater as s" 7n in Fi$(re 16-2.
-"e ! '' 7in$ are t"e best s7immin$ str 4es d(rin$ a s(r)i)a' sit(ati nL

<og paddle. -"is str 4e is e@6e''ent 7"en 6' t"ed r 7earin$ a 'i!e Aa64et. A't" ($" s' 7 in speed3 it re5(ires )ery 'itt'e ener$y. ?reaststroke. Use t"is str 4e t s7im (nder7ater3 t"r ($" i' r debris3 r in r ($" seas. It is pr bab'y t"e best str 4e ! r ' n$-ran$e s7immin$L it a'' 7s y ( t 6 nser)e y (r ener$y and maintain a reas nab'e speed. Sidestroke. It is a $ d re'ie! str 4e be6a(se y ( (se n'y ne arm t maintain m ment(m and b( yan6y. ?ackstroke. -"is str 4e is a's an e@6e''ent re'ie! str 4e. It re'ie)es t"e m(s6'es t"at y ( (se ! r t"er str 4es. Use it i! an (nder7ater e@p' si n is 'i4e'y.
I! y ( are in an area 7"ere s(r!a6e i' is b(rnin$-
Dis6ard y (r s" es and b( yant 'i!e preser)er. 8ote9 I! you have an unin!lated li!e preserver" keep it.
0 )er y (r n se3 m (t"3 and eyes and 5(i64'y $ (nder7ater. S7im (nder7ater as !ar as p ssib'e be! re s(r!a6in$ t breat"e.
.e! re s(r!a6in$ t breat"e and 7"i'e sti'' (nder7ater3 (se y (r "ands t p(s" b(rnin$ !'(id a7ay !r m t"e area 7"ere y ( 7is" t s(r!a6e. /n6e an area is 6'ear ! b(rnin$ 'i5(id3 y ( 6an s(r!a6e and ta4e a !e7 breat"s. -ry t !a6e d 7n7ind be! re in"a'in$. S(bmer$e !eet !irst and 6 ntin(e as ab )e (nti' 6'ear ! t"e !'ames.
I! y ( are in i'-6 )ered 7ater t"at is !ree ! !ire3 " 'd y (r "ead "i$" t 4eep t"e i' (t ! y (r eyes. Atta6" y (r 'i!e preser)er t y (r 7rist and t"en (se it as a ra!t. I! y ( "a)e a 'i!e preser)er3 y ( 6an stay a!' at ! r an inde!inite peri d. In t"is 6ase3 (se t"e J1,L#J b dy p siti nL 1eat ,s6apin$ Lessenin$ # st(re D1,L#E. Remain sti'' and ass(me t"e !eta' p siti n t "e'p y ( retain b dy "eat. Y ( ' se ab (t := per6ent ! y (r b dy "eat t"r ($" y (r "ead. -"ere! re3 4eep y (r "ead (t ! t"e 7ater. /t"er areas ! "i$" "eat ' ss are t"e ne643 t"e sides3 and t"e $r in. Fi$(re 16-% i''(strates t"e 1,L# p siti n.
I! y ( are in a ra!t-
0"e64 t"e p"ysi6a' 6 nditi n ! a'' n b ard. *i)e !irst aid i! ne6essary. -a4e seasi64ness pi''s i! a)ai'ab'e. -"e best 7ay t ta4e t"ese pi''s is t p'a6e t"em (nder t"e t n$(e and 'et t"em diss ')e. -"ere are a's s(pp sit ries r inAe6ti ns a$ainst seasi64ness. V mitin$3 7"et"er !r m seasi64ness r t"er 6a(ses3 in6reases t"e dan$er ! de"ydrati n. -ry t sa')a$e a'' !' atin$ e5(ipment--rati nsI 6anteens3 t"erm s A($s3 and t"er 6 ntainersI 6' t"in$I seat 6(s"i nsI para6"(tesI and anyt"in$ e'se t"at 7i'' be (se!(' t y (. Se6(re t"e sa')a$ed items in r t y (r ra!t. Ma4e s(re t"e items "a)e n s"arp ed$es t"at 6an p(n6t(re t"e ra!t. I! t"ere are t"er ra!ts3 'as" t"e ra!ts t $et"er s t"ey are ab (t 7.: meters apart. .e ready t dra7 t"em 6' ser t $et"er i! y ( see r "ear an air6ra!t. It is easier ! r an air6re7 t sp t ra!ts t"at are 6' se t $et"er rat"er t"an s6attered. Remember3 res6(e at sea is a 6 perati)e e!! rt. Use a'' a)ai'ab'e )is(a' r e'e6tr ni6 si$na'in$ de)i6es t si$na' and ma4e 6 nta6t 7it" res6(ers. F r e@amp'e3 raise a !'a$ r re!'e6tin$ materia' n an ar as "i$" as p ssib'e t attra6t attenti n. L 6ate t"e emer$en6y radi and $et it int perati n. /peratin$ instr(6ti ns are n it. Use t"e emer$en6y trans6ei)er n'y 7"en !riend'y air6ra!t are 'i4e'y t be in t"e area.
1a)e t"er si$na'in$ de)i6es ready ! r instant (se. I! y ( are in enemy territ ry3 a) id (sin$ a si$na'in$ de)i6e t"at 7i'' a'ert t"e enemy. 1 7e)er3 i! y (r sit(ati n is desperate3 y ( may "a)e t si$na' t"e enemy ! r res6(e i! y ( are t s(r)i)e.
0"e64 t"e ra!t ! r in!'ati n3 'ea4s3 and p ints ! p ssib'e 6"a!in$. Ma4e s(re t"e main b( yan6y 6"ambers are !irm D7e'' r (ndedE b(t n t )er'y ti$"t DFi$(re 16-8E. 0"e64 in!'ati n re$('ar'y. Air e@pands 7it" "eatI t"ere! re3 n " t days3 re'ease s me air and add air 7"en t"e 7eat"er 6 's.
De6 ntaminate t"e ra!t ! a'' !(e'. #etr 'e(m 7i'' 7ea4en its s(r!a6es and brea4 d 7n its $'(ed A ints.
-"r 7 (t t"e sea an6" r3 r impr )ise a dra$ !r m t"e ra!tGs 6ase3 bai'in$ b(64et3 r a r '' ! 6' t"in$. A sea an6" r "e'ps y ( stay 6' se t y (r dit6"in$ site3 ma4in$ it easier ! r sear6"ers t !ind y ( i! y ( "a)e re'ayed y (r ' 6ati n. &it" (t a sea an6" r3 y (r ra!t may dri!t )er 16= 4i' meters in a day3 ma4in$ it m(6" "arder t !ind y (. Y ( 6an adA(st t"e sea an6" r t a6t as a dra$ t s' 7 d 7n t"e rate ! tra)e' 7it" t"e 6(rrent3 r as a means t tra)e' 7it" t"e 6(rrent. Y ( ma4e t"is adA(stment by penin$ r 6' sin$ t"e sea an6" rGs ape@. &"en pen3 t"e sea an6" r DFi$(re 16-:E a6ts as a dra$ t"at 4eeps y ( in t"e $enera' area. &"en 6' sed3 it ! rms a p 64et ! r t"e 6(rrent t stri4e and pr pe's t"e ra!t in t"e 6(rrentGs dire6ti n.
Additi na''y3 adA(st t"e sea an6" r s t"at 7"en t"e ra!t is n t"e 7a)eGs 6rest3 t"e sea an6" r is in t"e 7a)eGs tr ($" DFi$(re 16-6E.

&rap t"e sea an6" r r pe 7it" 6' t" t pre)ent its 6"a!in$ t"e ra!t. -"e an6" r a's "e'ps t 4eep t"e ra!t "eaded int t"e 7ind and 7a)es. In st rmy 7ater3 ri$ t"e spray and 7inds"ie'd at n6e. In a 2=-man ra!t3 4eep t"e 6an py ere6ted at a'' times. 9eep y (r ra!t as dry as p ssib'e. 9eep it pr per'y ba'an6ed. A'' pers nne' s" ('d stay seated3 t"e "ea)iest ne in t"e 6enter. 0a'm'y 6 nsider a'' aspe6ts ! y (r sit(ati n and determine 7"at y ( and y (r 6 mpani ns m(st d t s(r)i)e. In)ent ry a'' e5(ipment3 ! d3 and 7ater. &aterpr ! items t"at sa't 7ater may a!!e6t. -"ese in6'(de 6 mpasses3 7at6"es3 se@tant3 mat6"es3 and 'i$"ters. Rati n ! d and 7ater. Assi$n a d(ty p siti n t ea6" pers nL ! r e@amp'e3 7ater 6 ''e6t r3 ! d 6 ''e6t r3 ' 4 (t3 radi perat r3 si$na'er3 and 7ater bai'ers. 8ote9 Lookout duty should not e+ceed 3 hours. Aeep in mind and remind others that cooperation is one o! the keys to survival.
9eep a ' $. Re6 rd t"e na)i$at rGs 'ast !i@3 t"e time ! dit6"in$3 t"e names and p"ysi6a' 6 nditi n ! pers nne'3 and t"e rati n s6"ed('e. A's re6 rd t"e 7inds3 7eat"er3 dire6ti n ! s7e''s3 times ! s(nrise and s(nset3 and t"er na)i$ati na' data. I! y ( are d 7n in (n!riend'y 7aters3 ta4e spe6ia' se6(rity meas(res t a) id dete6ti n. D n t tra)e' in t"e daytime. -"r 7 (t t"e sea an6" r and 7ait ! r ni$"t!a'' be! re padd'in$ r " istin$ sai'. 9eep ' 7 in t"e ra!tI stay 6 )ered 7it" t"e b'(e side ! t"e 6am (!'a$e 6' t" (p. .e s(re a passin$ s"ip r air6ra!t is !riend'y r ne(tra' be-! re tryin$ t attra6t its attenti n. I! t"e enemy dete6ts y ( and y ( are 6' se t 6apt(re3 destr y t"e ' $ b 43 radi 3 na)i$ati n e5(ipment3 maps3 si$na'in$ e5(ipment3 and !irearms. ?(mp )erb ard and s(bmer$e i! t"e enemy starts stra!in$. De6ide 7"et"er t stay in p siti n r t tra)e'. As4 y (rse'!3 J1 7 m(6" in! rmati n 7as si$na'ed be! re t"e a66identH Is y (r p siti n 4n 7n t res6(ersH D y ( 4n 7 it y (rse'!H Is t"e 7eat"er !a) rab'e ! r a sear6"H Are t"er s"ips r air6ra!t 'i4e'y t pass y (r present p siti nH 1 7 many days s(pp'y ! ! d and 7ater d y ( "a)eHJ
C"%( We!the& C"#$i(e&!ti"#$

I! y ( are in a 6 'd 6'imate-
#(t n an antie@p s(re s(it. I! (na)ai'ab'e3 p(t n any e@tra 6' t"in$ a)ai'ab'e. 9eep 6' t"es ' se and 6 m! rtab'e. -a4e 6are n t t sna$ t"e ra!t 7it" s" es r s"arp bAe6ts. 9eep t"e repair 4it 7"ere y ( 6an readi'y rea6" it. Ri$ a 7indbrea43 spray s"ie'd3 and 6an py. -ry t 4eep t"e !' r ! t"e ra!t dry. 0 )er it 7it" 6an)as r 6' t" ! r ins('ati n. 1(dd'e 7it" t"ers t 4eep 7arm3 m )in$ en ($" t 4eep t"e b' d 6ir6('atin$. Spread an e@tra tarpa('in3 sai'3 r para6"(te )er t"e $r (p. *i)e e@tra rati ns3 i! a)ai'ab'e3 t men s(!!erin$ !r m e@p s(re t 6 'd.
-"e $reatest pr b'em y ( !a6e 7"en s(bmer$ed in 6 'd 7ater is deat" d(e t "yp t"ermia. &"en y ( are immersed in 6 'd 7ater3 "yp t"ermia 66(rs rapid'y d(e t t"e de6reased ins('atin$ 5(a'ity ! 7et 6' t"in$ and t"e res('t ! 7ater disp'a6in$ t"e 'ayer ! sti'' air t"at n rma''y s(rr (nds t"e b dy. -"e rate ! "eat e@6"an$e in 7ater is ab (t 2: times $reater t"an it is in air ! t"e same temperat(re. Fi$(re 16-7 'ists 'i!e e@pe6tan6y times ! r immersi n in 7ater.
Y (r best pr te6ti n a$ainst t"e e!!e6ts ! 6 'd 7ater is t $et int t"e 'i!e ra!t3 stay dry3 and ins('ate y (r b dy !r m t"e 6 'd s(r!a6e ! t"e b tt m ! t"e ra!t. I! t"ese a6ti ns are n t p ssib'e3 7earin$ an antie@p s(re s(it 7i'' e@tend y (r 'i!e e@pe6tan6y 6 nsiderab'y. Remember3 4eep y (r "ead and ne64 (t ! t"e 7ater and 7e'' ins('ated !r m t"e 6 'd 7aterGs e!!e6ts 7"en t"e temperat(re is be' 7 1< de$rees 0. &earin$ 'i!e preser)ers in6reases t"e predi6ted s(r)i)a' time as b dy p siti n in t"e 7ater in6reases t"e 6"an6e ! s(r)i)a'.
H"t We!the& C"#$i(e&!ti"#$

I! y ( are in a " t 6'imate-
Ri$ a s(ns"ade r 6an py. Lea)e en ($" spa6e ! r )enti'ati n. 0 )er y (r s4in3 7"ere p ssib'e3 t pr te6t it !r m s(nb(rn. Use s(nb(rn 6ream3 i! a)ai'ab'e3 n a'' e@p sed s4in. Y (r eye'ids3 t"e ba64 ! y (r ears3 and t"e s4in (nder y (r 6"in s(nb(rn easi'y.
R!5t P&"-e( &e$

M st ! t"e ra!ts in t"e U. S. Army and Air F r6e in)ent ries 6an satis!y t"e needs ! r pers na' pr te6ti n3 m de ! tra)e'3 and e)asi n and 6am (!'a$e. 8ote9 ?e!ore boarding any ra!t" remove and tether &attach' your li!e preserver to yoursel! or the ra!t. Cnsure there are no other metallic or sharp ob$ects on your clothing or e)uipment that could damage the ra!t. A!ter boarding the ra!t" don your li!e preserver again. One50an Ra$t -"e ne-man ra!t "as a main 6e'' in!'ati n. I! t"e 0/2 b tt'e s" ('d ma'!(n6ti n r i! t"e ra!t de)e' ps a 'ea43 y ( 6an in!'ate it by m (t". -"e spray s"ie'd a6ts as a s"e'ter !r m t"e 6 'd3 7ind3 and 7ater. In s me 6ases3 t"is s"ie'd ser)es as ins('ati n. -"e ra!tGs ins('ated b tt m 'imits t"e 6 nd(6ti n ! 6 'd t"ereby pr te6tin$ y ( !r m "yp t"ermia DFi$(re 16-;E.
Y ( 6an tra)e' m re e!!e6ti)e'y by in!'atin$ r de!'atin$ t"e ra!t t ta4e ad)anta$e ! t"e 7ind r 6(rrent. Y ( 6an (se t"e spray s"ie'd as a sai' 7"ite t"e ba''ast b(64ets ser)e t in6rease dra$ in t"e 7ater. Y ( may (se t"e sea an6" r t 6 ntr ' t"e ra!tGs speed and dire6ti n. -"ere are ra!ts de)e' ped ! r (se in ta6ti6a' areas t"at are b'a64. -"ese ra!ts b'end 7it" t"e seaGs ba64$r (nd. Y ( 6an !(rt"er m di!y t"ese ra!ts ! r e)asi n by partia''y de!'atin$ t"em t btain a ' 7er pr !i'e. A 'anyard 6 nne6ts t"e ne-man ra!t t a para6"(tist Ds(r)i) rE 'andin$ in t"e 7ater. Y ( Dt"e s(r)i) rE in!'ate it (p n 'andin$. Y ( d n t s7im t t"e ra!t3 b(t p('' it t y ( )ia t"e 'anyard. -"e ra!t may "it t"e 7ater (pside d 7n3 b(t y ( 6an ri$"t it by appr a6"in$ t"e side t 7"i6" t"e b tt'e is atta6"ed and
!'ippin$ t"e ra!t )er. -"e spray s"ie'd m(st be in t"e ra!t t e@p se t"e b ardin$ "and'es. F '' 7 t"e steps (t'ined in t"e n te (nder ra!t pr 6ed(res ab )e 7"en b ardin$ t"e ra!t DFi$(re 16-<E.
I! y ( "a)e an arm inA(ry3 t"e best 7ay t b ard is by t(rnin$ y (r ba64 t t"e sma'' end ! t"e ra!t3 p(s"in$ t"e ra!t (nder y (r b(tt 64s3 and 'yin$ ba64. An t"er 7ay t b ard t"e ra!t is t p(s" d 7n n its sma'' end (nti' ne 4nee is inside and 'ie ! r7ard DFi$(re 16-1=E.
In r ($" seas3 it may be easier ! r y ( t $rasp t"e sma'' end ! t"e ra!t and3 in a pr ne p siti n3 t 4i64 and p('' y (rse'! int t"e ra!t. &"en y ( are 'yin$ !a6e d 7n in t"e ra!t3 dep' y and adA(st t"e sea an6" r. - sit (pri$"t3 y ( may "a)e t dis6 nne6t ne side ! t"e seat 4it and r '' t t"at side. -"en y ( adA(st t"e spray s"ie'd. -"ere are t7 )ariati ns ! t"e ne-man ra!tI t"e impr )ed m de' in6 rp rates an in!'atab'e spray s"ie'd and !' r t"at pr )ide additi na' ins('ati n. -"e spray s"ie'd "e'ps 4eep y ( dry and 7arm in 6 'd 6eans and pr te6ts y ( !r m t"e s(n in t"e " t 6'imates DFi$(re 16-11E.
Se)en-Man Ra!t S me m('tip'a6e air6ra!t 6arry t"e se)en-man ra!t. It is a 6 mp nent ! t"e s(r)i)a' dr p 4it DFi$(re 1612E. -"is ra!t may in!'ate (pside d 7n and re5(ire y ( t ri$"t t"e ra!t be! re b ardin$. A'7ays 7 r4 !r m t"e b tt'e side t pre)ent inA(ry i! t"e ra!t t(rns )er. Fa6in$ int t"e 7ind3 t"e 7ind pr )ides additi na' "e'p in ri$"tin$ t"e ra!t. Use t"e "and'es n t"e inside b tt m ! t"e ra!t ! r b ardin$ DFi$(re 16-1%E.
Use t"e b ardin$ ramp i! s me ne " 'ds d 7n t"e ra!tGs pp site side. I! y ( d nGt "a)e "e'p3 a$ain 7 r4 !r m t"e b tt'e side 7it" t"e 7ind at y (r ba64 t "e'p " 'd d 7n t"e ra!t. F '' 7 t"e steps (t'ined in t"e n te (nder ra!t pr 6ed(res ab )e. -"en $rasp an ar' 64 and b ardin$ "and'e3 4i64 y (r 'e$s t $et y (r b dy pr ne n t"e 7ater3 and t"en 4i64 and p('' y (rse'! int t"e ra!t. I! y ( are 7ea4 r inA(red3 y ( may partia''y de!'ate t"e ra!t t ma4e b ardin$ easier DFi$(re 16-18E.
Use t"e "and p(mp t 4eep t"e b( yan6y 6"ambers and 6r ss seat !irm. Ne)er )erin!'ate t"e ra!t. -7enty- r -7enty-Fi)e-Man Ra!ts Y ( may !ind 2=- r 2:-man ra!ts in m('tip'a6e air6ra!t DFi$(res 16-1: and 16-16E. Y ( 7i'' !ind t"em in a66essib'e areas ! t"e !(se'a$e r in ra!t 6 mpartments. S me may be a(t mati6a''y dep' yed !r m t"e 6 64-pit3 7"i'e t"ers may need man(a' dep' yment. N matter " 7 t"e ra!t 'ands in t"e 7ater3 it is ready ! r b ardin$. A 'anyard 6 nne6ts t"e a66ess ry 4it t t"e ra!t and y ( retrie)e t"e 4it by "and. Y ( m(st man(a''y in!'ate t"e 6enter 6"amber 7it" t"e "and p(mp. . ard t"e 2=- r 2:-man ra!t !r m t"e air6ra!t3 i! p ssib'e. I! n t3 b ard in t"e ! '' 7in$ mannerL

Appr a6" t"e ' 7er b ardin$ ramp. Rem )e y (r 'i!e preser)er and tet"er it t y (rse'! s t"at it trai's be"ind y (. *rasp t"e b ardin$ "and'es and 4i64 y (r 'e$s t $et y (r b dy int a pr ne p siti n n t"e 7aterGs s(r!a6eI t"en 4i64 and p('' (nti' y ( are inside t"e ra!t.
An in6 mp'ete'y in!'ated ra!t 7i'' ma4e b ardin$ easier. Appr a6" t"e interse6ti n ! t"e ra!t and ramp3 $rasp t"e (pper b ardin$ "and'e3 and s7in$ ne 'e$ nt t"e 6enter ! t"e ramp3 as in m (ntin$ a " rse DFi$(re 16-17E.
Immediate'y ti$"ten t"e e5(a'i2er 6'amp (p n enterin$ t"e ra!t t pre)ent de!'atin$ t"e entire ra!t in 6ase ! a p(n6t(re DFi$(re 16-1;E.
Use t"e p(mp t 4eep t"ese ra!tsG 6"ambers and 6enter rin$ !irm. -"ey s" ('d be 7e'' r (nded b(t n t )er'y ti$"t.
S!i%i#/ R!5t$
Ra!ts d n t "a)e 4ee's3 t"ere! re3 y ( 6anGt sai' t"em int t"e 7ind. 1 7e)er3 any ne 6an sai' a ra!t d 7n7ind. Y ( 6an s(66ess!(''y sai' m('tip'a6e De@6ept 2=- t 2:-manE ra!ts 1= de$rees !! !r m t"e dire6ti n ! t"e 7ind. D n t try t sai' t"e ra!t (n'ess 'and is near. I! y ( de6ide t sai' and t"e 7ind is b' 7in$ t 7ard a desired destinati n3 !(''y in!'ate t"e ra!t3 sit "i$"3 ta4e in t"e sea an6" r3 ri$ a sai'3 and (se an ar as a r(dder.
In a m('tip'a6e De@6ept 2=- t 2:-manE ra!t3 ere6t a s5(are sai' in t"e b 7 (sin$ t"e ars and t"eir e@tensi ns as t"e mast and 6r ssbar DFi$(re 16-1<E. Y ( may (se a 7aterpr ! tarpa('in r para6"(te materia' ! r t"e sai'. I! t"e ra!t "as n re$('ar mast s 64et and step3 ere6t t"e mast by tyin$ it se6(re'y t t"e !r nt 6r ss seat (sin$ bra6es. #ad t"e b tt m ! t"e mast t pre)ent it !r m 6"a!in$ r p(n6"in$ a " 'e t"r ($" t"e !' r3 7"et"er r n t t"ere is a s 64et. -"e "ee' ! a s" e3 7it" t"e t e 7ed$ed (nder t"e seat3 ma4es a $ d impr )ised mast step. D n t se6(re t"e 6 mers ! t"e ' 7er ed$e ! t"e sai'. 1 'd t"e 'ines atta6"ed t t"e 6 mers 7it" y (r "ands s t"at a $(st ! 7ind 7i'' n t rip t"e sai'3 brea4 t"e mast3 r 6apsi2e t"e ra!t.
-a4e e)ery pre6a(ti n t pre)ent t"e ra!t !r m t(rnin$ )er. In r ($" 7eat"er3 4eep t"e sea an6" r a7ay !r m t"e b 7. 1a)e t"e passen$ers sit ' 7 in t"e ra!t3 7it" t"eir 7ei$"t distrib(ted t " 'd t"e (p7ind side d 7n. - pre)ent !a''in$ (t3 t"ey s" ('d a's a) id sittin$ n t"e sides ! t"e ra!t r standin$ (p. A) id s(dden m )ements 7it" (t 7arnin$ t"e t"er passen$ers. &"en t"e sea an6" r is n t in (se3 tie it t t"e ra!t and st 7 it in s(6" a manner t"at it 7i'' " 'd immediate'y i! t"e ra!t 6apsi2es.
W!te&
&ater is y (r m st imp rtant need. &it" it a' ne3 y ( 6an 'i)e ! r ten days r ' n$er3 dependin$ n y (r 7i'' t 'i)e. &"en drin4in$ 7ater3 m isten y (r 'ips3 t n$(e3 and t"r at be! re s7a'' 7in$. Short 3ater Rations &"en y ( "a)e a 'imited 7ater s(pp'y and y ( 6anGt rep'a6e it by 6"emi6a' r me6"ani6a' means3 (se t"e 7ater e!!i6ient'y. #r te6t !res"7ater s(pp'ies !r m sea7ater 6 ntaminati n. 9eep y (r b dy 7e''
s"aded3 b t" !r m )er"ead s(n and !r m re!'e6ti n !! t"e sea s(r!a6e. A'' 7 )enti'ati n ! airI dampen y (r 6' t"es d(rin$ t"e " ttest part ! t"e day. D n t e@ert y (rse'!. Re'a@ and s'eep 7"en p ssib'e. Fi@ y (r dai'y 7ater rati n a!ter 6 nsiderin$ t"e am (nt ! 7ater y ( "a)e3 t"e (tp(t ! s 'ar sti''s and desa'tin$ 4it3 and t"e n(mber and p"ysi6a' 6 nditi n ! y (r party. I! y ( d nGt "a)e 7ater3 d nGt eat. I! y (r 7ater rati n is t7 'iters r m re per day3 eat any part ! y (r rati n r any additi na' ! d t"at y ( may 6at6"3 s(6" as birds3 !is"3 s"rimp. -"e 'i!e ra!tGs m ti n and an@iety may 6a(se na(sea. I! y ( eat 7"en na(seated3 y ( may ' se y (r ! d immediate'y. I! na(seated3 rest and re'a@ as m(6" as y ( 6an3 and ta4e n'y 7ater. - red(6e y (r ' ss ! 7ater t"r ($" perspirati n3 s a4 y (r 6' t"es in t"e sea and 7rin$ t"em (t be! re p(ttin$ t"em n a$ain. D nGt )erd t"is d(rin$ " t days 7"en n 6an py r s(n s"ie'd is a)ai'ab'e. -"is is a trade- !! bet7een 6 'in$ and sa't7ater b i's and ras"es t"at 7i'' res('t. .e 6are!(' n t t $et t"e b tt m ! t"e ra!t 7et. &at6" t"e 6' (ds and be ready ! r any 6"an6e ! s" 7ers. 9eep t"e tarpa('in "andy ! r 6at6"in$ 7ater. I! it is en6r(sted 7it" dried sa't3 7as" it in sea7ater. N rma''y3 a sma'' am (nt ! sea7ater mi@ed 7it" rain 7i'' "ard'y be n ti6eab'e and 7i'' n t 6a(se any p"ysi6a' rea6ti n. In r ($" seas y ( 6ann t $et (n6 ntaminated !res" 7ater. At ni$"t3 se6(re t"e tarpa('in 'i4e a s(ns"ade3 and t(rn (p its ed$es t 6 ''e6t de7. It is a's p ssib'e t 6 ''e6t de7 a' n$ t"e sides ! t"e ra!t (sin$ a sp n$e r 6' t". &"en it rains3 drin4 as m(6" as y ( 6an " 'd. Solar Still &"en s 'ar sti''s are a)ai'ab'e3 read t"e instr(6ti ns and set t"em (p immediate'y. Use as many sti''s as p ssib'e3 dependin$ n t"e n(mber ! men in t"e ra!t and t"e am (nt ! s(n'i$"t a)ai'ab'e. Se6(re s 'ar sti''s t t"e ra!t 7it" 6are. -"is type ! s 'ar sti'' n'y 7 r4s n !'at3 6a'm seas. ,esalting *its &"en desa'tin$ 4its are a)ai'ab'e in additi n t s 'ar sti''s3 (se t"em n'y ! r immediate 7ater needs r d(rin$ ' n$ )er6ast peri ds 7"en y ( 6ann t (se s 'ar sti''s. In any e)ent3 4eep desa'tin$ 4its and emer$en6y 7ater st res ! r peri ds 7"en y ( 6ann t (se s 'ar sti''s r 6at6" rain7ater. 3ater 'ro" 'ish Drin4 t"e a5(e (s !'(id ! (nd a' n$ t"e spine and in t"e eyes ! 'ar$e !is". 0are!(''y 6(t t"e !is" in "a'! t $et t"e !'(id a' n$ t"e spine and s(64 t"e eye. I! y ( are s s" rt ! 7ater t"at y ( need t d t"is3 t"en (" #"t drin4 any ! t"e t"er b dy !'(ids. -"ese t"er !'(ids are ri6" in pr tein and !at and 7i'' (se (p m re ! y (r reser)e 7ater in di$esti n t"an t"ey s(pp'y. Sea Ice In ar6ti6 7aters3 (se 'd sea i6e ! r 7ater. -"is i6e is b'(is"3 "as r (nded 6 mers3 and sp'inters easi'y. It is near'y !ree ! sa't. Ne7 i6e is $ray3 mi'4y3 "ard3 and sa'ty. &ater !r m i6eber$s is !res"3 b(t i6eber$s are dan$er (s t appr a6". Use t"em as a s (r6e ! 7ater n'y in emer$en6ies. REMEMBERC D" #"t drin4 sea7ater. D" #"t drin4 (rine. D" #"t drin4 a'6 " '. D" #"t sm 4e. D" #"t eat3 (n'ess 7ater is a)ai'ab'e. S'eep and rest are t"e best 7ays ! end(rin$ peri ds ! red(6ed 7ater and ! d inta4e. 1 7e)er3 ma4e s(re t"at y ( "a)e en ($" s"ade 7"en nappin$ d(rin$ t"e day. I! t"e sea is r ($"3 tie y (rse'! t t"e ra!t3 6' se any 6 )er3 and ride (t t"e st rm as best y ( 6an. Rela+ is t"e 4ey 7 rd--at 'east try t re'a@.
F""( P&"- &e*e#t

In t"e pen sea3 !is" 7i'' be t"e main ! d s (r6e. -"ere are s me p is n (s and dan$er (s 6ean !is"3 b(t3 in $enera'3 7"en (t ! si$"t ! 'and3 !is" are sa!e t eat. Nearer t"e s" re t"ere are !is" t"at are b t" dan$er (s and p is n (s t eat. -"ere are s me !is"3 s(6" as t"e red snapper and barra6(da3 t"at are n rma''y edib'e b(t p is n (s 7"en ta4en !r m t"e 7aters ! at ''s and ree!s. F'yin$ !is" 7i'' e)en A(mp int y (r ra!tK
'ish &"en !is"in$3 d n t "and'e t"e !is"in$ 'ine 7it" bare "ands and ne)er 7rap it ar (nd y (r "ands r tie it t a 'i!e ra!t. -"e sa't t"at ad"eres t it 6an ma4e it a s"arp 6(ttin$ ed$e3 an ed$e dan$er (s b t" t t"e ra!t and y (r "ands. &ear $' )es3 i! t"ey are a)ai'ab'e3 r (se a 6' t" t "and'e !is" and t a) id inA(ry !r m s"arp !ins and $i'' 6 )ers. In 7arm re$i ns3 $(t and b'eed !is" immediate'y a!ter 6at6"in$ t"em. 0(t !is" t"at y ( d n t eat immediate'y int t"in3 narr 7 strips and "an$ t"em t dry. A 7e''-dried !is" stays edib'e ! r se)era' days. Fis" n t 6'eaned and dried may sp i' in "a'! a day. Fis" 7it" dar4 meat are )ery pr ne t de6 mp siti n. I! y ( d n t eat t"em a'' immediate'y3 d n t eat any ! t"e 'e!t )ers. Use t"e 'e!t )ers ! r bait. Ne)er eat !is" t"at "a)e pa'e3 s"iny $i''s3 s(n4en eyes3 !'abby s4in and !'es"3 r an (np'easant d r. * d !is" s" 7 t"e pp site 6"ara6teristi6s. Sea !is" "a)e a sa't7ater r 6'ean !is"y d r. D n t 6 n!(se ee's 7it" sea sna4es t"at "a)e an b)i (s'y s6a'y b dy and str n$'y 6 mpressed3 padd'es"aped tai'. . t" ee's and sea sna4es are edib'e3 b(t y ( m(st "and'e t"e 'atter 7it" 6are be6a(se ! t"eir p is n (s bites. -"e "eart3 b' d3 intestina' 7a''3 and 'i)er ! m st !is" are edib'e. 0 4 t"e intestines. A's edib'e are t"e part'y di$ested sma''er !is" t"at y ( may !ind in t"e st ma6"s ! 'ar$e !is". In additi n3 sea t(rt'es are edib'e. S"ar4 meat is a $ d s (r6e ! ! d 7"et"er ra73 dried3 r 6 4ed. S"ar4 meat sp i's )ery rapid'y d(e t t"e "i$" 6 n6entrati n ! (rea in t"e b' d3 t"ere! re3 b'eed it immediate'y and s a4 it in se)era' 6"an$es ! 7ater. #e p'e pre!er s me s"ar4 spe6ies )er t"ers. 0 nsider t"em a'' edib'e e@6ept t"e *reen'and s"ar4 7" se !'es" 6 ntains "i$" 5(antities ! )itamin A. D n t eat t"e 'i)ers3 d(e t "i$" )itamin A 6 ntent. 'ishing Aids Y ( 6an (se di!!erent materia's t ma4e !is"in$ aids as des6ribed in t"e ! '' 7in$ para$rap"sL

-ishing line. Use pie6es ! tarpa('in r 6an)as. Unra)e' t"e t"reads and tie t"em t $et"er in s" rt 'en$t"s in $r (ps ! t"ree r m re t"reads. S" e'a6es and para6"(te s(spensi n 'ine a's 7 r4 7e''. -ish hooks. N s(r)i) r at sea s" ('d be 7it" (t !is"in$ e5(ipment b(t i! y ( are3 impr )ise " 4s as s" 7n in 0"apter ;. -ish lures. Y ( 6an !as"i n '(res by atta6"in$ a d (b'e " 4 t any s"iny pie6e ! meta'. >rapple. Use $rapp'es t " 4 sea7eed. Y ( may s"a4e 6rabs3 s"rimp3 r sma'' !is" (t ! t"e sea7eed. -"ese y ( may eat r (se ! r bait. Y ( may eat sea7eed itse'!3 b(t n'y 7"en y ( "a)e p'enty ! drin4in$ 7ater. Impr )ise $rapp'es !r m 7 d. Use a "ea)y pie6e ! 7 d as t"e main s"a!t3 and 'as" t"ree sma''er pie6es t t"e s"a!t as $rapp'es. ?ait. Y ( 6an (se sma'' !is" as bait ! r 'ar$er nes. S6 p t"e sma'' !is" (p 7it" a net. I! y ( d nGt "a)e a net3 ma4e ne !r m 6' t" ! s me type. 1 'd t"e net (nder t"e 7ater and s6 p (p7ard. Use a'' t"e $(ts !r m birds and !is" ! r bait. &"en (sin$ bait3 try t 4eep it m )in$ in t"e 7ater t $i)e it t"e appearan6e ! bein$ a'i)e.
.elp$ul 'ishing .ints Y (r !is"in$ s" ('d be s(66ess!(' i! y ( remember t"e ! '' 7in$ imp rtant "intsL

.e e@treme'y 6are!(' 7it" !is" t"at "a)e teet" and spines. 0(t a 'ar$e !is" ' se rat"er t"an ris4 6apsi2in$ t"e ra!t. -ry t 6at6" sma'' rat"er t"an 'ar$e !is". D n t p(n6t(re y (r ra!t 7it" " 4s r t"er s"arp instr(ments. D n t !is" 7"en 'ar$e s"ar4s are in t"e area. &at6" ! r s6" 's ! !is"I try t m )e 6' se t t"ese s6" 's. Fis" at ni$"t (sin$ a 'i$"t. -"e 'i$"t attra6ts !is". In t"e daytime3 s"ade attra6ts s me !is". Y ( may !ind t"em (nder y (r ra!t. Impr )ise a spear by tyin$ a 4ni!e t an ar b'ade. -"is spear 6an "e'p y ( 6at6" 'ar$er !is"3 b(t y ( m(st $et t"em int t"e ra!t 5(i64'y r t"ey 7i'' s'ip !! t"e b'ade. A's 3 tie t"e 4ni!e )ery se6(re'y r y ( may ' se it. A'7ays ta4e 6are ! y (r !is"in$ e5(ipment. Dry y (r !is"in$ 'ines3 6'ean and s"arpen t"e " 4s3 and d n t a'' 7 t"e " 4s t sti64 int t"e !is"in$ 'ines.
#irds As stated in 0"apter ;3 a'' birds are edib'e. ,at any birds y ( 6an 6at6". S metimes birds may 'and n y (r ra!t3 b(t (s(a''y t"ey are 6a(ti (s. Y ( may be ab'e t attra6t s me birds by t 7in$ a bri$"t pie6e ! meta' be"ind t"e ra!t. -"is 7i'' brin$ t"e bird 7it"in s" tin$ ran$e3 pr )ided y ( "a)e a !irearm. I! a bird 'ands 7it"in y (r rea6"3 y ( may be ab'e t 6at6" it. I! t"e birds d n t 'and 6' se en ($" r 'and n t"e t"er end ! t"e ra!t3 y ( may be ab'e t 6at6" t"em 7it" a bird n se. .ait t"e 6enter ! t"e n se and 7ait ! r t"e bird t 'and. &"en t"e birdGs !eet are in t"e 6enter ! t"e n se3 p('' it ti$"t. Use a'' parts ! t"e bird. Use t"e !eat"ers ! r ins('ati n3 t"e entrai's and !eet ! r bait3 and s n. Use y (r ima$inati n.
Me(i-!% P&"+%e*$ A$$"-i!te( With Se! S &.i.!%

At sea3 y ( may be6 me seasi643 $et sa't7ater s res3 r !a6e s me ! t"e same medi6a' pr b'ems t"at 66(r n 'and3 s(6" as de"ydrati n r s(nb(rn. -"ese pr b'ems 6an be6 me 6riti6a' i! 'e!t (ntreated. Seasic-ness Seasi64ness is t"e na(sea and ) mitin$ 6a(sed by t"e m ti n ! t"e ra!t. It 6an res('t in-
,@treme !'(id ' ss and e@"a(sti n. L ss ! t"e 7i'' t s(r)i)e. /t"ers be6 min$ seasi64. Attra6ti n ! s"ar4s t t"e ra!t. Un6'ean 6 nditi ns.
- treat seasi64ness-
&as" b t" t"e patient and t"e ra!t t rem )e t"e si$"t and d r ! ) mit. 9eep t"e patient !r m eatin$ ! d (nti' "is na(sea is $ ne. 1a)e t"e patient 'ie d 7n and rest. *i)e t"e patient seasi64ness pi''s i! a)ai'ab'e. I! t"e patient is (nab'e t ta4e t"e pi''s ra''y3 insert t"em re6ta''y ! r abs rpti n by t"e b dy. 8ote9 Some survivors have said that erecting a canopy or using the hori*on as a !ocal point helped overcome seasickness. 0thers have said that swimming alongside the ra!t !or short periods helped" but e+treme care must be taken i! swimming.
Salt%ater Sores -"ese s res res('t !r m a brea4 in s4in e@p sed t sa't7ater ! r an e@tended peri d. -"e s res may ! rm s6abs and p(s. D n t pen r drain. F'(s" t"e s res 7it" !res" 7ater3 i! a)ai'ab'e3 and a'' 7 t dry. App'y an antisepti63 i! a)ai'ab'e. Immersi n R t3 Fr stbite3 and 1yp t"ermia -"ese pr b'ems are simi'ar t t" se en6 (ntered in 6 'd 7eat"er en)ir nments. Sympt ms and treatment are t"e same as 6 )ered in 0"apter 1:. .'indnessF1eada6"e I! !'ame3 sm 4e3 r t"er 6 ntaminants $et in t"e eyes3 !'(s" t"em immediate'y 7it" sa't 7ater3 t"en 7it" !res" 7ater3 i! a)ai'ab'e. App'y intment3 i! a)ai'ab'e. .anda$e b t" eyes 1; t 28 " (rs3 r ' n$er i! dama$e is se)ere. I! t"e $'are !r m t"e s4y and 7ater 6a(ses y (r eyes t be6 me b' ds" t and in!'amed3 banda$e t"em 'i$"t'y. -ry t pre)ent t"is pr b'em by 7earin$ s(n$'asses. Impr )ise s(n$'asses i! ne6essary. 0 nstipati n -"is 6 nditi n is a 6 mm n pr b'em n a ra!t. D n t ta4e a 'a@ati)e3 as t"is 7i'' 6a(se !(rt"er de"ydrati n. ,@er6ise as m(6" as p ssib'e and drin4 an ade5(ate am (nt ! 7ater3 i! a)ai'ab'e. Di!!i6('t Urinati n
-"is pr b'em is n t (n(s(a' and is d(e main'y t de"ydrati n. It is best n t t treat it3 as it 6 ('d 6a(se !(rt"er de"ydrati n. S(nb(rn S(nb(rn is a seri (s pr b'em in sea s(r)i)a'. -ry t pre)ent s(nb(rn by stayin$ in s"ade and 4eepin$ y (r "ead and s4in 6 )ered. Use 6ream r 0"ap Sti64 !r m y (r !irst aid 4it. Remember3 re!'e6ti n !r m t"e 7ater a's 6a(ses s(nb(rn.
Sh!&)$
&"et"er y ( are in t"e 7ater r in a b at r ra!t3 y ( may see many types ! sea 'i!e ar (nd y (. S me may be m re dan$er (s t"an t"ers. *enera''y3 s"ar4s are t"e $reatest dan$er t y (. /t"er anima's s(6" as 7"a'es3 p rp ises3 and stin$rays may ' 4 dan$er (s3 b(t rea''y p se 'itt'e t"reat in t"e pen sea. /! t"e many "(ndreds ! s"ar4 spe6ies3 n'y ab (t 2= spe6ies are 4n 7n t atta64 man. -"e m st dan$er (s are t"e $reat 7"ite s"ar43 t"e "ammer"ead3 t"e ma4 3 and t"e ti$er s"ar4. /t"er s"ar4s 4n 7n t atta64 man in6'(de t"e $ray3 b'(e3 'em n3 sand3 n(rse3 b(''3 and 6eani6 7"ite tip s"ar4s. 0 nsider any s"ar4 ' n$er t"an 1 meter dan$er (s. -"ere are s"ar4s in a'' 6eans and seas ! t"e 7 r'd. &"i'e many 'i)e and !eed in t"e dept"s ! t"e sea3 t"ers "(nt near t"e s(r!a6e. -"e s"ar4s 'i)in$ near t"e s(r!a6e are t"e nes y ( 7i'' m st 'i4e'y see. -"eir d rsa' !ins !re5(ent'y pr Ae6t ab )e t"e 7ater. S"ar4s in t"e tr pi6a' and s(btr pi6a' seas are !ar m re a$$ressi)e t"an t" se in temperate 7aters. A'' s"ar4s are basi6a''y eatin$ ma6"ines. -"eir n rma' diet is 'i)e anima's ! any type3 and t"ey 7i'' stri4e at inA(red r "e'p'ess anima's. Si$"t3 sme''3 r s (nd may $(ide t"em t t"eir prey. S"ar4s "a)e an a6(te sense ! sme'' and t"e sme'' ! b' d in t"e 7ater e@6ites t"em. -"ey are a's )ery sensiti)e t any abn rma' )ibrati ns in t"e 7ater. -"e str($$'es ! a 7 (nded anima' r s7immer3 (nder7ater e@p' si ns3 r e)en a !is" str($$'in$ n a !is"'ine 7i'' attra6t a s"ar4. S"ar4s 6an bite !r m a'm st any p siti nI t"ey d n t "a)e t t(rn n t"eir side t bite. -"e Aa7s ! s me ! t"e 'ar$er s"ar4s are s !ar ! r7ard t"at t"ey 6an bite !' atin$ bAe6ts easi'y 7it" (t t7istin$ t t"e side. S"ar4s may "(nt a' ne3 b(t m st rep rts ! atta64s 6ite m re t"an ne s"ar4 present. -"e sma''er s"ar4s tend t tra)e' in s6" 's and atta64 in mass. &"ene)er ne ! t"e s"ar4s !inds a )i6tim3 t"e t"er s"ar4s 7i'' 5(i64'y A in it. S"ar4s 7i'' eat a 7 (nded s"ar4 as 5(i64'y as t"eir prey. S"ar4s !eed at a'' " (rs ! t"e day and ni$"t. M st rep rted s"ar4 6 nta6ts and atta64s 7ere d(rin$ day'i$"t3 and many ! t"ese "a)e been in t"e 'ate a!tern n. S me ! t"e meas(res t"at y ( 6an ta4e t pr te6t y (rse'! a$ainst s"ar4s 7"en y ( are in t"e 7ater are-
Stay with other swimmers. A $r (p 6an maintain a %6=-de$ree 7at6". A $r (p 6an eit"er !ri$"ten r !i$"t !! s"ar4s better t"an ne man. Always watch !or sharks. 9eep a'' y (r 6' t"in$ n3 t in6'(de y (r s" es. 1ist ri6a''y3 s"ar4s "a)e atta64ed t"e (n6' t"ed men in $r (ps !irst3 main'y in t"e !eet. 0' t"in$ a's pr te6ts a$ainst abrasi ns s" ('d t"e s"ar4 br(s" a$ainst y (. Avoid urinating. I! y ( m(st3 n'y d s in sma'' am (nts. Let it dissipate bet7een dis6"ar$es. I! y ( m(st de!e6ate3 d s in sma'' am (nts and t"r 7 it as !ar a7ay !r m y ( as p ssib'e. D t"e same i! y ( m(st ) mit.
I! a s"ar4 atta64 is imminent 7"i'e y ( are in t"e 7ater3 sp'as" and ye'' A(st en ($" t 4eep t"e s"ar4 at bay. S metimes ye''in$ (nder7ater r s'appin$ t"e 7ater repeated'y 7i'' s6are t"e s"ar4 a7ay. 0 nser)e y (r stren$t" ! r !i$"tin$ in 6ase t"e s"ar4 atta64s. I! atta64ed3 4i64 and stri4e t"e s"ar4. 1it t"e s"ar4 n t"e $i''s r eyes i! p ssib'e. I! y ( "it t"e s"ar4 n t"e n se3 y ( may inA(re y (r "and i! it $'an6es !! and "its its teet". &"en y ( are in a ra!t and see s"ar4s-
D n t !is". I! y ( "a)e " 4ed a !is"3 'et it $ . D n t 6'ean !is" in t"e 7ater. D n t t"r 7 $arba$e )erb ard.
D n t 'et y (r arms3 'e$s3 r e5(ipment "an$ in t"e 7ater. 9eep 5(iet and d n t m )e ar (nd. .(ry a'' dead as s n as p ssib'e. I! t"ere are many s"ar4s in t"e area3 6 nd(6t t"e b(ria' at ni$"t.
&"en y ( are in a ra!t and a s"ar4 atta64 is imminent3 "it t"e s"ar4 7it" anyt"in$ y ( "a)e3 e@6ept y (r "ands. Y ( 7i'' d m re dama$e t y (r "ands t"an t"e s"ar4. I! y ( stri4e 7it" an ar3 be 6are!(' n t t ' se r brea4 it.
Dete-ti#/ L!#(
Y ( s" ('d 7at6" 6are!(''y ! r any si$ns ! 'and. -"ere are many indi6at rs t"at 'and is near. A !i@ed 6(m('(s 6' (d in a 6'ear s4y r in a s4y 7"ere a'' t"er 6' (ds are m )in$ !ten " )ers )er r s'i$"t'y d 7n7ind !r m an is'and. In t"e tr pi6s3 t"e re!'e6ti n ! s(n'i$"t !r m s"a'' 7 'a$ ns r s"e')es ! 6 ra' ree!s !ten 6a(ses a $reenis" tint in t"e s4y. In t"e ar6ti63 'i$"t-6 ' red re!'e6ti ns n 6' (ds !ten indi6ate i6e !ie'ds r sn 7-6 )ered 'and. -"ese re!'e6ti ns are 5(ite di!!erent !r m t"e dar4 $ray nes 6a(sed by pen 7ater. Deep 7ater is dar4 $reen r dar4 b'(e. Li$"ter 6 ' r indi6ates s"a'' 7 7ater3 7"i6" may mean 'and is near. At ni$"t3 r in ! $3 mist3 r rain3 y ( may dete6t 'and by d rs and s (nds. -"e m(sty d r ! man$r )e s7amps and m(d !'ats 6arry a ' n$ 7ay. Y ( "ear t"e r ar ! s(r! ' n$ be! re y ( see t"e s(r!. -"e 6 ntin(ed 6ries ! seabirds 6 min$ !r m ne dire6ti n indi6ate t"eir r stin$ p'a6e n nearby 'and. -"ere (s(a''y are m re birds near 'and t"an )er t"e pen sea. -"e dire6ti n !r m 7"i6" !' 64s !'y at da7n and t 7"i6" t"ey !'y at d(s4 may indi6ate t"e dire6ti n ! 'and. D(rin$ t"e day3 birds are sear6"in$ ! r ! d and t"e dire6ti n ! !'i$"t "as n si$ni!i6an6e. Mira$es 66(r at any 'atit(de3 b(t t"ey are m re 'i4e'y in t"e tr pi6s3 espe6ia''y d(rin$ t"e midd'e ! t"e day. .e 6are!(' n t t mista4e a mira$e ! r nearby 'and. A mira$e disappears r its appearan6e and e'e)ati n 6"an$e 7"en )ie7ed !r m s'i$"t'y di!!erent "ei$"ts. Y ( may be ab'e t dete6t 'and by t"e pattern ! t"e 7a)es Dre!ra6tedE as t"ey appr a6" 'and DFi$(re 162=E. .y tra)e'in$ 7it" t"e 7a)es and para''e' t t"e s'i$"t'y t(rb('ent area mar4ed JCJ n t"e i''(strati n3 y ( s" ('d rea6" 'and.
R!5ti#/ "& Be!-hi#/ Te-h#i, e$

/n6e y ( "a)e ! (nd 'and3 y ( m(st $et as" re sa!e'y. - ra!t as" re3 y ( 6an (s(a''y (se t"e ne-man ra!t 7it" (t dan$er. 1 7e)er3 $ in$ as" re in a str n$ s(r! is dan$er (s. -a4e y (r time. Se'e6t y (r
'andin$ p int 6are!(''y. -ry n t t 'and 7"en t"e s(n is ' 7 and strai$"t in !r nt ! y (. -ry t 'and n t"e 'ee side ! an is'and r n a p int ! 'and A(ttin$ (t int t"e 7ater. 9eep y (r eyes pen ! r $aps in t"e s(r! 'ine3 and "ead ! r t"em. A) id 6 ra' ree!s and r 64y 6'i!!s. -"ere are n 6 ra' ree!s near t"e m (t"s ! !res"7ater streams. A) id rip 6(rrents r str n$ tida' 6(rrents t"at may 6arry y ( !ar (t t sea. ,it"er si$na' as" re ! r "e'p r sai' ar (nd and ' 4 ! r a s' pin$ bea6" 7"ere t"e s(r! is $ent'e. I! y ( "a)e t $ t"r ($" t"e s(r! t rea6" s" re3 ta4e d 7n t"e mast. 9eep y (r 6' t"es and s" es n t a) id se)ere 6(ts. AdA(st and in!'ate y (r 'i!e )est. -rai' t"e sea an6" r )er t"e stem (sin$ as m(6" 'ine as y ( "a)e. Use t"e ars r padd'es and 6 nstant'y adA(st t"e sea an6" r t 4eep a strain n t"e an6" r 'ine. -"ese a6ti ns 7i'' 4eep t"e ra!t p inted t 7ard s" re and pre)ent t"e sea !r m t"r 7in$ t"e stern ar (nd and 6apsi2in$ y (. Use t"e ars r padd'es t "e'p ride in n t"e sea7ard side ! a 'ar$e 7a)e. -"e s(r! may be irre$('ar and )e' 6ity may )ary3 s m di!y y (r pr 6ed(re as 6 nditi ns demand. A $ d met" d ! $ettin$ t"r ($" t"e s(r! is t "a)e "a'! t"e men sit n ne side ! t"e ra!t3 "a'! n t"e t"er3 !a6in$ a7ay !r m ea6" t"er. &"en a "ea)y sea bears d 7n3 "a'! s" ('d r 7 Dp(''E t 7ard t"e sea (nti' t"e 6rest passesI t"en t"e t"er "a'! s" ('d r 7 Dp(''E t 7ard t"e s" re (nti' t"e ne@t "ea)y sea 6 mes a' n$. A$ainst a str n$ 7ind and "ea)y s(r!3 t"e ra!t m(st "a)e a'' p ssib'e speed t pass rapid'y t"r ($" t"e n6 min$ 6rest t a) id bein$ t(rned br adside r t"r 7n end )er end. I! p ssib'e3 a) id meetin$ a 'ar$e 7a)e at t"e m ment it brea4s. I! in a medi(m s(r! 7it" n 7ind r !!s" re 7ind3 4eep t"e ra!t !r m passin$ )er a 7a)e s rapid'y t"at it dr ps s(dden'y a!ter t ppin$ t"e 6rest. I! t"e ra!t t(rns )er in t"e s(r!3 try t $rab " 'd ! it and ride it in. As t"e ra!t nears t"e bea6"3 ride in n t"e 6rest ! a 'ar$e 7a)e. #add'e r r 7 "ard and ride in t t"e bea6" as !ar as y ( 6an. D n t A(mp (t ! t"e ra!t (nti' it "as $r (nded3 t"en 5(i64'y $et (t and bea6" it. I! y ( "a)e a 6" i6e3 d n t 'and at ni$"t. I! y ( "a)e reas n t be'ie)e t"at pe p'e 'i)e n t"e s" re3 'ay a7ay !r m t"e bea6"3 si$na'3 and 7ait ! r t"e in"abitants t 6 me (t and brin$ y ( in. I! y ( en6 (nter sea i6e3 'and n'y n 'ar$e3 stab'e !' es. A) id i6eber$s t"at may 6apsi2e and sma'' !' es r t" se b)i (s'y disinte$ratin$. Use ars and "ands t 4eep t"e ra!t !r m r(bbin$ n t"e ed$e ! t"e i6e. -a4e t"e ra!t (t ! t"e 7ater and st re it 7e'' ba64 !r m t"e !' eGs ed$e. Y ( may be ab'e t (se it ! r s"e'ter. 9eep t"e ra!t in!'ated and ready ! r (se. Any !' e may brea4 (p 7it" (t 7arnin$.
S0i**i#/ A$h"&e
I! ra!tin$ as" re is n t p ssib'e and y ( "a)e t s7im3 7ear y (r s" es and at 'east ne t"i64ness ! 6' t"in$. Use t"e sidestr 4e r breaststr 4e t 6 nser)e stren$t". I! t"e s(r! is m derate3 ride in n t"e ba64 ! a sma'' 7a)e by s7immin$ ! r7ard 7it" it. Di)e t a s"a'' 7 dept" t end t"e ride A(st be! re t"e 7a)e brea4s. In "i$" s(r!3 s7im t 7ard s" re in t"e tr ($" bet7een 7a)es. &"en t"e sea7ard 7a)e appr a6"es3 !a6e it and s(bmer$e. A!ter it passes3 7 r4 t 7ard s" re in t"e ne@t tr ($". I! 6a($"t in t"e (ndert 7 ! a 'ar$e 7a)e3 p(s" !! t"e b tt m r s7im t t"e s(r!a6e and pr 6eed t 7ard s" re as ab )e. I! y ( m(st 'and n a r 64y s" re3 ' 4 ! r a p'a6e 7"ere t"e 7a)es r(s" (p nt t"e r 64s. A) id p'a6es 7"ere t"e 7a)es e@p' de 7it" a "i$"3 7"ite spray. S7im s' 7'y 7"en ma4in$ y (r appr a6". Y ( 7i'' need y (r stren$t" t " 'd n t t"e r 64s. Y ( s" ('d be !(''y 6' t"ed and 7ear s" es t red(6e inA(ry. A!ter se'e6tin$ y (r 'andin$ p int3 ad)an6e be"ind a 'ar$e 7a)e int t"e brea4ers. Fa6e t 7ard s" re and ta4e a sittin$ p siti n 7it" y (r !eet in !r nt3 6= t <= 6entimeters D2 r % !eetE ' 7er t"an y (r "ead. -"is p siti n 7i'' 'et y (r !eet abs rb t"e s" 64 7"en y ( 'and r stri4e s(b-mer$ed b ('ders r ree!s. I! y ( d n t rea6" s" re be"ind t"e 7a)e y ( pi64ed3 s7im 7it" y (r "ands n'y. As t"e ne@t 7a)e appr a6"es3 ta4e a sittin$ p siti n 7it" y (r !eet ! r7ard. Repeat t"e pr 6ed(re (nti' y ( 'and. &ater is 5(ieter in t"e 'ee ! a "ea)y $r 7t" ! sea7eed. -a4e ad)anta$e ! s(6" $r 7t". D n t s7im t"r ($" t"e sea7eedI 6ra7' )er t"e t p by $raspin$ t"e )e$etati n 7it" )er"and m )ements. 0r ss a r 64y r 6 ra' ree! as y ( 7 ('d 'and n a r 64y s" re. 9eep y (r !eet 6' se t $et"er and y (r 4nees s'i$"t'y bent in a re'a@ed sittin$ p st(re t 6(s"i n t"e b' 7s a$ainst t"e 6 ra'.
Pi-) p "& Re$- e
/n si$"tin$ res6(e 6ra!t appr a6"in$ ! r pi64(p Db at3 s"ip3 6 n)enti na' air6ra!t3 r "e'i6 pterE3 5(i64'y 6'ear any 'ines D!is"in$ 'ines3 desa'tin$ 4it 'inesE r t"er $ear t"at 6 ('d 6a(se entan$'ement d(rin$ res6(e. Se6(re a'' ' se items in t"e ra!t. -a4e d 7n 6an pies and sai's t ens(re a sa!er pi64(p. A!ter se6(rin$ a'' items3 p(t n y (r "e'met3 i! a)ai'ab'e. F(''y in!'ate y (r 'i!e preser)er. Remain in t"e ra!t3 (n'ess t"er7ise instr(6ted3 and rem )e a'' e5(ipment e@6ept t"e preser)ers. I! p ssib'e3 y ( 7i'' re6ei)e "e'p !r m res6(e pers nne' ' 7ered int t"e 7ater. Remember3 ! '' 7 a'' instr(6ti ns $i)en by t"e res6(e pers nne'. I! t"e "e'i6 pter re6 )ery is (nassisted3 d t"e ! '' 7in$ be! re pi64(pL

Se6(re a'' t"e ' se e5(ipment in t"e ra!t3 a66ess ry ba$3 r in p 64ets. Dep' y t"e sea an6" r3 stabi'ity ba$s3 and a66ess ry ba$. #artia''y de!'ate t"e ra!t and !i'' it 7it" 7ater. Unsnap t"e s(r)i)a' 4it 6 ntainer !r m t"e para6"(te "arness. *rasp t"e ra!t "and" 'd and r '' (t ! t"e ra!t. A'' 7 t"e re6 )ery de)i6e r t"e 6ab'e t $r (nd (t n t"e 7aterGs s(r!a6e. Maintain t"e "and" 'd (nti' t"e re6 )ery de)i6e is in y (r t"er "and. M (nt t"e re6 )ery de)i6e3 a) idin$ entan$'ement 7it" t"e ra!t. Si$na' t"e " ist perat r ! r pi64(p.
S AS.OR S
Sear6" p'anes r s"ips d n t a'7ays sp t a dri!tin$ ra!t r s7immer. Y ( may "a)e t 'and a' n$ t"e 6 ast be! re bein$ res6(ed. S(r)i)in$ a' n$ t"e seas" re is di!!erent !r m pen sea s(r)i)a'. F d and 7ater are m re ab(ndant and s"e'ter is b)i (s'y easier t ' 6ate and 6 nstr(6t. I! y ( are in !riend'y territ ry and de6ide t tra)e'3 it is better t m )e a' n$ t"e 6 ast t"an t $ in'and. D n t 'ea)e t"e 6 ast e@6ept t a) id bsta6'es Ds7amps and 6'i!!sE r (n'ess y ( !ind a trai' t"at y ( 4n 7 'eads t "(man "abitati n. In time ! 7ar3 remember t"at t"e enemy patr 's m st 6 ast'ines. -"ese patr 's may 6a(se pr b'ems ! r y ( i! y ( 'and n a " sti'e s" re. Y ( 7i'' "a)e e@treme'y 'imited tra)e' pti ns in t"is sit(ati n. A) id a'' 6 nta6t 7it" t"er "(mans3 and ma4e e)ery e!! rt t 6 )er a'' tra64s y ( 'ea)e n t"e s" re.
Spe-i!% He!%th H!z!&($

0 ra'3 p is n (s and a$$ressi)e !is"3 6r 6 di'es3 sea (r6"ins3 sea bis6(its3 sp n$es3 anem nes3 and tides and (ndert 7 p se spe6ia' "ea't" "a2ards. Coral 0 ra'3 dead r a'i)e3 6an in!'i6t pain!(' 6(ts. -"ere are "(ndreds ! 7ater "a2ards t"at 6an 6a(se deep p(n6t(re 7 (nds3 se)ere b'eedin$3 and t"e dan$er ! in!e6ti n. 0'ean a'' 6 ra' 6(ts t" r ($"'y. D n t (se i dine t disin!e6t any 6 ra' 6(ts. S me 6 ra' p 'yps !eed n i dine and may $r 7 inside y (r !'es" i! y ( (se i dine. Poisonous 'ish Many ree! !is" "a)e t @i6 !'es". F r s me spe6ies3 t"e !'es" is a'7ays p is n (s3 ! r t"er spe6ies3 n'y at 6ertain times ! t"e year. -"e p is ns are present in a'' parts ! t"e !is"3 b(t espe6ia''y in t"e 'i)er3 intestines3 and e$$s. Fis" t @ins are 7ater s '(b'e--n am (nt ! 6 4in$ 7i'' ne(tra'i2e t"em. -"ey are taste'ess3 t"ere! re t"e standard edibi'ity tests are (se-'ess. .irds are 'east s(s6eptib'e t t"e p is ns. -"ere! re3 d n t t"in4 t"at be6a(se a bird 6an eat a !is"3 it is a sa!e spe6ies ! r y ( t eat. -"e t @ins 7i'' pr d(6e a n(mbness ! t"e 'ips3 t n$(e3 t es3 and tips ! t"e !in$ers3 se)ere it6"in$3 and a 6'ear re)ersa' ! temperat(re sensati ns. 0 'd items appear " t and " t items 6 'd. -"ere 7i'' pr bab'y a's be na(sea3 ) mitin$3 ' ss ! spee6"3 di22iness3 and a para'ysis t"at e)ent(a''y brin$s deat". In additi n t !is" 7it" p is n (s !'es"3 t"ere are t" se t"at are dan$er (s t t (6". Many stin$rays "a)e a p is n (s barb in t"eir tai'. -"ere are a's spe6ies t"at 6an de'i)er an e'e6tri6 s" 64. S me ree! !is"3 s(6" as st ne!is" and t ad!is"3 "a)e )en m (s spines t"at 6an 6a(se )ery pain!(' a't" ($" se'd m !ata' inA(ries. -"e )en m !r m t"ese spines 6a(ses a b(rnin$ sensati n r e)en an a$ ni2in$ pain t"at is (t
! pr p rti n t t"e apparent se)erity ! t"e 7 (nd. ?e''y!is"3 7"i'e n t (s(a''y !ata'3 6an in!'i6t a )ery pain!(' stin$ i! it t (6"es y ( 7it" its tenta6'es. See 0"apter 11 and Appendi@ F ! r detai's n parti6('ar'y dan$er (s !is" ! t"e sea and seas" re. Aggressi(e 'ish Y ( s" ('d a's a) id s me !er 6i (s !is". -"e b 'd and in5(isiti)e barra6(da "as atta64ed men 7earin$ s"iny bAe6ts. It may 6"ar$e 'i$"ts r s"iny bAe6ts at ni$"t. -"e sea bass3 7"i6" 6an $r 7 t 1.7 meters3 is an t"er !is" t a) id. -"e m ray ee'3 7"i6" "as many s"arp teet" and $r 7s t 1.: meters3 6an a's be a$$ressi)e i! dist(rbed. Sea Sna-es Sea sna4es are )en m (s and s metimes ! (nd in mid 6ean. -"ey are (n'i4e'y t bite (n'ess pr ) 4ed. A."i( t"em. Crocodiles 0r 6 di'es in"abit tr pi6a' sa't7ater bays and man$r )e-b rdered est(aries and ran$e (p t 6: 4i' meters int t"e pen sea. Fe7 remain near in"abited areas. Y ( 6 mm n'y !ind 6r 6 di'es in t"e rem te areas ! t"e ,ast Indies and S (t"east Asia. 0 nsider spe6imens )er 1 meter ' n$ dan$er (s3 espe6ia''y !ema'es $(ardin$ t"eir nests. 0r 6 di'e meat is an e@6e''ent s (r6e ! ! d 7"en a)ai'ab'e. Sea Urchins& Sea #iscuits& Sponges& and Ane"ones -"ese anima's 6an 6a(se e@treme3 t" ($" se'd m !ata'3 pain. Us(a''y ! (nd in tr pi6a' s"a'' 7 7ater near 6 ra' ! rmati ns3 sea (r6"ins resemb'e sma''3 r (nd p r6(pines. I! stepped n3 t"ey s'ip !ine need'es ! 'ime r si'i6a int t"e s4in3 7"ere t"ey brea4 !! and !ester. I! p ssib'e3 rem )e t"e spines and treat t"e inA(ry ! r in!e6ti n. -"e t"er anima's menti ned in!'i6t inA(ry simi'ar'y. Tides and Underto% -"ese are an t"er "a2ard t 6 ntend 7it". I! 6a($"t in a 'ar$e 7a)eGs (ndert 73 p(s" !! t"e b tt m r s7im t t"e s(r!a6e and pr 6eed s" re7ard in a tr ($" bet7een 7a)es. D n t !i$"t a$ainst t"e p('' ! t"e (ndert 7. S7im 7it" it r perpendi6('ar t it (nti' it ' ses stren$t"3 t"en s7im ! r s" re.
F""(
/btainin$ ! d a' n$ a seas" re s" ('d n t present a pr b'em. -"ere are many types ! sea7eed and t"er p'ants y ( 6an easi'y !ind and eat. See 0"apter < and Appendi@ . ! r a dis6(ssi n ! t"ese p'ants. -"ere is a $reat )ariety ! anima' 'i!e t"at 6an s(pp'y y (r need ! r ! d in t"is type ! s(r)i)a' sit(ati n. 0ollus-s M(sse's3 'impets3 6'ams3 sea snai's3 6t p(ses3 s5(ids3 and sea s'($s are a'' edib'e. S"e''!is" 7i'' (s(a''y s(pp'y m st ! t"e pr tein eaten by 6 asta' s(r)i) rs. A) id t"e b'(e-rin$ed 6t p(s and 6 ne s"e''s Ddes6ribed in 0"apter 11 and Appendi@ FE. A's be7are ! Jred tidesJ t"at ma4e m ''(s4s p is n (s. App'y t"e edibi'ity test n ea6" spe6ies be! re eatin$. 3or"s 0 asta' 7 rms are $enera''y edib'e3 b(t it is better t (se t"em ! r !is" bait. A) id brist'e 7 rms t"at ' 4 'i4e !(22y 6aterpi''ars. A's a) id t(be7 rms t"at "a)e s"arp-ed$ed t(bes. Arr 77 rms3 a'ias amp"i @(s3 are n t tr(e 7 rms. Y ( !ind t"em in t"e sand and are e@6e''ent eit"er !res" r dried. Cra6s& Lo6sters& and #arnacles -"ese anima's are se'd m dan$er (s t man and are an e@6e''ent ! d s (r6e. -"e pin6ers ! 'ar$er 6rabs r ' bsters 6an 6r(s" a manGs !in$er. Many spe6ies "a)e spines n t"eir s"e''s3 ma4in$ it pre!erab'e t 7ear $' )es 7"en 6at6"in$ t"em. .arna6'es 6an 6a(se s6rapes r 6(ts and are di!!i6('t t deta6" !r m t"eir an6" r3 b(t t"e 'ar$er spe6ies are an e@6e''ent ! d s (r6e. Sea Urchins -"ese are 6 mm n and 6an 6a(se pain!(' inA(ries 7"en stepped n r t (6"ed. -"ey are a's a $ d s (r6e ! ! d. 1and'e t"em 7it" $' )es3 and rem )e a'' spines. Sea Cucu"6ers -"is anima' is an imp rtant ! d s (r6e in t"e Ind -#a6i!i6 re$i ns. Use t"em 7" 'e a!ter e)is6erati n r rem )e t"e !i)e m(s6('ar strips t"at r(n t"e 'en$t" ! its b dy. ,at t"em sm 4ed3 pi64'ed3 r 6 4ed.
CHAPTER 1; - E@PEDIENT WATER CROSSINGS
In a survival situation" you may have to cross a water obstacle. It may be in the !orm o! a river" a stream" a lake" a bog" )uicksand" )uagmire" or muskeg. Cven in the desert" !lash !loods occur" making streams an obstacle. hatever it is" you need to know how to cross it sa!ely.
RIV RS AN, STR A0S

Y ( 6an app'y a'm st e)ery des6ripti n t ri)ers and streams. -"ey may be s"a'' 7 r deep3 s' 7 r !ast m )in$3 narr 7 r 7ide. .e! re y ( try t 6r ss a ri)er r stream3 de)e' p a $ d p'an. Y (r !irst step is t ' 4 ! r a "i$" p'a6e !r m 7"i6" y ( 6an $et a $ d )ie7 ! t"e ri)er r stream. Fr m t"is p'a6e3 y ( 6an ' 4 ! r a p'a6e t 6r ss. I! t"ere is n "i$" p'a6e3 6'imb a tree. * d 6r ssin$ ' 6ati ns in6'(de-
A 'e)e' stret6" 7"ere it brea4s int se)era' 6"anne's. -7 r t"ree narr 7 6"anne's are (s(a''y easier t 6r ss t"an a 7ide ri)er. A s"a'' 7 ban4 r sandbar. I! p ssib'e3 se'e6t a p int (pstream !r m t"e ban4 r sandbar s t"at t"e 6(rrent 7i'' 6arry y ( t it i! y ( ' se y (r ! tin$. A 6 (rse a6r ss t"e ri)er t"at 'eads d 7nstream s t"at y ( 7i'' 6r ss t"e 6(rrent at ab (t a 8:de$ree an$'e.
-"e ! '' 7in$ areas p ssess p tentia' "a2ardsI a) id t"em3 i! p ssib'eL

0bstacles on the opposite side o! the river that might hinder your travel. -ry t se'e6t t"e sp t !r m 7"i6" tra)e' 7i'' be t"e sa!est and easiest. A ledge o! rocks that crosses the river. -"is !ten indi6ates dan$er (s rapids r 6any ns. A deep or rapid water!all or a deep channel. Ne)er try t ! rd a stream dire6t'y ab )e r e)en 6' se t s(6" "a2ards. Rocky places. Y ( may s(stain seri (s inA(ries !r m s'ippin$ r !a''in$ n r 64s. Us(a''y3 s(bmer$ed r 64s are )ery s'i643 ma4in$ ba'an6e e@treme'y di!!i6('t. An 66asi na' r 64 t"at brea4s t"e 6(rrent3 " 7e)er3 may "e'p y (. An estuary o! a river. An est(ary is n rma''y 7ide3 "as str n$ 6(rrents3 and is s(bAe6t t tides. -"ese tides 6an in!'(en6e s me ri)ers many 4i' meters !r m t"eir m (t"s. * ba64 (pstream t an easier 6r ssin$ site. Cddies. An eddy 6an pr d(6e a p 7er!(' ba647ard p('' d 7nstream ! t"e bstr(6ti n 6a(sin$ t"e eddy and p('' y ( (nder t"e s(r!a6e.
-"e dept" ! a ! rdab'e ri)er r stream is n deterrent i! y ( 6an 4eep y (r ! tin$. In !a6t3 deep 7ater s metimes r(ns m re s' 7'y and is t"ere! re sa!er t"an !ast-m )in$ s"a'' 7 7ater. Y ( 6an a'7ays dry y (r 6' t"es 'ater3 r i! ne6essary3 y ( 6an ma4e a ra!t t 6arry y (r 6' t"in$ and e5(ipment a6r ss t"e ri)er.
Y ( m(st n t try t s7im r 7ade a6r ss a stream r ri)er 7"en t"e 7ater is at )ery ' 7 temperat(res. -"is s7im 6 ('d be !ata'. -ry t ma4e a ra!t ! s me type. &ade a6r ss i! y ( 6an $et n'y y (r !eet 7et. Dry t"em )i$ r (s'y as s n as y ( rea6" t"e t"er ban4.
RAPI,S
I! ne6essary3 y ( 6an sa!e'y 6r ss a deep3 s7i!t ri)er r rapids. - s7im a6r ss a deep3 s7i!t ri)er3 s7im 7it" t"e 6(rrent3 ne)er !i$"t it. -ry t 4eep y (r b dy " ri2 nta' t t"e 7ater. -"is 7i'' red(6e t"e dan$er ! bein$ p(''ed (nder. In !ast3 s"a'' 7 rapids3 'ie n y (r ba643 !eet p intin$ d 7nstream3 !innin$ y (r "ands a' n$side y (r "ips. -"is a6ti n 7i'' in6rease b( yan6y and "e'p y ( steer a7ay !r m bsta6'es. 9eep y (r !eet (p t a) id $ettin$ t"em br(ised r 6a($"t by r 64s. In deep rapids3 'ie n y (r st ma6"3 "ead d 7nstream3 an$'in$ t 7ard t"e s" re 7"ene)er y ( 6an. &at6" ! r bsta6'es and be 6are!(' ! ba647ater eddies and 6 n)er$in$ 6(rrents3 as t"ey !ten 6 ntain dan$er (s s7ir's. 0 n)er$in$ 6(rrents 66(r 7"ere ne7 7ater6 (rses enter t"e ri)er r 7"ere 7ater "as been di)erted ar (nd 'ar$e bsta6'es s(6" as sma'' is'ands. - ! rd a s7i!t3 trea6"er (s stream3 app'y t"e ! '' 7in$ stepsL

Rem )e y (r pants and s"irt t 'essen t"e 7aterGs p('' n y (. 9eep y (r ! t$ear n t pr te6t y (r !eet and an4'es !r m r 64s. It 7i'' a's pr )ide y ( 7it" !irmer ! tin$. -ie y (r pants and t"er arti6'es t t"e t p ! y (r r(64sa64 r in a b(nd'e3 i! y ( "a)e n pa64. -"is 7ay3 i! y ( "a)e t re'ease y (r e5(ipment3 a'' y (r arti6'es 7i'' be t $et"er. It is easier t !ind ne 'ar$e pa64 t"an t !ind se)era' sma'' items. 0arry y (r pa64 7e'' (p n y (r s" ('ders and be s(re y ( 6an easi'y rem )e it3 i! ne6essary. N t bein$ ab'e t $et a pa64 !! 5(i64'y en ($" 6an dra$ e)en t"e str n$est s7immers (nder.
Find a str n$ p 'e ab (t 7.: 6entimeters in diameter and 2.1 t 2.8 meters ' n$ t "e'p y ( ! rd t"e stream. *rasp t"e p 'e and p'ant it !irm'y n y (r (pstream side t brea4 t"e 6(rrent. #'ant y (r !eet !irm'y 7it" ea6" step3 and m )e t"e p 'e ! r7ard a 'itt'e d 7nstream !r m its pre)i (s p siti n3 b(t sti'' (pstream !r m y (. &it" y (r ne@t step3 p'a6e y (r ! t be' 7 t"e p 'e. 9eep t"e p 'e 7e'' s'anted s t"at t"e ! r6e ! t"e 6(rrent 4eeps t"e p 'e a$ainst y (r s" ('der DFi$(re 17-1E.
0r ss t"e stream s t"at y ( 7i'' 6r ss t"e d 7nstream 6(rrent at a 8:-de$ree an$'e.
Usin$ t"is met" d3 y ( 6an sa!e'y 6r ss 6(rrents (s(a''y t str n$ ! r ne pers n t stand a$ainst. D n t 6 n6ern y (rse'! ab (t y (r pa64Gs 7ei$"t3 as t"e 7ei$"t 7i'' "e'p rat"er t"an "inder y ( in ! rdin$ t"e stream. I! t"ere are t"er pe p'e 7it" y (3 6r ss t"e stream t $et"er. ,ns(re t"at e)ery ne "as prepared t"eir pa64 and 6' t"in$ as (t'ined ab )e. # siti n t"e "ea)iest pers n n t"e d 7nstream end ! t"e p 'e and t"e 'i$"test n t"e (pstream end. In (sin$ t"is met" d3 t"e (pstream pers n brea4s t"e 6(rrent3 and t" se be' 7 6an m )e 7it" re'ati)e ease in t"e eddy ! rmed by t"e (pstream pers n. I! t"e (pstream
pers n $ets temp rari'y s7ept !! "is !eet3 t"e t"ers 6an " 'd steady 7"i'e "e re$ains "is ! 17-2E.
tin$ DFi$(re
I! y ( "a)e t"ree r m re pe p'e and a r pe a)ai'ab'e3 y ( 6an (se t"e te6"ni5(e s" 7n in Fi$(re 17-% t 6r ss t"e stream. -"e 'en$t" ! t"e r pe m(st be t"ree times t"e 7idt" ! t"e stream.
RA'TS
I! y ( "a)e t7 p n6" s3 y ( 6an 6 nstr(6t a br(s" ra!t r an A(stra'ian p n6" ra!t. &it" eit"er ! t"ese ra!ts3 y ( 6an sa!e'y !' at y (r e5(ipment a6r ss a s' 7-m )in$ stream r ri)er.
B& $h R!5t
-"e br(s" ra!t3 i! pr per'y 6 nstr(6ted3 7i'' s(pp rt ab (t 11: 4i' $rams. - 6 nstr(6t it3 (se p n6" s3 !res" $reen br(s"3 t7 sma'' sap'in$s3 and r pe r )ine as ! '' 7s DFi$(re 17-8EL

#(s" t"e " d ! ea6" p n6" t t"e inner side and ti$"t'y tie !! t"e ne64s (sin$ t"e dra7strin$s. Atta6" t"e r pes r )ines at t"e 6 rner and side $r mmets ! ea6" p n6" . Ma4e s(re t"ey are ' n$ en ($" t 6r ss t and tie 7it" t"e t"ers atta6"ed at t"e pp site 6 rner r side. Spread ne p n6" n t"e $r (nd 7it" t"e inner side (p. #i'e !res"3 $reen br(s" Dn t"i64 bran6"esE n t"e p n6" (nti' t"e br(s" sta64 is ab (t 8: 6entimeters "i$". #('' t"e dra7strin$ (p t"r ($" t"e 6enter ! t"e br(s" sta64. Ma4e an C-!rame !r m t7 sma'' sap'in$s and p'a6e it n t p ! t"e br(s" sta64. -ie t"e C-!rame se6(re'y in p'a6e 7it" t"e p n6" dra7strin$.
#i'e an t"er 8: 6entimeters ! br(s" n t p ! t"e C-!rame3 t"en 6 mpress t"e br(s" s'i$"t'y. #('' t"e p n6" sides (p ar (nd t"e br(s" and3 (sin$ t"e r pes r )ines atta6"ed t t"e 6 mer r side $r mmets3 tie t"em dia$ na''y !r m 6 mer t 6 rner and !r m side t side. Spread t"e se6 nd p n6" 3 inner side (p3 ne@t t t"e br(s" b(nd'e. R '' t"e br(s" b(nd'e nt t"e se6 nd p n6" s t"at t"e tied side is d 7n. -ie t"e se6 nd p n6" ar (nd t"e br(s" b(nd'e in t"e same manner as y ( tied t"e !irst p n6" ar (nd t"e br(s". #'a6e it in t"e 7ater 7it" t"e tied side ! t"e se6 nd p n6" !a6in$ (p.
A $t&!%i!# P"#-h" R!5t

I! y ( d n t "a)e time t $at"er br(s" ! r a br(s" ra!t3 y ( 6an ma4e an A(stra'ian p n6" ra!t. -"is ra!t3 a't" ($" m re 7aterpr ! t"an t"e p n6" br(s" ra!t3 7i'' n'y !' at ab (t %: 4i' $rams ! e5(ipment. - 6 nstr(6t t"is ra!t3 (se t7 p n6" s3 t7 r(64sa64s3 t7 1.2-meter p 'es r bran6"es3 and r pes3 )ines3 b t'a6es3 r 6 mparab'e materia' as ! '' 7s DFi$(re 17-:EL

#(s" t"e " d ! ea6" p n6" t t"e inner side and ti$"t'y tie !! t"e ne64s (sin$ t"e dra7strin$s. Spread ne p n6" n t"e $r (nd 7it" t"e inner side (p. #'a6e and 6enter t"e t7 1.2-meter p 'es n t"e p n6" ab (t 8: 6entimeters apart. #'a6e y (r r(64sa64s r pa64s r t"er e5(ipment bet7een t"e p 'es. A's p'a6e t"er items t"at y ( 7ant t 4eep dry bet7een t"e p 'es. Snap t"e p n6" sides t $et"er. Use y (r b(ddyGs "e'p t 6 mp'ete t"e ra!t. 1 'd t"e snapped p rti n ! t"e p n6" in t"e air and r '' it ti$"t'y d 7n t t"e e5(ipment. Ma4e s(re y ( r '' t"e !('' 7idt" ! t"e p n6" . -7ist t"e ends ! t"e r '' t ! rm pi$tai's in pp site dire6ti ns. F 'd t"e pi$tai's )er t"e b(nd'e and tie t"em se6(re'y in p'a6e (sin$ r pes3 b t'a6es3 r )ines. Spread t"e se6 nd p n6" n t"e $r (nd3 inner side (p. I! y ( need m re b( yan6y3 p'a6e s me !res" $reen br(s" n t"is p n6" . #'a6e t"e e5(ipment b(nd'e3 tied side d 7n3 n t"e 6enter ! t"e se6 nd p n6" . &rap t"e se6 nd p n6" ar (nd t"e e5(ipment b(nd'e ! '' 7in$ t"e same pr 6ed(re y ( (sed ! r 7rappin$ t"e e5(ipment in t"e !irst p n6" . -ie r pes3 b t'a6es3 )ines3 r t"er bindin$ materia' ar (nd t"e ra!t ab (t %= 6entimeters !r m t"e end ! ea6" pi$tai'. #'a6e and se6(re 7eap ns n t p ! t"e ra!t.
-ie ne end ! a r pe t an empty 6anteen and t"e t"er end t t"e ra!t. -"is 7i'' "e'p y ( t t 7 t"e ra!t.
P"#-h" D"# t R!5t

An t"er type ! ra!t is t"e p n6" d n(t ra!t. It ta4es m re time t 6 nstr(6t t"an t"e br(s" ra!t r A(stra'ian p n6" ra!t3 b(t it is e!!e6ti)e. - 6 nstr(6t it3 (se ne p n6" 3 sma'' sap'in$s3 7i'' 7 r )ines3 and r pe3 b t'a6es3 r t"er bindin$ materia' DFi$(re 17-6E as ! '' 7sL

Ma4e a !rame7 r4 6ir6'e by p'a6in$ se)era' sta4es in t"e $r (nd t"at r ($"'y (t'ine an inner and (ter 6ir6'e. Usin$ y (n$ sap'in$s3 7i'' 73 r )ines3 6 nstr(6t a d n(t rin$ 7it"in t"e 6ir6'es ! sta4es. &rap se)era' pie6es ! 6 rda$e ar (nd t"e d n(t rin$ ab (t %= t 6= 6entimeters apart and tie t"em se6(re'y. #(s" t"e p n6" Gs " d t t"e inner side and ti$"t'y tie !! t"e ne64 (sin$ t"e dra7strin$. #'a6e t"e p n6" n t"e $r (nd3 inner side (p. #'a6e t"e d n(t rin$ n t"e 6enter ! t"e p n6" . &rap t"e p n6" (p and )er t"e d n(t rin$ and tie !! ea6" $r mmet n t"e p n6" t t"e rin$. -ie ne end ! a r pe t an empty 6anteen and t"e t"er end t t"e ra!t. -"is r pe 7i'' "e'p y ( t t 7 t"e ra!t.
&"en 'a(n6"in$ any ! t"e ab )e ra!ts3 ta4e 6are n t t p(n6t(re r tear it by dra$$in$ it n t"e $r (nd. .e! re y ( start t 6r ss t"e ri)er r stream3 'et t"e ra!t 'ay n t"e 7ater a !e7 min(tes t ens(re t"at it !' ats.
I! t"e ri)er is t deep t ! rd3 p(s" t"e ra!t in !r nt ! y ( 7"i'e y ( are s7immin$. -"e desi$n ! t"e ab )e ra!ts d es n t a'' 7 t"em t 6arry a pers nGs !('' b dy 7ei$"t. Use t"em as a !' at t $et y ( and y (r e5(ipment sa!e'y a6r ss t"e ri)er r stream. .e s(re t 6"e64 t"e 7ater temperat(re be! re tryin$ t 6r ss a ri)er r 7ater bsta6'e. I! t"e 7ater is e@treme'y 6 'd and y ( are (nab'e t !ind a s"a'' 7 ! rdin$ p'a6e in t"e ri)er3 d n t try t ! rd it. De)ise t"er means ! r 6r ssin$. F r instan6e3 y ( mi$"t impr )ise a brid$e by !e''in$ a tree )er t"e ri)er. /r y ( mi$"t b(i'd a ra!t 'ar$e en ($" t 6arry y ( and y (r e5(ipment. F r t"is3 " 7e)er3 y ( 7i'' need an a@e3 a 4ni!e3 a r pe r )ines3 and time.
L"/ R!5t
Y ( 6an ma4e a ra!t (sin$ any dry3 dead3 standin$ trees ! r ' $s. 1 7e)er3 spr(6e trees ! (nd in p 'ar and s(bp 'ar re$i ns ma4e t"e best ra!ts. A simp'e met" d ! r ma4in$ a ra!t is t (se press(re bars 'as"ed se6(re'y at ea6" end ! t"e ra!t t " 'd t"e ' $s t $et"er DFi$(re 17-7E.
'LOTATION , VIC S
I! t"e 7ater is 7arm en ($" ! r s7immin$ and y ( d n t "a)e t"e time r materia's t 6 nstr(6t ne ! t"e p n6" -type ra!ts3 y ( 6an (se )ari (s !' tati n de)i6es t ne$ tiate t"e 7ater bsta6'e. S me items y ( 6an (se ! r !' tati n de)i6es are-
Trousers. 9n t ea6" tr (ser 'e$ at t"e b tt m and 6' se t"e !'y. &it" b t" "ands3 $rasp t"e 7aistband at t"e sides and s7in$ t"e tr (sers in t"e air t trap air in ea6" 'e$. >(i64'y press t"e sides ! t"e 7aistband t $et"er and " 'd it (nder7ater s t"at t"e air 7i'' n t es6ape. Y ( n 7 "a)e 7ater 7in$s t 4eep y ( a!' at as y ( 6r ss t"e b dy ! 7ater. 8ote9 et the trousers be!ore in!lating to trap the air better @ou may have to rein!late the trousers several times when crossing a large body o! water.
Cmpty containers. Las" t $et"er "er empty $as 6ans3 7ater A($s3 amm 6ans3 b @es3 r t"er items t"at 7i'' trap r " 'd air. Use t"em as 7ater 7in$s. Use t"is type ! !' tati n de)i6e n'y in a s' 7-m )in$ ri)er r stream. :lastic bags and ponchos. Fi'' t7 r m re p'asti6 ba$s 7it" air and se6(re t"em t $et"er at t"e penin$. Use y (r p n6" and r '' $reen )e$etati n ti$"t'y inside it s t"at y ( "a)e a r '' at 'east 2= 6entimeters in diameter. -ie t"e ends ! t"e r '' se6(re'y. Y ( 6an 7ear it ar (nd y (r 7aist r a6r ss ne s" ('der and (nder t"e pp site arm.
Logs. Use a stranded dri!t ' $ i! ne is a)ai'ab'e3 r !ind a ' $ near t"e 7ater t (se as a !' at. .e s(re t test t"e ' $ be! re startin$ t 6r ss. S me tree ' $s3 pa'm ! r e@amp'e3 7i'' sin4 e)en 7"en t"e 7 d is dead. An t"er met" d is t tie t7 ' $s ab (t 6= 6entimeters apart. Sit bet7een t"e ' $s 7it" y (r ba64 a$ainst ne and y (r 'e$s )er t"e t"er DFi$(re 17-;E.
1attails. *at"er sta'4s ! 6attai's and tie t"em in a b(nd'e 2: 6entimeters r m re in diameter. -"e many air 6e''s in ea6" sta'4 6a(se a sta'4 t !' at (nti' it r ts. -est t"e 6attai' b(nd'e t be s(re it 7i'' s(pp rt y (r 7ei$"t be! re tryin$ t 6r ss a b dy ! 7ater.
-"ere are many t"er !' tati n de)i6es t"at y ( 6an de)ise by (sin$ s me ima$inati n. ?(st ma4e s(re t test t"e de)i6e be! re tryin$ t (se it.
OT. R 3AT R O#STACL S

/t"er 7ater bsta6'es t"at y ( may !a6e are b $s3 5(a$mire3 m(s4e$3 r 5(i64sand. D n t try t 7a'4 a6r ss t"ese. -ryin$ t 'i!t y (r !eet 7"i'e standin$ (pri$"t 7i'' ma4e y ( sin4 deeper. -ry t bypass t"ese bsta6'es. I! y ( are (nab'e t bypass t"em3 y ( may be ab'e t brid$e t"em (sin$ ' $s3 bran6"es3 r ! 'ia$e. A 7ay t 6r ss a b $ is t 'ie !a6e d 7n3 7it" y (r arms and 'e$s spread. Use a !' tati n de)i6e r ! rm p 64ets ! air in y (r 6' t"in$. S7im r p('' y (r 7ay a6r ss m )in$ s' 7'y and tryin$ t 4eep y (r b dy " ri2 nta'. In s7amps3 t"e areas t"at "a)e )e$etati n are (s(a''y !irm en ($" t s(pp rt y (r 7ei$"t. 1 7e)er3 )e$etati n 7i'' (s(a''y n t be present in pen m(d r 7ater areas. I! y ( are an a)era$e s7immer3 " 7e)er3 y ( s" ('d "a)e n pr b'em s7immin$3 6ra7'in$3 r p(''in$ y (r 7ay t"r ($" mi'es ! b $ r s7amp. >(i64sand is a mi@t(re ! sand and 7ater t"at ! rms a s"i!tin$ mass. It yie'ds easi'y t press(re and s(64s d 7n and en$('!s bAe6ts restin$ n its s(r!a6e. It )aries in dept" and is (s(a''y ' 6a'i2ed. >(i64sand 6 mm n'y 66(rs n !'at s" res3 in si't-6" 4ed ri)ers 7it" s"i!tin$ 7ater6 (rses3 and near t"e m (t"s ! 'ar$e ri)ers. I! y ( are (n6ertain 7"et"er a sandy area is 5(i64sand3 t ss a sma'' st ne n it. -"e st ne 7i'' sin4 in 5(i64sand. A't" ($" 5(i64sand "as m re s(6ti n t"an m(d r m(643 y ( 6an 6r ss it A(st as y ( 7 ('d 6r ss a b $. Lie !a6e d 7n3 spread y (r arms and 'e$s3 and m )e s' 7'y a6r ss.
V / TATION O#STACL S
S me 7ater areas y ( m(st 6r ss may "a)e (nder7ater and !' atin$ p'ants t"at 7i'' ma4e s7immin$ di!!i6('t. 1 7e)er3 y ( 6an s7im t"r ($" re'ati)e'y dense )e$etati n i! y ( remain 6a'm and d n t t"ras" ab (t. Stay as near t"e s(r!a6e as p ssib'e and (se t"e breaststr 4e 7it" s"a'' 7 'e$ and arm m ti n. Rem )e t"e p'ants ar (nd y ( as y ( 7 ('d 6' t"in$. &"en y ( $et tired3 !' at r s7im n y (r ba64 (nti' y ( "a)e rested en ($" t 6 ntin(e 7it" t"e breaststr 4e. -"e man$r )e s7amp is an t"er type ! bsta6'e t"at 66(rs a' n$ tr pi6a' 6 ast'ines. Man$r )e trees r s"r(bs t"r 7 (t many pr p r ts t"at ! rm dense masses. - $et t"r ($" a man$r )e s7amp3 7ait ! r ' 7 tide. I! y ( are n t"e in'and side3 ' 4 ! r a narr 7 $r )e ! trees and 7 r4 y (r 7ay sea7ard t"r ($" t"ese. Y ( 6an a's try t !ind t"e bed ! a 7ater7ay r 6ree4 t"r ($" t"e trees and ! '' 7 it t t"e sea. I! y ( are n t"e sea7ard side3 7 r4 in'and a' n$ streams r 6"anne's. .e n t"e ' 4 (t ! r 6r 6 di'es t"at y ( !ind a' n$ 6"anne's and in s"a'' 7 7ater. I! t"ere are any near y (3 'ea)e t"e 7ater and s6ramb'e )er t"e man$r )e r ts. &"i'e 6r ssin$ a man$r )e s7amp3 it is p ssib'e t $at"er ! d !r m tida' p 's r tree r ts. - 6r ss a 'ar$e s7amp area3 6 nstr(6t s me type ! ra!t.
CHAPTER 1< - FIELD-E@PEDIENT DIRECTION FINDING
In a survival situation" you will be e+tremely !ortunate i! you happen to have a map and compass. I! you do have these two pieces o! e)uipment" you will most likely be able to move toward help. I! you are not pro!icient in using a map and compass" you must take the steps to gain this skill. There are several methods by which you can determine direction by using the sun and the stars. These methods" however" will give you only a general direction. @ou can come up with a more nearly true direction i! you know the terrain o! the territory or country. @ou must learn all you can about the terrain o! the country or territory to which you or your unit may be sent" especially any prominent !eatures or landmarks. This knowledge o! the terrain together with using the methods e+plained below will let you come up with !airly true directions to help you navigate.
USIN/ T. SUN AN, S.A,O3S

-"e eart"Gs re'ati ns"ip t t"e s(n 6an "e'p y ( t determine dire6ti n n eart". -"e s(n a'7ays rises in t"e east and sets in t"e 7est3 b(t n t e@a6t'y d(e east r d(e 7est. -"ere is a's s me seas na' )ariati n. In t"e n rt"ern "emisp"ere3 t"e s(n 7i'' be d(e s (t" 7"en at its "i$"est p int in t"e s4y3 r 7"en an bAe6t 6asts n appre6iab'e s"ad 7. In t"e s (t"ern "emisp"ere3 t"is same n nday s(n 7i'' mar4 d(e n rt". In t"e n rt"ern "emisp"ere3 s"ad 7s 7i'' m )e 6' 647ise. S"ad 7s 7i'' m )e 6 (nter6' 647ise in t"e s (t"ern "emisp"ere. &it" pra6ti6e3 y ( 6an (se s"ad 7s t determine b t" dire6ti n and time ! day. -"e s"ad 7 met" ds (sed ! r dire6ti n !indin$ are t"e s"ad 7-tip and 7at6" met" ds.
Sh!("0-Tip Meth"($
In t"e !irst s"ad 7-tip met" d3 !ind a strai$"t sti64 1 meter ' n$3 and a 'e)e' sp t !ree ! br(s" n 7"i6" t"e sti64 7i'' 6ast a de!inite s"ad 7. -"is met" d is simp'e and a66(rate and 6 nsists ! ! (r stepsL

Step 2. #'a6e t"e sti64 r bran6" int t"e $r (nd at a 'e)e' sp t 7"ere it 7i'' 6ast a distin6ti)e s"ad 7. Mar4 t"e s"ad 7Gs tip 7it" a st ne3 t7i$3 r t"er means. -"is !irst s"ad 7 mar4 is a'7ays 7est--e.e&10he&e n eart". Step 3. &ait 1= t 1: min(tes (nti' t"e s"ad 7 tip m )es a !e7 6entimeters. Mar4 t"e s"ad 7 tipGs ne7 p siti n in t"e same 7ay as t"e !irst. Step 4. Dra7 a strai$"t 'ine t"r ($" t"e t7 mar4s t btain an appr @imate east-7est 'ine. Step 5. Stand 7it" t"e !irst mar4 D7estE t y (r 'e!t and t"e se6 nd mar4 t y (r ri$"t--y ( are n 7 !a6in$ n rt". -"is !a6t is tr(e e.e&10he&e n eart".
An a'ternate met" d is m re a66(rate b(t re5(ires m re time. Set (p y (r s"ad 7 sti64 and mar4 t"e !irst s"ad 7 in t"e m rnin$. Use a pie6e ! strin$ t dra7 a 6'ean ar6 t"r ($" t"is mar4 and ar (nd t"e sti64. At midday3 t"e s"ad 7 7i'' s"rin4 and disappear. In t"e a!tern n3 it 7i'' 'en$t"en a$ain and at t"e p int 7"ere it t (6"es t"e ar63 ma4e a se6 nd mar4. Dra7 a 'ine t"r ($" t"e t7 mar4s t $et an a66(rate east-7est 'ine Dsee Fi$(re 1;-1E.
The W!t-h Meth"(

Y ( 6an a's determine dire6ti n (sin$ a 6 mm n r ana' $ 7at6"-- ne t"at "as "ands. -"e dire6ti n 7i'' be a66(rate i! y ( are (sin$ tr(e ' 6a' time3 7it" (t any 6"an$es ! r day'i$"t sa)in$s time. Remember3 t"e !(rt"er y ( are !r m t"e e5(at r3 t"e m re a66(rate t"is met" d 7i'' be. I! y ( n'y "a)e a di$ita' 7at6"3 y ( 6an )er6 me t"is bsta6'e. >(i64'y dra7 a 7at6" n a 6ir6'e ! paper 7it" t"e 6 rre6t time n it and (se it t determine y (r dire6ti n at t"at time. In t"e n rt"ern "emisp"ere3 " 'd t"e 7at6" " ri2 nta' and p int t"e " (r "and at t"e s(n. .ise6t t"e an$'e bet7een t"e " (r "and and t"e 12 G6' 64 mar4 t $et t"e n rt"-s (t" 'ine DFi$(re 1;-2E. I! t"ere is any d (bt as t 7"i6" end ! t"e 'ine is n rt"3 remember t"at t"e s(n rises in t"e east3 sets in t"e 7est3 and is d(e s (t" at n n. -"e s(n is in t"e east be! re n n and in t"e 7est a!ter n n.
8ote9 I! your watch is set on daylight savings time" use the midway point between the hour hand and 2 o.clock to determine the north%south line.
In t"e s (t"ern "emisp"ere3 p int t"e 7at6"Gs 12 G6' 64 mar4 t 7ard t"e s(n and a midp int "a'!7ay bet7een 12 and t"e " (r "and 7i'' $i)e y ( t"e n rt"-s (t" 'ine DFi$(re 1;-2E.
USIN/ T. 0OON
.e6a(se t"e m n "as n 'i$"t ! its 7n3 7e 6an n'y see it 7"en it re!'e6ts t"e s(nGs 'i$"t. As it rbits t"e eart" n its 2;-day 6ir6(it3 t"e s"ape ! t"e re!'e6ted 'i$"t )aries a66 rdin$ t its p siti n. &e say t"ere is a ne7 m n r n m n 7"en it is n t"e pp site side ! t"e eart" !r m t"e s(n. -"en3 as it m )es a7ay !r m t"e eart"Gs s"ad 73 it be$ins t re!'e6t 'i$"t !r m its ri$"t side and 7a@es t be6 me a !('' m n be! re 7anin$3 r ' sin$ s"ape3 t appear as a s'i)er n t"e 'e!t side. Y ( 6an (se t"is in! rmati n t identi!y dire6ti n. I! t"e m n rises be! re t"e s(n "as set3 t"e i''(minated side 7i'' be t"e 7est. I! t"e m n rises a!ter midni$"t3 t"e i''(minated side 7i'' be t"e east. -"is b)i (s dis6 )ery pr )ides (s 7it" a r ($" east-7est re!eren6e d(rin$ t"e ni$"t.
USIN/ T. STARS
Y (r ' 6ati n in t"e N rt"ern r S (t"ern 1emisp"ere determines 7"i6" 6 nste''ati n y ( (se t determine y (r n rt" r s (t" dire6ti n.
The N"&the&# S)1

-"e main 6 nste''ati ns t 'earn are t"e Ursa MaA r3 a's 4n 7n as t"e .i$ Dipper r t"e #' 73 and 0assi peia DFi$(re 1;-%E. Neit"er ! t"ese 6 nste''ati ns e)er sets. -"ey are a'7ays )isib'e n a 6'ear ni$"t. Use t"em t ' 6ate # 'aris3 a's 4n 7n as t"e p 'estar r t"e N rt" Star. -"e N rt" Star ! rms part ! t"e Litt'e Dipper "and'e and 6an be 6 n!(sed 7it" t"e .i$ Dipper. #re)ent 6 n!(si n by (sin$ b t" t"e .i$ Dipper and 0assi peia t $et"er. -"e .i$ Dipper and 0assi peia are a'7ays dire6t'y pp site ea6". t"er and r tate 6 (nter6' 647ise ar (nd # 'aris3 7it" # 'aris in t"e 6enter. -"e .i$ Dipper is a se)en star 6 nste''ati n in t"e s"ape ! a dipper. -"e t7 stars ! rmin$ t"e (ter 'ip ! t"is dipper are t"e Jp inter starsJ be6a(se t"ey p int t t"e N rt" Star. Menta''y dra7 a 'ine !r m t"e (ter b tt m star t t"e (ter t p star ! t"e .i$ DipperGs b(64et. ,@tend t"is 'ine ab (t !i)e times t"e distan6e bet7een t"e p inter stars. Y ( 7i'' !ind t"e N rt" Star a' n$ t"is 'ine.
0assi peia "as !i)e stars t"at ! rm a s"ape 'i4e a J&J n its side. -"e N rt" Star is strai$"t (t !r m 0assi peiaGs 6enter star. A!ter ' 6atin$ t"e N rt" Star3 ' 6ate t"e N rt" # 'e r tr(e n rt" by dra7in$ an ima$inary 'ine dire6t'y t t"e eart".
The S" the&# S)1

.e6a(se t"ere is n star bri$"t en ($" t be easi'y re6 $ni2ed near t"e s (t" 6e'estia' p 'e3 a 6 nste''ati n 4n 7n as t"e S (t"ern 0r ss is (sed as a si$np st t t"e S (t" DFi$(re 1;-8E. -"e S (t"ern 0r ss r 0r(@ "as !i)e stars. Its ! (r bri$"test stars ! rm a 6r ss t"at ti'ts t ne side. -"e t7 stars t"at ma4e (p t"e 6r ssGs ' n$ a@is are t"e p inter stars. - determine s (t"3 ima$ine a distan6e !i)e times t"e distan6e bet7een -"ese stars and t"e p int 7"ere t"is ima$inary 'ine ends is in t"e $enera' dire6ti n ! s (t". L 4 d 7n t t"e " ri2 n !r m t"is ima$inary p int and se'e6t a 'andmar4 t steer by. In a stati6 s(r)i)a' sit(ati n3 y ( 6an !i@ t"is ' 6ati n in day'i$"t i! y ( dri)e sta4es in t"e $r (nd at ni$"t t p int t"e 7ay.
0A*IN/ I0PROVIS , CO0PASS S

Y ( 6an 6 nstr(6t impr )ised 6 mpasses (sin$ a pie6e ! !err (s meta' t"at 6an be need'e s"aped r a !'at d (b'e-ed$ed ra2 r b'ade and a pie6e ! n nmeta''i6 strin$ r ' n$ "air !r m 7"i6" t s(spend it. Y ( 6an ma$neti2e r p 'ari2e t"e meta' by s' 7'y str 4in$ it in ne dire6ti n n a pie6e ! si'4 r 6are!(''y t"r ($" y (r "air (sin$ de'iberate str 4es. Y ( 6an a's p 'ari2e meta' by str 4in$ it repeated'y at ne end 7it" a ma$net. A'7ays r(b in ne dire6ti n n'y. I! y ( "a)e a battery and s me e'e6tri6 7ire3 y ( 6an p 'ari2e t"e meta' e'e6tri6a''y. -"e 7ire s" ('d be ins('ated. I! n t ins('ated3 7rap t"e meta' bAe6t in a sin$'e3 t"in strip ! paper t pre)ent 6 nta6t. -"e battery m(st be a minim(m ! 2 ) 'ts. F rm a 6 i' 7it" t"e e'e6tri6 7ire and t (6" its ends t t"e batteryGs termina's. Repeated'y insert ne end ! t"e meta' bAe6t in and (t ! t"e 6 i'. -"e need'e 7i'' be6 me an e'e6tr ma$net. &"en s(spended !r m a pie6e ! n nmeta''i6 strin$3 r !' ated n a sma'' pie6e ! 7 d in 7ater3 it 7i'' a'i$n itse'! 7it" a n rt"-s (t" 'ine. Y ( 6an 6 nstr(6t a m re e'ab rate impr )ised 6 mpass (sin$ a se7in$ need'e r t"in meta''i6 bAe6t3 a n nmeta''i6 6 ntainer D! r e@amp'e3 a p'asti6 dip 6 ntainerE3 its 'id 7it" t"e 6enter 6(t (t and 7aterpr !ed3 and t"e si')er tip !r m a pen. - 6 nstr(6t t"is 6 mpass3 ta4e an rdinary se7in$ need'e and brea4 in "a'!. /ne "a'! 7i'' ! rm y (r dire6ti n p inter and t"e t"er 7i'' a6t as t"e pi) t p int. #(s" t"e p rti n (sed as t"e pi) t p int t"r ($" t"e b tt m 6enter ! y (r 6 ntainerI t"is p rti n s" ('d be !'(s" n t"e b tt m and n t inter!ere 7it" t"e 'id. Atta6" t"e 6enter ! t"e t"er p rti n Dt"e p interE ! t"e need'e n t"e penGs si')er tip (sin$ $'(e3 tree sap3 r me'ted p'asti6. Ma$neti2e ne end ! t"e p inter and rest it n t"e pi) t p int.
OT. R 0 ANS O' , T R0ININ/ ,IR CTION

-"e 'd sayin$ ab (t (sin$ m ss n a tree t indi6ate n rt" is n t a66(rate be6a(se m ss $r 7s 6 mp'ete'y ar (nd s me trees. A6t(a''y3 $r 7t" is m re '(s" n t"e side ! t"e tree !a6in$ t"e s (t" in t"e N rt"ern 1emisp"ere and )i6e )ersa in t"e S (t"ern 1emisp"ere. I! t"ere are se)era' !e''ed trees ar (nd ! r 6 mparis n3 ' 4 at t"e st(mps. *r 7t" is m re )i$ r (s n t"e side t 7ard t"e e5(at r and t"e tree $r 7t" rin$s 7i'' be m re 7ide'y spa6ed. /n t"e t"er "and3 t"e tree $r 7t" rin$s 7i'' be 6' ser t $et"er n t"e side t 7ard t"e p 'es. &ind dire6ti n may be "e'p!(' in s me instan6es 7"ere t"ere are pre)ai'in$ dire6ti ns and y ( 4n 7 7"at t"ey are. Re6 $ni2in$ t"e di!!eren6es bet7een )e$etati n and m ist(re patterns n n rt"- and s (t"-!a6in$ s' pes 6an aid in determinin$ dire6ti n. In t"e n rt"ern "emisp"ere3 n rt"-!a6in$ s' pes re6ei)e 'ess s(n t"an
s (t"-!a6in$ s' pes and are t"ere! re 6 'er and damper. In t"e s(mmer3 n rt"-!a6in$ s' pes retain pat6"es ! sn 7. In t"e 7inter3 t"e trees and pen areas n s (t"-!a6in$ s' pes are t"e !irst t ' se t"eir sn 73 and $r (nd sn 7pa64 is s"a'' 7er.
CHAPTER 1= - SIGNALING TECHNIAUES
0ne o! your !irst concerns when you !ind yoursel! in a survival situation is to communicate with your !riends or allies. >enerally" communication is the giving and receiving o! in!ormation. As a survivor" you must get your rescuer.s attention !irst" and second" send a message your rescuer understands. Some attention%getters are man%made geometric patterns such as straight lines" circles" triangles" or G.s displayed in uninhabited areas# a large !ire or !lash o! light# a large" bright ob$ect moving slowly# or contrast" whether !rom color or shadows. The type o! signal used will depend on your environment and the enemy situation.
APPLICATION
I! in a n n6 mbat sit(ati n3 y ( need t !ind t"e 'ar$est a)ai'ab'e 6'ear and !'at area on the highest possible terrain. Use as b)i (s a si$na' as y ( 6an 6reate. /n t"e t"er "and3 y ( 7i'' "a)e t be m re dis6reet in 6 mbat sit(ati ns. Y ( d n t 7ant t si$na' and attra6t t"e enemy. #i64 an area t"at is )isib'e !r m t"e air3 b(t ens(re t"ere are "idin$ p'a6es nearby. -ry t "a)e a "i'' r t"er bAe6t bet7een t"e si$na' site and t"e enemy t mas4 y (r si$na' !r m t"e enemy. #er! rm a t" r ($" re6 nnaissan6e ! t"e area t ens(re t"ere are n enemy ! r6es nearby. &"ate)er si$na'in$ te6"ni5(e r de)i6e y ( p'an t (se3 4n 7 " 7 t (se it and be ready t p(t it int perati n n s" rt n ti6e. I! p ssib'e3 a) id (sin$ si$na's r si$na'in$ te6"ni5(es t"at 6an p"ysi6a''y endan$er y (. 9eep in mind t"at si$na's t y (r 5&ie#($ may a'ert t"e enemy ! y (r presen6e and ' 6ati n. .e! re si$na'in$3 6are!(''y 7ei$" y (r res6(e 6"an6es by 5&ie#($ a$ainst t"e dan$er ! 6apt(re by t"e enemy. A radi is pr bab'y t"e s(rest and 5(i64est 7ay t 'et t"ers 4n 7 7"ere y ( are and t 'et y ( re6ei)e t"eir messa$es. .e6 me !ami'iar 7it" t"e radi s in y (r (nit. Learn " 7 t perate t"em and " 7 t send and re6ei)e messa$es. Y ( 7i'' !ind des6ripti ns ! t"er si$na'in$ te6"ni5(es3 de)i6es3 and arti6'es y ( 6an (se. Learn " 7 t (se t"em. -"in4 ! 7ays in 7"i6" y ( 6an adapt r 6"an$e t"em ! r di!!erent en)ir nments. #ra6ti6e (sin$ t"ese si$na'in$ te6"ni5(es3 de)i6es3 and arti6'es be! re y ( need t"em. #'anned3 prearran$ed si$na'in$ te6"ni5(es may impr )e y (r 6"an6e ! res6(e.
0 ANS 'OR SI/NALIN/

-"ere are t7 main 7ays t $et attenti n r t 6 mm(ni6ate--)is(a' and a(di . -"e means y ( (se 7i'' depend n y (r sit(ati n and t"e materia' y ( "a)e a)ai'ab'e. &"ate)er t"e means3 a'7ays "a)e )is(a' and a(di si$na's ready ! r (se.
Vi$ !% Si/#!%$
-"ese si$na's are materia's r e5(ipment y ( (se t ma4e y (r presen6e 4n 7n t res6(ers. 'ire
D(rin$ dar4ness3 !ire is t"e m st e!!e6ti)e )is(a' means ! r si$na'in$. .(i'd t"ree !ires in a trian$'e Dt"e internati na' distress si$na'E r in a strai$"t 'ine 7it" ab (t 2: meters bet7een t"e !ires. .(i'd t"em as s n as time and t"e sit(ati n permit and pr te6t t"em (nti' y ( need t"em. I! y ( are a' ne3 maintainin$ t"ree !ires may be di!!i6('t. I! s 3 maintain ne si$na' !ire. &"en 6 nstr(6tin$ si$na' !ires3 6 nsider y (r $e $rap"i6 ' 6ati n. I! in a A(n$'e3 !ind a nat(ra' 6'earin$ r t"e ed$e ! a stream 7"ere y ( 6an b(i'd !ires t"at t"e A(n$'e ! 'ia$e 7i'' n t "ide. Y ( may e)en "a)e t 6'ear an area. I! in a sn 7-6 )ered area3 y ( may "a)e t 6'ear t"e $r (nd ! sn 7 r ma4e a p'at! rm n 7"i6" t b(i'd t"e !ire s t"at me'tin$ sn 7 7i'' n t e@tin$(is" it. A b(rnin$ tree Dtree t r6"E is an t"er 7ay t attra6t attenti n DFi$(re 1<-1E. Y ( 6an set pit6"-bearin$ trees a!ire3 e)en 7"en $reen. Y ( 6an $et t"er types ! trees t b(rn by p'a6in$ dry 7 d in t"e ' 7er bran6"es and i$nitin$ it s t"at t"e !'ames !'are (p and i$nite t"e ! 'ia$e. .e! re t"e primary tree is 6 ns(med3 6(t and add m re sma'' $reen trees t t"e !ire t pr d(6e m re sm 4e. A'7ays se'e6t an is 'ated tree s t"at y ( d n t start a ! rest !ire and endan$er y (rse'!.
S"o-e D(rin$ day'i$"t3 b(i'd a sm 4e $enerat r and (se sm 4e t $ain attenti n DFi$(re 1<-2E. -"e internati na' distress si$na' is t"ree 6 '(mns ! sm 4e. -ry t 6reate a 6 ' r ! sm 4e t"at 6 ntrasts 7it" t"e ba64$r (ndI dar4 sm 4e a$ainst a 'i$"t ba64$r (nd and )i6e )ersa. I! y ( pra6ti6a''y sm t"er a 'ar$e !ire 7it" $reen 'ea)es3 m ss3 r a 'itt'e 7ater3 t"e !ire 7i'' pr d(6e 7"ite sm 4e. I! y ( add r(bber r i's a4ed ra$s t a !ire3 y ( 7i'' $et b'a64 sm 4e.
In a desert en)ir nment3 sm 4e "an$s 6' se t t"e $r (nd3 b(t a pi' t 6an sp t it in pen desert terrain. Sm 4e si$na's are e!!e6ti)e n'y n 6 mparati)e'y 6a'm3 6'ear days. 1i$" 7inds3 rain3 r sn 7 disperse sm 4e3 'essenin$ its 6"an6es ! bein$ seen. S"o-e /renades I! y ( "a)e sm 4e $renades 7it" y (3 (se t"em in t"e same pattern as des6ribed ! r !ires. 9eep t"em dry s t"at t"ey 7i'' 7 r4 7"en y ( need t"em. -a4e 6are n t t i$nite t"e )e$etati n in t"e area 7"en y ( (se t"em. Pen 'lares -"ese !'ares are part ! an a)iat rGs s(r)i)a' )est. -"e de)i6e 6 nsists ! a pen-s"aped $(n 7it" a !'are atta6"ed by a ny' n 6 rd. &"en !ired3 t"e pen !'are s (nds 'i4e a pist ' s" t and !ires t"e !'are ab (t 1:= meters "i$". It is ab (t % 6entimeters in diameter. - "a)e t"e pen !'are ready ! r immediate (se3 ta4e it (t ! its 7rapper3 atta6" t"e !'are3 'ea)e t"e $(n (n6 64ed3 and 7ear it n a 6 rd r 6"ain ar (nd y (r ne64. .e ready t !ire it in !r nt ! sear6" air6ra!t and be ready 7it" a se6 ndary si$na'. A's 3 be ready t ta4e 6 )er in 6ase t"e pi' t mista4es t"e !'are ! r enemy !ire. Tracer A""unition Y ( may (se ri!'e r pist ' tra6er amm(niti n t si$na' sear6" air6ra!t. D" #"t !ire t"e amm(niti n in !r nt ! t"e air6ra!t. As 7it" pen !'ares3 be ready t ta4e 6 )er i! t"e pi' t mista4es y (r tra6ers ! r enemy !ire. Star Clusters Red is t"e internati na' distress 6 ' rI t"ere! re3 (se a red star 6'(ster 7"ene)er p ssib'e. Any 6 ' r3 " 7e)er3 7i'' 'et y (r res6(ers 4n 7 7"ere y ( are. Star 6'(sters rea6" a "ei$"t ! 2== t 21: meters3 b(rn an a)era$e ! 6 t 1= se6 nds3 and des6end at a rate ! 18 meters per se6 nd. Star Parachute 'lares
-"ese !'ares rea6" a "ei$"t ! 2== t 21: meters and des6end at a rate ! 2.1 meters per se6 nd. -"e M126 DredE b(rns ab (t := se6 nds and t"e M127 D7"iteE ab (t 2: se6 nds. At ni$"t y ( 6an see t"ese !'ares at 8; t :6 4i' meters. 0irrors or Shiny O6+ects /n a s(nny day3 a mirr r is y (r best si$na'in$ de)i6e. I! y ( d nGt "a)e a mirr r3 p 'is" y (r 6anteen 6(p3 y (r be't b(64'e3 r a simi'ar bAe6t t"at 7i'' re!'e6t t"e s(nGs rays. Dire6t t"e !'as"es in ne area s t"at t"ey are se6(re !r m enemy bser)ati n. #ra6ti6e (sin$ a mirr r r s"iny bAe6t ! r si$na'in$ now# d n t 7ait (nti' y ( need it. I! y ( "a)e an M9-% si$na' mirr r3 ! '' 7 t"e instr(6ti ns n its ba64 DFi$(re 1<-%E.
&ear t"e si$na' mirr r n a 6 rd r 6"ain ar (nd y (r ne64 s t"at it is ready ! r immediate (se. 1 7e)er3 be s(re t"e $'ass side is a$ainst y (r b dy s t"at it 7i'' n t !'as"I t"e enemy 6an see t"e !'as". CAUTION D n t !'as" a si$na' mirr r rapid'y be6a(se a pi' t may mista4e t"e !'as"es ! r enemy !ire. D n t dire6t t"e beam in t"e air6ra!tGs 6 64pit ! r m re t"an a !e7 se6 nds as it may b'ind t"e pi' t. 1a2e3 $r (nd ! $3 and mira$es may ma4e it "ard ! r a pi' t t sp t si$na's !r m a !'as"in$ bAe6t. S 3 i! p ssib'e3 $et t t"e "i$"est p int in y (r area 7"en si$na'in$. I! y ( 6anGt determine t"e air6ra!tGs ' 6ati n3 !'as" y (r si$na' in t"e dire6ti n ! t"e air6ra!t n ise. 8ote9 :ilots have reported seeing mirror !lashes up to 27; kilometers away under ideal conditions. Fi$(res 1<-8 and 1<-: s" 7 met" ds ! aimin$ a si$na' mirr r ! r si$na'in$.
'lashlight or Stro6e Light At ni$"t y ( 6an (se a !'as"'i$"t r a str be 'i$"t t send an S/S t an air6ra!t. &"en (sin$ a str be 'i$"t3 ta4e 6are t pre)ent t"e pi' t !r m mista4in$ it ! r in6 min$ $r (nd !ire. -"e str be 'i$"t !'as"es 6= times per min(te. S me str be 'i$"ts "a)e in!rared 6 )ers and 'enses. .'(e !'as" 6 ''imat rs are a's a)ai'ab'e ! r str be 'i$"ts. VS5:; Panel D(rin$ day'i$"t y ( 6an (se a VS-17 pane' t si$na'. #'a6e t"e ran$e side (p as it is easier t see !r m t"e air t"an t"e )i 'et side. F'as"in$ t"e pane' 7i'' ma4e it easier ! r t"e air6re7 t sp t. Y ( 6an (se any bri$"t ran$e r )i 'et 6' t" as a s(bstit(te ! r t"e VS-17. Clothing Spreadin$ 6' t"in$ n t"e $r (nd r in t"e t p ! a tree is an t"er 7ay t si$na'. Se'e6t arti6'es 7" se 6 ' r 7i'' 6 ntrast 7it" t"e nat(ra' s(rr (ndin$s. Arran$e t"em in a 'ar$e $e metri6 pattern t ma4e t"em m re 'i4e'y t attra6t attenti n. Natural 0aterial I! y ( 'a64 t"er means3 y ( 6an (se nat(ra' materia's t ! rm a symb ' r messa$e t"at 6an be seen !r m t"e air. .(i'd m (nds t"at 6ast s"ad 7sI y ( 6an (se br(s"3 ! 'ia$e ! any type3 r 64s3 r sn 7 b' 64s. In sn 7-6 )ered areas3 tramp t"e sn 7 t ! rm 'etters r symb 's and !i'' t"e depressi n 7it" 6 ntrastin$ materia' Dt7i$s r bran6"esE. In sand3 (se b ('ders3 )e$etati n3 r sea7eed t ! rm a symb ' r messa$e. In br(s"-6 )ered areas3 6(t (t patterns in t"e )e$etati n r sear t"e $r (nd. In t(ndra3 di$ tren6"es r t(rn t"e s d (pside d 7n. In any terrain3 (se 6 ntrastin$ materia's t"at 7i'' ma4e t"e symb 's )isib'e t t"e air6re7s. Sea ,ye 0ar-ers
A'' Army air6ra!t in) ')ed in perati ns near r )er 7ater 7i'' n rma''y 6arry a 7ater s(r)i)a' 4it t"at 6 ntains sea dye mar4ers. I! y ( are in a 7ater s(r)i)a' sit(ati n3 (se sea dye mar4ers d(rin$ day'i$"t t indi6ate y (r ' 6ati n. -"ese sp ts ! dye stay 6 nspi6( (s ! r ab (t % " (rs3 e@6ept in )ery r ($" seas. Use t"em n'y i! y ( are in a !riend'y area. 9eep t"e mar4ers 7rapped (nti' y ( are ready t (se t"em. Use t"em n'y 7"en y ( "ear r si$"t an air6ra!t. Sea dye mar4ers are a's )ery e!!e6ti)e n sn 76 )ered $r (ndI (se t"em t 7rite distress 6 de 'etters.
A (i" Si/#!%$
Radi s3 7"ist'es3 and $(ns" ts are s me ! t"e met" ds y ( 6an (se t si$na' y (r presen6e t res6(ers. Radio !uip"ent -"e ANF#R0-<= s(r)i)a' radi is a part ! t"e Army a)iat rGs s(r)i)a' )est. -"e ANF#R0-112 7i'' e)ent(a''y rep'a6e t"e ANF#R0-<=. . t" radi s 6an transmit eit"er t ne r ) i6e. Any t"er type ! Army radi 6an d t"e same. -"e ran$es ! t"e di!!erent radi s )ary dependin$ n t"e a'tit(de ! t"e re6ei)in$ air6ra!t3 terrain3 )e$etati n density3 7eat"er3 battery stren$t"3 type ! radi 3 and inter!eren6e. - btain ma@im(m per! rman6e !r m radi s3 (se t"e ! '' 7in$ pr 6ed(resL

-ry t transmit n'y in 6'ear3 (n bstr(6ted terrain. Sin6e radi s are 'ine- !-si$"t 6 mm(ni6ati ns de)i6es3 any terrain bet7een t"e radi and t"e re6ei)er 7i'' b' 64 t"e si$na'. 9eep t"e antenna at ri$"t an$'es t t"e res6(in$ air6ra!t. -"ere is n si$na' !r m t"e tip ! t"e antenna. I! t"e radi "as t ne 6apabi'ity3 p'a6e it (pri$"t n a !'at3 e'e)ated s(r!a6e s t"at y ( 6an per! rm t"er s(r)i)a' tas4s. Ne)er 'et t"e antenna t (6" y (r 6' t"in$3 b dy3 ! 'ia$e3 r t"e $r (nd. S(6" 6 nta6t $reat'y red(6es t"e ran$e ! t"e si$na'. 0 nser)e battery p 7er. -(rn t"e radi !! 7"en y ( are n t (sin$ it. D n t transmit r re6ei)e 6 nstant'y. In " sti'e territ ry3 4eep transmissi ns s" rt t a) id enemy radi dire6ti n !indin$. In 6 'd 7eat"er3 4eep t"e battery inside y (r 6' t"in$ 7"en n t (sin$ t"e radi . 0 'd 5(i64'y drains t"e batteryGs p 7er. D n t e@p se t"e battery t e@treme "eat s(6" as desert s(n. 1i$" "eat may 6a(se t"e battery t e@p' de. -ry t 4eep t"e radi and battery as dry as p ssib'e3 as 7ater may destr y t"e 6ir6(itry.
3histles &"ist'es pr )ide an e@6e''ent 7ay ! r 6' se (p si$na'in$. In s me d 6(mented 6ases3 t"ey "a)e been "eard (p t 1.6 4i' meters a7ay. Man(!a6t(red 7"ist'es "a)e m re ran$e t"an a "(man 7"ist'e. *(ns" ts In s me sit(ati ns y ( 6an (se !irearms ! r si$na'in$. -"ree s" ts !ired at distin6t inter)a's (s(a''y indi6ate a distress si$na'. D n t (se t"is te6"ni5(e in enemy territ ry. -"e enemy 7i'' s(re'y 6 me t in)esti$ate s" ts.
CO, S AN, SI/NALS

N 7 t"at y ( 4n 7 " 7 t 'et pe p'e 4n 7 7"ere y ( are3 y ( need t 4n 7 " 7 t $i)e t"em m re in! rmati n. It is easier t ! rm ne symb ' t"an t spe'' (t an entire messa$e. -"ere! re3 'earn t"e 6 des and symb 's t"at a'' air6ra!t pi' ts (nderstand.
SOS
Y ( 6an (se 'i$"ts r !'a$s t send an S/S--t"ree d ts3 t"ree das"es3 t"ree d ts. -"e S/S is t"e internati na''y re6 $ni2ed distress si$na' in radi M rse 6 de. A d t is a s" rt3 s"arp p('seI a das" is a ' n$er p('se. 9eep repeatin$ t"e si$na'. &"en (sin$ !'a$s3 " 'd !'a$s n t"e 'e!t side ! r das"es and n t"e ri$"t side ! r d ts.
G&" #(-t"-Ai& E*e&/e#-1 C"(e

-"is 6 de DFi$(re 1<-6E is a6t(a''y !i)e de!inite3 meanin$!(' symb 's. Ma4e t"ese symb 's a minim(m ! 1 meter 7ide and 6 meters ' n$. I! y ( ma4e t"em 'ar$er3 4eep t"e same 1L 6 rati . ,ns(re t"e si$na' 6 ntrasts $reat'y 7it" t"e $r (nd it is n. #'a6e it in an pen area easi'y sp tted !r m t"e air.
B"(1 Si/#!%$
&"en an air6ra!t is 6' se en ($" ! r t"e pi' t t see y ( 6'ear'y3 (se b dy m )ements r p siti ns DFi$(re 1<-7E t 6 n)ey a messa$e.
P!#e% Si/#!%$
I! y ( "a)e a 'i!e ra!t 6 )er r sai'3 r a s(itab'e s(bstit(te3 (se t"e symb 's s" 7n in Fi$(re 1<-; t 6 n)ey a messa$e.
Ai&-&!5t A-)#"0%e(/*e#t$
/n6e t"e pi' t ! a !i@ed-7in$ air6ra!t "as si$"ted y (3 "e 7i'' n rma''y indi6ate "e "as seen y ( by !'yin$ ' 73 m )in$ t"e p'ane3 and !'as"in$ 'i$"ts as s" 7n in Fi$(re 1<-<. .e ready t re'ay t"er messa$es t t"e pi' t n6e "e a64n 7'ed$es t"at "e re6ei)ed and (nderst d y (r !irst messa$e. Use a radi 3 i! p ssib'e3 t re'ay !(rt"er messa$es. I! n radi is a)ai'ab'e3 (se t"e 6 des 6 )ered in t"e pre)i (s para$rap"s.
AIRCRA'T V CTORIN/ PROC ,UR S

I! y ( 6an 6 nta6t a !riend'y air6ra!t 7it" a radi 3 $(ide t"e pi' t t y (r ' 6ati n. Use t"e ! '' 7in$ $enera' ! rmat t $(ide t"e pi' tL

Mayday3 Mayday. 0a'' si$n Di! anyE. Name. L 6ati n. N(mber ! s(r)i) rs. A)ai'ab'e 'andin$ sites. Any remar4s s(6" as medi6a' aid r t"er spe6i!i6 types ! "e'p needed immediate'y.
Simp'y be6a(se y ( "a)e made 6 nta6t 7it" res6(ers d es n t mean y ( are sa!e. F '' 7 instr(6ti ns and 6 ntin(e t (se s (nd s(r)i)a' and e)asi n te6"ni5(es (nti' y ( are a6t(a''y res6(ed.
CHAPTER 4? - SURVIVAL MOVEMENT IN HOSTILE AREAS
The =rescue at any cost= philosophy o! previous con!licts is not likely to be possible in !uture con!licts. 0ur potential adversaries have made great progress in air de!ense measures and radio direction !inding &R<-' techni)ues. e must assume that U.S. military !orces trapped behind enemy lines in !uture con!licts may not e+perience )uick recovery by !riendly elements. Soldiers may have to move !or e+tended times and distances to places less threatening to the recovery !orces. The soldier will not likely know the type o! recovery to e+pect. Cach situation and the available resources determine the type o! recovery possible. Since no one can be absolutely sure until the recovery e!!ort begins" soldiers !acing a potential cuto!! !rom !riendly !orces should be !amiliar with all the possible types o! recovery" their related problems" and their responsibilities to the recovery e!!ort. :reparation and training can improve the chances o! success.
P.AS S O' PLANNIN/

#reparati n is a re5(irement ! r a'' missi ns. &"en p'annin$3 y ( m(st 6 nsider " 7 t a) id 6apt(re and ret(rn t y (r (nit. 0 ntin$en6y p'ans m(st be prepared in 6 nA(n6ti n 7it" (nit standin$ peratin$ pr 6ed(res DS/#sE. 0 (rses ! a6ti n y ( r y (r (nit 7i'' ta4e m(st a's be 6 nsidered.
C"#ti#/e#-1 P%!# "5 A-ti"# DCPAE

Inte''i$en6e se6ti ns 6an "e'p prepare pers nne' ! r 6 ntin$en6y a6ti ns t"r ($" in! rmati n s(pp'ied in area st(dies3 S,R, Ds(r)i)a'3 e)asi n3 resistan6e3 and es6apeE 6 ntin$en6y $(ides3 t"reat brie!in$s3 6(rrent inte''i$en6e rep rts3 and 6(rrent 6 nta6t and a(t"enti6ati n pr 6ed(res. #re-missi n preparati n in6'(des t"e 6 mp'eti n ! a 0#A. -"e st(dy and resear6" needed t de)e' p t"e 0#A 7i'' ma4e y ( a7are ! t"e 6(rrent sit(ati n in y (r missi n area. Y (r 0#A 7i'' 'et re6 )ery ! r6es 4n 7 y (r pr bab'e a6ti ns s" ('d y ( "a)e t m )e t a) id 6apt(re. Start preparin$ e)en be! re pre-missi n p'annin$. Many parts ! t"e 0#A are S/# ! r y (r (nit. In6'(de t"e 0#A in y (r trainin$. #'annin$ starts in y (r dai'y trainin$. -"e 0#A is y (r entire p'an ! r y (r ret(rn t !riend'y 6 ntr '. It 6 nsists ! !i)e para$rap"s 7ritten in t"e perati n rder ! rmat. Y ( 6an ta4e m st ! para$rap" 13 Sit(ati n3 7it" y ( n t"e missi n. Appendi@ 1 6 ntains t"e 0#A ! rmat. It a's indi6ates 7"at p rti n ! t"e 0#A y ( 6an ta4e 7it" y (. A 6 mpre"ensi)e 0#A is a )a'(ab'e asset t t"e s 'dier trapped be"ind enemy 'ines 7" m(st try t a) id 6apt(re. - 6 mp'ete para$rap" 13 4n 7 y (r (nitGs assi$ned area r 6 n6entrate n p tentia' missi n areas ! t"e 7 r'd. Many pen r 6' sed s (r6es 6 ntain t"e in! rmati n y ( need t 6 mp'ete a 0#A. /pen s (r6es may in6'(de ne7spapers3 ma$a2ines3 6 (ntry r area "andb 4s3 area st(dies3 te'e)isi n3 radi 3 pers ns !ami'iar 7it" t"e area3 and 'ibraries. 0' sed s (r6es may in6'(de area st(dies3 area assessments3 S,R, 6 ntin$en6y $(ides3 )ari (s 6'assi!ied !ie'd man(a's3 and inte''i$en6e rep rts. #repare y (r 0#A in t"ree p"ases. D(rin$ y (r n rma' trainin$3 prepare para$rap" 13 Sit(ati n. #repare para$rap"s 23 %3 83 and : d(rin$ y (r pre-missi n p'annin$. A!ter dep' yment int an area3 6 ntin(a''y (pdate y (r 0#A based n missi n 6"an$es and inte''i$en6e (pdates.
-"e 0#A is a $(ide. Y ( may add r de'ete 6ertain p rti ns based n t"e missi n. -"e 0#A may be a re6 )ery ! r6eGs n'y means ! determinin$ y (r ' 6ati n and intenti ns a!ter y ( start t m )e. It is an essentia' t ' ! r y (r s(r)i)a' and ret(rn t !riend'y 6 ntr '.
St!#(i#/ Ope&!ti#/ P&"-e( &e$

Unit S/#s are )a'(ab'e t 's y (r (nit "as t"at 7i'' "e'p y (r p'annin$. &"en !a6ed 7it" a dan$er (s sit(ati n re5(irin$ immediate a6ti n3 it is n t t"e time t dis6(ss pti nsI it is t"e time t a6t. Many ! t"e te6"ni5(es (sed d(rin$ sma'' (nit m )ement 6an be 6arried )er t !it re5(irements ! r m )in$ and ret(rnin$ t !riend'y 6 ntr '. Items !r m t"e S/# s" ('d in6'(de3 b(t are n t 'imited t -
M )ement team si2e Dt"ree t ! (r pers ns per teamE. -eam 6 mm(ni6ati ns Dte6"ni6a' and n nte6"ni6a'E. ,ssentia' e5(ipment. A6ti ns at dan$er areas. Si$na'in$ te6"ni5(es. Immediate a6ti n dri''s. Lin4(p pr 6ed(res. 1e'i6 pter re6 )ery de)i6es and pr 6ed(res. Se6(rity pr 6ed(res d(rin$ m )ement and at "ide sites. Ra''y p ints.
Re"earsa's 7 r4 e!!e6ti)e'y ! r rein! r6in$ t"ese S/# s4i''s and a's pr )ide pp rt(nities ! r e)a'(ati n and impr )ement.
N"ti5i-!ti"# t" M".e !#( A."i( C!pt &e

An is 'ated (nit "as se)era' $enera' 6 (rses ! a6ti n it 6an ta4e t a) id t"e 6apt(re ! t"e $r (p r indi)id(a's. -"ese 6 (rses ! a6ti n are n t 6 (rses t"e 6 mmander 6an 6" se instead ! "is ri$ina' missi n. 1e 6ann t arbitrari'y aband n t"e assi$ned missi n. Rat"er3 "e may ad pt t"ese 6 (rses ! a6ti n a!ter 6 mp'etin$ "is missi n 7"en "is (nit 6ann t 6 mp'ete its assi$ned missi n Dbe6a(se ! 6 mbat p 7er ' ssesE r 7"en "e re6ei)es rders t e@tra6t "is (nit !r m its 6(rrent p siti n. I! s(6" a6ti ns are n t p ssib'e3 t"e 6 mmander may de6ide t "a)e t"e (nit try t m )e t a) id 6apt(re and ret(rn t !riend'y 6 ntr '. In eit"er 6ase3 as ' n$ as t"ere is 6 mm(ni6ati n 7it" "i$"er "ead5(arters3 t"at "ead5(arters 7i'' ma4e t"e de6isi n. I! t"e (nit 6 mmander ' ses 6 nta6t 7it" "i$"er "ead5(arters3 "e m(st ma4e t"e de6isi n t m )e r 7ait. 1e bases "is de6isi n n many !a6t rs3 in6'(din$ t"e missi n3 rati ns and amm(niti n n "and3 6as(a'ties3 t"e 6"an6e ! re'ie! by !riend'y ! r6es3 and t"e ta6ti6a' sit(ati n. -"e 6 mmander ! an is 'ated (nit !a6es t"er 5(esti ns. &"at 6 (rse ! a6ti n 7i'' in!'i6t ma@im(m dama$e n t"e enemyH &"at 6 (rse ! a6ti n 7i'' assist in 6 mp'etin$ t"e "i$"er "ead5(artersG )era'' missi nH M )ement teams 6 nd(6t t"e e@e6(ti n p rti n ! t"e p'an 7"en n ti!ied by "i$"er "ead5(arters r3 i! t"ere is n 6 nta6t 7it" "i$"er "ead5(arters3 7"en t"e "i$"est ran4in$ s(r)i) r de6ides t"at t"e sit(ati n re5(ires t"e (nit t try t es6ape 6apt(re r destr(6ti n. M )ement team 'eaders re6ei)e t"eir n ti!i6ati n t"r ($" prebrie!ed si$na's. /n6e t"e si$na' t try t a) id 6apt(re is $i)en3 it m(st be passed rapid'y t a'' pers nne'. N ti!y "i$"er "ead5(arters3 i! p ssib'e. I! (nab'e t 6 mm(ni6ate 7it" "i$"er "ead5(arters3 'eaders m(st re6 $ni2e t"at r$ani2ed resistan6e "as ended3 and t"at r$ani2ati na' 6 ntr ' "as 6eased. 0 mmand and 6 ntr ' is n 7 at t"e m )ement team r indi)id(a' 'e)e' and is ret(rned t "i$"er r$ani2ati na' 6 ntr ' n'y a!ter rea6"in$ !riend'y 'ines.
9 CUTION
Up n n ti!i6ati n t a) id 6apt(re3 a'' m )ement team members 7i'' try t 'in4 (p at t"e initia' m )ement p int. -"is p int is 7"ere team members ra''y and a6t(a''y be$in t"eir m )ement. -entati)e'y se'e6t t"e initia' m )ement p int d(rin$ y (r p'annin$ p"ase t"r ($" a map re6 n. /n6e n t"e $r (nd3 t"e team
)eri!ies t"is ' 6ati n r se'e6ts a better ne. A'' team members m(st 4n 7 its ' 6ati n. -"e initia' m )ement p int s" ('d be easy t ' 6ate and 66(py ! r a minim(m am (nt ! time. /n6e t"e team "as ra''ied at t"e initia' m )ement p int3 it m(st-
*i)e !irst aid. In)ent ry its e5(ipment Dde6ide 7"at t aband n3 destr y3 r ta4e a' n$E. App'y 6am (!'a$e. Ma4e s(re e)ery ne 4n 7s t"e tentati)e "ide ' 6ati ns. ,ns(re e)ery ne 4n 7s t"e primary and a'ternate r (tes and ra''y p ints en r (te t t"e "ide ' 6ati ns. A'7ays maintain se6(rity. Sp'it t"e team int sma''er e'ements. -"e idea' e'ement s" ('d "a)e t7 t t"ree membersI " 7e)er3 it 6 ('d in6'(de m re dependin$ n team e5(ipment and e@perien6e.
-"e m )ement p rti n ! ret(rnin$ t !riend'y 6 ntr ' is t"e m st dan$er (s as y ( are n 7 m st )('nerab'e. It is (s(a''y better t m )e at ni$"t be6a(se ! t"e 6 n6ea'ment dar4ness !!ers. ,@6epti ns t s(6" m )ement 7 ('d be 7"en m )in$ t"r ($" "a2ard (s terrain r dense )e$etati n D! r e@amp'e3 A(n$'e r m (ntain (s terrainE. &"en m )in$3 a) id t"e ! '' 7in$ e)en i! it ta4es m re time and ener$y t bypassL

/bsta6'es and barriers. R ads and trai's. In"abited areas. &ater7ays and brid$es. Nat(ra' 'ines ! dri!t. Man-made str(6t(res. A'' 6i)i'ian and mi'itary pers nne'.
M )ement in enemy-"e'd territ ry is a )ery s' 7 and de'iberate pr 6ess. -"e s' 7er y ( m )e and t"e m re 6are!(' y ( are3 t"e better. Y (r best se6(rity 7i'' be (sin$ y (r senses. Use y (r eyes and ears t dete6t pe p'e be! re t"ey dete6t y (. Ma4e !re5(ent 'istenin$ "a'ts. In day'i$"t3 bser)e a se6ti n ! y (r r (te be! re y ( m )e a' n$ it. -"e distan6e y ( tra)e' be! re y ( "ide 7i'' depend n t"e enemy sit(ati n3 y (r "ea't"3 t"e terrain3 t"e a)ai'abi'ity ! 6 )er and 6 n6ea'ment ! r "idin$3 and t"e am (nt ! dar4ness 'e!t. /n6e y ( "a)e m )ed int t"e area in 7"i6" y ( 7ant t "ide D"ide areaE3 se'e6t a "ide site. 9eep t"e ! '' 7in$ ! rm('a in mind 7"en se'e6tin$ a "ide siteL .LISS. . - .'ends in 7it" t"e s(rr (ndin$s. L - L 7 in si'" (ette. I - Irre$('ar in s"ape. S - Sma'' in si2e. S - Se6'(ded. A) id t"e (se ! e@istin$ b(i'din$s r s"e'ters. Us(a''y3 y (r best pti n 7i'' be t 6ra7' int t"e t"i64est )e$etati n y ( 6an !ind. 0 nstr(6t any type ! s"e'ter 7it"in t"e "ide area n'y in 6 'd 7eat"er and desert en)ir nments. I! y ( b(i'd a s"e'ter3 ! '' 7 t"e .LISS ! rm('a.
Hi(e Site A-ti.itie$

A!ter y ( "a)e ' 6ated y (r "ide site3 d n t m )e strai$"t int it. Use a b(tt n " 4 r t"er de6epti)e te6"ni5(e t m )e t a p siti n (tside ! t"e "ide site. 0 nd(6t a 'istenin$ "a't be! re m )in$ indi)id(a''y int t"e "ide site. .e 6are!(' n t t dist(rb r 6(t any )e$etati n. /n6e y ( "a)e 66(pied t"e "ide site3 'imit y (r a6ti)ities t maintainin$ se6(rity3 restin$3 6am (!'a$in$3 and p'annin$ y (r ne@t m )es.
Maintain y (r se6(rity t"r ($" )is(a' s6annin$ and 'istenin$. Up n dete6ti n ! t"e enemy3 t"e se6(rity pers nne' a'ert a'' pers nne'3 e)en i! t"e teamGs p'an is t stay "idden and n t m )e (p n si$"tin$ t"e enemy. -a4e t"is a6ti n s t"at e)ery ne is a7are ! t"e dan$er and ready t rea6t. I! any team member 'ea)es t"e team3 $i)e "im a !i)e-p int 6 ntin$en6y p'an. -a4e s(6" steps espe6ia''y 7"en a re6 n team r a 7 r4 party is (t ! t"e " 'e-(p r "ide site. It is e@treme'y imp rtant t stay "ea't"y and a'ert 7"en tryin$ t a) id 6apt(re. -a4e e)ery pp rt(nity t rest3 b(t d n t sa6ri!i6e se6(rity. R tate se6(rity s t"at a'' members ! y (r m )ement team 6an rest. -reat a'' inA(ries3 n matter " 7 min r. L ss ! y (r "ea't" 7i'' mean ' ss ! y (r abi'ity t 6 ntin(e t a) id 6apt(re. 0am (!'a$e is an imp rtant aspe6t ! b t" m )in$ and se6(rin$ a "ide site. A'7ays (se a b(ddy system t ens(re t"at 6am (!'a$e is 6 mp'ete. ,ns(re t"at team members b'end 7it" t"e "ide site. Use nat(ra' r man-made materia's. I! y ( add any additi na' 6am (!'a$e materia' t t"e "ide site3 d n t 6(t )e$etati n in t"e immediate area. #'an y (r ne@t a6ti ns 7"i'e at t"e "ide site. Start y (r p'annin$ pr 6ess immediate'y (p n 66(pyin$ t"e "ide site. In! rm a'' team members ! t"eir 6(rrent ' 6ati n and desi$nate an a'ternate "ide site ' 6ati n. /n6e t"is is d ne3 start p'annin$ ! r t"e teamGs ne@t m )ement. #'annin$ t"e teamGs m )ement be$ins 7it" a map re6 n. 0" se t"e ne@t "ide area !irst. -"en 6" se a primary and an a'ternate r (te t t"e "ide area. In 6" sin$ t"e r (tes3 d n t (se strai$"t 'ines. Use ne r t7 radi6a' 6"an$es in dire6ti n. #i64 t"e r (tes t"at !!er t"e best 6 )er and 6 n6ea'ment3 t"e !e7est bsta6'es3 and t"e 'east 'i4e'i" d ! 6 nta6t 7it" "(mans. -"ere s" ('d be ' 6ati ns a' n$ t"e r (te 7"ere t"e team 6an $et 7ater. - aid team na)i$ati n3 (se a2im(t"s3 distan6es3 6"e64p ints r steerin$ mar4s3 and 6 rrid rs. #'an ra''y p ints and rende2) (s p ints at inter)a's a' n$ t"e r (te. /t"er p'annin$ 6 nsiderati ns may !a'' (nder 7"at t"e team a'ready "as in t"e team S/#. ,@amp'es are immediate a6ti n dri''s3 a6ti ns n si$"tin$ t"e enemy3 and "and-and-arm si$na's. /n6e p'annin$ is 6 mp'ete3 ens(re e)ery ne 4n 7s and mem ri2es t"e entire p'an. -"e team members s" ('d 4n 7 t"e distan6es and a2im(t"s ! r t"e entire r (te t t"e ne@t "ide area. -"ey s" ('d st(dy t"e map and 4n 7 t"e )ari (s terrain t"ey 7i'' be m )in$ a6r ss s t"at t"ey 6an m )e 7it" (t (sin$ t"e map. D n t 66(py a "ide site ! r m re t"an 28 " (rs. In m st sit(ati ns3 "ide d(rin$ t"e day and m )e at ni$"t. Limit y (r a6ti ns in t"e "ide site t t" se dis6(ssed ab )e. /n6e in t"e "ide site3 restri6t a'' m )ement t 'ess t"an 8: 6entimeters ab )e t"e $r (nd. D n t b(i'd !ires r prepare ! d. Sm 4e and ! d d rs 7i'' re)ea' y (r ' 6ati n. .e! re 'ea)in$ t"e "ide site3 steri'i2e it t pre)ent tra64in$.
H"%e-Up A&e!$
A!ter m )in$ and "idin$ ! r se)era' days3 (s(a''y t"ree r ! (r3 y ( r t"e m )ement team 7i'' "a)e t m )e int a " 'e-(p area. -"is is an area 7"ere y ( 6an rest3 re6(perate3 and $et and prepare ! d. 0" se an area near a 7ater s (r6e. Y ( t"en "a)e a p'a6e t $et 7ater3 t p'a6e !is"in$ de)i6es3 and t trap $ame. Sin6e 7ater7ays are a 'ine ! 6 mm(ni6ati n3 ' 6ate y (r "ide site 7e'' a7ay !r m t"e 7ater. -"e " 'e-(p area s" ('d !!er p'enty ! 6 )er and 6 n6ea'ment ! r m )ement in and ar (nd t"e area. A'7ays maintain se6(rity 7"i'e in t"e " 'e-(p area. A'7ays man t"e " 'e-(p area. A6ti ns in t"e " 'e-(p area are t"e same as in "ide site3 e@6ept t"at y ( 6an m )e a7ay !r m t"e " 'e-(p area t $et and prepare ! d. A6ti ns in t"e " 'e-(p area in6'(de-
Se'e6tin$ and 66(pyin$ t"e ne@t "ide site Dremember y ( are sti'' in a dan$er (s sit(ati nI t"is is n t a !riend'y areaE. Re6 nn iterin$ t"e area ! r res (r6es and p tentia' 6 n6ea'ed m )ement r (tes t t"e a'ternate "ide site. *at"erin$ ! d Dn(ts3 berries3 )e$etab'esE. &"en m )in$ ar (nd t"e area ! r ! d3 maintain se6(rity and a) id 'ea)in$ tra64s r t"er si$ns. &"en settin$ traps and snares3 4eep t"em 7e''6am (!'a$ed and in areas 7"ere pe p'e are n t 'i4e'y t dis6 )er t"em. Remember3 t"e ' 6a' p p('ati n s metimes "ea)i'y tra)e's trai's near 7ater s (r6es.
*ettin$ 7ater !r m s (r6es 7it"in t"e "ide area. .e 6are!(' n t t 'ea)e tra64s ! si$ns a' n$ t"e ban4s ! 7ater s (r6es 7"en $ettin$ 7ater. M )in$ n "ard r 64s r ' $s a' n$ t"e ban4s t $et 7ater 7i'' red(6e t"e si$ns y ( 'ea)e. Settin$ 6'andestine !is"in$ de)i6es3 s(6" as sta4e (ts3 be' 7 t"e s(r!a6e ! t"e 7ater t a) id dete6ti n. L 6atin$ a !ire site 7e'' a7ay !r m t"e "ide site. Use t"is site t prepare ! d r b i' 7ater. 0am (!'a$e and steri'i2e t"e !ire site a!ter ea6" (se. .e 6are!(' t"at sm 4e and 'i$"t !r m t"e !ire d es n t 6 mpr mise t"e " 'e-(p area.
&"i'e in t"e " 'e-(p area3 se6(rity is sti'' y (r primary 6 n6ern. Desi$nate team members t per! rm spe6i!i6 tas4s. - 'imit m )ement ar (nd t"e area3 y ( may "a)e a t7 -man team per! rm m re t"an ne tas4. F r e@amp'e3 t"e team $ettin$ 7ater 6 ('d a's set t"e !is"in$ de)i6es. D n t 66(py t"e " 'e(p area ' n$er t"an 72 " (rs.
R TURN TO 'RI N,LY CONTROL

,stab'is"in$ 6 nta6t 7it" !riend'y 'ines r patr 's is t"e m st 6r(6ia' part ! m )ement and ret(rn t !riend'y 6 ntr '. A'' y (r patien6e3 p'annin$3 and "ards"ips 7i'' be in )ain i! y ( d n t e@er6ise 6a(ti n 7"en 6 nta6tin$ !riend'y !r nt'ine ! r6es. Friend'y patr 's "a)e 4i''ed pers nne' peratin$ be"ind enemy 'ines be6a(se t"ey did n t ma4e 6 nta6t pr per'y. M st ! t"e 6as(a'ties 6 ('d "a)e been a) ided i! 6a(ti n "ad been e@er6ised and a !e7 simp'e pr 6ed(res ! '' 7ed. -"e n rma' tenden6y is t t"r 7 6a(ti n t t"e 7inds 7"en in si$"t ! !riend'y ! r6es. Y ( m(st )er6 me t"is tenden6y and (nderstand t"at 'in4(p is a )ery sensiti)e sit(ati n.
B"&(e& C&"$$i#/$
I! y ( "a)e made y (r 7ay t a !riend'y r ne(tra' 6 (ntry3 (se t"e ! '' 7in$ pr 6ed(res t 6r ss t"e b rder and 'in4 (p 7it" !riend'y ! r6es n t"e t"er sideL

/66(py a "ide site n t"e near side ! t"e b rder and send a team (t t re6 nn iter t"e p tentia' 6r ssin$ site. S(r)ei' t"e 6r ssin$ site ! r at 'east 28 " (rs3 dependin$ n t"e enemy sit(ati n. Ma4e a s4et6" ! t"e site3 ta4in$ n te ! terrain3 bsta6'es3 $(ard r (tines and r tati ns3 and any sens r de)i6es r trip 7ires. /n6e t"e re6 n is 6 mp'ete3 t"e team m )es t t"e "ide site3 brie!s t"e rest ! t"e team3 and p'ans t 6r ss t"e b rder at ni$"t. A!ter 6r ssin$ t"e b rder3 set (p a "ide site n t"e !ar side ! t"e b rder and try t ' 6ate !riend'y p siti ns. D n t re)ea' y (r presen6e. Dependin$ n t"e si2e ! y (r m )ement team3 "a)e t7 men s(r)ei' t"e p tentia' 'in4(p site 7it" !riend'y ! r6es (nti' satis!ied t"at t"e pers nne' are indeed !riend'y. Ma4e 6 nta6t 7it" t"e !riend'y ! r6es d(rin$ day'i$"t. #ers nne' 6" sen t ma4e 6 nta6t s" ('d be (narmed3 "a)e n e5(ipment3 and "a)e p siti)e identi!i6ati n readi'y a)ai'ab'e. -"e pers n 7" a6t(a''y ma4es t"e 'in4(p s" ('d be s me ne 7" ' 4s 'east 'i4e t"e enemy. D(rin$ t"e a6t(a' 6 nta6t3 "a)e n'y ne pers n ma4e t"e 6 nta6t. -"e t"er pers n pr )ides t"e se6(rity and bser)es t"e 'in4(p area !r m a sa!e distan6e. -"e bser)er s" ('d be !ar en ($" a7ay s t"at "e 6an 7arn t"e rest ! t"e m )ement team i! s met"in$ $ es 7r n$. &ait (nti' t"e party "e is 6 nta6tin$ ' 4s in "is dire6ti n s t"at "e d es n t s(rprise t"e 6 nta6t. 1e stands (p !r m be"ind 6 )er3 7it" "ands )er"ead and states t"at "e is an Ameri6an. A!ter t"is3 "e ! '' 7s any instr(6ti ns $i)en "im. 1e a) ids ans7erin$ any ta6ti6a' 5(esti ns and d es n t $i)e any indi6ati n t"at t"ere are t"er team members. Re)ea' t"at t"ere are t"er pers nne' 7it" "im n'y a!ter )eri!yin$ "is identity and satis!yin$ "imse'! "e "as made 6 nta6t 7it" !riend'y ! r6es.
Lan$(a$e pr b'ems r di!!i6('ties 6 n!irmin$ identities may arise. -"e m )ement team s" ('d maintain se6(rity3 be patient3 and "a)e a 6 ntin$en6y p'an.
8ote9 I! you are moving to a neutral country" you are surrendering to that power and become a detained person.
Li#) p !t the FEBAFFLOT

I! 6a($"t bet7een !riend'y and enemy ! r6es and t"ere is "ea)y !i$"tin$ in t"e area3 y ( may 6" se t "ide and 'et t"e !riend'y 'ines pass )er y (. I! )err(n by !riend'y ! r6es3 y ( may try t 'in4 (p !r m t"eir rear d(rin$ day'i$"t " (rs. I! )err(n by enemy ! r6es3 y ( may m )e !(rt"er t t"e enemy rear3 try t m )e t t"e ! r7ard ed$e ! t"e batt'e area DF,.AEF! r7ard 'ine ! 7n tr ps DFL/-E d(rin$ a '('' in t"e !i$"tin$3 r m )e t an t"er area a' n$ t"e !r nt. -"e a6t(a' 'in4(p 7i'' be d ne as ! r 'in4(p d(rin$ a b rder 6r ssin$. -"e n'y di!!eren6e is t"at y ( m(st be m re 6are!(' n t"e initia' 6 nta6t. Fr nt'ine pers nne' are m re 'i4e'y t s" t !irst and as4 5(esti ns 'ater3 espe6ia''y in areas ! "ea)y !i$"tin$. Y ( s" ('d be near r be"ind 6 )er be! re tryin$ t ma4e 6 nta6t.
Li#) p With F&ie#(%1 P!t&"%$

I! !riend'y 'ines are a 6ir6('ar perimeter r an is 'ated 6amp3 ! r e@amp'e3 any dire6ti n y ( appr a6" !r m 7i'' be 6 nsidered enemy territ ry. Y ( d n t "a)e t"e pti n ! m )in$ be"ind t"e 'ines and tryin$ t 'in4 (p. -"is m )e ma4es t"e 'in4(p e@treme'y dan$er (s. /ne pti n y ( "a)e is t p'a6e t"e perimeter (nder bser)ati n and 7ait ! r a !riend'y patr ' t m )e (t in y (r dire6ti n3 pr )idin$ a 6"an6e ! r a 'in4(p. Y ( may a's 66(py a p siti n (tside ! t"e perimeter and 6a'' (t t $et t"e attenti n ! t"e !riend'y ! r6es. Idea''y3 disp'ay anyt"in$ t"at is 7"ite 7"i'e ma4in$ 6 nta6t. I! n t"in$ e'se is a)ai'ab'e3 (se any arti6'e ! 6' t"in$. -"e idea is t dra7 attenti n 7"i'e stayin$ be"ind 6 )er. /n6e y ( "a)e dra7n attenti n t y (r si$na' and 6a''ed (t3 ! '' 7 instr(6ti ns $i)en t y (. .e 6 nstant'y n t"e a'ert ! r !riend'y patr 's be6a(se t"ese pr )ide a means ! r ret(rn t !riend'y 6 ntr '. Find a 6 n6ea'ed p siti n t"at a'' 7s y ( ma@im(m )is(a' 6 )era$e ! t"e area. -ry t mem ri2e e)ery terrain !eat(re s t"at3 i! ne6essary3 y ( 6an in!i'trate t !riend'y p siti ns (nder t"e 6 )er ! dar4ness. Remember3 tryin$ t in!i'trate in dar4ness is e@treme'y dan$er (s. .e6a(se ! t"e missi ns ! 6 mbat and re6 n patr 's and 7"ere t"ey are peratin$3 ma4in$ 6 nta6t 6an be dan$er (s. I! y ( de6ide n t t ma4e 6 nta6t3 y ( 6an bser)e t"eir r (te and appr a6" !riend'y 'ines at ab (t t"e same ' 6ati n. S(6" bser)ati n 7i'' enab'e y ( t a) id mines and b by traps. /n6e y ( "a)e sp tted a patr '3 remain in p siti n and3 i! p ssib'e3 a'' 7 t"e patr ' t m )e t 7ard y (. &"en t"e patr ' is 2: t := meters !r m y (r p siti n3 si$na' t"em and 6a'' (t a $reetin$ t"at is 6'ear'y and (nmista4ab'y ! Ameri6an ri$in. I! y ( "a)e n t"in$ 7"ite3 an arti6'e ! 6' t"in$ 7i'' s(!!i6e t dra7 attenti n. I! t"e distan6e is $reater t"an := meters3 a re6 n patr ' may a) id 6 nta6t and bypass y (r p siti n. I! t"e distan6e is 'ess t"an 2: meters3 a patr ' member may rea6t instant'y by !irin$ a !ata' s" t. It is 6r(6ia'3 at t"e time ! 6 nta6t3 t"at t"ere is en ($" 'i$"t ! r t"e patr ' t identi!y y ( as an Ameri6an. &"ate)er 'in4(p te6"ni5(e y ( de6ide t (se3 (se e@treme 6a(ti n. Fr m t"e perspe6ti)e ! t"e !riend'y patr ' r !riend'y pers nne' 66(pyin$ a perimeter3 y ( are " sti'e (nti' t"ey ma4e p siti)e identi!i6ati n.
CHAPTER 41 - CAMOUFLAGE
In a survival situation" especially in a hostile environment" you may !ind it necessary to camou!lage yoursel!" your e)uipment" and your movement. It may mean the di!!erence between survival and capture by the enemy. 1amou!lage and movement techni)ues" such as stalking" will also help you get animals or game !or !ood using primitive weapons and skills.
P RSONAL CA0OU'LA/
&"en 6am (!'a$in$ y (rse'!3 6 nsider t"at 6ertain s"apes are parti6('ar t "(mans. -"e enemy 7i'' ' 4 ! r t"ese s"apes. -"e s"ape ! a "at3 "e'met3 r b'a64 b ts 6an $i)e y ( a7ay. ,)en anima's 4n 7 and r(n !r m t"e s"ape ! a "(man si'" (ette. .rea4 (p y (r (t'ine by p'a6in$ sma'' am (nts ! )e$etati n !r m t"e s(rr (ndin$ area in y (r (ni! rm3 e5(ipment3 and "ead$ear. -ry t red(6e any s"ine !r m s4in r e5(ipment. .'end in 7it" t"e s(rr (ndin$ 6 ' rs and sim('ate t"e te@t(re ! y (r s(rr (ndin$s.
Sh!pe !#( O t%i#e

0"an$e t"e (t'ine ! 7eap ns and e5(ipment by tyin$ )e$etati n r strips ! 6' t" nt t"em. Ma4e s(re t"e added 6am (!'a$e d es n t "inder t"e e5(ipmentGs perati n. &"en "idin$3 6 )er y (rse'! and y (r e5(ipment 7it" 'ea)es3 $rass3 r t"er ' 6a' debris. 0 n6ea' any si$na'in$ de)i6es y ( "a)e prepared3 b(t 4eep t"em ready ! r (se.
C"%"& !#( Te3t &e

,a6" area ! t"e 7 r'd and ea6" 6'imati6 6 nditi n Dar6ti6F7inter3 temperateFA(n$'e3 r s7ampFdesertE "as 6 ' r patterns and te@t(res t"at are nat(ra' ! r t"at area. &"i'e 6 ' r is se'!-e@p'anat ry3 te@t(re de!ines t"e s(r!a6e 6"ara6teristi6s ! s met"in$ 7"en ' 4in$ at it. F r e@amp'e3 s(r!a6e te@t(res may be sm t"3 r ($"3 r 64y3 'ea!y3 r many t"er p ssib'e 6 mbinati ns. Use 6 ' r and te@t(re t $et"er t 6am (!'a$e y (rse'! e!!e6ti)e'y. It ma4es 'itt'e sense t 6 )er y (rse'! 7it" dead3 br 7n )e$etati n in t"e midd'e ! a 'ar$e $rassy !ie'd. Simi'ar'y3 it 7 ('d be (se'ess t 6am (!'a$e y (rse'! 7it" $reen $rass in t"e midd'e ! a desert r r 64y area. - "ide and 6am (!'a$e m )ement in any spe6i!i6 area ! t"e 7 r'd3 y ( m(st ta4e n t"e 6 ' r and te@t(re ! t"e immediate s(rr (ndin$s. Use nat(ra' r man-made materia's t 6am (!'a$e y (rse'!. 0am (!'a$e paint3 6"ar6 a' !r m b(rned paper r 7 d3 m(d3 $rass3 'ea)es3 strips ! 6' t" r b(r'ap3 pine b ($"s3 and 6am (!'a$ed (ni! rms are a !e7 e@amp'es. 0 )er a'' areas ! e@p sed s4in3 in6'(din$ !a6e3 "ands3 ne643 and ears. Use 6am (!'a$e paint3 6"ar6 a'3 r m(d t 6am (!'a$e y (rse'!. 0 )er 7it" a dar4er 6 ' r areas t"at sti64 (t m re and 6at6" m re 'i$"t D! re"ead3 n se3 6"ee4b nes3 6"in3 and earsE. 0 )er t"er areas3 parti6('ar'y re6essed r s"aded areas Dar (nd t"e eyes and (nder t"e 6"inE3 7it" 'i$"ter 6 ' rs. .e s(re t (se an irre$('ar pattern. Atta6"
)e$etati n !r m t"e area r strips ! 6' t" ! t"e pr per 6 ' r t 6' t"in$ and e5(ipment. I! y ( (se )e$etati n3 rep'a6e it as it 7i'ts. As y ( m )e t"r ($" an area3 be a'ert t t"e 6 ' r 6"an$es and m di!y y (r 6am (!'a$e 6 ' rs as ne6essary. Fi$(re 21-1 $i)es a $enera' idea ! " 7 t app'y 6am (!'a$e ! r )ari (s areas and 6'imates. Use appr priate 6 ' rs ! r y (r s(rr (ndin$s. -"e b' t6"es r s'as"es 7i'' "e'p t sim('ate te@t(re.
Shi#e
As s4in $ets i'y3 it be6 mes s"iny. ,5(ipment 7it" 7 rn !! paint is a's s"iny. ,)en painted bAe6ts3 i! sm t"3 may s"ine. *'ass bAe6ts s(6" as mirr rs3 $'asses3 bin 6('ars3 and te'es6 pes s"ine. Y ( m(st 6 )er t"ese $'ass bAe6ts 7"en n t in (se. Anyt"in$ t"at s"ines a(t mati6a''y attra6ts attenti n and 7i'' $i)e a7ay y (r ' 6ati n. &"ene)er p ssib'e3 7as" i'y s4in and reapp'y 6am (!'a$e. S4in i' 7i'' 7as" !! 6am (!'a$e3 s reapp'y it !re5(ent'y. I! y ( m(st 7ear $'asses3 6am (!'a$e t"em by app'yin$ a t"in 'ayer ! d(st t t"e (tside ! t"e 'enses. -"is 'ayer ! d(st 7i'' red(6e t"e re!'e6ti n ! 'i$"t. 0 )er s"iny sp ts n e5(ipment by paintin$3 6 )erin$ 7it" m(d3 r 7rappin$ 7it" 6' t" r tape. #ay parti6('ar attenti n t 6 )erin$ b t eye'ets3 b(64'es n e5(ipment3 7at6"es and Ae7e'ry3 2ippers3 and (ni! rm insi$nia. 0arry a si$na' mirr r in its desi$ned p (6" r in a p 64et 7it" t"e mirr r p rti n !a6in$ y (r b dy.
Sh!("0
&"en "idin$ r tra)e'in$3 stay in t"e deepest part ! t"e s"ad 7s. -"e (ter ed$es ! t"e s"ad 7s are 'i$"ter and t"e deeper parts are dar4er. Remember3 i! y ( are in an area 7"ere t"ere is p'enty ! )e$etati n3 4eep as m(6" )e$etati n bet7een y ( and a p tentia' enemy as p ssib'e. -"is a6ti n 7i'' ma4e it )ery "ard ! r t"e enemy t see y ( as t"e )e$etati n 7i'' partia''y mas4 y ( !r m "is )ie7. F r6in$ an enemy t ' 4 t"r ($" many 'ayers ! mas4in$ )e$etati n 7i'' !ati$(e "is eyes )ery 5(i64'y. &"en tra)e'in$3 espe6ia''y in b(i't-(p areas at ni$"t3 be a7are ! 7"ere y ( 6ast y (r s"ad 7. It may e@tend (t ar (nd t"e 6 mer ! a b(i'din$ and $i)e a7ay y (r p siti n. A's 3 i! y ( are in a dar4 s"ad 7 and t"ere is a 'i$"t s (r6e t ne side3 an enemy n t"e t"er side 6an see y (r si'" (ette a$ainst t"e 'i$"t.
M".e*e#t
M )ement3 espe6ia''y !ast m )ement3 attra6ts attenti n. I! at a'' p ssib'e3 a) id m )ement in t"e presen6e ! an enemy. I! 6apt(re appears imminent in y (r present ' 6ati n and y ( m(st m )e3 m )e a7ay s' 7'y3 ma4in$ as 'itt'e n ise as p ssib'e. .y m )in$ s' 7'y in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n3 y ( de6rease t"e 6"an6e ! dete6ti n and 6 nser)e ener$y t"at y ( may need ! r ' n$-term s(r)i)a' r ' n$-distan6e e)asi n. &"en m )in$ past bsta6'es3 a) id $ in$ )er t"em. I! y ( m(st 6'imb )er an bsta6'e3 4eep y (r b dy 'e)e' 7it" its t p t a) id si'" (ettin$ y (rse'!. D n t si'" (ette y (rse'! a$ainst t"e s4y'ine 7"en
6r ssin$ "i''s r rid$es. &"en y ( are m )in$3 y ( 7i'' "a)e di!!i6('ty dete6tin$ t"e m )ement ! t"ers. St p !re5(ent'y3 'isten3 and ' 4 ar (nd s' 7'y t dete6t si$ns ! " sti'e m )ement.
N"i$e
N ise attra6ts attenti n3 espe6ia''y i! t"ere is a se5(en6e ! ' (d n ises s(6" as se)era' snappin$ t7i$s. I! p ssib'e3 a) id ma4in$ any n ise at a''. S' 7 d 7n y (r pa6e as m(6" as ne6essary t a) id ma4in$ n ise 7"en m )in$ ar (nd r a7ay !r m p ssib'e t"reats. Use ba64$r (nd n ises t 6 )er t"e n ise ! y (r m )ement. S (nds ! air6ra!t3 tr(64s3 $enerat rs3 str n$ 7inds3 and pe p'e ta'4in$ 7i'' 6 )er s me r a'' t"e s (nds pr d(6ed by y (r m )ement. Rain 7i'' mas4 a ' t ! m )ement n ise3 b(t it a's red(6es y (r abi'ity t dete6t p tentia' enemy n ise.
S-e#t
&"et"er "(ntin$ anima's r a) idin$ t"e enemy3 it is a'7ays 7ise t 6am (!'a$e t"e s6ent ass 6iated 7it" "(mans. Start by 7as"in$ y (rse'! and y (r 6' t"es 7it" (t (sin$ s ap. -"is 7as"in$ met" d rem )es s ap and b dy d rs. A) idin$ str n$ sme''in$ ! ds3 s(6" as $ar'i63 "e'ps red(6e b dy d rs. D n t (se t ba66 pr d(6ts3 6andy3 $(m3 r 6 smeti6s. Y ( 6an (se ar mati6 "erbs r p'ants t 7as" y (rse'! and y (r 6' t"in$3 t r(b n y (r b dy and 6' t"in$3 r t 6"e7 n t 6am (!'a$e y (r breat". #ine need'es3 mint3 r any simi'ar ar mati6 p'ant 7i'' "e'p 6am (!'a$e y (r s6ent !r m b t" anima's and "(mans. Standin$ in sm 4e !r m a !ire 6an "e'p mas4 y (r s6ent !r m anima's. &"i'e anima's are a!raid ! !res" sm 4e !r m a !ire3 'der sm 4e s6ents are n rma' sme''s a!ter ! rest !ires and d n t s6are t"em. &"i'e tra)e'in$3 (se y (r sense ! sme'' t "e'p y ( !ind r a) id "(mans. #ay attenti n t sme''s ass 6iated 7it" "(mans3 s(6" as !ire3 6i$arettes3 $as 'ine3 i'3 s ap3 and ! d. S(6" sme''s may a'ert y ( t t"eir presen6e ' n$ be! re y ( 6an see r "ear t"em3 dependin$ n 7ind speed and dire6ti n. N te t"e 7indGs dire6ti n and3 7"en p ssib'e3 appr a6" !r m r s4irt ar (nd n t"e d 7n7ind side 7"en nearin$ "(mans r anima's.
0 T.O,S O' STAL*IN/

S metimes y ( need t m )e3 (ndete6ted3 t r !r m a ' 6ati n. Y ( need m re t"an A(st 6am (!'a$e t ma4e t"ese m )es s(66ess!(''y. -"e abi'ity t sta'4 r m )e 7it" (t ma4in$ any s(dden 5(i64 m )ement r ' (d n ise is essentia' t a) idin$ dete6ti n. Y ( m(st pra6ti6e sta'4in$ i! it is t be e!!e6ti)e. Use t"e ! '' 7in$ te6"ni5(es 7"en pra6ti6in$.
Up&i/ht St!%)i#/
-a4e steps ab (t "a'! y (r n rma' stride 7"en sta'4in$ in t"e (pri$"t p siti n. S(6" strides "e'p y ( t maintain y (r ba'an6e. Y ( s" ('d be ab'e t st p at any p int in t"at m )ement and " 'd t"at p siti n as ' n$ as ne6essary. 0(r' t"e t es (p (t ! t"e 7ay 7"en steppin$ d 7n s t"e (tside ed$e ! t"e ba'' ! t"e ! t t (6"es t"e $r (nd. Fee' ! r sti64s and t7i$s t"at may snap 7"en y ( p'a6e y (r 7ei$"t n t"em. I! y ( start t step n ne3 'i!t y (r ! t and m )e it. A!ter ma4in$ 6 nta6t 7it" t"e (tside ed$e ! t"e ba'' ! y (r ! t3 r '' t t"e inside ba'' ! y (r ! t3 p'a6e y (r "ee' d 7n3 ! '' 7ed by y (r t es. -"en $rad(a''y s"i!t y (r 7ei$"t ! r7ard t t"e !r nt ! t. Li!t t"e ba64 ! t t ab (t 4nee "ei$"t and start t"e pr 6ess )er a$ain. 9eep y (r "ands and arms 6' se t y (r b dy and a) id 7a)in$ t"em ab (t r "ittin$ )e$etati n. &"en m )in$ in a 6r (6"3 y ( $ain e@tra s(pp rt by p'a6in$ y (r "ands n y (r 4nees. /ne step (s(a''y ta4es 1 min(te t 6 mp'ete3 b(t t"e time it ta4es 7i'' depend n t"e sit(ati n.
C&!0%i#/
0ra7' n y (r "ands and 4nees 7"en t"e )e$etati n is t ' 7 t a'' 7 y ( t 7a'4 (pri$"t 7it" (t bein$ seen. M )e ne 'imb at a time and be s(re t set it d 7n s !t'y3 !ee'in$ ! r anyt"in$ t"at may snap and ma4e n ise. .e 6are!(' t"at y (r t es and "ee's d n t 6at6" n )e$etati n.
P&"#e St!%)i#/
- sta'4 in t"e pr ne p siti n3 y ( d a ' 73 m di!ied p(s"-(p n y (r "ands and t es3 m )in$ y (rse'! ! r7ard s'i$"t'y3 and t"en ' 7erin$ y (rse'! a$ain s' 7'y. A) id dra$$in$ and s6rapin$ a' n$ t"e $r (nd as t"is ma4es e@6essi)e n ise and 'ea)es 'ar$e trai's ! r tra64ers t ! '' 7.
A#i*!% St!%)i#/
.e! re sta'4in$ an anima'3 se'e6t t"e best r (te. I! t"e anima' is m )in$3 y ( 7i'' need an inter6eptin$ r (te. #i64 a r (te t"at p(ts bAe6ts bet7een y ( and t"e anima' t 6 n6ea' y (r m )ement !r m it. .y p siti nin$ y (rse'! in t"is 7ay3 y ( 7i'' be ab'e t m )e !aster3 (nti' y ( pass t"at bAe6t. S me bAe6ts3 s(6" as 'ar$e r 64s and trees3 may t ta''y 6 n6ea' y (3 and t"ers3 s(6" as sma'' b(s"es and $rass3 may n'y partia''y 6 n6ea' y (. #i64 t"e r (te t"at !!ers t"e best 6 n6ea'ment and re5(ires t"e 'east am (nt ! e!! rt. 9eep y (r eyes n t"e anima' and st p 7"en it ' 4s y (r 7ay r t(rns its ears y (r 7ay3 espe6ia''y i! it s(spe6ts y (r presen6e. As y ( $et 6' se3 s5(int y (r eyes s'i$"t'y t 6 n6ea' b t" t"e 'i$"t-dar4 6 ntrast ! t"e 7"ites ! t"e eyes and any s"ine !r m y (r eyes. 9eep y (r m (t" 6' sed s t"at t"e anima' d es n t see t"e 7"iteness r s"ine ! y (r teet".
CHAPTER 44 - CONTACT WITH PEOPLE
Some o! the best and most !re)uently given advice" when dealing with local peoples" is !or the survivor to accept" respect" and adapt to their ways. Thus" =when in Rome" do as the Romans do.= This is e+cellent advice" but there are several considerations involved in putting this advice into practice.
CONTACT 3IT. LOCAL P OPL

Y ( m(st $i)e seri (s 6 nsiderati n t dea'in$ 7it" t"e ' 6a' pe p'e. D t"ey "a)e a primiti)e 6('t(reH Are t"ey !armers3 !is"ermen3 !riend'y pe p'e3 r enemyH As a s(r)i) r3 J6r ss-6('t(ra' 6 mm(ni6ati nJ 6an )ary radi6a''y !r m area t area and !r m pe p'e t pe p'e. It may mean intera6ti n 7it" pe p'e ! an e@treme'y primiti)e 6('t(re r 6 nta6t 7it" pe p'e 7" "a)e a re'ati)e'y m dem 6('t(re. A 6('t(re is identi!ied by standards ! be"a)i r t"at its members 6 nsider pr per and a66eptab'e b(t may r may n t 6 n! rm t y (r idea ! 7"at is pr per. N matter 7" t"ese pe p'e are3 y ( 6an e@pe6t t"ey 7i'' "a)e 'a7s3 s 6ia' and e6 n mi6 )a'(es3 and p 'iti6a' and re'i$i (s be'ie!s t"at may be radi6a''y di!!erent !r m y (rs. .e! re dep' yin$ int y (r area ! perati ns3 st(dy t"ese di!!erent 6('t(ra' aspe6ts. #ri r st(dy and preparati n 7i'' "e'p y ( ma4e r a) id 6 nta6t i! y ( "a)e t dea' 7it" t"e ' 6a' p p('ati n. #e p'e 7i'' be !riend'y3 (n!riend'y3 r t"ey 7i'' 6" se t i$n re y (. -"eir attit(de may be (n4n 7n. I! t"e pe p'e are 4n 7n t be !riend'y3 try t 4eep t"em !riend'y t"r ($" y (r 6 (rtesy and respe6t ! r t"eir re'i$i n3 p 'iti6s3 s 6ia' 6(st ms3 "abits3 and a'' t"er aspe6ts ! t"eir 6('t(re. I! t"e pe p'e are 4n 7n t be enemies r are (n4n 7ns3 ma4e e)ery e!! rt t a) id any 6 nta6t and 'ea)e n si$n ! y (r presen6e. A basi6 4n 7'ed$e ! t"e dai'y "abits ! t"e ' 6a' pe p'e 7i'' be essentia' in t"is attempt. I! a!ter 6are!(' bser)ati n y ( determine t"at an (n4n 7n pe p'e are !riend'y3 y ( may 6 nta6t t"em i! y ( abs '(te'y need t"eir "e'p. Us(a''y3 y ( "a)e 'itt'e t !ear and m(6" t $ain !r m 6a(ti (s and respe6t!(' 6 nta6t 7it" ' 6a' pe p'e ! !riend'y r ne(tra' 6 (ntries. I! y ( be6 me !ami'iar 7it" t"e ' 6a' 6(st ms3 disp'ay 6 mm n de6en6y3 and m st imp rtant3 s" 7 respe6t ! r t"eir 6(st ms3 y ( s" ('d be ab'e t a) id tr (b'e and p ssib'y $ain needed "e'p. - ma4e 6 nta6t3 7ait (nti' n'y ne pers n is near and3 i! p ssib'e3 'et t"at pers n ma4e t"e initia' appr a6". M st pe p'e 7i'' be 7i''in$ t "e'p a s(r)i) r 7" appears t be in need. 1 7e)er3 ' 6a' p 'iti6a' attit(des3 instr(6ti n3 r pr pa$anda e!! rts may 6"an$e t"e attit(des ! t"er7ise !riend'y pe p'e. 0 n)erse'y3 in (n!riend'y 6 (ntries3 many pe p'e3 espe6ia''y in rem te areas3 may !ee' anim sity t 7ard t"eir p 'iti6ians and may be m re !riend'y t 7ard a s(r)i) r. -"e 4ey t s(66ess!(' 6 nta6t 7it" ' 6a' pe p'es is t be !riend'y3 6 (rte (s3 and patient. Disp'ayin$ !ear3 s" 7in$ 7eap ns3 and ma4in$ s(dden r t"reatenin$ m )ements 6an 6a(se a ' 6a' pers n t !ear y (. S(6" a6ti ns 6an pr mpt a " sti'e resp nse. &"en attemptin$ a 6 nta6t3 smi'e as !ten as y ( 6an. Many ' 6a' pe p'es are s"y and seem (nappr a6"ab'e3 r t"ey may i$n re y (. Appr a6" t"em s' 7'y and d n t r(s" y (r 6 nta6t.
T. SURVIVOR<S # .AVIOR
Use sa't3 t ba66 3 si')er m ney3 and simi'ar items dis6reet'y 7"en tradin$ 7it" ' 6a' pe p'e. #aper m ney is 7e''-4n 7n 7 r'd7ide. D n t )erpayI it may 'ead t embarrassment and e)en dan$er. A'7ays treat pe p'e 7it" respe6t. D n t b(''y t"em r 'a($" at t"em. Usin$ si$n 'an$(a$e r a6tin$ (t needs r 5(esti ns 6an be )ery e!!e6ti)e. Many pe p'e are (sed t s(6" 'an$(a$e and 6 mm(ni6ate (sin$ n n)erba' si$n 'an$(a$e. -ry t 'earn a !e7 7 rds and p"rases ! t"e ' 6a' 'an$(a$e in and ar (nd y (r p tentia' area ! perati ns. -ryin$ t spea4 s me neGs 'an$(a$e is ne ! t"e best 7ays t s" 7 respe6t ! r "is 6('t(re. Sin6e ,n$'is" is 7ide'y (sed3 s me ! t"e ' 6a' pe p'e may (nderstand a !e7 7 rds ! ,n$'is". S me areas may be tab . -"ey ran$e !r m re'i$i (s r sa6red p'a6es t diseased r dan$er areas. In s me areas3 6ertain anima's m(st n t be 4i''ed. Learn t"e r('es and ! '' 7 t"em. &at6" and 'earn as m(6" as p ssib'e. S(6" a6ti ns 7i'' "e'p t stren$t"en re'ati ns and pr )ide ne7 4n 7'ed$e and s4i''s t"at may be )ery imp rtant 'ater. See4 ad)i6e n ' 6a' "a2ards and !ind (t !r m !riend'y pe p'e 7"ere t"e " sti'e pe p'e are. A'7ays remember t"at pe p'e !re5(ent'y insist t"at t"er pe p'es are " sti'e3 simp'y be6a(se t"ey d n t (nderstand di!!erent 6('t(res and distant pe p'es. -"e pe p'e t"ey 6an (s(a''y tr(st are t"eir immediate nei$"b rs--m(6" t"e same as in (r 7n nei$"b r" d. Fre5(ent'y3 ' 6a' pe p'e3 'i4e (rse')es3 7i'' s(!!er !r m 6 nta$i (s diseases. .(i'd a separate s"e'ter3 i! p ssib'e3 and a) id p"ysi6a' 6 nta6t 7it" (t $i)in$ t"e impressi n ! d in$ s . #ers na''y prepare y (r ! d and drin43 i! y ( 6an d s 7it" (t $i)in$ !!ense. Fre5(ent'y3 t"e ' 6a' pe p'e 7i'' a66ept t"e (se ! Jpers na' r re'i$i (s 6(st mJ as an e@p'anati n ! r is 'ati nist be"a)i r. .arter3 r tradin$3 is 6 mm n in m re primiti)e s 6ieties. 1ard 6 in is (s(a''y $ d3 7"et"er ! r its e@6"an$e )a'(e r as Ae7e'ry r trin4ets. In is 'ated areas3 mat6"es3 t ba66 3 sa't3 ra2 r b'ades3 empty 6 ntainers3 r 6' t" may be 7 rt" m re t"an any ! rm ! m ney. .e )ery 6a(ti (s 7"en t (6"in$ pe p'e. Many pe p'e 6 nsider Jt (6"in$J tab and s(6" a6ti ns may be dan$er (s. A) id se@(a' 6 nta6t. 1 spita'ity am n$ s me pe p'e is s(6" a str n$ 6('t(ra' trait t"at t"ey may seri (s'y red(6e t"eir 7n s(pp'ies t !eed a stran$er. A66ept 7"at t"ey !!er and s"are it e5(a''y 7it" a'' present. ,at in t"e same 7ay t"ey eat and3 m st imp rtant3 try t eat a'' t"ey !!er. I! y ( ma4e any pr mises3 4eep t"em. Respe6t pers na' pr perty and ' 6a' 6(st ms and manners3 e)en i! t"ey seem dd. Ma4e s me 4ind ! payment ! r ! d3 s(pp'ies3 and s ! rt". Respe6t pri)a6y. D n t enter a " (se (n'ess in)ited.
C.AN/ S TO POLITICAL ALL /IANC

In t dayGs 7 r'd ! !ast-pa6ed internati na' p 'iti6s3 p 'iti6a' attit(des and 6 mmitments 7it"in nati ns are s(bAe6t t rapid 6"an$e. -"e p p('ati n ! many 6 (ntries3 espe6ia''y p 'iti6a''y " sti'e 6 (ntries3 m(st n t be 6 nsidered !riend'y A(st be6a(se t"ey d n t dem nstrate pen " sti'ity. Un'ess brie!ed t t"e 6 ntraryI a) id a'' 6 nta6t 7it" s(6" pe p'e.
CHAPTER 47 - SURVIVAL IN MAN-MADE HA>ARDS
8uclear" chemical" and biological weapons have become potential realities on any modern battle!ield. Recent e+perience in A!ghanistan" 1ambodia" and other areas o! con!lict has proved the use o! chemical and biological weapons &such as mycoto+ins'. The war!ighting doctrine o! the 8AT0 and arsaw :act nations addresses the use o! both nuclear and chemical weapons. The potential use o! these weapons intensi!ies the problems o! survival because o! the serious dangers posed by either radioactive !allout or contamination produced by persistent biological or chemical agents. @ou must use special precautions i! you e+pect to survive in these man%made ha*ards. I! you are sub$ected to any o! the e!!ects o! nuclear" chemical" or biological war!are" the survival procedures recommended in this chapter may save your li!e. This chapter presents some background in!ormation on each type o! ha*ard so that you may better understand the true nature o! the ha*ard. Awareness o! the ha*ards" knowledge o! this chapter" and application o! common sense should keep you alive.
T. NUCL AR NVIRON0 NT
#repare y (rse'! t s(r)i)e in a n(6'ear en)ir nment. 9n 7 " 7 t rea6t t a n(6'ear "a2ard.
E55e-t$ "5 N -%e!& We!p"#$

-"e e!!e6ts ! n(6'ear 7eap ns are 6'assi!ied as eit"er initia' r resid(a'. Initia' e!!e6ts 66(r in t"e immediate area ! t"e e@p' si n and are "a2ard (s in t"e !irst min(te a!ter t"e e@p' si n. Resid(a' e!!e6ts 6an 'ast ! r days r years and 6a(se deat". -"e prin6ipa' initia' e!!e6ts are b'ast and radiati n. #last De!ined as t"e brie! and rapid m )ement ! air a7ay !r m t"e e@p' si nGs 6enter and t"e press(re a66 mpanyin$ t"is m )ement. Str n$ 7inds a66 mpany t"e b'ast. .'ast "(r's debris and pers nne'3 6 ''apses '(n$s3 r(pt(res eardr(ms3 6 ''apses str(6t(res and p siti ns3 and 6a(ses immediate deat" r inA(ry 7it" its 6r(s"in$ e!!e6t. Ther"al Radiation -"e "eat and 'i$"t radiati n a n(6'ear e@p' si nGs !ireba'' emits. Li$"t radiati n 6 nsists ! b t" )isib'e 'i$"t and ('tra)i 'et and in!rared 'i$"t. -"erma' radiati n pr d(6es e@tensi)e !ires3 s4in b(rns3 and !'as" b'indness. Nuclear Radiation N(6'ear radiati n brea4s d 7n int t7 6ate$ ries-initia' radiati n and resid(a' radiati n. Initia' n(6'ear radiati n 6 nsists ! intense $amma rays and ne(tr ns pr d(6ed d(rin$ t"e !irst min(te a!ter t"e e@p' si n. -"is radiati n 6a(ses e@tensi)e dama$e t 6e''s t"r ($" (t t"e b dy. Radiati n dama$e may 6a(se "eada6"es3 na(sea3 ) mitin$3 diarr"ea3 and e)en deat"3 dependin$ n t"e radiati n d se re6ei)ed. -"e maA r pr b'em in pr te6tin$ y (rse'! a$ainst t"e initia' radiati nGs e!!e6ts is t"at y (
may "a)e re6ei)ed a 'et"a' r in6apa6itatin$ d se be! re ta4in$ any pr te6ti)e a6ti n. #ers nne' e@p sed t 'et"a' am (nts ! initia' radiati n may 7e'' "a)e been 4i''ed r !ata''y inA(red by b'ast r t"erma' radiati n. Resid(a' radiati n 6 nsists ! a'' radiati n pr d(6ed a!ter ne min(te !r m t"e e@p' si n. It "as m re e!!e6t n y ( t"an initia' radiati n. A dis6(ssi n ! resid(a' radiati n ta4es p'a6e in a s(bse5(ent para$rap".
T1pe$ "5 N -%e!& B &$t$

-"ere are t"ree types ! n(6'ear b(rsts--airb(rst3 s(r!a6e b(rst3 and s(bs(r!a6e b(rst. -"e type ! b(rst dire6t'y a!!e6ts y (r 6"an6es ! s(r)i)a'. A s(bs(r!a6e b(rst 66(rs 6 mp'ete'y (nder$r (nd r (nder7ater. Its e!!e6ts remain beneat" t"e s(r!a6e r in t"e immediate area 7"ere t"e s(r!a6e 6 ''apses int a 6rater )er t"e b(rstGs ' 6ati n. S(bs(r!a6e b(rsts 6a(se y ( 'itt'e r n radi a6ti)e "a2ard (n'ess y ( enter t"e immediate area ! t"e 6rater. N !(rt"er dis6(ssi n ! t"is type ! b(rst 7i'' ta4e p'a6e. An airb(rst 66(rs in t"e air ab )e its intended tar$et. -"e airb(rst pr )ides t"e ma@im(m radiati n e!!e6t n t"e tar$et and is3 t"ere! re3 m st dan$er (s t y ( in terms ! immediate n(6'ear e!!e6ts. A s(r!a6e b(rst 66(rs n t"e $r (nd r 7ater s(r!a6e. Lar$e am (nts ! !a'' (t res('t3 7it" seri (s ' n$term e!!e6ts ! r y (. -"is type ! b(rst is y (r greatest n(6'ear "a2ard.
N -%e!& I#G &ie$

M st inA(ries in t"e n(6'ear en)ir nment res('t !r m t"e initia' n(6'ear e!!e6ts ! t"e det nati n. -"ese inA(ries are 6'assed as b'ast3 t"erma'3 r radiati n inA(ries. F(rt"er radiati n inA(ries may 66(r i! y ( d n t ta4e pr per pre6a(ti ns a$ainst !a'' (t. Indi)id(a's in t"e area near a n(6'ear e@p' si n 7i'' pr bab'y s(!!er a 6 mbinati n ! a'' t"ree types ! inA(ries. #last In+uries .'ast inA(ries pr d(6ed by n(6'ear 7eap ns are simi'ar t t" se 6a(sed by 6 n)enti na' "i$"-e@p' si)e 7eap ns. .'ast )erpress(re 6an pr d(6e 6 ''apsed '(n$s and r(pt(red interna' r$ans. #r Ae6ti'e 7 (nds 66(r as t"e e@p' si nGs ! r6e "(r's debris at y (. Lar$e pie6es ! debris stri4in$ y ( 7i'' 6a(se !ra6t(red 'imbs r massi)e interna' inA(ries. .'ast )er-press(re may t"r 7 y ( ' n$ distan6es3 and y ( 7i'' s(!!er se)ere inA(ry (p n impa6t 7it" t"e $r (nd r t"er bAe6ts. S(bstantia' 6 )er and distan6e !r m t"e e@p' si n are t"e best pr te6ti n a$ainst b'ast inA(ry. 0 )er b'ast inA(ry 7 (nds as s n as p ssib'e t pre)ent t"e entry ! radi a6ti)e d(st parti6'es. Ther"al In+uries -"e "eat and 'i$"t t"e n(6'ear !ireba'' emits 6a(ses t"erma' inA(ries. First-3 se6 nd-3 r t"ird-de$ree b(rns may res('t. F'as" b'indness a's 66(rs. -"is b'indness may be permanent r temp rary dependin$ n t"e de$ree ! e@p s(re ! t"e eyes. S(bstantia' 6 )er and distan6e !r m t"e e@p' si n 6an pre)ent t"erma' inA(ries. 0' t"in$ 7i'' pr )ide si$ni!i6ant pr te6ti n a$ainst t"erma' inA(ries. 0 )er as m(6" e@p sed s4in as p ssib'e be! re a n(6'ear e@p' si n. First aid ! r t"erma' inA(ries is t"e same as !irst aid ! r b(rns. 0 )er pen b(rns Dse6 nd- r t"ird-de$reeE t pre)ent t"e entry ! radi a6ti)e parti6'es. &as" a'' b(rns be! re 6 )erin$. Radiation In+uries Ne(tr ns3 $amma radiati n3 a'p"a radiati n3 and beta radiati n 6a(se radiati n inA(ries. Ne(tr ns are "i$"-speed3 e@treme'y penetratin$ parti6'es t"at a6t(a''y smas" 6e''s 7it"in y (r b dy. *amma radiati n is simi'ar t C rays and is a's a "i$"'y penetratin$ radiati n. D(rin$ t"e initia' !ireba'' sta$e ! a n(6'ear det nati n3 initia' $amma radiati n and ne(tr ns are t"e m st seri (s t"reat. .eta and a'p"a radiati n are radi a6ti)e parti6'es n rma''y ass 6iated 7it" radi a6ti)e d(st !r m !a'' (t. -"ey are s" rt-ran$e parti6'es and y ( 6an easi'y pr te6t y (rse'! a$ainst t"em i! y ( ta4e pre6a(ti ns. See ?odily Reactions to Radiation" be' 73 ! r t"e sympt ms ! radiati n inA(ries.
Re$i( !% R!(i!ti"#
Resid(a' radiati n is a'' radiati n emitted a!ter 1 min(te !r m t"e instant ! t"e n(6'ear e@p' si n. Resid(a' radiati n 6 nsists ! ind(6ed radiati n and !a'' (t. Induced Radiation It des6ribes a re'ati)e'y sma''3 intense'y radi a6ti)e area dire6t'y (nderneat" t"e n(6'ear 7eap nGs !ireba''. -"e irradiated eart" in t"is area 7i'' remain "i$"'y radi a6ti)e ! r an e@treme'y ' n$ time. Y ( s" ('d n t tra)e' int an area ! ind(6ed radiati n. 'allout Fa'' (t 6 nsists ! radi a6ti)e s i' and 7ater parti6'es3 as 7e'' as 7eap n !ra$ments. D(rin$ a s(r!a6e det nati n3 r i! an airb(rstGs n(6'ear !ireba'' t (6"es t"e $r (nd3 'ar$e am (nts ! s i' and 7ater are )ap ri2ed a' n$ 7it" t"e b mbGs !ra$ments3 and ! r6ed (p7ard t a'tit(des ! 2:3=== meters r m re. &"en t"ese )ap ri2ed 6 ntents 6 '3 t"ey 6an ! rm m re t"an 2== di!!erent radi a6ti)e pr d(6ts. -"e )ap ri2ed b mb 6 ntents 6 ndense int tiny radi a6ti)e parti6'es t"at t"e 7ind 6arries and t"ey !a'' ba64 t eart" as radi a6ti)e d(st. Fa'' (t parti6'es emit a'p"a3 beta3 and $amma radiati n. A'p"a and beta radiati n are re'ati)e'y easy t 6 (ntera6t3 and resid(a' $amma radiati n is m(6" 'ess intense t"an t"e $amma radiati n emitted d(rin$ t"e !irst min(te a!ter t"e e@p' si n. Fa'' (t is y (r m st si$ni!i6ant radiati n "a2ard3 pr )ided y ( "a)e n t re6ei)ed a 'et"a' radiati n d se !r m t"e initia' radiati n.
B"(i%1 Re!-ti"#$ t" R!(i!ti"#

-"e e!!e6ts ! radiati n n t"e "(man b dy 6an be br ad'y 6'assed as eit"er 6"r ni6 r a6(te. 0"r ni6 e!!e6ts are t" se t"at 66(r s me years a!ter e@p s(re t radiati n. ,@amp'es are 6an6er and $eneti6 de!e6ts. 0"r ni6 e!!e6ts are ! min r 6 n6ern ins !ar as t"ey a!!e6t y (r immediate s(r)i)a' in a radi a6ti)e en)ir nment. /n t"e t"er "and3 a6(te e!!e6ts are ! primary imp rtan6e t y (r s(r)i)a'. S me a6(te e!!e6ts 66(r 7it"in " (rs a!ter e@p s(re t radiati n. -"ese e!!e6ts res('t !r m t"e radiati nGs dire6t p"ysi6a' dama$e t tiss(e. Radiati n si64ness and beta b(rns are e@amp'es ! a6(te e!!e6ts. Radiati n si64ness sympt ms in6'(de na(sea3 diarr"ea3 ) mitin$3 !ati$(e3 7ea4ness3 and ' ss ! "air. #enetratin$ beta rays 6a(se radiati n b(rnsI t"e 7 (nds are simi'ar t !ire b(rns. Reco(ery Capa6ility -"e e@tent ! b dy dama$e depends main'y n t"e part ! t"e b dy e@p sed t radiati n and " 7 ' n$ it 7as e@p sed3 as 7e'' as its abi'ity t re6 )er. -"e brain and 4idneys "a)e 'itt'e re6 )ery 6apabi'ity. /t"er parts Ds4in and b ne marr 7E "a)e a $reat abi'ity t re6 )er !r m dama$e. Us(a''y3 a d se ! 6== 6enti$rams D6$ysE t t"e entire b dy 7i'' res('t in a'm st 6ertain deat". I! n'y y (r "ands re6ei)ed t"is same d se3 y (r )era'' "ea't" 7 ('d n t s(!!er m(6"3 a't" ($" y (r "ands 7 ('d s(!!er se)ere dama$e. 4ternal and Internal .azards An e@terna' r an interna' "a2ard 6an 6a(se b dy dama$e. 1i$"'y penetratin$ $amma radiati n r t"e 'ess penetratin$ beta radiati n t"at 6a(ses b(rns 6an 6a(se e@terna' dama$e. -"e entry ! a'p"a r beta radiati n-emittin$ parti6'es int t"e b dy 6an 6a(se interna' dama$e. -"e e@terna' "a2ard pr d(6es )era'' irradiati n and beta b(rns. -"e interna' "a2ard res('ts in irradiati n ! 6riti6a' r$ans s(6" as t"e $astr intestina' tra6t3 t"yr id $'and3 and b ne. A )ery sma'' am (nt ! radi a6ti)e materia' 6an 6a(se e@treme dama$e t t"ese and t"er interna' r$ans. -"e interna' "a2ard 6an enter t"e b dy eit"er t"r ($" 6 ns(mpti n ! 6 ntaminated 7ater r ! d r by abs rpti n t"r ($" 6(ts r abrasi ns. Materia' t"at enters t"e b dy t"r ($" breat"in$ presents n'y a min r "a2ard. Y ( 6an $reat'y red(6e t"e interna' radiati n "a2ard by (sin$ $ d pers na' "y$iene and 6are!(''y de6 ntaminatin$ y (r ! d and 7ater. Sy"pto"s -"e sympt ms ! radiati n inA(ries in6'(de na(sea3 diarr"ea3 and ) mitin$. -"e se)erity ! t"ese sympt ms is d(e t t"e e@treme sensiti)ity ! t"e $astr intestina' tra6t t radiati n. -"e se)erity ! t"e sympt ms and t"e speed ! nset a!ter e@p s(re are $ d indi6at rs ! t"e de$ree ! radiati n dama$e. -"e $astr intestina' dama$e 6an 6 me !r m eit"er t"e e@terna' r t"e interna' radiati n "a2ard.
C" #te&*e!$ &e$ A/!i#$t Pe#et&!ti#/ E3te&#!% R!(i!ti"#

9n 7'ed$e ! t"e radiati n "a2ards dis6(ssed ear'ier is e@treme'y imp rtant in s(r)i)in$ in a !a'' (t area. It is a's 6riti6a' t 4n 7 " 7 t pr te6t y (rse'! !r m t"e m st dan$er (s ! rm ! resid(a' radiati n-penetratin$ e@terna' radiati n.
-"e means y ( 6an (se t pr te6t y (rse'! !r m penetratin$ e@terna' radiati n are time3 distan6e3 and s"ie'din$. Y ( 6an red(6e t"e 'e)e' ! radiati n and "e'p in6rease y (r 6"an6e ! s(r)i)a' by 6 ntr ''in$ t"e d(rati n ! e@p s(re. Y ( 6an a's $et as !ar a7ay !r m t"e radiati n s (r6e as p ssib'e. Fina''y y ( 6an p'a6e s me radiati n-abs rbin$ r s"ie'din$ materia' bet7een y ( and t"e radiati n. Ti"e -ime is imp rtant t y (3 as t"e s(r)i) r3 in t7 7ays. First3 radiati n d sa$es are 6(m('ati)e. -"e ' n$er y ( are e@p sed t a radi a6ti)e s (r6e3 t"e $reater t"e d se y ( 7i'' re6ei)e. /b)i (s'y3 spend as 'itt'e time in a radi a6ti)e area as p ssib'e. Se6 nd3 radi a6ti)ity de6reases r de6ays )er time. -"is 6 n6ept is 4n 7n as radi a6ti)e hal!%li!e. -"(s3 a radi a6ti)e e'ement de6ays r ' ses "a'! ! its radi a6ti)ity 7it"in a 6ertain time. -"e r('e ! t"(mb ! r radi a6ti)ity de6ay is t"at it de6reases in intensity by a !a6t r ! ten ! r e)ery se)en! 'd in6rease in time ! '' 7in$ t"e pea4 radiati n 'e)e'. F r e@amp'e3 i! a n(6'ear !a'' (t area "ad a ma@im(m radiati n rate ! 2== 6$ys per " (r 7"en !a'' (t is 6 mp'ete3 t"is rate 7 ('d !a'' t 2= 6$ys per " (r a!ter 7 " (rsI it 7 ('d !a'' sti'' !(rt"er t 2 6$ys per " (r a!ter 8< " (rs. ,)en an (ntrained bser)er 6an see t"at t"e $reatest "a2ard !r m !a'' (t 66(rs immediate'y a!ter det nati n3 and t"at t"e "a2ard de6reases 5(i64'y )er a re'ati)e'y s" rt time. As a s(r)i) r3 try t a) id !a'' (t areas (nti' t"e radi a6ti)ity de6ays t sa!e 'e)e's. I! y ( 6an a) id !a'' (t areas ' n$ en ($" ! r m st ! t"e radi a6ti)ity t de6ay3 y ( en"an6e y (r 6"an6e ! s(r)i)a'. ,istance Distan6e pr )ides )ery e!!e6ti)e pr te6ti n a$ainst penetratin$ $amma radiati n be6a(se radiati n intensity de6reases by t"e s5(are ! t"e distan6e !r m t"e s (r6e. F r e@amp'e3 i! e@p sed t 13=== 6$ys ! radiati n standin$ %= 6entimeters !r m t"e s (r6e3 at 6= 6entimeters3 y ( 7 ('d n'y re6ei)e 2:= 6$ys. -"(s3 7"en y ( d (b'e t"e distan6e3 radiati n de6reases t D=.:E2 r =.2: t"e am (nt. &"i'e t"is ! rm('a is )a'id ! r 6 n6entrated s (r6es ! radiati n in sma'' areas3 it be6 mes m re 6 mp'i6ated ! r 'ar$e areas ! radiati n s(6" as !a'' (t areas. Shielding S"ie'din$ is t"e m st imp rtant met" d ! pr te6ti n !r m penetratin$ radiati n. /! t"e t"ree 6 (ntermeas(res a$ainst penetratin$ radiati n3 s"ie'din$ pr )ides t"e $reatest pr te6ti n and is t"e easiest t (se (nder s(r)i)a' 6 nditi ns. -"ere! re3 it is t"e m st desirab'e met" d. I! s"ie'din$ is n t p ssib'e3 (se t"e t"er t7 met" ds t t"e ma@im(m e@tent pra6ti6a'. S"ie'din$ a6t(a''y 7 r4s by abs rbin$ r 7ea4enin$ t"e penetratin$ radiati n3 t"ereby red(6in$ t"e am (nt ! radiati n rea6"in$ y (r b dy. -"e denser t"e materia'3 t"e better t"e s"ie'din$ e!!e6t. Lead3 ir n3 6 n6rete3 and 7ater are $ d e@amp'es ! s"ie'din$ materia's. Special 0edical Aspects -"e presen6e ! !a'' (t materia' in y (r area re5(ires s'i$"t 6"an$es in !irst aid pr 6ed(res. Y ( m(st 6 )er a'' 7 (nds t pre)ent 6 ntaminati n and t"e entry ! radi a6ti)e parti6'es. Y ( m(st !irst 7as" b(rns ! beta radiati n3 t"en treat t"em as rdinary b(rns. -a4e e@tra meas(res t pre)ent in!e6ti n. Y (r b dy 7i'' be e@treme'y sensiti)e t in!e6ti ns d(e t 6"an$es in y (r b' d 6"emistry. #ay 6' se attenti n t t"e pre)enti n ! 6 'ds r respirat ry in!e6ti ns. Ri$ r (s'y pra6ti6e pers na' "y$iene t pre)ent in!e6ti ns. 0 )er y (r eyes 7it" impr )ised $ $$'es t pre)ent t"e entry ! parti6'es.
She%te&
As stated ear'ier3 t"e s"ie'din$ materia'Gs e!!e6ti)eness depends n its t"i64ness and density. An amp'e t"i64ness ! s"ie'din$ materia' 7i'' red(6e t"e 'e)e' ! radiati n t ne$'i$ib'e am (nts. -"e primary reas n ! r !indin$ and b(i'din$ a s"e'ter is t $et pr te6ti n a$ainst t"e "i$"-intensity radiati n 'e)e's ! ear'y $amma !a'' (t as !ast as p ssib'e. Fi)e min(tes t ' 6ate t"e s"e'ter is a $ d $(ide. Speed in !indin$ s"e'ter is abs '(te'y essentia'. &it" (t s"e'ter3 t"e d sa$e re6ei)ed in t"e !irst !e7 " (rs 7i'' e@6eed t"at re6ei)ed d(rin$ t"e rest ! a 7ee4 in a 6 ntaminated area. -"e d sa$e re6ei)ed in t"is !irst 7ee4 7i'' e@6eed t"e d sa$e a66(m('ated d(rin$ t"e rest ! a 'i!etime spent in t"e same 6 ntaminated area. Shielding 0aterials -"e t"i64ness re5(ired t 7ea4en $amma radiati n !r m !a'' (t is !ar 'ess t"an t"at needed t s"ie'd a$ainst initia' $amma radiati n. Fa'' (t radiati n "as 'ess ener$y t"an a n(6'ear det nati nGs initia' radiati n. F r !a'' (t radiati n3 a re'ati)e'y sma'' am (nt ! s"ie'din$ materia' 6an pr )ide ade5(ate
pr te6ti n. Fi$(re 2%-1 $i)es an idea ! t"e t"i64ness ! )ari (s materia's needed t red(6e resid(a' $amma radiati n transmissi n by := per6ent.
-"e prin6ip'e ! hal!%value layer thickness is (se!(' in (nderstandin$ t"e abs rpti n ! $amma radiati n by )ari (s materia's. A66 rdin$ t t"is prin6ip'e3 i! : 6entimeters ! bri64 red(6e t"e $amma radiati n 'e)e' by ne-"a'!3 addin$ an t"er : 6entimeters ! bri64 Dan t"er "a'!-)a'(e 'ayerE 7i'' red(6e t"e intensity by an t"er "a'!3 name'y3 t ne-! (rt" t"e ri$ina' am (nt. Fi!teen 6entimeters 7i'' red(6e $amma radiati n !a'' (t 'e)e's t ne-ei$"t" its ri$ina' am (nt3 2= 6entimeters t ne-si@teent"3 and s n. -"(s3 a s"e'ter pr te6ted by 1 meter ! dirt 7 ('d red(6e a radiati n intensity ! 13=== 6$ys per " (r n t"e (tside t ab (t =.: 6$y per " (r inside t"e s"e'ter. Natural Shelters -errain t"at pr )ides nat(ra' s"ie'din$ and easy s"e'ter 6 nstr(6ti n is t"e idea' ' 6ati n ! r an emer$en6y s"e'ter. * d e@amp'es are dit6"es3 ra)ines3 r 64y (t6r ppin$3 "i''s3 and ri)er ban4s. In 'e)e' areas 7it" (t nat(ra' pr te6ti n3 di$ a !i$"tin$ p siti n r s'it tren6". Trenches &"en di$$in$ a tren6"3 7 r4 !r m inside t"e tren6" as s n as it is 'ar$e en ($" t 6 )er part ! y (r b dy t"ereby n t e@p sin$ a'' y (r b dy t radiati n. In pen 6 (ntry3 try t di$ t"e tren6" !r m a pr ne p siti n3 sta64in$ t"e dirt 6are!(''y and e)en'y ar (nd t"e tren6". /n 'e)e' $r (nd3 pi'e t"e dirt ar (nd y (r b dy ! r additi na' s"ie'din$. Dependin$ (p n s i' 6 nditi ns3 s"e'ter 6 nstr(6ti n time 7i'' )ary !r m a !e7 min(tes t a !e7 " (rs. I! y ( di$ as 5(i64'y as p ssib'e3 y ( 7i'' red(6e t"e d sa$e y ( re6ei)e. Other Shelters &"i'e an (nder$r (nd s"e'ter 6 )ered by 1 meter r m re ! eart" pr )ides t"e best pr te6ti n a$ainst !a'' (t radiati n3 t"e ! '' 7in$ (n 66(pied str(6t(res Din rder 'istedE !!er t"e ne@t best pr te6ti nL

0a)es and t(nne's 6 )ered by m re t"an 1 meter ! eart". St rm r st ra$e 6e''ars. 0(')erts. .asements r 6e''ars ! aband ned b(i'din$s. Aband ned b(i'din$s made ! st ne r m(d.
Roo$s It is n t mandat ry t"at y ( b(i'd a r ! n y (r s"e'ter. .(i'd ne n'y i! t"e materia's are readi'y a)ai'ab'e 7it" n'y a brie! e@p s(re t (tside 6 ntaminati n. I! b(i'din$ a r ! 7 ('d re5(ire e@tended e@p s(re t penetratin$ radiati n3 it 7 ('d be 7iser t 'ea)e t"e s"e'ter r !'ess. A r !Gs s 'e !(n6ti n is t red(6e radiati n !r m t"e !a'' (t s (r6e t y (r b dy. Un'ess y ( (se a t"i64 r !3 a r ! pr )ides )ery 'itt'e s"ie'din$.
Y ( 6an 6 nstr(6t a simp'e r ! !r m a p n6" an6" red d 7n 7it" dirt3 r 64s3 r t"er re!(se !r m y (r s"e'ter. Y ( 6an rem )e 'ar$e parti6'es ! dirt and debris !r m t"e t p ! t"e p n6" by beatin$ it !! !r m t"e inside at !re5(ent inter)a's. -"is 6 )er 7i'' n t !!er s"ie'din$ !r m t"e radi a6ti)e parti6'es dep sited n t"e s(r!a6e3 b(t it 7i'' in6rease t"e distan6e !r m t"e !a'' (t s (r6e and 4eep t"e s"e'ter area !r m !(rt"er 6 ntaminati n. S"e'ter Site Se'e6ti n and #reparati n - red(6e y (r e@p s(re time and t"ereby red(6e t"e d sa$e re6ei)ed3 remember t"e ! '' 7in$ !a6t rs 7"en se'e6tin$ and settin$ (p a s"e'terL

&"ere p ssib'e3 see4 a 6r(de3 e@istin$ s"e'ter t"at y ( 6an impr )e. I! n ne is a)ai'ab'e3 di$ a tren6". Di$ t"e s"e'ter deep en ($" t $et $ d pr te6ti n3 t"en en'ar$e it as re5(ired ! r 6 m! rt. 0 )er t"e t p ! t"e !i$"tin$ p siti n r tren6" 7it" any readi'y a)ai'ab'e materia' and a t"i64 'ayer ! eart"3 i! y ( 6an d s 7it" (t 'ea)in$ t"e s"e'ter. &"i'e a r ! and 6am (!'a$e are b t" desirab'e3 it is pr bab'y sa!er t d 7it" (t t"em t"an t e@p se y (rse'! t radiati n (tside y (r !i$"tin$ p siti n. &"i'e b(i'din$ y (r s"e'ter3 4eep a'' parts ! y (r b dy 6 )ered 7it" 6' t"in$ t pr te6t it a$ainst beta b(rns. 0'ean t"e s"e'ter site ! any s(r!a6e dep sit (sin$ a bran6" r t"er bAe6t t"at y ( 6an dis6ard. D t"is 6'eanin$ t rem )e 6 ntaminated materia's !r m t"e area y ( 7i'' 66(py. -"e 6'eaned area s" ('d e@tend at 'east 1.: meters bey nd y (r s"e'terGs area. De6 ntaminate any materia's y ( brin$ int t"e s"e'ter. -"ese materia's in6'(de $rass r ! 'ia$e t"at y ( (se as ins('ati n r beddin$3 and y (r (ter 6' t"in$ Despe6ia''y ! t$earE. I! t"e 7eat"er permits and y ( "a)e "ea)i'y 6 ntaminated (ter 6' t"in$3 y ( may 7ant t rem )e it and b(ry it (nder a ! t ! eart" at t"e end ! y (r s"e'ter. Y ( may retrie)e it 'ater Da!ter t"e radi a6ti)ity de6aysE 7"en 'ea)in$ t"e s"e'ter. I! t"e 6' t"in$ is dry3 y ( may de6 ntaminate it by beatin$ r s"a4in$ it (tside t"e s"e'terGs entran6e t rem )e t"e radi a6ti)e d(st. Y ( may (se any b dy ! 7ater3 e)en t" ($" 6 ntaminated3 t rid materia's ! e@6ess !a'' (t parti6'es. Simp'y dip t"e materia' int t"e 7ater and s"a4e it t $et rid ! t"e e@6ess 7ater. D n t 7rin$ it (t3 t"is a6ti n 7i'' trap t"e parti6'es. I! at a'' p ssib'e and 7it" (t 'ea)in$ t"e s"e'ter3 7as" y (r b dy t" r ($"'y 7it" s ap and 7ater3 e)en i! t"e 7ater n "and may be 6 ntaminated. -"is 7as"in$ 7i'' rem )e m st ! t"e "arm!(' radi a6ti)e parti6'es t"at are 'i4e'y t 6a(se beta b(rns r t"er dama$e. I! 7ater is n t a)ai'ab'e3 7ipe y (r !a6e and any t"er e@p sed s4in s(r!a6e t rem )e 6 ntaminated d(st and dirt. Y ( may 7ipe y (r !a6e 7it" a 6'ean pie6e ! 6' t" r a "and!(' ! (n6 ntaminated dirt. Y ( $et t"is (n6 ntaminated dirt by s6rapin$ !! t"e t p !e7 in6"es ! s i' and (sin$ t"e J6'eanJ dirt. Up n 6 mp'etin$ t"e s"e'ter3 'ie d 7n3 4eep 7arm3 and s'eep and rest as m(6" as p ssib'e 7"i'e in t"e s"e'ter. &"en n t restin$3 4eep b(sy by p'annin$ !(t(re a6ti ns3 st(dyin$ y (r maps3 r ma4in$ t"e s"e'ter m re 6 m! rtab'e and e!!e6ti)e. D nGt pani6 i! y ( e@perien6e na(sea and sympt ms ! radiati n si64ness. Y (r main dan$er !r m radiati n si64ness is in!e6ti n. -"ere is n !irst aid ! r t"is si64ness. Restin$3 drin4in$ !'(ids3 ta4in$ any medi6ine t"at pre)ents ) mitin$3 maintainin$ y (r ! d inta4e3 and pre)entin$ additi na' e@p s(re 7i'' "e'p a) id in!e6ti n and aid re6 )ery. ,)en sma'' d ses ! radiati n 6an 6a(se t"ese sympt ms 7"i6" may disappear in a s" rt time.
4posure Ti"eta6le -"e ! '' 7in$ timetab'e pr )ides y ( 7it" t"e in! rmati n needed t a) id re6ei)in$ seri (s d sa$e and sti'' 'et y ( 6 pe 7it" s(r)i)a' pr b'emsL

0 mp'ete is 'ati n !r m 8 t 6 days ! '' 7in$ de'i)ery ! t"e 'ast 7eap n. A )ery brie! e@p s(re t pr 6(re 7ater n t"e t"ird day is permissib'e3 b(t e@p s(re s" ('d n t e@6eed %= min(tes. /ne e@p s(re ! n t m re t"an %= min(tes n t"e se)ent" day.
/ne e@p s(re ! n t m re t"an 1 " (r n t"e ei$"t" day. ,@p s(re ! 2 t 8 " (rs !r m t"e nint" day t"r ($" t"e t7e'!t" day. N rma' perati n3 ! '' 7ed by rest in a pr te6ted s"e'ter3 !r m t"e t"irteent" day n. In a'' instan6es3 ma4e y (r e@p s(res as brie! as p ssib'e. 0 nsider n'y mandat ry re5(irements as )a'id reas ns ! r e@p s(re. De6 ntaminate at e)ery st p.
-"e times $i)en ab )e are 6 nser)ati)e. I! ! r6ed t m )e a!ter t"e !irst r se6 nd day3 y ( may d s 3 Ma4e s(re t"at t"e e@p s(re is n ' n$er t"an abs '(te'y ne6essary.
W!te& P&"- &e*e#t

In a !a'' (t-6 ntaminated area3 a)ai'ab'e 7ater s (r6es may be 6 ntaminated. I! y ( 7ait at 'east 8; " (rs be! re drin4in$ any 7ater t a'' 7 ! r radi a6ti)e de6ay t ta4e p'a6e and se'e6t t"e sa!est p ssib'e 7ater s (r6e3 y ( 7i'' $reat'y red(6e t"e dan$er ! in$estin$ "arm!(' am (nts ! radi a6ti)ity. A't" ($" many !a6t rs D7ind dire6ti n3 rain!a''3 sedimentE 7i'' in!'(en6e y (r 6" i6e in se'e6tin$ 7ater s (r6es3 6 nsider t"e ! '' 7in$ $(ide'ines. Sa$est 3ater Sources &ater !r m sprin$s3 7e''s3 r t"er (nder$r (nd s (r6es t"at (nder$ nat(ra' !i'trati n 7i'' be y (r sa!est s (r6e. Any 7ater ! (nd in t"e pipes r 6 ntainers ! aband ned " (ses r st res 7i'' a's be !ree !r m radi a6ti)e parti6'es. -"is 7ater 7i'' be sa!e t drin43 a't" ($" y ( 7i'' "a)e t ta4e pre6a(ti ns a$ainst ba6teria in t"e 7ater. Sn 7 ta4en !r m 1: r m re 6entimeters be' 7 t"e s(r!a6e d(rin$ t"e !a'' (t is a's a sa!e s (r6e ! 7ater. Strea"s and Ri(ers &ater !r m streams and ri)ers 7i'' be re'ati)e'y !ree !r m !a'' (t 7it"in se)era' days a!ter t"e 'ast n(6'ear e@p' si n be6a(se ! di'(ti n. I! at a'' p ssib'e3 !i'ter s(6" 7ater be! re drin4in$ t $et rid ! radi a6ti)e parti6'es. -"e best !i'trati n met" d is t di$ sediment " 'es r seepa$e basins a' n$ t"e side ! a 7ater s (r6e. -"e 7ater 7i'' seep 'atera''y int t"e " 'e t"r ($" t"e inter)enin$ s i' t"at a6ts as a !i'terin$ a$ent and rem )es t"e 6 ntaminated !a'' (t parti6'es t"at sett'ed n t"e ri$ina' b dy ! 7ater. -"is met" d 6an rem )e (p t << per6ent ! t"e radi a6ti)ity in 7ater. Y ( m(st 6 )er t"e " 'e in s me 7ay in rder t pre)ent !(rt"er 6 ntaminati n. See Fi$(re 6-< ! r an e@amp'e ! a 7ater !i'ter. Standing 3ater &ater !r m 'a4es3 p 's3 p nds3 and t"er standin$ s (r6es is 'i4e'y t be "ea)i'y 6 ntaminated3 t" ($" m st ! t"e "ea)ier3 ' n$-'i)ed radi a6ti)e is t pes 7i'' sett'e t t"e b tt m. Use t"e sett'in$ te6"ni5(e t p(ri!y t"is 7ater. First3 !i'' a b(64et r t"er deep 6 ntainer t"ree-! (rt"s !('' 7it" 6 ntaminated 7ater. -"en ta4e dirt !r m a dept" ! 1= r m re 6entimeters be' 7 t"e $r (nd s(r!a6e and stir it int t"e 7ater. Use ab (t 2.: 6entimeters ! dirt ! r e)ery 1= 6entimeters ! 7ater. Stir t"e 7ater (nti' y ( see m st dirt parti6'es s(spended in t"e 7ater. Let t"e mi@t(re sett'e ! r at 'east 6 " (rs. -"e sett'in$ dirt parti6'es 7i'' 6arry m st ! t"e s(spended !a'' (t parti6'es t t"e b tt m and 6 )er t"em. Y ( 6an t"en dip (t t"e 6'ear 7ater. #(ri!y t"is 7ater (sin$ a !i'trati n de)i6e. Additional Precautions As an additi na' pre6a(ti n a$ainst disease3 treat a'' 7ater 7it" 7ater p(ri!i6ati n tab'ets !r m y (r s(r)i)a' 4it r b i' it.
F""( P&"- &e*e#t
A't" ($" it is a seri (s pr b'em t btain edib'e ! d in a radiati n-6 ntaminated area3 it is n t imp ssib'e t s ')e. Y ( need t ! '' 7 a !e7 spe6ia' pr 6ed(res in se'e6tin$ and preparin$ rati ns and ' 6a' ! ds ! r (se. Sin6e se6(re pa64a$in$ pr te6ts y (r 6 mbat rati ns3 t"ey 7i'' be per!e6t'y sa!e ! r (se. S(pp'ement y (r rati ns 7it" any ! d y ( 6an !ind n trips (tside y (r s"e'ter. M st pr 6essed ! ds y ( may !ind in aband ned b(i'din$s are sa!e ! r (se a!ter de6 ntaminatin$ t"em. -"ese in6'(de 6anned and pa64a$ed ! ds a!ter rem )in$ t"e 6 ntainers r 7rappers r 7as"in$ t"em !ree ! !a'' (t parti6'es. -"ese pr 6essed ! ds a's in6'(de ! d st red in any 6' sed 6 ntainer and ! d st red in pr te6ted areas Ds(6" as 6e''arsE3 i! y ( 7as" t"em be! re eatin$. &as" a'' ! d 6 ntainers r 7rappers be! re "and'in$ t"em t pre)ent !(rt"er 6 ntaminati n. I! 'itt'e r n pr 6essed ! d is a)ai'ab'e in y (r area3 y ( may "a)e t s(pp'ement y (r diet 7it" ' 6a' ! d s (r6es. L 6a' ! d s (r6es are anima's and p'ants. Ani"als as a 'ood Source Ass(me t"at a'' anima's3 re$ard'ess ! t"eir "abitat r 'i)in$ 6 nditi ns3 7ere e@p sed t radiati n. -"e e!!e6ts ! radiati n n anima's are simi'ar t t" se n "(mans. -"(s3 m st ! t"e 7i'd anima's 'i)in$ in a !a'' (t area are 'i4e'y t be6 me si64 r die !r m radiati n d(rin$ t"e !irst m nt" a!ter t"e n(6'ear e@p' si n. ,)en t" ($" anima's may n t be !ree !r m "arm!(' radi a6ti)e materia's3 y ( 6an and m(st (se t"em in s(r)i)a' 6 nditi ns as a ! d s (r6e i! t"er ! ds are n t a)ai'ab'e. &it" 6are!(' preparati n and by ! '' 7in$ se)era' imp rtant prin6ip'es3 anima's 6an be sa!e ! d s (r6es. First3 d n t eat an anima' t"at appears t be si64. It may "a)e de)e' ped a ba6teria' in!e6ti n as a res('t ! radiati n p is nin$. 0 ntaminated meat3 e)en i! t" r ($"'y 6 4ed3 6 ('d 6a(se se)ere i''ness r deat" i! eaten. 0are!(''y s4in a'' anima's t pre)ent any radi a6ti)e parti6'es n t"e s4in r !(r !r m enterin$ t"e b dy. D n t eat meat 6' se t t"e b nes and A ints as an anima'Gs s4e'et n 6 ntains )er <= per6ent ! t"e radi a6ti)ity. -"e remainin$ anima' m(s6'e tiss(e3 " 7e)er3 7i'' be sa!e t eat. .e! re 6 4in$ it3 6(t t"e meat a7ay !r m t"e b ne3 'ea)in$ at 'east a %-mi''imeter t"i64ness ! meat n t"e b ne. Dis6ard a'' interna' r$ans D"eart3 'i)er3 and 4idneysE sin6e t"ey tend t 6 n6entrate beta and $amma radi a6ti)ity. 0 4 a'' meat (nti' it is )ery 7e'' d ne. - be s(re t"e meat is 7e'' d ne3 6(t it int 'ess t"an 1%mi''imeter-t"i64 pie6es be! re 6 4in$. S(6" 6(ts 7i'' a's red(6e 6 4in$ time and sa)e !(e'. -"e e@tent ! 6 ntaminati n in !is" and a5(ati6 anima's 7i'' be m(6" $reater t"an t"at ! 'and anima's. -"is is a's tr(e ! r 7ater p'ants3 espe6ia''y in 6 asta' areas. Use a5(ati6 ! d s (r6es n'y in 6 nditi ns ! e@treme emer$en6y. A'' e$$s3 e)en i! 'aid d(rin$ t"e peri d ! !a'' (t3 7i'' be sa!e t eat. 0 mp'ete'y a) id mi'4 !r m any anima's in a !a'' (t area be6a(se anima's abs rb 'ar$e am (nts ! radi a6ti)ity !r m t"e p'ants t"ey eat. Plants as a 'ood Source #'ant 6 ntaminati n 66(rs by t"e a66(m('ati n ! !a'' (t n t"eir (ter s(r!a6es r by abs rpti n ! radi a6ti)e e'ements t"r ($" t"eir r ts. Y (r !irst 6" i6e ! p'ant ! d s" ('d be )e$etab'es s(6" as p tat es3 t(rnips3 6arr ts3 and t"er p'ants 7" se edib'e p rti n $r 7s (nder$r (nd. -"ese are t"e sa!est t eat n6e y ( s6r(b t"em and rem )e t"eir s4ins. Se6 nd in rder ! pre!eren6e are t" se p'ants 7it" edib'e parts t"at y ( 6an de6 ntaminate by 7as"in$ and pee'in$ t"eir (ter s(r!a6es. ,@amp'es are bananas3 app'es3 t mat es3 pri64'y pears3 and t"er s(6" !r(its and )e$etab'es. Any sm t"-s4inned )e$etab'e3 !r(it3 r p'ant t"at y ( 6ann t easi'y pee' r e!!e6ti)e'y de6 ntaminate by 7as"in$ 7i'' be y (r t"ird 6" i6e ! emer$en6y ! d. -"e e!!e6ti)eness ! de6 ntaminati n by s6r(bbin$ is in)erse'y pr p rti na' t t"e r ($"ness ! t"e !r(itGs s(r!a6e. Sm t"-s(r!a6ed !r(its "a)e ' st <= per6ent ! t"eir 6 ntaminati n a!ter 7as"in$3 7"i'e 7as"in$ r ($"-s(r!a6ed p'ants rem )es n'y ab (t := per6ent ! t"e 6 ntaminati n. Y ( eat r ($"-s(r!a6ed p'ants Ds(6" as 'ett(6eE n'y as a 'ast res rt be6a(se y ( 6ann t e!!e6ti)e'y de6 ntaminate t"em by pee'in$ r 7as"in$. /t"er di!!i6('t ! ds t de6 ntaminate by 7as"in$ 7it" 7ater in6'(de dried !r(its D!i$s3 pr(nes3 pea6"es3 apri6 ts3 pearsE and s ya beans. In $enera'3 y ( 6an (se any p'ant ! d t"at is ready ! r "ar)est i! y ( 6an e!!e6ti)e'y de6 ntaminate it. *r 7in$ p'ants3 " 7e)er3 6an abs rb s me radi a6ti)e materia's t"r ($" t"eir 'ea)es as 7e'' as !r m t"e s i'3 espe6ia''y i! rains "a)e 66(rred d(rin$ r a!ter t"e !a'' (t peri d. A) id (sin$ t"ese p'ants ! r ! d e@6ept in an emer$en6y.
#IOLO/ICAL NVIRON0 NTS

-"e (se ! bi ' $i6a' a$ents is rea'. #repare y (rse'! ! r s(r)i)a' by bein$ pr !i6ient in t"e tas4s identi!ied in y (r S 'dierGs Man(a's ! 0 mm n -as4s DSM0-sE. 9n 7 7"at t d t pr te6t y (rse'! a$ainst t"ese a$ents.
Bi"%"/i-!% A/e#t$ !#( E55e-t$

.i ' $i6a' a$ents are mi6r r$anisms t"at 6an 6a(se disease am n$ pers nne'3 anima's3 r p'ants. -"ey 6an a's 6a(se t"e deteri rati n ! materia'. -"ese a$ents !a'' int t7 br ad 6ate$ ries-pat" $ens D(s(a''y 6a''ed $ermsE and t @ins. #at" $ens are 'i)in$ mi6r r$anisms t"at 6a(se 'et"a' r in6apa6itatin$ diseases. .a6teria3 ri64ettsiae3 !(n$i3 and )ir(ses are in6'(ded in t"e pat" $ens. - @ins are p is ns t"at p'ants3 anima's3 r mi6r r$anisms pr d(6e nat(ra''y. # ssib'e bi ' $i6a' 7ar-!are t @ins in6'(de a )ariety ! ne(r t @i6 Da!!e6tin$ t"e 6entra' ner) (s systemE and 6yt t @i6 D6a(sin$ 6e'' deat"E 6 mp (nds. /er"s *erms are 'i)in$ r$anisms. S me nati ns "a)e (sed t"em in t"e past as 7eap ns. /n'y a !e7 $erms 6an start an in!e6ti n3 espe6ia''y i! in"a'ed int t"e '(n$s. .e6a(se $erms are s sma'' and 7ei$" s 'itt'e3 t"e 7ind 6an spread t"em )er $reat distan6esI t"ey 6an a's enter (n!i'tered r n nairti$"t p'a6es. .(i'din$s and b(n4ers 6an trap t"em t"(s 6a(sin$ a "i$"er 6 n6entrati n. *erms d n t a!!e6t t"e b dy immediate'y. -"ey m(st m('tip'y inside t"e b dy and )er6 me t"e b dyGs de!enses--a pr 6ess 6a''ed t"e in6(bati n peri d. In6(bati n peri ds )ary !r m se)era' " (rs t se)era' m nt"s3 dependin$ n t"e $erm. M st $erms m(st 'i)e 7it"in an t"er 'i)in$ r$anism D" stE3 s(6" as y (r b dy3 t s(r)i)e and $r 7. &eat"er 6 nditi ns s(6" as 7ind3 rain3 6 'd3 and s(n'i$"t rapid'y 4i'' $erms. S me $erms 6an ! rm pr te6ti)e s"e''s3 r sp res3 t a'' 7 s(r)i)a' (tside t"e " st. Sp re-pr d(6in$ a$ents are a ' n$-term "a2ard y ( m(st ne(tra'i2e by de6 ntaminatin$ in!e6ted areas r pers nne'. F rt(nate'y3 m st 'i)e a$ents are n t sp re-pr d(6in$. -"ese a$ents m(st !ind a " st 7it"in r ($"'y a day ! t"eir de'i)ery r t"ey die. *erms "a)e t"ree basi6 r (tes ! entry int y (r b dyL t"r ($" t"e respirat ry tra6t3 t"r ($" a brea4 in t"e s4in3 and t"r ($" t"e di$esti)e tra6t. Sympt ms ! in!e6ti n )ary a66 rdin$ t t"e disease. To4ins - @ins are s(bstan6es t"at p'ants3 anima's3 r $erms pr d(6e nat(ra''y. -"ese t @ins are 7"at a6t(a''y "arm man3 n t ba6teria. . t('in3 7"i6" pr d(6es b t('ism3 is an e@amp'e. M dern s6ien6e "as a'' 7ed 'ar$e-s6a'e pr d(6ti n ! t"ese t @ins 7it" (t t"e (se ! t"e $erm t"at pr d(6es t"e t @in. - @ins may pr d(6e e!!e6ts simi'ar t t" se ! 6"emi6a' a$ents. - @i6 )i6tims may n t3 " 7e)er3 resp nd t !irst aid meas(res (sed a$ainst 6"emi6a' a$ents. - @ins enter t"e b dy in t"e same manner as $erms. 1 7e)er3 s me t @ins3 (n'i4e $erms3 6an penetrate (nbr 4en s4in. Sympt ms appear a'm st immediate'y3 sin6e t"ere is n in6(bati n peri d. Many t @ins are e@treme'y 'et"a'3 e)en in )ery sma'' d ses. Sympt ms may in6'(de any ! t"e ! '' 7in$L

Di22iness. Menta' 6 n!(si n. .'(rred r d (b'e )isi n. N(mbness r tin$'in$ ! s4in. #ara'ysis. 0 n)('si ns. Ras"es r b'isters. 0 ($"in$. Fe)er. A6"in$ m(s6'es. -iredness. Na(sea3 ) mitin$3 andF r diarr"ea. .'eedin$ !r m b dy penin$s. .' d in (rine3 st '3 r sa'i)a.
S" 64. Deat".
Dete-ti"# "5 Bi"%"/i-!% A/e#t$

.i ' $i6a' a$ents are3 by nat(re3 di!!i6('t t dete6t. Y ( 6ann t dete6t t"em by any ! t"e !i)e p"ysi6a' senses. /!ten3 t"e !irst si$n ! a bi ' $i6a' a$ent 7i'' be sympt ms ! t"e )i6tims e@p sed t t"e a$ent. Y (r best 6"an6e ! dete6tin$ bi ' $i6a' a$ents be! re t"ey 6an a!!e6t y ( is t re6 $ni2e t"eir means ! de'i)ery. -"e t"ree main means ! de'i)ery are-
?ursting%type munitions. -"ese may be b mbs r pr Ae6ti'es 7" se b(rst 6a(ses )ery 'itt'e dama$e. -"e b(rst 7i'' pr d(6e a sma'' 6' (d ! 'i5(id r p 7der in t"e immediate impa6t area. -"is 6' (d 7i'' disperse e)ent(a''yI t"e rate ! dispersi n depends n terrain and 7eat"er 6 nditi ns. Spray tanks or generators. Air6ra!t r )e"i6'e spray tan4s r $r (nd-'e)e' aer s ' $enerat rs pr d(6e an aer s ' 6' (d ! bi ' $i6a' a$ents. Vectors. Inse6ts s(6" as m s5(it es3 !'eas3 'i6e3 and ti64s de'i)er pat" $ens. Lar$e in!estati ns ! t"ese inse6ts may indi6ate t"e (se ! bi ' $i6a' a$ents.
An t"er si$n ! a p ssib'e bi ' $i6a' atta64 is t"e presen6e ! (n(s(a' s(bstan6es n t"e $r (nd r n )e$etati n3 r si64-' 4in$ p'ants3 6r ps3 r anima's.
I#5% e#-e "5 We!the& !#( Te&&!i#

Y (r 4n 7'ed$e ! " 7 7eat"er and terrain a!!e6t t"e a$ents 6an "e'p y ( a) id 6 ntaminati n by bi ' $i6a' a$ents. MaA r 7eat"er !a6t rs t"at a!!e6t bi ' $i6a' a$ents are s(n'i$"t3 7ind3 and pre6ipitati n. Aer s ' sprays 7i'' tend t 6 n6entrate in ' 7 areas ! terrain3 simi'ar t ear'y m rnin$ mist. S(n'i$"t 6 ntains )isib'e and ('tra)i 'et s 'ar radiati n t"at rapid'y 4i''s m st $erms (sed as bi ' $i6a' a$ents. 1 7e)er3 nat(ra' r man-made 6 )er may pr te6t s me a$ents !r m s(n'i$"t. /t"er man-made m(tant strains ! $erms may be resistant t s(n'i$"t. 1i$" 7ind speeds in6rease t"e dispersi n ! bi ' $i6a' a$ents3 di'(te t"eir 6 n6entrati n3 and de"ydrate t"em. -"e !(rt"er d 7n7ind t"e a$ent tra)e's3 t"e 'ess e!!e6ti)e it be6 mes d(e t di'(ti n and deat" ! t"e pat" $ens. 1 7e)er3 t"e d 7n7ind "a2ard area ! t"e bi ' $i6a' a$ent is si$ni!i6ant and y ( 6ann t i$n re it. #re6ipitati n in t"e ! rm ! m derate t "ea)y rain tends t 7as" bi ' $i6a' a$ents (t ! t"e air3 red(6in$ d 7n7ind "a2ard areas. 1 7e)er3 t"e a$ents may sti'' be )ery e!!e6ti)e 7"ere t"ey 7ere dep sited n t"e $r (nd.
P&"te-ti"# A/!i#$t Bi"%"/i-!% A/e#t$

&"i'e y ( m(st maintain a "ea't"y respe6t ! r bi ' $i6a' a$ents3 t"ere is n reas n ! r y ( t pani6. Y ( 6an red(6e y (r s(s6eptibi'ity t bi ' $i6a' a$ents by maintainin$ 6(rrent imm(ni2ati ns3 a) idin$ 6 ntaminated areas3 and 6 ntr ''in$ r dents and pests. Y ( m(st a's (se pr per !irst aid meas(res in t"e treatment ! 7 (nds and n'y sa!e r pr per'y de6 ntaminated s (r6es ! ! d and 7ater. Y ( m(st ens(re t"at y ( $et en ($" s'eep t pre)ent a r(n-d 7n 6 nditi n. Y ( m(st a'7ays (se pr per !ie'd sanitati n pr 6ed(res. Ass(min$ y ( d n t "a)e a pr te6ti)e mas43 a'7ays try t 4eep y (r !a6e 6 )ered 7it" s me type ! 6' t" t pr te6t y (rse'! a$ainst bi ' $i6a' a$ent aer s 's. D(st may 6 ntain bi ' $i6a' a$entsI 7ear s me type ! mas4 7"en d(st is in t"e air. Y (r (ni! rm and $' )es 7i'' pr te6t y ( a$ainst bites !r m )e6t rs Dm s5(it es and ti64sE t"at 6arry diseases. 0 mp'ete'y b(tt n y (r 6' t"in$ and t(64 y (r tr (sers ti$"t'y int y (r b ts. &ear a 6"emi6a' pr te6ti)e )er$arment3 i! a)ai'ab'e3 as it pr )ides better pr te6ti n t"an n rma' 6' t"in$. 0 )erin$ y (r
s4in 7i'' a's red(6e t"e 6"an6e ! t"e a$ent enterin$ y (r b dy t"r ($" 6(ts r s6rat6"es. A'7ays pra6ti6e "i$" standards ! pers na' "y$iene and sanitati n t "e'p pre)ent t"e spread ! )e6t rs. .at"e 7it" s ap and 7ater 7"ene)er p ssib'e. Use $ermi6ida' s ap3 i! a)ai'ab'e. &as" y (r "air and b dy t" r ($"'y3 and 6'ean (nder y (r !in$ernai's. 0'ean teet"3 $(ms3 t n$(e3 and t"e r ! ! y (r m (t" !re5(ent'y. &as" y (r 6' t"in$ in " t3 s apy 7ater i! y ( 6an. I! y ( 6ann t 7as" y (r 6' t"in$3 'ay it (t in an area ! bri$"t s(n'i$"t and a'' 7 t"e 'i$"t t 4i'' t"e mi6r r$anisms. A!ter a t @in atta643 de6 ntaminate y (rse'! as i! ! r a 6"emi6a' atta64 (sin$ t"e M2:;A2 4it Di! a)ai'ab'eE r by 7as"in$ 7it" s ap and 7ater.
She%te&
Y ( 6an b(i'd e@pedient s"e'ters (nder bi ' $i6a' 6 ntaminati n 6 nditi ns (sin$ t"e same te6"ni5(es des6ribed in 0"apter :. 1 7e)er3 y ( m(st ma4e s'i$"t 6"an$es t red(6e t"e 6"an6e ! bi ' $i6a' 6 ntaminati n. D n t b(i'd y (r s"e'ter in depressi ns in t"e $r (nd. Aer s ' sprays tend t 6 n6entrate in t"ese depressi ns. A) id b(i'din$ y (r s"e'ter in areas ! )e$etati n3 as )e$etati n pr )ides s"ade and s me de$ree ! pr te6ti n t bi ' $i6a' a$ents. A) id (sin$ )e$etati n in 6 nstr(6tin$ y (r s"e'ter. #'a6e y (r s"e'terGs entran6e at a <=-de$ree an$'e t t"e pre)ai'in$ 7inds. S(6" p'a6ement 7i'' 'imit t"e entry ! airb rne a$ents and pre)ent air sta$nati n in y (r s"e'ter. A'7ays 4eep y (r s"e'ter 6'ean.
W!te& P&"- &e*e#t

&ater pr 6(rement (nder bi ' $i6a' 6 nditi ns is di!!i6('t b(t n t imp ssib'e. &"ene)er p ssib'e3 try t (se 7ater t"at "as been in a sea'ed 6 ntainer. Y ( 6an ass(me t"at t"e 7ater inside t"e sea'ed 6 ntainer is n t 6 ntaminated. &as" t"e 7ater 6 ntainer t" r ($"'y 7it" s ap and 7ater r b i' it ! r at 'east 1= min(tes be! re brea4in$ t"e sea'. I! 7ater in sea'ed 6 ntainers is n t a)ai'ab'e3 y (r ne@t 6" i6e3 only under emergency conditions" is 7ater !r m sprin$s. A$ain3 b i' t"e 7ater ! r at 'east 1= min(tes be! re drin4in$. 9eep t"e 7ater 6 )ered 7"i'e b i'in$ t pre)ent 6 ntaminati n by airb rne pat" $ens. Y (r last choice" only in an e+treme emergency" is t (se standin$ 7ater. Ve6t rs and $erms 6an s(r)i)e easi'y in sta$nant 7ater. . i' t"is 7ater as ' n$ as pra6ti6a' t 4i'' a'' r$anisms. Fi'ter t"is 7ater t"r ($" a 6' t" t rem )e t"e dead )e6t rs. Use 7ater p(ri!i6ati n tab'ets in a'' 6ases.
F""( P&"- &e*e#t

F d pr 6(rement3 'i4e 7ater pr 6(rement3 is n t imp ssib'e3 b(t y ( m(st ta4e spe6ia' pre6a(ti ns. Y (r 6 mbat rati ns are sea'ed3 and y ( 6an ass(me t"ey are n t 6 ntaminated. Y ( 6an a's ass(me t"at sea'ed 6 ntainers r pa64a$es ! pr 6essed ! d are sa!e. - ens(re sa!ety3 de6 ntaminate a'' ! d 6 ntainers by 7as"in$ 7it" s ap and 7ater r by b i'in$ t"e 6 ntainer in 7ater ! r 1= min(tes. @ou consider supplementing your rations with local plants or animals only in e+treme emergencies. N matter 7"at y ( d t prepare t"e ! d3 t"ere is n $(arantee t"at 6 4in$ 7i'' 4i'' a'' t"e bi ' $i6a' a$ents. Use ' 6a' ! d n'y in 'i!e r deat" sit(ati ns. Remember3 y ( 6an s(r)i)e ! r a ' n$ time 7it" (t ! d3 espe6ia''y i! t"e ! d y ( eat may 4i'' y (K I! y ( m(st (se ' 6a' ! d3 se'e6t n'y "ea't"y-' 4in$ p'ants and anima's. D n t se'e6t 4n 7n 6arriers ! )e6t rs s(6" as rats r t"er )ermin. Se'e6t and prepare p'ants as y ( 7 ('d in radi a6ti)e areas. #repare anima's as y ( d p'ants. A'7ays (se $' )es and pr te6ti)e 6' t"in$ 7"en "and'in$ anima's r p'ants. 0 4 a'' p'ant and anima' ! d by b i'in$ n'y. . i' a'' ! d ! r at 'east 1= min(tes t 4i'' a'' pat" $ens. D n t try t !ry3 ba4e3 r r ast ' 6a' ! d. -"ere is n $(arantee t"at a'' in!e6ted p rti ns "a)e rea6"ed t"e re5(ired temperat(re t 4i'' a'' pat" $ens. D n t eat ra7 ! d.
C. 0ICAL NVIRON0 NTS

0"emi6a' a$ent 7ar!are is rea'. It 6an 6reate e@treme pr b'ems in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n3 b(t y ( 6an )er6 me t"e pr b'ems 7it" t"e pr per e5(ipment3 4n 7'ed$e3 and trainin$. As a s(r)i) r3 y (r !irst 'ine
! de!ense a$ainst 6"emi6a' a$ents is y (r pr !i6ien6y in indi)id(a' n(6'ear3 bi ' $i6a'3 and 6"emi6a' DN.0E trainin$3 t in6'(de d nnin$ and 7earin$ t"e pr te6ti)e mas4 and )er$arment3 pers na' de6 ntaminati n3 re6 $niti n ! 6"emi6a' a$ent sympt ms3 and indi)id(a' !irst aid ! r 6"emi6a' a$ent 6 ntaminati n. -"e SM0-s 6 )er t"ese s(bAe6ts. I! y ( are n t pr !i6ient in t"ese s4i''s3 y ( 7i'' "a)e 'itt'e 6"an6e ! s(r)i)in$ a 6"emi6a' en)ir nment. -"e s(bAe6t matter 6 )ered be' 7 is n t a s(bstit(te ! r any ! t"e indi)id(a' tas4s in 7"i6" y ( m(st be pr !i6ient. -"e SM0-s address t"e )ari (s 6"emi6a' a$ents3 t"eir e!!e6ts3 and !irst aid ! r t"ese a$ents. -"e ! '' 7in$ in! rmati n is pr )ided (nder t"e ass(mpti n t"at y ( are pr !i6ient in t"e (se ! 6"emi6a' pr te6ti)e e5(ipment and 4n 7 t"e sympt ms ! )ari (s 6"emi6a' a$ents.
Dete-ti"# "5 Che*i-!% A/e#t$

-"e best met" d ! r dete6tin$ 6"emi6a' a$ents is t"e (se ! a 6"emi6a' a$ent dete6t r. I! y ( "a)e ne3 (se it. 1 7e)er3 in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n3 y ( 7i'' m st 'i4e'y "a)e t re'y s 'e'y n t"e (se ! a'' ! y (r p"ysi6a' senses. Y ( m(st be a'ert and ab'e t dete6t any 6'(es indi6atin$ t"e (se ! 6"emi6a' 7ar!are. *enera' indi6at rs ! t"e presen6e ! 6"emi6a' a$ents are tears3 di!!i6('t breat"in$3 6" 4in$3 it6"in$3 6 ($"in$3 and di22iness. &it" a$ents t"at are )ery "ard t dete6t3 y ( m(st 7at6" ! r sympt ms in !e'' 7 s(r)i) rs. Y (r s(rr (ndin$s 7i'' pr )ide )a'(ab'e 6'(es t t"e presen6e ! 6"emi6a' a$entsI ! r e@amp'e3 dead anima's3 si64 pe p'e3 r pe p'e and anima's disp'ayin$ abn rma' be"a)i r. Y (r sense ! sme'' may a'ert y ( t s me 6"emi6a' a$ents3 b(t m st 7i'' be d r'ess. -"e d r ! ne7'y 6(t $rass r "ay may indi6ate t"e presen6e ! 6" 4in$ a$ents. A sme'' ! a'm nds may indi6ate b' d a$ents. Si$"t 7i'' "e'p y ( dete6t 6"emi6a' a$ents. M st 6"emi6a' a$ents in t"e s 'id r 'i5(id state "a)e s me 6 ' r. In t"e )ap r state3 y ( 6an see s me 6"emi6a' a$ents as a mist r t"in ! $ immediate'y a!ter t"e b mb r s"e'' b(rsts. .y bser)in$ ! r sympt ms in t"ers and by bser)in$ de'i)ery means3 y ( may be ab'e t "a)e s me 7arnin$ ! 6"emi6a' a$ents. M(stard $as in t"e 'i5(id state 7i'' appear as i'y pat6"es n 'ea)es r n b(i'din$s. -"e s (nd ! enemy m(niti ns 7i'' $i)e s me 6'(e t t"e presen6e ! 6"emi6a' 7eap ns. M(!!'ed s"e'' r b mb det nati ns are a $ d indi6at r. Irritati n in t"e n se r eyes r n t"e s4in is an (r$ent 7arnin$ t pr te6t y (r b dy !r m 6"emi6a' a$ents. Additi na''y3 a stran$e taste in ! d3 7ater3 r 6i$arettes may ser)e as a 7arnin$ t"at t"ey "a)e been 6 ntaminated.
P&"te-ti"# A/!i#$t Che*i-!% A/e#t$

As a s(r)i) r3 a'7ays (se t"e ! '' 7in$ $enera' steps3 in t"e rder 'isted3 t pr te6t y (rse'! !r m a 6"emi6a' atta64L

Use pr te6ti)e e5(ipment. *i)e 5(i64 and 6 rre6t se'!-aid 7"en 6 ntaminated. A) id areas 7"ere 6"emi6a' a$ents e@ist. De6 ntaminate y (r e5(ipment and b dy as s n as p ssib'e.
Y (r pr te6ti)e mas4 and )er$arment are t"e 4ey t y (r s(r)i)a'. &it" (t t"ese3 y ( stand )ery 'itt'e 6"an6e ! s(r)i)a'. Y ( m(st ta4e 6are ! t"ese items and pr te6t t"em !r m dama$e. Y ( m(st pra6ti6e and 4n 7 6 rre6t se'!-aid pr 6ed(res be! re e@p s(re t 6"emi6a' a$ents. -"e dete6ti n ! 6"emi6a' a$ents and t"e a) idan6e ! 6 ntaminated areas is e@treme'y imp rtant t y (r s(r)i)a'. Use 7"ate)er dete6ti n 4its may be a)ai'ab'e t "e'p in dete6ti n. Sin6e y ( are in a s(r)i)a' sit(ati n3 a) id 6 ntaminated areas at a'' 6 sts. Y ( 6an e@pe6t n "e'p s" ('d y ( be6 me 6 ntaminated. I! y ( d be6 me 6 ntaminated3 de6 ntaminate y (rse'! as s n as p ssib'e (sin$ pr per pr 6ed(res.
She%te&
I! y ( !ind y (rse'! in a 6 ntaminated area3 try t m )e (t ! t"e area as !ast as p ssib'e. -ra)e' 6r ss7ind r (p7ind t red(6e t"e time spent in t"e d 7n7ind "a2ard area. I! y ( 6ann t 'ea)e t"e area immediate'y and "a)e t b(i'd a s"e'ter3 (se n rma' s"e'ter 6 nstr(6ti n te6"ni5(es3 7it" a !e7 6"an$es. .(i'd t"e s"e'ter in a 6'earin$3 a7ay !r m a'' )e$etati n. Rem )e a'' t ps i' in t"e area ! t"e s"e'ter t de6 ntaminate t"e area. 9eep t"e s"e'terGs entran6e 6' sed and riented at a <=-de$ree an$'e t t"e pre)ai'in$ 7ind. D n t b(i'd a !ire (sin$ 6 ntaminated 7 d--t"e sm 4e 7i'' be t @i6. Use e@treme 6a(ti n 7"en enterin$ y (r s"e'ter s t"at y ( 7i'' n t brin$ 6 ntaminati n inside.
W!te& P&"- &e*e#t

As 7it" bi ' $i6a' and n(6'ear en)ir nments3 $ettin$ 7ater in a 6"emi6a' en)ir nment is di!!i6('t. /b)i (s'y3 7ater in sea'ed 6 ntainers is y (r best and sa!est s (r6e. Y ( m(st pr te6t t"is 7ater as m(6" as p ssib'e. .e s(re t de6 ntaminate t"e 6 ntainers be! re penin$. I! y ( 6ann t $et 7ater in sea'ed 6 ntainers3 try t $et it !r m a 6' sed s (r6e s(6" as (nder$r (nd 7ater pipes. Y ( may (se rain7ater r sn 7 i! t"ere is n e)iden6e ! 6 ntaminati n. Use 7ater !r m s' 7-m )in$ streams3 i! ne6essary3 b(t a'7ays 6"e64 !irst ! r si$ns ! 6 ntaminati n3 and a'7ays !i'ter t"e 7ater as des6ribed (nder n(6'ear 6 nditi ns. Si$ns ! 7ater s (r6e 6 ntaminati n are ! rei$n d rs s(6" as $ar'i63 m(stard3 $erani(m3 r bitter a'm ndsI i'y sp ts n t"e s(r!a6e ! t"e 7ater r nearbyI and t"e presen6e ! dead !is" r anima's. I! t"ese si$ns are present3 d n t (se t"e 7ater. A'7ays b i' r p(ri!y t"e 7ater t pre)ent ba6teri ' $i6a' in!e6ti n.
F""( P&"- &e*e#t

It is e@treme'y di!!i6('t t eat 7"i'e in a 6 ntaminated area. Y ( 7i'' "a)e t brea4 t"e sea' n y (r pr te6ti)e mas4 t eat. I! y ( eat3 !ind an area in 7"i6" y ( 6an sa!e'y (nmas4. -"e sa!est s (r6e ! ! d is y (r sea'ed 6 mbat rati ns. F d in sea'ed 6ans r b tt'es 7i'' a's be sa!e. De6 ntaminate a'' sea'ed ! d 6 ntainers be! re penin$3 t"er7ise y ( 7i'' 6 ntaminate t"e ! d. I! y ( m(st s(pp'ement y (r 6 mbat rati ns 7it" ' 6a' p'ants r anima's3 do not (se p'ants !r m 6 ntaminated areas r anima's t"at appear t be si64. &"en "and'in$ p'ants r anima's3 a'7ays (se pr te6ti)e $' )es and 6' t"in$.

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FM 21-76

US ARMY SURVIVAL MANUAL

Reprinted as permitted by U.S. Department ! t"e Army

WILDERNESS SURVIVAL GUIDE US ARMY EDITION

US ARMY SURVIVAL MANUAL

Reprinted as permitted by U.S. Department ! t"e Army

US ARMY SURVIVAL MANUAL

Reprinted as permitted by U.S. Department ! t"e Army

US ARMY SURVIVAL MANUAL

Reprinted as permitted by U.S. Department ! t"e Army

US ARMY SURVIVAL MANUAL

Reprinted as permitted by U.S. Department ! t"e Army

US ARMY SURVIVAL MANUAL

Reprinted as permitted by U.S. Department ! t"e Army

US ARMY SURVIVAL MANUAL

Reprinted as permitted by U.S. Department ! t"e Army

US ARMY SURVIVAL MANUAL

Reprinted as permitted by U.S. Department ! t"e Army

US ARMY SURVIVAL MANUAL

Reprinted as permitted by U.S. Department ! t"e Army

US ARMY SURVIVAL MANUAL

Reprinted as permitted by U.S. Department ! t"e Army

S -Size Up the Sit !ti"#

U -U$e A%% Y" & Se#$e$' U#( e H!$te M!)e$ W!$te

R -Re*e*+e& Whe&e Y" A&e

A -A-t Li)e the N!ti.e$

PATT RN 'OR SURVIVAL

CHAPTER 4 - PSYCHOLOGY OF SURVIVAL

Nee( 5"& St&e$$

A#/e& !#( F& $t&!ti"#

L"#e%i#e$$ !#( B"&e("*

PR PARIN/ YOURS L'

6#"0 Y" &$e%5

A("pt ! P"$iti.e Attit (e

sts m ra'e3 it a's is

Re*i#( Y" &$e%5 Wh!t I$ !t St!)e

Le!&# St&e$$ M!#!/e*e#t Te-h#i, e$

CHAPTER 7 - SURVIVAL PLANNING AND SURVIVAL 6ITS

I0PORTANC O' PLANNIN/

&ater repe''ent r 7aterpr

S(itab'e t a66ept )arisi2ed 6 mp nents. D(rab'e.

In y (r s(r)i)a' 4it3 y ( s" ('d "a)e-

S me e@amp'es ! t"ese items are-

CHAPTER 8 - BASIC SURVIVAL MEDICINE

R 1UIR 0 NTS 'OR 0AINT NANC O' . ALT.

-"e m st 6 mm n si$ns and sympt ms ! de"ydrati n are-

Dar4 (rine 7it" a )ery str n$ d r. L 7 (rine (tp(t.

*eep Your .ands Clean

*eep Your .air Clean

*eep Your Clothing Clean

*eep Your Teeth Clean

Ta-e Care o$ Your 'eet

/et Su$$icient Rest

*eep Ca"p Site Clean

Ope# Ai&0!1 !#( M!i#t!i#

P&e.e#t !#( T&e!t Sh"-)

#ON AN, 2OINT IN2URY

#IT S AN, STIN/S

Bee !#( W!$p Sti#/$

0r(s"ed 6' )es ! $ar'i6. /ni n.

Spi(e& Bite$ !#( S-"&pi"# Sti#/$

-reat s6 rpi n stin$s as y ( 7 ('d a b'a64 7id 7 bite.

I! in!e6ti n appears3 4eep t"e 7 (nd pen and 6'ean.

R -Ree+e& Whe&e Y" A&e