-UNIVERSE-

Sumerians and Babylonians (2,000-3,000 BC) - invented constellations such as the zodiac.

 Aristotle

( 350 BC )

- GEOCENTRIC MODEL

the natural motion of the Earth .is towards the center of the universe; that is the reason it is now lying at the center.

 Claudius

Ptolemy

- RETROGRADE MOTION.
*Epicyles set of small circles on which the planets moved.

*Deferent larger circles

 Nicolaus

Copernicus

- Model: Sun-centered universe or heliocentric model

(Earth is closer to the sun. Earth moves faster than Mars)

 Johannes

Kepler (16th Century)

Elliptical orbits (Johannes Kepler 1571-1630)

 Galileo

Galilei (16th Century)

- First astronomer to use a telescope to observe the sky.

Isaac Newton
-Universal Gravitation

Albert Einstein
- Theory of relativity

 Edwin

Hubble (1929)

Model: Big Bang Cosmology Big Idea: Universe is changing, evolving

- This constant relationship between distance and speed led cosmologists to believe that the universe is expanding.

Stars and planets Gas and dust Organized into star clusters Organized into nebulae Organized into galaxies Other things:
Black holes Dark matter Dark energy

Milky way galaxy is a complex system

1011

stars (& planets?) between the stars

Each with life cycle: birth/life/death

Material

Tenuous gas: clouds; diffuse

Universe is always expanding but maintaining a constant average density, matter being continuously created to form new stars and galaxies at the same rate that old ones become unobservable as a consequence of their increasing distance and velocity of recession.

A steady-state universe has no beginning or end in time; and from any point within it the view on the grand scale--i.e., the average density and arrangement of galaxies--is the same. Galaxies of all possible ages are intermingled.

Eternal Expansion open universe

Eventual Collapse closed universe - high density to cause gravity to eventually stop the universes expansion and begin its contraction.

To calculate we find the distance of an object from Earth and the rate at which it is moving away from Earth.

Hubbles constant (H)

v=H x d

v= velocity (speed of the object) d= distance bet. The object and Earth

Universe with low density - would expand forever, defines an open universe.
Universe with high density - the expansion rate is changing, slowing down as the universe ages. - stop expanding and begin contracting. (closed universe)

STARS

Nebula: A large cloud of gas (helium and hydrogen) and dust which forms into a star.
Dust and gas particles exert a gravitational force on each other which keeps pulling them closer together.

Orion Nebula

Fusion uses up a stars hydrogen supply rapidly causingthe core to heat up and the outer temperature to fall. (Life cycle of the star) Star expands and becomes a red giant

Core continues to heat and star expands to a super giant. As the core uses up its helium supply, the outer layers escape into space and the remaining core is white hot and called a white dwarf.

When no more material is left in the core it explodes into a supernova. Smaller stars become neutron stars and most massive will collapse into a black hole.

The most commonly accepted theory of this type of supernovae is that they are the result of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf accreting matter from a nearby companion star, typically a red giant.

A stars temperature can be determined by its color. All objects will glow a different color when heated differently Colors hottest to coolest: Blue/white yellow orange red.

Light-year: Distance light travels in one year. (Equal to about 9.5 trillion kilometers) Approximate distances: -Sun to edge of solar system = 5.5 light hours -Nearest star (Alpha Centauri) = 4.3 light years -Center to edge of Milky Way = 50,000 light years