:

Justify

ALARA

) (...




-

) (

LET

) (ALE



ELF
,UV, IR







) (

Adverse health) .

(effects of x rays were soon reported

. : alopecia

erythema

189 .

1898 (thorium (Th) . 1898

) (polonium (Po
.

. .

.
.

.
1895 .

. .
. . )cosmic
. ( rays .

....
.

.
.




.

1895 E. Frost 189
.

.
19
.
.

 : .

.
.
.Q,P,O,N,M,L,K :
) Binding

: K
.
: .
: :

.( Energy : 0, ,1+ :
. : : -
18 8 ... .

) 1(

) 1E-6
(

K, L, M, N, O, P, Q

Name Symb
ol
Principal
Quantum
n
) Number(
Azimuthal

S, P, D, F, G

Quantum
)Number(

Number of orbitals

mL

Magnetic
Quantum
)Number(

Spinning direction

ms

:
: .
1 5 A 5-1 .

Spin Quantum Number : .

10-1
)(
.

: coulombs 10-19 1/0

... 0 kg 10-1 9/11
.

kg 10-7 1/71777

: ) : : kg 10-7 1/75

m0
v2
c2

=m

: .

-1

10(.

)
(.

.

 ) . )
.
(

(.

) . )
.
(

(.

) (
. p-p

.
n-n p-n
.
) Z ( .
.

. 1900 )
.

) (A (

- (Atomic Number (Z ) : .

.Z
(A) :

8 50 0 8 ...

:( Mass number .

.
N = A-Z
:
:

.
A= Z+N
)

(


.



.

.
32
.
31

P
,
P
15
15

X

A
Z

 : :

) : (Isotope 10
. 1905

3
2
1
1H , 1 H , 1 H
:
233
234
235
238

U
,
U
,
U
,
U
92
92
92
92

) (
.
Z A .
.


10-15 .
10 .


IUPAC: helium-3, carbon-12, carbon-13, iodine 100 MeV.
131 and uranium-238 or in symbolic forms of
Adverse effects-5
. 3He, 12C, 13C, and 238U
: .

x rays-

3
4
1 H , 2 He
613 C , 14
7

cosmic rays-7

-8

) . (
-9
:
3
1H

Na

24
11

, 32 He
1224 Mg ,

:
-1
.
-
.
-
-
-

.
-10 ) (


. .
-11
31
15 P

, 32
15 P
-1

14
7N
13
6C
37
17 Cl

Cl ,
,
,

35
17

12
6C
32
16 S

Na

24
11

,
,

,
Mg

39
19

14
6C
, 24
12

Ca

,
P
40
20

14
6C
31
15

,
,