Nhng c im a hnh - a mo lin quan n qu trnh trt l t dc tuyn ng ...

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NHNG C IM A HNH - A MO LIN QUAN N QU TRNH TRT T DC ON I QUA TNH QUNG BNH CA TUYN NG H CH MINH
H VN HNH, HONG NG T DO Trng i hc Khoa hc, i hc Hu

Tm tt: Trt t l mt dng tai bin thin nhin xy ra tng i ph bin cc vng i ni Vit Nam, nht l dc cc tuyn giao thng mi c xy dng, v thng a n cc hu qu rt nghim trng. Hin tng trt t va chu tc ng ca cc yu t t nhin, ng thi va chu s tc ng ca con ngi. Trn c s phn tch c im a hnh - a mo, mc n nh sn dc v quy lut phn b cc im trt t xy ra dc on i qua tnh Qung Bnh ca tuyn ng H Ch Minh, bi bo ch ra cc vng c kh nng trt t cao, ng thi xut mt s gii php vic phng chng trt t t c hiu qu.
M U

Trt t l mt dng tai bin thin nhin xy ra tng i ph bin cc vng i ni nc ta. l qu trnh di chuyn cc khi t ln theo mt b mt v trong qu trnh di chuyn t xy v hoc o ln tnh nguyn khi ca cc khi trt. Nguyn nhn ch yu ca hin tng trt t l do hot ng ca nc mt v nc di t gy ra qu trnh ra tri ngm v tim thc, lm suy yu lc lin kt gia khi t trt v thn sn dc. Qu trnh trt t cung cp ngun vt liu to nn dng bn - , gy thit hi nghim trng v ngi v c s h tng, c bit l gy ch tc giao thng. Tuyn ng H Ch Minh chy dc pha ty t nc l con ng chin lc quan trng trong cuc khng chin chng M, gp phn vn chuyn kp thi lng thc, v kh, nhn lc t min Bc chi vin cho min Nam. Trong giai on pht trin kinh t hin nay, ng v Nh nc nh gi c vai tr quan trng ca tuyn ng ny nn ngy 5/4/2000 Th tng Phan Vn Khi pht lnh khi cng xy dng tuyn ng. ng H Ch Minh c 3 chc nng chnh l: quc phng, giao thng vn ti v gin dn, ti nh c. V vy, vic xy dng tuyn ng H Ch Minh song song vi Quc l 1A gp phn to nn mng li giao thng hon chnh, gii quyt c tnh trng ch tc giao thng trong ma ma l, to iu kin cho hnh lang pha ty pht trin kinh t - x hi v cng c an ninh, quc phng. Pha ty tnh Qung Bnh l vng i ni him tr, li nm trong vng c nhiu thin tai. Vi lng ma ln v tp trung vo mt thi gian ngn (t thng 9 n thng 12) kt hp vi nh hng ca gi ma ng bc v cc loi hnh thi tit c bit nh: bo, p thp nhit i... thng xy ra ngp ng nghim trng ng bng v trt t, l qut vng i ni. Ngoi ra, khi tuyn ng hon thnh s c nhiu h dn c n sinh sng v qu trnh pht trin kinh t s lm gim din tch lp ph thc vt, t gy mt n nh mi dc v hin tng trt t c th xy ra ngy cng nghim trng hn.
I. MT S VN V TRT T 1. Hin tng trt t v cc kiu trt t chnh a. Hin tng trt t: Trt t l hin tng di chuyn cc khi t trn sn dc theo mt mt trt no . Khi t b trt gi l thn khi trt. Chiu rng ca thn khi trt c th ti hng trm mt, th tch c khi ti hng vn mt khi hoc hn. c im hnh thi ni bt ca ca mt khi trt l n cn gi c tnh nguyn khi hoc c th b rn nt, nhng cha n mc v ra. Do tc dng ca trng lc v lc ma st, nh v chn khi trt thng b bin dng cht t. Tuy nhin, trn b mt khi trt, cy ci vn tn ti v pht trin, nhng thn cy c th b un cong hoc xiu vo nn c gi l "rng say". y c coi l du hiu quan trng d bo trt t sp xy ra mt ni no [1]. b. Cc kiu trt t chnh: Theo c im vn ng ca khi trt, c th phn chia thnh 2 kiu trt t:

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Nhng c im a hnh - a mo lin quan n qu trnh trt l t dc tuyn ng ... Page 2 of 7 - Trt tri: Khi trt bt u chuyn ng t pha chn ri lan dn v pha nh. Kiu trt ny lm cho khi trt tri theo mt sn v pha chn dc. - Trt y: Chuyn ng trt bt u t nh ri do sc y sinh ra t trng lc ca phn trn khi trt m cc b phn bn di phi vn ng theo v pha chn sn. Do lc ma st gia thn khi trt v khi gc rt ln nn kiu trt y ny thng xut hin g bin dng rt c trng ti chn khi trt.
2. Cc iu kin dn n hin tng trt t

Hin tng trt t xy ra ph bin nhiu ni, nhng n ch xy ra trong nhng iu kin nht nh, khi c tnh trng mt cn bng v trng lc. Trng thi ny thng xy ra khi lp v phong ho dy, vt cht trn sn dc b thm m nc, chn sn b ht hng, vn ng kin to v cu trc a cht thun li... C th l: - Nhng ni c lng ma ln v tp trung vi cng cao th nc ma s thm vo t lm tng trng lng ca tng trn mt v khi t n b mt tng khng thm nc s gy nn hin tng xi ngm. Nu tng khng thm nc l st th khi b thm nc, n s tr nn rt trn v d gy ra trt t. - Nu trn b mt sn dc c h thng t gy kin to pht trin s lm cho t vn nt, c nhiu khe nt, to iu kin cho nc thm xung lm gim lc khng ct ca t , t nguy c pht sinh trt t cng cao hn. - iu kin v cu trc v th nm ca c nh hng rt ln n qu trnh trt t. Khi cc tng c th nm cm v pha thung lng, tc l nghing theo chiu dc ca sn th trt t d xy ra hn. - a hnh cao, dc v chia ct ngang ln s to ra nng lng a hnh ln, l iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh trt t c ngun gc trng lc. Vn ng kin to hin i v cc trn ng t cng gy nn cc tai bin trt l cng sinh. - Qu trnh trt t cn chu nh hng ca cc tc ng nhn sinh nh: ct xn chn dc khi lm ng giao thng, xy dng cc cng trnh c ti trng ln trn sn dc, khai thc m bng phng php n mn, hot ng ca cc phng tin c gii...
II. KH NNG TRT T VNG NGHIN CU 1. c im a hnh - a mo lin quan n trt t

a hnh tnh Qung Bnh thp dn t ty sang ng, pha ty l dy Trng Sn vi nhiu nh ni cao trn 1.000 m, pha ng a hnh thp dn nhng do chiu ngang hp nn dc a hnh Qung Bnh kh ln. Theo cu trc a hnh - a mo, c th chia Qung Bnh thnh 4 vng: - Vng ni pha ty c din tch 522.624 ha, chim 65% din tch t nhin. Phn ln din tch vng ny l cc ni c cao 500-600 m cu to bi phin bin cht, ct - bt kt. Cc ni c cao trn 1.000 m c cu to bi xm nhp, vi cc nh nhn, sn dc ( dc trung bnh 25o), chia ct su trung bnh 250-500 m. c trng tiu biu nht ca vng ni Qung Bnh l a hnh karst phn b rng ri vi 2 khi vi rt ln l K Bng v Khe Ngang. - Vng i trung du c din tch 161.775 ha, chim 20% din tch t nhin, chy dc theo cc thung lng sng ln nh Ro Ny, Kin Giang; cao thay i t 50 n 250 m, dc trung bnh 3-8o v c cu to bi cc trm tch lc nguyn, bin cht. Do b tc ng mnh ca qu trnh bc mn, ra tri nn a hnh c dng mm mi, thng l cc qu i c lp hoc dy i thp dng di. - Vng ng bng duyn hi c cao nh hn 15 m vi din tch 88.561 ha, chim 11% din tch t nhin v a hnh c ngun gc mi mn - bi t. - Vng ct ven bin chy di dc pha ng ca tnh, din tch khong 32.140 ha, chim 4% din tch t nhin, cao thay i t vi mt cho n vi chc mt, dc ln. Ti vng ny, do tc ng ca gi v nc, hin tng ct bay, ct lp din ra rt mnh. Tuyn ng H Ch Minh thuc a phn tnh Qung Bnh c chiu di tng cng l 402 km, bt u t Tn p (gip H Tnh) n Khe Gt di 97 km v ti y tuyn ng chia ra 2 nhnh:

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Nhng c im a hnh - a mo lin quan n qu trnh trt l t dc tuyn ng ... Page 3 of 7 - Nhnh ng di 121 km, chy t Khe Gt n pha nam An M (gip Qung Tr), ch yu c xy dng trn c s nng cp Quc l 15. - Nhnh ty di 184 km, bt u t Khe Gt n pha nam Lng Ho (gip Qung Tr), c xy dng trn c s nng cp ng Trng Sn c theo tiu chun cp IV v V ng min ni. Hai nhnh ng ny cn lin kt vi nhau bng cc tnh l 10, 12, 16, 20, to nn h thng giao thng kh hon chnh vng pha ty tnh. Tuyn ng t Tn p n Khe Gt v chy theo nhnh ty t Khe Gt n Lng Ho ch yu i qua vng ni rt him tr vi cc c im a hnh - a mo c th nh sau: - on t Tn p n Khe Gt chy qua a hnh c cao 200-300 m, chia ct su dao ng ln, t 20 n 300 m/km2 (ti vng o o l 400 m/km2), chia ct ngang dao ng t 1 n 3 km/km2 (ti Khe Rinh l 5 km/km2), dc trung bnh 15-20o. - on t Khe Gt n Lng Ho chy qua a hnh c cao 500-600 m, c bit c ni ln ti 1.000 m (on i qua x Tn Trch, huyn B Trch), dc a hnh l 15-35o, chia ct su ln, t 100 n 300 m/km2 (mt s on i qua x Trng Sn ln ti 600 m/km2). chia ct ngang thay i lin tc dc theo tuyn ng. x Phc Trch l 1,5 - 3,0 km/km2, t Sn Trch qua Tn Trch gim xung cn 0,5 - 1,5 km/km2, a phn x Trng Sn l 1,5 - 3,0 km/km2, nhng n x Lm Thy v Kim Thy chia ct ngang gim xung ch cn khong 0,5 km/km2. dc a hnh ln, chia ct su v chia ct ngang ln, cng vi cc tc nhn kh hu m t, lng ma ln tp trung trong thi gian rt ngn (t thng 9 n thng 12), lp v phong ho dy vi thnh phn c nhiu st... l nhng iu kin a hnh - a mo thun li cho s pht trin ca hot ng trt l. c bit, vic thi cng bt mi taluy qu dc khi xy dng ng, ph hy lp ph thc vt... c th gy ra s mt n nh sn v kch thch qu trnh trt l xy ra. Ring on ng t Khe Gt n An M (nhnh ng) ch yu i qua vng i v ng bng - i vi cao ph bin 10-20 m, dc a hnh trung bnh 3-8o v chia ct ngang t 0,5 n 1,0 km/km2. Tuy nhin, vng Troc (B Trch) v on i qua x Trng Xun (Qung Ninh) c a hnh kh him tr v c coi l mt trong nhng vng c nguy c trt l cao nht ca nhnh ng on i qua tnh Qung Bnh. nh nguyn nhn gy ra trt t cc sn dc l cng vic rt kh khn. Trong thc t, hu ht cc trng hp trt l u do nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra v him khi ch do mt nguyn nhn duy nht. Xc nh nguyn nhn gy ra trt t chnh l tm ra cc yu t tc ng gy ph hy s n nh sn dc. Quan h gia tng cc lc chng li s di chuyn khi t (S) v tng cc lc gy trt (T) c T.V. Zvonkova [6] gi l h s n nh (K) v c xc nh theo cng thc: K = S / T (1) Sn v t hnh thnh sn s trong trng thi n nh nu K > 1, khi m S > T. Khi K = 1, tc l S = T th sn nm trong trng thi cn bng gii hn. Nu K < 1, tc l S < T th sn trong trng thi khng n nh. Khi phn tch cc lc tc ng ln mt khi nm trn sn dc, th gc dc ng vai tr quan trng trong vic thit lp t s ban u ca cc lc chng trt v gy trt (Hnh 1).
2. Mc n nh sn v kh nng trt t a. Xc nh s n nh ca sn dc: Vic xc

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Nhng c im a hnh - a mo lin quan n qu trnh trt l t dc tuyn ng ... Page 4 of 7

Hnh 1. Cc lc tc ng ln khi nm trn sn dc.

Ghi ch: : Gc dc ca mt trt; P: Trng lng khi ; T: Lc tip tuyn c xu th lm cho khi di chuyn xung sn dc (cn gi l lc gy trt) v = P.sin; N: Lc php tuyn v = P.cos; S: Lc ma st c xu th gi khi li trn sn dc. Lc ma st c quan h vi lc php tuyn thng qua h s ma st (f) v c th hin theo cng thc: S = N.f = P.cos.tg (vi f = tg v l gc ma st trong ca t ).

T cng thc (1) c th vit:

P. cos .tg K= P. sin ng vi mt loi t th c mt gi tr gc ma st trong xc nh, nn khi thay i dc ca sn th h s n nh s thay i theo. trng thi cn bng gii hn K = 1, th ta c: = . Do , khi < th sn s n nh. Trn c s m hnh s a hnh, bn dc, bn t v bn thc vt cng vi cc dn liu u vo khc, bn n nh sn tnh Qung Bnh c thnh lp di s tr gip ca phn mm Sinmap chy trong mi trng Arcview [5]. Din tch v t l ca cc cp n nh c trnh by Bng 1. Qua Bng 1 ta thy din tch sn c mc khng n nh chim hn 25% a phn tnh Qung Bnh v tp trung vng i ni, ni c tuyn ng H Ch Minh i qua. Do , phc v cho cng tc duy tu, bo dng v cnh bo ch tc giao thng vo ma ma l, ng thi phc v cho cng tc quy hoch cc im dn c v pht trin sn xut c hiu qu, cc vng c tim nng trt l cn phi c nghin cu mt cch y .
Bng 1. Thng k din tch v t l n nh sn tnh Qung Bnh

TT 1 2 3 4

Mc n nh Rt n nh n nh Tng i n nh Khng n nh

Din tch (km2) 4.598,26 441,88 755,06 2.014,74

T l (%) 58,9 5,6 9,7 25,8

Ngun: Vin a l [5]

b. Quy lut phn b cc im trt t: Trt t xy ra do nhiu yu t tc ng nh: a cht, a hnh, a mo, kh hu, lp ph thc vt v hot ng ca con ngi [2]. V vy, vic tm ra quy lut phn b cc im trt l rt kh khn, nhng v cng cn thit. Trn c s kho st thc a, kt hp vi vic phn tch mi quan h ca cc vt trt vi cc yu t t nhin v nhn to, bc u c th rt ra mt s quy lut nh sau: - S lng cc im trt t t l thun vi cao v dc a hnh. Mc d mi tri qua vi ma ma, nhng chng ta v ang phi i mt vi tai bin trt t dc tuyn ng H Ch Minh. C trn 50% im trt l phn b vng c cao a hnh ln hn 500 m v dc trn 30o. - B dy lp v phong ho cng ln th kh nng trt t cng cao. Kt qu kho st cho thy ch

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Nhng c im a hnh - a mo lin quan n qu trnh trt l t dc tuyn ng ... Page 5 of 7 di 15% s im trt c b dy lp v phong ho nh hn 2 m, 35% im trt c b dy 2-5 m v trn 50% im trt c b dy trn 5 m. - Thnh phn ca khc nhau th kh nng xy ra trt l cng khc nhau. a phn Qung Bnh nm trn trn 2 i cu trc Long i v Honh Sn thuc min un np Vit-Lo. y phn b rng ri cc trm tch, bin cht v magma axit. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy rt t khi gp cc im trt ti nhng ni phn b magma. Ngc li, phn ln cc im trt t xy ra nhng ni m thnh phn gc phong ho l trm tch hoc bin cht. Bn cnh cc quy lut nu trn, qu trnh trt t cn lin quan cht ch vi lng ma, cng ma v mc tc ng ca con ngi. V vy, cc thng 10 v 11 l thi gian c kh nng xy ra nhiu trt l trong nm. nhng ni thm thc vt b ph hy, thnh taluy qu dc cng cn phng trt t xy ra. c. Nhng trng im trt t dc tuyn ng: Tuyn ng H Ch Minh i qua tnh Qung Bnh nm trn vng i ni vi cao, dc a hnh, thnh phn thch hc v lp v phong ho khc nhau nn kh nng trt l khng ging nhau. Kt qu su tm ti liu v kho st thc a cho thy c nhng trng im tim n tai bin trt t nh sau: - on t Tn p n Khe Gt: cao trung bnh 200-300 m, nhng vng Tn p v o o c cao trn 500 m, a hnh him tr, c coi l nhng ni c kh nng trt t tng i cao. - on t Khe Gt n Lng Ho (nhnh ty): on pha bc B Trch ch yu i qua vng vi Phong Nha - K Bng nn trt l t c kh nng xy ra, m thay vo l hin tng trt l . Cn na pha nam B Trch li i qua vng ni c cao ln, c ni trn 1.000 m (thuc x Tn Trch) v him tr, nn y l vng c kh nng trt l cao nht. on t pha ty nng trng Vit Trung n Lng Ho c cao trung bnh 500-600 m, a hnh kh him tr nn cng rt d xy ra trt l, c bit l on t Lng Ct n Lng Ho v x Trng Sn thuc huyn Qung Ninh. - on t Khe Gt n An M (nhnh ng): ch yu i qua vng g i vi cao trung bnh 20-40 m v dc nh nn t c kh nng trt t. Tuy nhin, cn lu cc vng Troc (B Trch) v Trng Xun (Qung Ninh) l nhng ni c a hnh him tr, d xy ra trt t v l qut.
III. MT S GII PHP PHNG CHNG TRT L T DC TUYN NG H CH MINH 1. Cc gii php khoa hc cng ngh

Tu thuc vo iu kin c th, ta c th a ra nhng gii php phng chng trt t thch hp. Nhn chung c cc gii php ch yu sau: - Chng tc dng ph hoi ca nc mt bng cch o cc rnh thot nc a nc chy theo hng khc hoc y nhanh qu trnh thot nc ma trn b mt sn dc (h thng rnh nh hng, phn bc sn dc) nhm hn ch qu trnh thm, trng cc loi cy c chng xi mn t.

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Nhng c im a hnh - a mo lin quan n qu trnh trt l t dc tuyn ng ... Page 6 of 7

Hnh 2. S h thng ng H Ch Minh thuc a phn tnh Qung Bnh - Chng tc dng ph hoi ca nc di t bng h thng thot nc ngm (rnh ngm, hm thot, ging ngm...). - Gim ti trng pha trn khi trt bng cch o b mt phn t tng s cn bng tnh hc (p dng khi mt trt dc phn trn, thoi phn di), bt thoi mi dc, khng xy dng cng trnh v tr lm tng ti trng trn mi dc. - S dng cc bin php cng trnh nh tng chn, k chng xi l, h thng cc chng chn sn dc vi mng t su di mt trt v nm trn nn gc.
2. Cc gii php khc

phng chng trt t c hiu qu, ngoi nhng gii php v khoa hc cng ngh nu trn, cn phi kt hp vi cc gii php khc nh: - Tuyn truyn su rng trong nhn dn v nguyn nhn v hu qu ca cc tai bin thin nhin ni chung v trt t ni ring. - Thnh lp cc Ban phng chng tai bin thin nhin cp x v cc nhm tnh nguyn vin cp thn bn i ph vi tai bin c hiu qu. - Tin hnh nghin cu chi tit v phn vng trng im trt l, ng thi hn ch i li trn nhng on ng c mc nguy him cao v ma ma l.
KT LUN

Qua nghin cu trt t dc on i qua tnh Qung Bnh ca tuyn ng H Ch Minh, bc u c th rt ra mt s kt lun nh sau: - Trt t l mt dng tai bin thin nhin xy ra tng i ph bin cc vng i ni nc ta, nht l dc cc tuyn giao thng mi c xy dng. - Qu trnh trt t chu tc ng ca cc yu t t nhin nh: a cht, a mo, kh hu, thy vn, thm thc vt..., ng thi va chu s tc ng ca con ngi nh: ct xn chn dc, tng ti trng trn sn dc, n mn, hot ng ca cc phng tin c gii...

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Nhng c im a hnh - a mo lin quan n qu trnh trt l t dc tuyn ng ... Page 7 of 7 - Trt t xy ra trn tuyn ng H Ch Minh tun theo quy lut l: cao v dc a hnh cng ln, lp v phong ho cng dy v nm trn trm tch th d xy ra trt t. Ngoi ra, qu trnh trt l cn lin quan cht ch vi lng ma, cng ma v mc tc ng ca con ngi. - Dc tuyn ng c mt s vng c coi l trng im trt t nh cc vng: Tn p (Minh Ho), Tn Trch (B Trch), o o, x Trng Sn (Qung Ninh), Lng Ct v Lng Ho (L Thy). - Hu qu ca trt t l rt nghim trng nn cn kt hp cc gii php khoa hc cng ngh v gii php kinh t - x hi mt cch ng b vic phng chng trt t c hiu qu cao. Cng trnh ny l kt qu nghin cu ca ti Nghin cu c bn m s 7 130 06 do B Khoa hc v Cng ngh ti tr.
VN LIU

1. o nh Bc, 2000. a mo i cng. Nxb i hc Quc gia H Ni. 2. L Xun Anh Ho, 2004. Nghin cu hin tng trt l t ng H Ch Minh on Atep kzol tnh Qung Nam v xut cc gii php phng chng. Lun vn ThS a cht, i hc Hu. 3. Nguyn Quang M, 2002. a mo ng lc. Nxb i hc Quc gia H Ni. 4. Nguyn Vi Dn, Nguyn Hiu, Ng Vn Lim, 2006. Trt l t v bc u d bo vng trt l t Bc Trung b bng phng php a mo. Tuyn tp BCKH Hi ngh khoa hc a l ton quc ln th II, H Ni. 5. Vin a l, 2003. Xy dng lun c khoa hc phc v pht trin kinh t - x hi min Ty Qung Bnh sau khi hon thnh xy dng ng H Ch Minh. Bo co tng kt ti. Lu tr Vin a l. H Ni. 6. Zvonkova T.V, 1977. a mo ng dng. Nxb Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni.

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