Lý thuyết mạch - Mạch xoay chiều

Nguyn Cng Phng g y g g
Mch xoay chiu Mch xoay chiu

C s l thuyt mch in
Ni dung
Thng s mch Thng s mch
Phn t mch
Mch mt chiu Mch mt chiu
Mch xoay chiu
Mng hai ca Mng hai ca
Mch ba pha
Q t h Qu trnh qu
Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn
2
Mch xoay chiu (1)
Mch mt chiu c dng cho n cui tk.19 g
nh ngha mch xoay chiu: c ngun (p hoc dng)
kch thch hnh sin (hoc cos)
Phng php gii: dng s phc
3
Mch xoay chiu (2)
1. Sng sin 1. Sng sin
2. Phn ng ca cc phn t c bn
3 S phc 3. S phc
4. Bin din sng sin bng s phc
5 Phc ho cc phn t c bn 5. Phc ho cc phn t c bn
6. Phn tch mch xoay chiu
7 C t t h hi 7. Cng sut trong mch xoay chiu
8. H cm
9 Ph t h h i b t h
4
9. Phn tch mch in bng my tnh
Sng sin (1)
u(t) = U
m
sint
U
m
: bin ca sng sin
: tn s gc (rad/s)
t t : gc
U : tr hiu dng
(t)
2
m
U
U =
U
m
u(t)
t
0

2
3
5
t
U
m
Sng sin (2)
U
m
u(t)
2 T
t
0

2
3
t e 2 = T
t 2
t
U
m
( )
e
t 2
= T
U
m
u(t)
t
0
T/2
T
3T/2
T
f
1
=
6
t
U
m
T
f
Sng sin (3)
u(t) = U
m
sin(t + )
: pha ban u
h i
u(t) U
m
sin(t )
u(t)
u
1
(t) = U
m
sint
u
2
sm pha so vi u
1
,
hoc
chm pha so i
U
m
u(t)
u
2
(t) = U
m
sin(t + )
1
( )
m
u
1
chm pha so vi u
2
Nu 0 u
1
lch
pha vi u
t
0

2
pha vi u
2
Nu = 0 u
1
ng
pha vi u
2

7
pha vi u
2
U
m
Sng sin (4)
u(t) = U
m
sin(t + ) ( )
m
( )
t = 0
U
m
t
*
0
t
t
*
Quay vi vn tc rad/s
8
Quay vi vn tc rad/s
Sng sin (5)
u(t) = U
m
sin(t + )
u
1
(t) = U
1
sin(t +
1
)
u (t) = U sin(t + )
u(t) U
m
sin(t )
u
2
(t) = U
2
sin(t +
2
)
u
1
(t) + u
2
(t)
U
m
U
1
1
1
U
2
2
9
Bin & gc pha l c trng ca mt sng sin
Sng sin (6)
U
1
u
1
(t) + u
2
(t)
1
U
2
2
Ch : Php cng cc sng sin bng vct quay
h khi i t
10
ch ng khi cc sng sin c cng tn s
Mch xoay chiu
3 S phc 3. S phc
4. Biu din sng sin bng s phc
8. H cm
9 Ph t h h i b t h
11
Phn ng ca cc phn t c bn (1)
i
R
t U e sin =
t I i
m
e sin =
sin u RI t e =
u
R
t U
Rm
e sin =
R
u Ri =
m
sin
R m
u RI t e =
u (t)
0
i(t)
u
R
(t)
u
R
i
t

12
) sin( ) sin( e e + = + = t RI u t I i
m r m
i
L
di
L
u
L
t I i
m
e sin =
cos
L m
u LI t e e =
o
sin( 90 )
m
LI t e e = +
L
u L
dt
= o
sin( 90 )
Lm
U t e = +
u (t)
i(t)
u
L
0
u
L
(t)
i
t
90
o

13
o
sin( ) sin( 90 )
m L m
i I t u LI t e e e = + = + +
C
i
C
u
C
t I i
m
e sin =
1
1
u idt
C
=
}
1
sin
m
u I tdt
C
e =
}
C
t
I
m
e cos =
o
sin( 90 )
m
I
t e =
o
sin( 90 ) U t e =
14
t
C
e
e
cos = sin( 90 ) t
C
e
e
= sin( 90 )
m
U t e =
C
i
u
C
t I i e sin
o
sin( 90 )
m
I
u t e
o
sin( 90 ) U t e
t I i
m
e sin =
sin( 90 )
m
C
u t
C
e
e
= sin( 90 )
m
U t e =
90
o
u
C
(t)
t
0
i(t)
i
0

15
o
sin( ) sin( 90 )
m
m C
I
i I t u t
C
e e
e
= + = +
u
C
t I i e sin = t I i
m
e sin =
ii
u
L
u
C
u
r
i
L
i
o
i ( 90 )
m
I
t
o
i ( 90 )
16
t RI u
m r
e sin =
o
sin( 90 )
m
C
u t
C
e
e
=
o
sin( 90 )
L m
u LI t e e = +
) sin( e + = t I i ) sin( e + = t I i
m
u
L
i

u
r
i
u
C
) i (
o
i ( 90 )
I
o
i ( 90 ) LI

17
) sin( e + = t RI u
m r
o
sin( 90 )
m
C
I
u t
C
e
e
= +
o
sin( 90 )
L m
u LI t e e = + +
VD1
i(t) = 5sin100t A; r = 200 ; L = 3 H; ( ) ; ; ;
C = 20 F; u = ?
C L r
u u u u + + =
t t rI u
m r
100 sin 5 . 200 sin = = e
o o
5 I
0 o
sin( 90 ) 100.3.5sin(100 90 )
L m
u LI t t e e = + = +
o o
5
5
sin( 90 ) sin(100 90 )
100.2.10
m
C
I
u t t
C
e
e

= =
18
o o
1000sin100 1500sin(100 90 ) 2500sin(100 90 ) V u t t t = + + +
VD1
i(t) = 5sin100t A; r = 200 ; L = 3 H; ( ) ; ; ;
C = 20 F; u = ?
o o
1000sin100 1500sin(100 90 ) 2500sin(100 90 ) V u t t t + + + 1000sin100 1500sin(100 90 ) 2500sin(100 90 ) V u t t t = + + +
1.5
2
2.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
19
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-2.5
-2
VD1
i(t) = 5sin100t A; r = 200 ; L = 3 H; ( ) ; ; ;
C = 20 F; u = ?
u
L
u
r
u + u u
L
+ u
C
u
o o
1000sin100 1500sin(100 90 ) 2500sin(100 90 ) V u t t t = + + +
u
C
20
o
1000 2 sin(100 45 ) V t =
u
L
u
L
+ u
C
e
C
I
LI
m
m
e
e
m
rI
u
r
u
C
C e
) i ( ) (
2
2
|
|
|
t
I
LI I
m
m
u
C
t I i
m
e sin =
) sin( ) (
2
e
e
e +
|
.
|
\
|
+ = t
C
LI rI u
m
m m
L e
1

21
r
C
L
arctg
e
e
=
VD2
e(t) = 100sin100t V; r = 200 ; L = 3 H; ( ) ; ; ;
C = 20 F; i = ?
e u u u = + +
idt Li i + +
}
1
'
ri u
r
=
e u u u
C L r
= + +
e idt
C
Li ri = + +
}
'
}
idt
1
' Li u
L
=
t e
i
Li ri 100 cos 100 100 ' ' ' ' = = + +
}
= idt
C
u
c
t e
C
Li ri 100 cos 100 . 100 = = + +
t 100 cos 10
4
=
22
) 100 sin( + = t I i
m
VD2
e(t) = 100sin100t V; r = 200 ; L = 3 H;
) 100 sin( + = t I i
m
( ) ; ; ;
C = 20 F; i = ?
) (
m
) 100 sin( + = t rI u
m r
o
sin(100 90 )
L m
u LI t e = + +
o
sin(100 90 )
m
C
I
u t | = +
o
sin(100 )
sin(100 90 )
m
rI t
LI t
e
+ +
+ + + +
e u u u
C L r
= + +
sin(100 90 )
C
u t
C
|
e
+
o
sin(100 90 )
sin(100 90 )
m
m
LI t
I
t
C
e
e
+ + + +
+ + =
23
100sin100
C
t
e
=
VD2
e(t) = 100sin100t V; r = 200 ; L = 3 H;
0 o
sin(100 ) sin(100 90 ) sin(100 90 ) 100sin100
m
I
rI t LI t t t e + + + + + + =
( ) ; ; ;
C = 20 F; i = ?
o
200 sin(100 ) 300 sin(100 90 )
m m
I t I t + + + + +
sin(100 ) sin(100 90 ) sin(100 90 ) 100sin100
m m
rI t LI t t t
C
e
e
+ + + + + + =
u
r
u
L
( ) ( )
2
2 2
100 500 300 200 = +
m m m
I I I
o
500 sin(100 90 ) 100sin100
m
I t t + + =
u
r
( ) ( )
m m m
1/ 8 0, 35 A
m
I = =
u
L
+ u
C
e
0 35 i (100 ) A i
24
u
C
0, 35sin(100 ) A i t = +
VD2
e(t) = 100sin100t V; r = 200 ; L = 3 H;
0 o
sin(100 ) sin(100 90 ) sin(100 90 ) 100sin100
m
I
rI t LI t t t e + + + + + + =
( ) ; ; ;
C = 20 F; i = ?
o
200 sin(100 ) 300 sin(100 90 )
m m
I t I t + + + + +
sin(100 ) sin(100 90 ) sin(100 90 ) 100sin100
m m
rI t LI t t t
C
e
e
+ + + + + + =
u
r
u
L
o
500 300
1 45
m m
I I
arctg arctg

= = =
o
500 sin(100 90 ) 100sin100
m
I t t + + =
u
r
200
m
g g
I
o
0, 35sin(100 45 ) A i t = +
u
L
+ u
C e
25
u
C
VD2
e(t) = 100sin100t V; r = 200 ; L = 3 H; ( ) ; ; ;
C = 20 F; i = ?
e idt
C
Li ri = + +
}
1
'
) 100 sin( + t I i ) 100 sin( + = t I i
m
Biu din vct
o
0, 35sin(100 45 ) A i t = +
o
0 35sin(100 45 ) A
E
I i t = = +
E
C j
I
I L j I r

= + +
100
100
26
0, 35sin(100 45 ) A
1
100
100
I i t
r j L
j C
= = +
+ +
1
Mch xoay chiu
e idt
C
Li ri = + +
}
1
'
(phng trnh vi phn) (phng trnh vi phn)
(dng s phc phc ho mch in xoay chiu) (dng s phc phc ho mch in xoay chiu)
I
rI j LI E
j C
e
e
+ + =

27
(phng trnh i s tuyn tnh phc)
Mt mch in xoay chiu c th c m hnh ho
bng mt (h) phng trnh vi (tch) phn bng mt (h) phng trnh vi (tch) phn
phn tch mch in chng ta phi gii (h) phng
trnh vi (tch) phn
Nu c th chuyn vic gii phng trnh vi (tch phn)
v vic gii phng trnh i s tuyn tnh th ni chung
vic phn tch mch in s n gin hn vic phn tch mch in s n gin hn
dng s phc phc ho mch in
t mch in phc ho (h) phng trnh i s tuyn t mch in phc ho (h) phng trnh i s tuyn
tnh phc)
dng s phc n gin ho vic phn tch mch
28
g p g p
in xoay chiu
Mch xoay chiu
3 S phc 3. S phc
8. H cm
9 Ph t h h i b t h
29
S phc (1)
s thc
1 = j
v = a + jb
s thc
phn thc
phn o
a = Re(v)
b = Im(v)
30
S phc (2)
v = a + jb v a jb
o
j
2 2
r a b v = + =
b
b = rsin
b
arctg =
r a b v +
0
thc
1
a
a = rcos
a
arctg =
M un ca s phc v
a jb r +
j
re

31
e
j
= cos + jsin (ct. Euler)
S phc (3)
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( d b j c a jd c jb a + + + + + + ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( d b j c a jd c jb a + + + = + + +
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( d b j c a jd c jb a + = + +
) ( ) ( ) )( (
2
ad bc j bd ac bd j jad jbc ac jd c jb a + + = + + + = + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
) )( ( ad bc
j
bd ac bd j jad jbc ac jd c jb a jb a
+
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
32
2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) )( ( d c
j
d c jd c jd c jd c jd c + + + +
S phc (4)
) ( ) ( ) )( (
2
ad bc j bd ac bd j jad jbc ac jd c jb a + + = + + + = + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
) ( ) )( (
) )( (
d c
ad bc
j
d c
bd ac
jd c
bd j jad jbc ac
jd c jd c
jd c jb a
jd c
jb a
+
+
+
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
jd
1
a jb r +
1
1
( )( ) ( a jb c jd r + +
1 2
)(r
2 1 2
) ( ) r r =
1 2
+
2
c jd r +
2
1
( )( ) ( j j
1 2
)(
2 1 2
) ( )
1 2

1
r
a jb +

1
1
r
=
1 2

33
c jd +
2
r
2 2
r
1 2

S phc (5)
1 1 1
r
1
r
=
(r
2 2
) ( ) r = 2
r r = / 2
v a jb r = + =
Lin hp phc ca v:
*
v v a jb r = = =
j
re

=
34
Lin hp phc ca v: v v a jb r re
S phc (6)
1 1 1 1
; z x jy z x jy r = + = + =
1 2 2 2 2
; z x jy r | = + =
2
|
1 1 1 1
; jy jy
1 2 2 2 2
; jy |
2
|
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) z z x x j y y + = + + +
( ) ( ) z z x x j y y = +
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) z z x x j y y = +
1 2 1 2
z z r r =
1 2
| | +
z r
1 1
2 2
z r
z r
=
1 2
| |
1 1
|
3 4 5 j + +
o
*
30
?
(4 )(6 )
=
z r
= |
z r = / 2 |
*
(4 5)(6 7) j j +
35
*
z x jy r = =
j
re
|
|

=
Mch xoay chiu
3 S phc 3. S phc
8. H cm
9 Ph t h h i b t h
36
Biu din sng sin bng s phc (1)
Bn knh & gc pha biu din c mt s phc
Bin & gc pha biu din c mt sng sin Bin & gc pha biu din c mt sng sin
Dng s phc biu din sng sin g p g
( ) sin( ) 2 sin( )
m
x t X t X t X X e e = + = + =
( ) ( ) ( )
m

( ) sin( ) x t X t X X e = + =

37
( ) sin( )
m
x t X t X X e +
b ( ) sin( )
m
x t X t X X e = + = jb a + =
o
j
b
2 2
b a X + =
1
b = Xsin
a
b
arctg =
0
thc
a
a = Xcos
38
V d 1: V d 1:
4sin(20t + 40
o
) ? 4sin(20t 40 ) ?
6sin(314t 120
o
) ?
5cos(100t + 20
o
) ?
?
12
o
30
?
3 + j4 ?
24
o
60
39
V d 2: V d 2:
Cho i (t) = 4sin(t + 30
o
) A Cho i
1
(t) 4sin(t + 30 ) A
i
2
(t) = 5sin(t 30
o
) A
Tnh i
1
(t) + i
2
(t) ?
40
Mch xoay chiu
3 S phc 3. S phc
8. H cm
9 Ph t h h i b t h
41
Phc ho cc phn t c bn (1)
i
R
u
R
i
R
) sin( ) sin( e e + = + = t RI u t I i
m r m
i I I =

R
U RI =
RI =

42
i
R R
I
u
R
I
R
U
) sin( e + = t RI u
m R
R
U RI =
RI =

u
R
(t)
R
U
I
t
0
i(t)
43

i
L
u
L
o
( 90 ) j
o
sin( ) sin( 90 )
m L m
i I t u LI t e e e = + = + +
j
o
o ( 90 )
sin( 90 )
j
m L
LI t U LIe

e e e
+
+ + =
r
j
re

o o
( 90 ) 90 j j j
LIe LIe e

e e
+
=
o
( 90 ) j
LIe L I
e e
+
=
( )
o
90 j
e
o
90 j
e j =
e e e e e
j
Ie I
=
LIe L I e e =
( )
e
44
L
U j LI e =
j LI e =

i
L
L je
I
u
L
L
U
I
o
sin( 90 )
L m L
u LI t U j LI e e e = + + =

u
L
(t)
i(t)
L
U
t
0

45
90
o

C
i
u
C
o
i ( ) i ( 90 )
I
i I
o
sin( ) sin( 90 )
m
m C
I
i I t u t
C
e e
e
= + = +
o
o ( 90 )
sin( 90 )
j
m
C
I I
t U e
C C

e

+ =
j
re r Z
( )
C
C C
e e
o o
( 90 ) 90
1
j j j
I
e Ie e
C C

e e

=
o
( 90 ) j
I
I
e
C

=
o
90 j
e
C

o
90
1
j
e j
j
= =
j
Ie I
=
C e C e
I

46
C
U =
I
j C j C
e e
=
C
i
I
C je
1
C
i
u
C
C
U
I
C je
o
sin( 90 )
m
C C
I I
u t U
C j C
e
e e
= + =

90
o
u
C
(t)
i(t)
U
t
0
i(t)
47
C
U
C
i
i
L
i
R
C
i
u
C
u
L
i
u
R
i
o
sin( 90 )
m
C
I
u t
C
e
e
= +
o
sin( 90 )
L m
u LI t e e = + +
L
) sin( e + = t RI u
m r
I
C je
1
L je
I
R
I
C
U
j
I
L
U
I I
R
U

48
C j
I
U
C
e
= I L j U
L

e = I R U
R

=
u
jj
) sin( e + = t U u
m
) sin( e + = t J j
m
U

49
J J =

U U =

Mch xoay chiu
3 S phc 3. S phc
8. H cm
9 Ph t h h i b t h
50
1
Mch xoay chiu
e idt
C
Li ri = + +
}
1
'
(phng trnh vi phn) (phng trnh vi phn)
(dng s phc phc ho mch in xoay chiu) (dng s phc phc ho mch in xoay chiu)
I
rI j LI E
j C
e
e
+ + =

51
(phng trnh i s tuyn tnh phc)
Mch xoay chiu
Mch mt chiu:
khng c cc php tnh vi tch phn
ch gii (h) phng trnh i s
Mch xoay chiu: Mch xoay chiu:
(hu ht) c cc php tnh vi tch phn
cn gii (h) phng trnh vi tch phn g ( ) p g p
phc tp
Gii php cho mch xoay chiu:
dng s phc phc ho mch in xoay chiu
bin (h) phng trnh vi tch phn thnh (h) phng trnh
i s
52
s
n gin hn
Phn tch mch xoay chiu
Phc ho mch xoay chiu y
Ni dung:
1. nh lut Ohm
2. nh lut Kirchhoff
3. Dng nhnh
4. Th nh
5. Dng vng
6. Bin i tng ng
7 Ma trn 7. Ma trn
8. Nguyn l xp chng
9. nh l Thevenin
h l
53
10. nh l Norton
nh lut Ohm (1)
I R U

=
R
U
R
=

I R U
R
=
I L j U

e =
R
I
=

L j
U
L
e

U
I L j U
L
e =
I
L j
I
L
e =

U 1
I Z U

= Z
I
U
=
C j
I
U
C
e
=
C j I
U
C
e
1
=

Z: tngtr ()
1
Z
Y
1
=
Tngdn (S):
54
Tng tr (tng dn) l mt s phc, nhng khng phi l vct quay
nh lut Ohm (2)
U
Z
I
U
=
1
R Z
R
=
R
I
U
R
=
R
Y
R
1
=
L j Z
L
e = L j
I
U
L
e =
L
j
L j
Y
L
e e

= =
1
C
j
C j
Z
C

= =
1
C j I
U
C
1
=
j
C j Y
C
e =
55
C C j
C
e e
C j I e
C
nh lut Ohm (3)
j
L j Z
L
e =
C
j
Z
C
e
=
0 =
L
Z
C
Z
0 = e
L C
0 = e
Ngn mch H mch
e

L
Z 0 =
C
Z
Ngn mch
H mch
56
Ngn mch
H mch
nh lut Ohm (4)
jX R Z
Z
I
jX R Z + =
R i t
I
U
R: in tr
X: in khng
X > 0: in khng cm
X < 0: in khng dung
57
nh lut Ohm (5)
VD
e(t) = 100sin100t V; r = 200 ; L = 3 H; ( ) ; ; ;
C = 20 F; i = ?
58
1. nh lut Ohm
2. nh lut Kirchhoff
3. Dng nhnh g
4. Th nh
5. Dng vng
6. Bin i tng ng
7. Ma trn
8. Nguyn l xp chng
9. nh l Thevenin
59
10. nh l Norton
nh lut Kirchhoff (1)
Trong mt vng kn: g g
u
1
+ u
2
+ + u
n
= 0 (1)
Trong mch xoay chiu, cc in p u c dng hnh sin, nn
(1) c dng:
U i ( t + ) + U i ( t + ) + + U i ( t + ) 0 U
m1
sin(t +
1
) + U
m2
sin(t +
2
) + + U
mn
sin(t +
n
) = 0
0 ...
2 1
= + + +
n
U U U

(KA)
60
nh lut Kirchhoff (2)
Ti mt nh:
i
1
+ i
2
+ + i
n
= 0 (1)
Trong mch xoay chiu, cc dng in u c dng hnh sin, nn
(1) c dng:
I i ( t + ) + I i ( t + ) + + I i ( t + ) 0 I
m1
sin(t +
1
) + I
m2
sin(t +
2
) + + I
mn
sin(t +
n
) = 0
0 ...
2 1
= + + +
n
I I I

(KD)
61
nh lut Ohm & nh lut Kirchhoff ng i vi cc nh lut Ohm & nh lut Kirchhoff ng i vi cc
tn hiu phc ho
Cc bc phn tch mch in xoay chiu: p y
1. Phc ho mch in (phc ho cc phn t mch)
2. Phn tch mch in bng cc phng php phn tch mch
mt chiu
3. Chuyn tn hiu phc ho sang tn hiu tc thi
62
VD
e(t) = 100sin100t V; r = 200 ; L = 3 H; ( ) ; ; ;
C = 20 F; i = ?
1. Phc ho mch in (phc ho cc phn t mch)
2 Phn tch mch in bng cc phng php phn 2. Phn tch mch in bng cc phng php phn
tch mch hc trong phn mch mt chiu
3. Chuyn tn hiu phc ho sang tn hiu tc thi
200
300 j
I
300 j
500 j
70, 71
o
0 V
I
70, 71
I =
o
0
0, 25
200 300 500 j j
=
+
o
45 A
63
o o
( ) 0, 25 2 sin(100 45 ) 0, 35sin(100 45 ) A i t t t = + = +
1. nh lut Ohm
2. nh lut Kirchhoff
3. Dng nhnh g
4. Th nh
5. Dng vng
6. Bin i tng ng
7. Ma trn
8. Nguyn l xp chng
9. nh l Thevenin
64
10. nh l Norton
Dng nhnh (1)
n s l cc dng in ca cc nhnh n s l cc dng in ca cc nhnh
S lng n s = s lng nhnh (khng k ngun dng)
ca mch
Lp h phng trnh bng cch
p dng KD cho n
KD
nh, v p g
KD
,
p dng KA cho n
KA
vng
65
Dng nhnh (2)
VD1
A
B
n
KD
= s_nh 1 = 3 1 = 2 vit 2 p/tr theo KD
0 :
3 2 1
= + I I I a

0 :
4 3
= + J I I b

n
KA
= s_nhnh s_nh + 1 = 4 3 + 1 = 2
vit 2 p/tr theo KA
1 1 2 2 1 2
: A Z I Z I E E =

66
1 1 2 2 1 2
2 2 3 3 4 4 2
: B Z I Z I Z I E + + =

Dng nhnh (3)
VD1
A
B
=
= +
4 3
3 2 1
0
J I I
I I I

- Dng
p
1
I
I
=
2 1 2 2 1 1
4 3
E I Z I Z I Z
E E I Z I Z
J I I

- p
- Cng sut
2
3
I
I
I

67
= + +
2 4 4 3 3 2 2
E I Z I Z I Z
-
4
I
Dng nhnh (4)

VD2
1 2 3
10 ; 20 ; 5 10 ; Z Z j Z j = O = O = O
1 3
30V; 45 E E = =

o
15 V; 2 J =
o
30 A;
Tnh cc dng in trong mch?
0 I I I J

1 2 3
0 I I I J + + =
1 1 2 2 1
Z I Z I E =

2 2 3 3 3
Z I Z I E + =
1 2 3
2 I I I + =

o
30

1 2
2 3
10 20 30
20 (5 10) 45
I j I
j I j I
=
+ =

o
15

68
1 2 3
1 2 3
; ; I I I
A A A
= = =
A A A

Dng nhnh (5)
VD2
1 2 3
10 ; 20 ; 5 10 ; Z Z j Z j = O = O = O
2 I I I

o
30
1 3
30V; 45 E E = =

o
15 V; 2 J =
o
30 A;
1 2 3
2 I I I + =
o
1 2
30
10 20 30
20 (5 10) 45
I j I
j I j I
=
+ =

o
15
2 3
20 (5 10) 45 j I j I + = 15
1 2 3
1 2 3
; ; I I I
A A A
= = =
A A A

1 1 1
10 20 0
0 20 5 10
j
j j
A =
20 0 1 1 1 1
1 10 0
20 5 10 20 5 10 20 0
j
j j j j j

= +

69
0 20 5 10 j j
250 200 j =
Dng nhnh (6)
VD2
1 2 3
10 ; 20 ; 5 10 ; Z Z j Z j = O = O = O
2 I I I

o
30
1 3
30V; 45 E E = =

o
15 V; 2 J =
o
30 A;
1 2 3
2 I I I + =
o
1 2
30
10 20 30
20 (5 10) 45
I j I
j I j I
=
+ =

o
15
2 3
20 (5 10) 45 j I j I + = 15
2
o
30 1 1
30 20 0 j

1
I =
30 20 0
45
j
o
15 20 5 10
250 200
j j
j

1, 04 3, 95 j = + 4, 09 =
o
75, 2 A
70
o
1
4, 09 2 sin( 75, 2 ) A i t e = +
Dng nhnh (7)
VD2
1 2 3
10 ; 20 ; 5 10 ; Z Z j Z j = O = O = O
1 3
30V; 45 E E = =

o
15 V; 2 J =
o
30 A;
2 I I I

o
30
1 2 3
2 I I I + =
o
1 2
30
10 20 30
20 (5 10) 45
I j I
j I j I
=
+ =

o
15
2 3
20 (5 10) 45 j I j I + = 15
1 2
o
30 1
10 30 0

2
I =
10 30 0
0 45
o
15 5 10
250 200
j
j

1, 98 0, 98 j = + 2, 20 =
o
26, 4 A
71
o
2
2, 20 2 sin( 26, 4 ) A i t e = +
Dng nhnh (8)
VD2
1 2 3
10 ; 20 ; 5 10 ; Z Z j Z j = O = O = O
2 I I I

o
30
1 3
30V; 45 E E = =

o
15 V; 2 J =
o
30 A;
1 2 3
2 I I I + =
o
1 2
30
10 20 30
20 (5 10) 45
I j I
j I j I
=
+ =

o
15
2 3
20 (5 10) 45 j I j I + = 15
1 1 2
o
30
10 20 30 j

3
I =
10 20 30
0 20 45
j
j
o
15
250 200 j
4, 75 3, 93 j = + 6,16 =
o
39, 6 A
72
o
3
6,16 2 sin( 39, 6 ) A i t e = +
1. nh lut Ohm
2. nh lut Kirchhoff
3. Dng nhnh g
4. Th nh
5. Dng vng
6. Bin i tng ng
7. Ma trn
8. Nguyn l xp chng
9. nh l Thevenin
73
10. nh l Norton
Th nh (1)
0
c
=
1 2
1 1 1 1
a b
E E
Z Z Z Z Z Z

| |
+ + = +
|
\ .

1
1
1
a
E
I
Z

=
2
2
a
E
I

=

1 2 3 3 1 2
1 1 1
a b
Z Z Z Z Z Z
J
Z Z Z

\ .
| |
+ + =
|
\ .

a
b

2
2
I
Z
3
3
a b
I
Z

=


74
3 3 4
Z Z Z
\ .
3
Z
4
4
b
I
Z
VD1
1 2 3
10 ; 20 ; 5 10 ; Z Z j Z j = O = O = O
Th nh (2)
1 3
30V; 45 E E = =

o
15 V; 2 J =
o
30 A;
1 1 1 30
2
10 20 5 10 10
a
j j

| |
+ + = +
|
\ .

o
45
30
o
15
5 10 j
19 57 39 50 V j
19, 57 39, 50 V
a
j =
1
30 (19, 57 39, 50)
1, 04 3, 95 4, 09
10
j
I j

= = + =
o
75, 2 A
o
1
4 09 2 sin( 75 2 ) A i t e
= +
2
(19, 57 39, 50)
1, 98 0, 98 2, 20
20
j
I j
j

= = + =
o
26, 4 A
45
I
o
15 (19, 57 39, 50)
4 75 3 93 6 16
j
j
+
+
o
39 6 A
1
o
2
o
3
4, 09 2 sin( 75, 2 ) A
2, 20 2 sin( 26, 4 ) A
6,16 2 sin( 39, 6 ) A
i t
i t
i t
e
e
e
= +
= +

75
3
I =
( )
4, 75 3, 93 6,16
5 10
j
j
j
= + =
o
39, 6 A
Th nh (2)
VD2
20 E =
o
45 V; 5 J =
o
60 A 20 E = 45 V; 5 J = 60 A
; 12
1
O = Z ; 10
2
O = j Z
O = 16
3
j Z
Tnh cc i?
76
1. nh lut Ohm
2. nh lut Kirchhoff
3. Dng nhnh g
4. Th nh
5. Dng vng
6. Bin i tng ng
7. Ma trn
8. Nguyn l xp chng
9. nh l Thevenin
77
10. nh l Norton
Dng vng (1)
A
I
B
I
1 2 1 2
( ) ( )
A A B
Z I Z I I E E + =
1 A
I I
I I I
=

1 2 1 2
2 3 4 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
A A B
B A B B
Z I Z I I E E
Z I I Z I Z I J E
+
+ + + =

A
B
I
I
2
3
4
B A
B
B
I I I
I I
I I J
= +

78
4 B
Dng vng (2)
VD1
1 2 3
10 ; 20 ; 5 10 ; Z Z j Z j = O = O = O
1 3
30V; 45 E E = =

o
15 V; 2 J =
o
30 A;
A
I
B
I
10 20( 2
A A B
I j I I + +

o
30 ) 30
20( 2
B A
j I I
=

o
30 ) (5 10) 45
B
j I + =
o
15
20( 2
B A
j I I 30 ) (5 10) 45
B
j I + 15
(10 20) 20 30 20.2

A B
j I j I j + =

o
30
20 (5 20) 20 2 j I j I j
+ +

o
30 45 +
o
15
1, 04 3, 95 A
4 75 3 93 A
A
B
I j
I j
= +

= +
20 (5 20) 20.2
A B
j I j I j + + = 30 45 + 15
4, 75 3, 93 A
B
I j = +
1
1, 04 3, 95 4, 09
A
I I j = = + =

o
75, 2 A
2 20 I I I J = + =

o
26 4 A
o
1
o
4, 09 2 sin( 75, 2 ) A
2 20 2 sin( 26 4 ) A
i t
i t
e
e
= +
= +

79
2
2, 20
A B
I I I J = + =
3
26, 4 A
4, 75 3, 93 6,16
B
I I j = = + =

o
39, 6 A
2
o
3
2, 20 2 sin( 26, 4 ) A
6,16 2 sin( 39, 6 ) A
i t
i t
e
e
= +
= +
Dng vng (2)

VD2
200 E =
0V; 10 J =
o
30 A 200 E 0V; 10 J 30 A
Z
1
= Z
2
= 20 + j10 ; Z
3
= 15 ;
Z
4
= 10 j5 ; Z
5
= 5 + j10 ;
T h i? Tnh cc i?
80
1. nh lut Ohm
2. nh lut Kirchhoff
3. Dng nhnh g
4. Th nh
5. Dng vng
6. Bin i tng ng
7. Ma trn
8. Nguyn l xp chng
9. nh l Thevenin
81
10. nh l Norton
Bin i tng ng (1)
C h t th i ti Z Z Cc phn t th ng ni tip Z
td
= Z
k
1 1
Cc phn t th ng song song

=
k td
Z Z
Cc ngun p ni tip

=
k td
E E

Cc ngun dng song song

=
k td
J J

82
Bin i tng ng (2)
E Z J Z

Bin i
J Z E
td

=
d
E
J =

, , E Z J Z
Bin i
J Z E
td
td
J
Z
1
Bin i Millman
1 2 3
1
1 1 1
td
Z
Z Z Z
=
+ +
Bin i Millman
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 1 1
td
E E E
Z Z Z
E
+
=


83
1 2 3
1 1 1
td
Z Z Z
+ +
Bin i tng ng (3)
C A
C A
Z
Z Z
Z Z Z + + =
1
2 1
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
A
+ +
=
B
Z
B A
B A
Z Z
Z Z Z + + =
2
3 2 1
Z Z Z + +
3 2
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
B
=
C
B A
Z
2
C B
Z Z
Z Z Z + + =
3 2 1
Z Z Z
B
+ +
3 1
Z Z
Z =
A
C B
Z
Z Z Z + + =
3
3 2 1
Z Z Z
Z
C
+ +
=
84
1. nh lut Ohm
2. nh lut Kirchhoff
3. Dng nhnh g
4. Th nh
5. Dng vng
6. Bin i tng ng
7. Ma trn
8. Nguyn l xp chng
9. nh l Thevenin
85
10. nh l Norton
Ma trn (1)
A
B
1 2 3
3 4
0 I I I
I I J
+ =

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
2
1
0
1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
J
I
I
1 1 2 2 1 2
2 2 3 3 4 4 2
Z I Z I E E
Z I Z I Z I E
+ + =

(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
2
2 1
4
3
4 3 2
2 1
0
0 0
E
E E
I
I
Z Z Z
Z Z

86
AI=B

Ma trn (2)
A
B
1 2 3 4
I I I I

1
2
1 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1
I
J
I
(
( (
(
( (

(
( (
a
b
a
b
1 2 3 4
2
1 2 1 2
3
2 3 4 2
4
0 0
0
Z Z E E
I
Z Z Z E
I
(
( (
=
(
( (

(
( (
(

A
B
A
B
87
Ma trn (3)
= + + +
= +
J Z E I Z Z Z I Z
E E I Z I Z Z
V V
V V

4 2 2 4 3 2 1 2
2 1 2 2 1 2 1
) (
) (
+ + + J Z E I Z Z Z I Z
V V 4 2 2 4 3 2 1 2
) (
(
(

=
(
(
+
E E I
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
v

2 1 1
2 2 1
88
(
+ +
J Z E I
Z Z Z Z
v 4 2 2
4 3 2 2
Tt c cc ngun
Ma trn (4)
Tt c cc ngun
p c mt trn
ng i ca dng
vng:
Tt c cc tng
tr c mt trn
ng i ca
-ngun p : cng
chiu th (+),
ngc chiu th ()
1 V
I
g
-ngun p :
cng chiu th (),
ngc chiu th (+)
1 V
4
Z J
1 2 2
1 1 2 v
Z Z Z
I E E
+ ( (
(
( (
(

Tt t t h
1 2 2
1 1 2
2 2 3 4
2 2 4
v
v
Z Z Z Z
I E Z J
=
( (
(
+ +

I

89
Tt c cc tng tr c
mt trn ng i ca
Tt c cc tng tr chung ca
& ; nu cng chiu th (+),
ngc chiu th ()
2 V
I
1 V
I
2 V
I

1. nh lut Ohm
2. nh lut Kirchhoff
3. Dng nhnh g
4. Th nh
5. Dng vng
6. Bin i tng ng
7. Ma trn
8. Nguyn l xp chng
9. nh l Thevenin
90
10. nh l Norton
Xp chng (1)
p dng cho mch in c t 2 ngun tr ln p dng cho mch in c t 2 ngun tr ln
c dng trong phn tch mch mt chiu, mc
ch: c th lm cho cu trc mch tr nn n gin hn g
Li ch ca nguyn l ny trong phn tch mch xoay
chiu:
C th lm cho cu trc mch tr nn n gin hn
Rt tin dng khi phn tch mch c nhiu ngun c tn s
khc nhau
Ch : tuyt i khng c cng (trong min phc)
91
Ch : tuyt i khng c cng (trong min phc)
cc tn hiu sin c tn s khc nhau
Xp chng (2)
k = 1
Gi ngun th k, trit tiu cc ngun cn li
Phn tch mch in khi ch c ngun th k u
k
, i
k
k = k + 1
k < s lng ngun trong mch ?
ng
s_lng_ngun
s_lng_ngun
i i
Sai
92
1
k
k
u u
=
=

1
k
k
i i
=
=

Xp chng (3)
VD1
e
1
= 10sin10t V; j = 4sin(50t + 30
o
) V; e
2
= 6 V (DC);
L 1 H R 1 R 5 C 0 01 F ? L = 1 H; R
1
= 1 ; R
2
= 5 ; C = 0,01 F; u
R1
= ?
B 1 B 2 B 3 Bc 1
1.1 Trit tiu e
1
& j
1
2
R
e
u
Bc 2
2.1 Trit tiu e
2
& j
1
1
R
e
u
Bc 3
3.1 Trit tiu e
1
& e
2
1 R
j
u
1.2 Tnh u
R1
|
e2
2.2 Tnh u
R1
|
e1
3.2 Tnh u
R1
|
j
93
Bc 4: u
R1
= u
R1
|
e2
+ u
R1
|
e1
+ u
R1
|
j
Xp chng (4)
e
1
= 10sin10t V; j = 4sin(50t + 30
o
) V; e
2
= 6 V (DC);
L 1 H R 1 R 5 C 0 01 F ?
VD1
L = 1 H; R
1
= 1 ; R
2
= 5 ; C = 0,01 F; u
R1
= ?
B 1
2
2
1 2
6
1A
1 5
e
e
i
R R

= = =
+ +
Bc 1
1.1 Trit tiu e
1
& j
1
2
R
e
u
1 1
1( 1) 1V
R
u R i = = =
1 1
2 2
1( 1) 1V
R
e e
u R i
1.2 Tnh u
R1
|
e2
94
Xp chng (5)
e
1
= 10sin10t V; j = 4sin(50t + 30
o
) V; e
2
= 6 V (DC);
L 1 H R 1 R 5 C 0 01 F ?
VD1
2
1
C
L
R Z
Z Z R
R Z
= + +
+
L = 1 H; R
1
= 1 ; R
2
= 5 ; C = 0,01 F; u
R1
= ?
B 2
2
5( 10)
10 1
5 10
C
R Z
j
j
j
+
= + +
Bc 2
2.1 Trit tiu e
2
& j
1
1
R
e
u
5 8 9, 43 j = + =
o
58 O
1
1
1
7, 07
R
E
E
I
Z
= =
0
9 43
o
0, 75
58
=
o
58 A
1 E
Z 9, 43 58
1 1 1
1 1
1.0, 75
R R
E E
U R I = =

o
58 0, 75 =
o
58 V
2.2 Tnh u
R1
|
e1
95
o
1
1
1, 06sin(10 58 ) V
R
e
u t =
Xp chng (6)
e
1
= 10sin10t V; j = 4sin(50t + 30
o
) V; e
2
= 6 V (DC);
L 1 H R 1 R 5 C 0 01 F ?
VD1
L = 1 H; R
1
= 1 ; R
2
= 5 ; C = 0,01 F; u
R1
= ?
( 50)(2,83
j L
E Z J j = =

o
30 ) 141, 42 =
o
120 V
Bc 3
3.1 Trit tiu e
1
& e
2
1 R
j
u
( 50)(2,83
j L
E Z J j 30 ) 141, 42 120 V
2
2
5( 2)
0, 69 1, 72
5 2
C
C
R Z j
Z j
R Z j
= = = O
+
1
141, 42
50
j
J
E
I
j R Z
= =
+ +
o
120
2, 93
50 1 0, 69 1, 72 j j
=
+ +
o
32 A
1 1
1.2, 93
R
U R I = =

o
32 2, 93 =
o
32 V
3.2 Tnh u
R1
|
j
96
1 1
,
R
J J

,
o
1
4,14sin(50 32 ) V
R
j
u t = +
Xp chng (7)
e
1
= 10sin10t V; j = 4sin(50t + 30
o
) V; e
2
= 6 V (DC);
L 1 H R 1 R 5 C 0 01 F ?
VD1
L = 1 H; R
1
= 1 ; R
2
= 5 ; C = 0,01 F; u
R1
= ?
1
2
R
e
u
1
1
R
e
u
1 R
j
u
1
2
1V
R
e
u =
o
1
1
1, 06sin(10 58 ) V
R
e
u t =
o
1
4,14sin(50 32 ) V
R
j
u t = +
u
R1
= u
R1
|
e2
+ u
R1
|
e1
+ u
R1
|
j
97
o o
1 1, 06sin(10 58 ) 4,14sin(50 32 ) V t t = + + +
Xp chng (8)
e
1
= 45V (DC); e
4
= 60V (DC); j = 10sin(100t) A;
R 5 R 10 C 2 F L 0 1H ?
VD2
1
R
C
L
R
1
= 5; R
3
= 10; C = 2mF; L = 0,1H; u
C
= ?
1
R
1
e
j
3
R
4
e
Bc 1
u
1
R
e
C
R
L
1, 2
C
e e
u
1
e
3
R
4
e
Bc 3
1 2
C C C
e e j
u u u = +
1
R
j
C
3
R
L
C
j
u
Bc 2
1, 2
C C C
e e j
98
j
3
R
C
j
Xp chng (9)
e
1
= 45V (DC); e
4
= 60V (DC); j = 10sin(100t) A;
R 5 R 10 C 2 F L 0 1H ?
VD2
1
R
C
L
R
1
= 5; R
3
= 10; C = 2mF; L = 0,1H; u
C
= ?
1
R
1
e
j
3
R
4
e
Bc 1
u
1
R
e
C
R
L
1, 2
C
e e
u
1
e
3
R
4
e
1 4
1, 2
45 60 15V
C
e e
u e e = = =
99
Xp chng (10)
e
1
= 45V (DC); e
4
= 60V (DC); j = 10sin(100t) A;
R 5 R 10 C 2 F L 0 1H ?
VD2
1
R
C
L
R
1
= 5; R
3
= 10; C = 2mF; L = 0,1H; u
C
= ?
1
R
1
e
j
3
R
4
e
1
3
1
1 5 10/ 2 1
1 ( ) 1 10( 100.0,1)
100.0, 002
5
100 0 002 10 100 0 1
C
j
R J
U
R j L j
j C j
R
j C R j L j j
e
e
e e
= =
+ + + +
+ +
3
100.0, 002 10 100.0,1
17, 68 17, 68
j C R j L j j
j
e e + +
= =
o
90 V
1
R
j
C
3
R
L
C
j
u
Bc 2
o
o
17, 68 2 sin(100 90 )
25sin(100 90 ) V
C
j
u t
t
=
=
100
j
3
R
C
j
25sin(100 90 ) V t =
Xp chng (11)
e
1
= 45V (DC); e
4
= 60V (DC); j = 10sin(100t) A;
R 5 R 10 C 2 F L 0 1H ?
VD2
1
R
C
L
R
1
= 5; R
3
= 10; C = 2mF; L = 0,1H; u
C
= ?
1
R
1
e
j
3
R
4
e
C
1, 2
15V
C
e e
u =
Bc 1
1 2
C
u
1
R
1
e
C
3
R
L
1, 2
C
e e
1
3
4
e
C
Bc 3
1, 2
C C C
e e j
u u u = +
1
R
j
3
R
L
C
j
u
Bc 2
o
15 25sin(100 90 ) V t = +
101
o
25sin(100 90 ) V
C
j
u t =
Xp chng (13)
e = 45V (DC); j
1
= 6sin(100t + 15
o
) A; j
2
= 10sin(100t) A;
R 5 R 10 C 2 F L 0 1H i ?
VD3
e
1
j
C R
1
= 5; R
2
= 10; C = 2mF; L = 0,1H; i
R1
= ?
1
R
e
L
C
2
R
2
j
R
e
L
C
2
R
j
1 R
e
i
1
1
45
9A
5
R
e
e
i
R
= = =
1

1
R
2
j
j
i
1 2 2
1
1, 2
1
1
2
1
1 ( )
R
j j
J R J
j L
j C
I
R j L
R j L
R
j C R j L
e
e
e
e
+
=
+
+ +
+

1
j
L
C
R
1
1, 2
R
j j
i
1
4, 52 1, 97 4, 92
j C R j L
j
e e +
= + =
o
23, 6 A
o
9 4 92 2 i (100 23 6 ) i t + +
102
1
R
L
2
R
2
j
o
1
o
9 4, 92 2 sin(100 23, 6 )
9 6, 97sin(100 23, 6 ) A
R
i t
t
= + +
= + +
1. nh lut Ohm
2. nh lut Kirchhoff
3. Dng nhnh g
4. Th nh
5. Dng vng
6. Bin i tng ng
7. Ma trn
8. Nguyn l xp chng
9. nh l Thevenin
103
10. nh l Norton
Thevenin (1)
Mt mch tuyn tnh 2 cc c th
t
I
y
c thay th bng mt mch
tng ng gm c ngun p
Mch
tuyn tnh
2 cc
Z
t
td
E
& tng tr Z
td
, trong :
: ngun p h mch trn 2 cc
Z h i khi i i
2 cc
td
E
Z
td
: tng tr trn hai cc khi trit tiu
cc ngun t
I
t td
td
t
Z Z
E
I
+
=

Z
t
104
t td
Z Z +
Thevenin (2)
Mch
tuyn tnh
2 cc trit
Z
td
Mch
tuyn tnh
2 cc trit
tiu ngun
td
y
2 cc
Mch Mch
tuyn tnh
2 cc
td
E

105
Thevenin (3)
VD1
20 E =
0
45 V;
5 J =
o
60 A
Tnh i
2
bng mng Thevenin?
; 12
1
O = Z ; 10
2
O = j Z O = 16
3
j Z
O =
=
+
= 76 , 5 68 , 7
16 12
) 16 ( 12
3 1
3 1
j
j
j
Z Z
Z Z
Z
td
20
E
J
o
45
5
o
60
1
1 3
1 1
td a
J
Z
E
Z Z

= = =
+

5
12

o
60
1 1
12 16 j
+
54, 38 =
o
140, 4 V
54 38
E
o
140 4
106
2
2
54, 38
td
td
E
I
Z Z
= =
+
140, 4
6, 20
7, 68 5, 76 10 j j
=
+
o
169, 3 A
Thevenin (4)
VD2
1
Z
2
Z
4
Z
1
100 E =
o
4
30 V; 80 E =
o
45 V; 5A; J =
1
1
E
2
3
Z
4
E
1 2 3 4
10 5 ; 20 25 ; Z Z Z j Z j = O; = O = O; = O
Tnh dng in qua Z
2
bng /l Thevenin?
Z
1
Z
3
Z
4
Z
td
Z
3 4
1
3 4
20( 25)
10 10 100
20 25
td
Z Z j j
Z Z j
Z Z j j
= + = + = + O
+
E =
3
E a
b
td a b
E =
1 1 1 1
137 50V
a a
Z J E E Z J j + = = + = +

4
226 226V
E
Z I Z j +
1
Z
1
E
3
Z
4
Z
td
E a
b
4
3 3 3
3 4
226 226V
b
Z I Z j
Z Z
= = = +
+
363 176V
td a b
E j = =

107
4
E
2
2
363 176
1,19 3,81A
10 100 5
td
td
E j
I j
Z Z j
= = =
+ + +
Thevenin (5)
VD3
1
100 E =
o
3 4
30 V; 5A; 8 J J = =

o
45 A;
1
E
3
J
3
Z
1 2 3 4
10 5 ; 20 25 ; Z Z Z j Z j = O; = O = O; = O
Tnh dng in qua Z
3
bng /l Thevenin?
1
Z
2
Z
3
4
Z
4
J
d
Z
Z
Z
td
Z
1 2
4
1 2
10.5
25 3, 33 25
10 5
td
Z Z
Z Z j j
Z Z
= + = + = + O
+ +
1
Z
2
Z
4
Z
4
J
3
J
td
E
a
b
E =

3
3
12 68 28 94A
td
td
E
I
Z Z
j
=
+
= +
Z
1
E
2
Z
4
Z
J
td
td a b
E =
1
3
1 2 1
1 1
a
E
J
Z Z Z
| |
+ = +
|
\ .
45, 53 16, 67V

a
j = +

12, 68 28, 94A j = +
108
1
Z 4
J
3 4
4
1
b
J J
Z

\ .
= +
141, 4 16, 4V
b
j

1. nh lut Ohm
2. nh lut Kirchhoff
3. Dng nhnh g
4. Th nh
5. Dng vng
6. Bin i tng ng
7. Ma trn
8. Nguyn l xp chng
9. nh l Thevenin
109
10. nh l Norton
Norton (1)
Mch
tuyn tnh tuyn tnh
2 cc

td td td
J Z E

=
110
Norton (2)
VD1
1
100 E =
o
4
30 V; 80 E =
o
45 V; 5A; J =
1
Z 4
Z
a b
1 2 3 4
10 5 ; 20 25 ; Z Z Z j Z j = O; = O = O; = O
Tm mng tng ng Norton?
Z
1
1
E
3
Z
4
E
1
Z
3
Z
4
Z
td
Z
a
3
3 4
1
20( 25)
10 10 100
d
Z Z j j
Z Z j
= + = + = + O
b
111
1
3 4
10 10 100
20 25
td
Z Z j
Z Z j j
+ + + O
+
Norton (3)
VD1
1
100 E =
o
4
30 V; 80 E =
o
45 V; 5A; J =
1
Z 4
Z
a b
1 2 3 4
10 5 ; 20 25 ; Z Z Z j Z j = O; = O = O; = O
a a
1
1
E
3
Z
4
E
1
Z
1
E
3
Z
4
Z
td
J
a a
1
I
1 td
J I J = +

1, 39 3, 77A j =
4
E
1 4
1 4
150 88V
1 1 1
a
E E
J
Z Z
j
+ +
= = +

1
1
6, 39 3, 77A
a
E
I j
Z

= =

112
1 3 4
1 1 1
a
j
Z Z Z
+ +
1
1
j
Z
Norton (4)
VD1
1
100 E =
o
4
30 V; 80 E =
o
45 V; 5A; J =
1
Z 4
Z
a b
1 2 3 4
10 5 ; 20 25 ; Z Z Z j Z j = O; = O = O; = O
Z
1
1
E
3
Z
4
E
1
Z
3
Z
4
Z
td
Z
10 100
td
Z j = + O
3
td
j
1
Z
1
E
3
Z
4
Z
td
J
1, 39 3, 77A
td
J j =

113
1
3
4
E
td
j
Norton (5)
VD2
1
100 E =
o
3 4
30 V; 5A; 8 J J = =

o
45 A;
1
E
3
J
a
b
1 2 3 4
10 5 ; 20 25 ; Z Z Z j Z j = O; = O = O; = O
1
Z
2
Z
4
Z
4
J

114
Thevenin & Norton (1)
J Z E

=
td td td
J Z E =
td
td
td
E
Z
J
=

td
J
h mch
ngn mch
td
U
Z
I
=

h mch td
E U =

J I

(C h h 2 h h i )
ngn mch td
J I =
115
(Cch th 2 tnh tng tr tng ng ca s Thevenin)
Vic p dng nh l Thevenin hoc nh l Norton gi l phng p g g p g
php mng mt ca/mng 2 cc
Cc mch in c xy dng da trn nh l Thevenin hoc
nh l Norton gi l s (tng ng) Thevenin hoc s nh l Norton gi l s (tng ng) Thevenin hoc s
(tng ng) Norton
S Norton c th rt ra c t s Thevenin & ngc li
Z khi i i h Z
td
= tng_tr_vo_sau_khi_trit_tiu_ngun, hoc
,
h mch td Thevenin
td
E U
Z = =

hoc
,
ngn mch
td
td Norton
Z
I J

1
,
td
Z =
l dng in chy vo cng, o/tnh c sau khi

vo
I

116
,
vo
td
I
g y g,
trit tiu ngun & t in p 1V ln cng vo
vo
I
VD
1
100 E =
o
4
30 V; 80 E =
o
45 V; 5A; J =
1
Z 4
Z
a b
1 2 3 4
10 5 ; 20 25 ; Z Z Z j Z j = O; = O = O; = O
Tm tng tr tng ng Z
ab
?
1
1
E
3
Z
4
E
td
E a
b
td
ab
td
E
Z
J
=

1
Z
1
E
3
Z
4
Z
td
E a
b
4
E
363 176V
td
E j =
1
Z
1
E
Z
4
Z
td
J
a a
1
I
1, 39 3, 77A
td
J j =

117
1
E J
3
Z
4
E
10 100
ab
Z j = + O
1. nh lut Ohm
2. nh lut Kirchhoff
3. Dng nhnh g
4. Th nh
5. Dng vng
6. Bin i tng ng
7. Ma trn
8. Nguyn l xp chng
9. nh l Thevenin
118
10. nh l Norton
Mch xoay chiu
3 S phc 3. S phc
7 Cng s t trong mch oa chi 7. Cng sut trong mch xoay chiu
8. H cm
9 Ph t h h i b t h
119
Cng sut trong mch xoay chiu
Cng sut l mt i lng quan trng g g q g
Tt c cc thit b in (dn dng & cng nghip) u c thng
s v cng sut
Ni dung: Ni dung:
1. Cng sut tc thi & cng sut tc dng
2. Truyn cng sut cc i
3 T hi d 3. Tr hiu dng
4. Cng sut biu kin
5. H s cng sut
6 C h 6. Cng sut phc
7. Bo ton cng sut
8. Ci thin h s cng sut

120
9. Tr hiu dng & cng sut ca tn hiu a hi
Cng sut tc thi (1)
Cng sut tc thi: Cng sut tc thi:
p(t) = u(t).i(t)
l tc hp th nng lng ca mt phn t mch l tc hp th nng lng ca mt phn t mch
Nu
u(t) = U sin(t + ) u(t) = U
m
sin(t +
u
)
i(t) = I
m
sin(t +
i
)
Th Th
p(t) = U
m
I
m
sin(t +
u
)sin(t +
i
)
121
Cng sut tc thi (2)
)] cos( ) [cos(
1
sin sin B A B A B A + =
p(t) = U
m
I
m
sin(t +
u
)sin(t +
i
)
)] cos( ) [cos(
2
sin sin B A B A B A + =
( ) [cos( ) cos(2 )]
m m
U I
p t t e = + + ( ) [cos( ) cos(2 )]
2
u i u i
p t t e = + +
( ) (2 )
m m m m
U I U I
t + + cos( ) cos(2 )
2 2
m m m m
u i u i
t e = + +
122
hng s sin
Cng sut tc thi (3)
U I U I
( ) cos( ) cos(2 )
2 2
m m m m
u i u i
U I U I
p t t e = + +
p(t)
2
m m
U I
cos( )
2
m m
u i
U I

t
0
123
t
Cng sut tc dng (1)
Kh o cng sut tc thi Kh o cng sut tc thi
Trong thc t ngi ta o cng sut tc dng (bng
otmt, wattmeter) , )
Cng sut tc dng: trung bnh ca cng sut tc thi
trong mt chu k g
1
T
}
0
1
( )
T
P p t dt
T
=
}
124
Cng sut tc dng (2)
1
( )
T
P d
}
0
1
( ) P p t dt
T
=
}
( ) ( ) (2 )
m m m m
U I U I
t t ( ) cos( ) cos(2 )
2 2
m m m m
u i u i
p t t e = + +
1 1 1 1
T T
} }
0 0
1 1 1 1
cos( ) cos(2 )
2 2
T T
m m u i m m u i
P U I dt U I t dt
T T
e = + +
} }
Trong mt chu k gi tr trung bnh ca thnh phn xoay chiu bng zero Trong mt chu k, gi tr trung bnh ca thnh phn xoay chiu bng zero
1
cos( )
m m u i
P U I =
125
( )
2
m m u i

Cng sut tc dng (3)
m
U
U =
U I
2
u
m
I
I =
m
I
I =
i

2
m m
U I
UI =
u i

m m
U I 1 1
( ) i ( ) U I j U I +
2
i
2
I
i
2
m m
cos( ) sin( )
2 2
u i m m u i m m u i
U I j U I = +
1
cos( ) P U I cos( )
2
m m u i
P U I =

126
Re{ } P UI =
Cng sut tc dng (4)
11
Re{ } cos( )
2
m m u i
P UI U I = =
2 2
1 1 1
cos(0)
2 2 2
m m m m m
P U I U I I R I R = = = =
u i
=
1
o
1
cos(90 ) 0
2
m m
P U I = =
o
90
u i
=

127
(Cng sut tc dng ca cun cm hoc t in bng zero)
Cng sut tc dng (5)
V d: V d:
u(t) = 150sin(314t 30
o
) V
i(t) = 10sin(314t + 45
o
) A i(t) 10sin(314t + 45 ) A
Tnh cng sut tc dng P.
128
1. Cng sut tc thi & cng sut tc dng 1. Cng sut tc thi & cng sut tc dng
3 Tr hiu dng 3. Tr hiu dng
4. Cng sut biu kin
5 H s cng sut 5. H s cng sut
6. Cng sut phc
7 B t t 7. Bo ton cng sut
9 T hi d & t t hi hi
129
Truyn cng sut cc i (1)
I
2
P I R =
td
t
E
I =

Mch
tuyn tnh
Z
t
I
t t t
P I R =
td
t
E
I
Z Z
=
td td td
Z R jX = +
t
td t
Z Z +
tuyn tnh
2 cc
Z
t
t
td t
Z Z +
t t t
Z R jX = +
t
I
Z Z R jX R jX + = + + +
Z
t
( ) ( )
td t td td t t
td t td t
Z Z R jX R jX
R R j X X
+ = + + +
= + + +
130
2 2
( ) ( )
td t td t td t
Z Z R R X X + = + + +
I
2
P I R =
Mch
tuyn tnh
Z
t
I
t t t
P I R =
td
t
E
I =
tuyn tnh
2 cc
Z
t
2 2
( ) ( ) Z Z R R X X
t
td t
Z Z +
t
I
2 2
( ) ( )
td t td t td t
Z Z R R X X + = + + +
2
Z
t
2
2 2
( ) ( )
td t
t
td t td t
E R
P
R R X X
=
+ + +
131
2
d
E R
2 2
( ) ( )
td t
t
td t td t
E R
P
R R X X
=
+ + +
0
t
P c
0
0
t
t
R
P
iu kin P
t
t cc i:
0
t
t
X

132
P c
( ) P R X X c +
0
t
t
P
X
P
c
2 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) P R R X X R R R c
2
2 2 2
( )
0
[( ) ( ) ]
t t td t
td
t td t td t
P R X X
E
X R R X X
c +
= =
c + + +
0
t
t
P
R
c
2 2
2
2 2 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( )
0
2[( ) ( ) ]
t td t td t t td t
td
t td t td t
P R R X X R R R
E
R R R X X
c + + + +
= =
c + + +
2 2
( )
t td
X X
R R X X
=

+ +
t td
X X
R R
=
( )
t td td t
R R X X = + +
t td
R R =
Z Z
truyn cng sut cc i, tng tr ti phi
133
t td
Z Z =
y g , g p
bng lin hp phc ca tng tr Thevenin
2
E R
2
2 2
( ) ( )
td t
t
td t td t
E R
P
R R X X
=
+ + +
2
td
E
P
max
4
td
t
td
P
R
=
t td
t td
X X
R R
=
=
t td
134
Z Z =
truyn cng sut cc i, tng tr ti phi
t td
Z Z =
bng lin hp phc ca tng tr Thevenin
Nu Z = R ? X = 0
2 2
0 ( )
t
P
R R X X
c
Nu Z
t
= R
t
? X
t
= 0
2 2
0 ( )
t
t td td t
t
P
R R X X
R
c
= = + +
c
2 2
t td td td
R R X Z = + =
135
VD
20 E =
o
45 V; 5 J =
o
60 A
Tnh Z
2
n nhn c cng sut cc i?
Cng sut bng bao nhiu?
; 12
1
O = Z O = 16
3
j Z
1 3
12( 16) Z Z j
Z

= =
1 3
12 16
7, 68 5, 76
td
Z
Z Z j
j
= =
+
= O
2
7, 68 5, 76
td
Z Z j = = + O
2
td
Z Z =
136
2
, ,
td
j
2 td
VD
20 E =
o
45 V; 5 J =
o
60 A
Tnh Z
2
Cng sut bng bao nhiu?
; 12
1
O = Z O = 16
3
j Z
2
max
4
td
t
E
P
R
=
1
20
E
J
Z
E

= = =

o
45
5
12
o
60
54 38 =
o
140 4 V
4
td
R
7, 68 5, 76
td
Z j = O
1
1 3
1 1
td a
E
Z Z
= = =
+
12
1 1
12 16 j
+
54, 38 = 140, 4 V
2 2
54 38
d
E
137
, ,
td
j
54, 38V
td
E =
max
54, 38
96, 3W
4 4.7, 68
td
t
td
E
P
R
= = =
4. Cng sut biu kin
6. Cng sut phc
138
Tr hiu dng (1)
Xut pht t nhu cu o/nh gi tc dng ca mt Xut pht t nhu cu o/nh gi tc dng ca mt
ngun p/ngun dng trong vic cung cp cng sut cho
mt in tr (ti thun tr)
nh ngha: Tr hiu dng ca mt dng in chu k l
ln mt dng in mt chiu, cng sut m dng in
mt chiu ny cung cp cho mt in tr bng cng sut
m dng in chu k cung cp cho in tr
C th vit tt tr hiu dng l rms (root-mean-square)
Gi tt l dng hiu dng (& p hiu dng)
139
K hiu: I & U [ca dng chu k i(t) & p chu k u(t)]
Tr hiu dng (2)
1
T T
R
} }
2 2
0 0
1
T T
R
P i Rdt i dt
T T
= =
} }
2
1
T
I i dt =
}
2
P I R =
0
T
}
2
0
1
T
U u dt
T
=
}
Tng t:
I l tr hiu dng ca i(t)
2
1
T
X dt
}
root-mean-square
140
2
0
X x dt
T
=
}
Tng qut:
Tr hiu dng (3)
1 1
T T
} }
2
1
T
I i dt =
}
( ) sin
m
i t I t e =
2 2
0 0
1 1
[ sin ]
T T
m
I i dt I t dt
T T
e = =
} }
0
I i dt
T
}
1 1 2
( )
m
2
0
1 1 cos 2
2
T
m
t
I dt
T
e
=
}
2
0
2
2
T
m m
I I
dt
T
= =
}
m
U
U =
m
I
I =
141
2
U
2
Tr hiu dng (4)
Tnh tr hiu dng ca u(t) = 311sin314t V
VD 1
Tnh tr hiu dng ca u(t) 311sin314t V
142
4. Cng sut biu kin
6. Cng sut phc
143
Cng sut biu kin (1)
1
cos( )
m m u i
P U I = ( )
2
m m u i

m
U
U = cos( ) P UI =
2
U =
m
I
I =
cos( )
u i
P UI =
(P: cng sut tc dng)
2
I =
t S = UI
(S: cng sut biu kin)
cos( ) P S =
(S: cng sut biu kin)
144
cos( )
u i
P S =
Cng sut biu kin (2)
Tch ca tr hiu dng ca in p & tr hiu dng ca Tch ca tr hiu dng ca in p & tr hiu dng ca
dng in
S = UI
n v: VA (vn-ampe, volt-ampere)
Ch : n v ca cng sut tc dng P l W(ot watt) Ch : n v ca cng sut tc dng P l W (ot, watt)
145
4. Cng sut biu kin
6. Cng sut phc
146
H s cng sut (1)
P = Scos(
u

i
) (
u

i
)
H s cng sut: pf = cos(
u

i
)
pf : power factor pf p
Du ca (
u

i
) khng nh hng n pf
0 pf 1

u

i
: gc h s cng sut
Ti thun tr:
u

i
= 0 pf = 1 P = S = UI
Ti thun in khng:
u

i
= 90
o
pf = 0 P = 0
pf ca ti in khng cm gi l pf chm pha
147
pf ca ti in khng dung gi l pf sm pha
H s cng sut (2)
u(t) = 100sin(314t + 30
o
) V
VD
u(t) 100sin(314t + 30 ) V
i(t) = 5sin(314t 15
o
) A
Tnh S pf Tnh S, pf
148
4. Cng sut biu kin
6. Cng sut phc
149
Cng sut phc (1)
Cha mi thng tin lin quan n cng sut ca mt ti Cha mi thng tin lin quan n cng sut ca mt ti
n v: VA (vn-ampe, ging n v ca cng sut biu
kin))
Z
I
I
U
S UI =

150
S UI
Cng sut phc (2)
S UI =

U U =

S U
( )
I
( )
UI
U U =
u
I I =
S U =
( ) u
I
( ) i

UI =
u i

cos( ) sin( )
u i u i
UI jUI = + ( ) ( )
u i u i
j
S UI =
cos( ) sin( ) S
u i u i
S jS = +
P jQ = + jQ
P : cng sut tc dng (W)

151
Q : cng sut phn khng (VAR, volt-ampere reactive)
Cng sut phc (3)
Cng sut tc dng P = UIcos(
i
) Cng sut tc dng P UIcos(
u

i
)
Cng sut phn khng: Q = UIsin(
u

i
)
sin( ) gi l h s phn khng thng k hiu l rf sin(
u

i
) gi l h s phn khng, thng k hiu l rf
(reactive factor)
P l cng sut c ch P l cng sut c ch
Q l php o s trao i nng lng gia ngun & phn
in khng ca ti g c
152
Cng sut phc (4)
S UI =

2
S ZII ZI = =
2 2 2
( ) S R jX I I R jI X
U ZI =

Z R jX = +
2 2 2
( ) S R jX I I R jI X = + = +
P jQ = +
2
Re( ) Re( ) S P UI I R = = =
Im( ) Im( ) S Q UI I X = = =

153
Cng sut phc (5)
I
2
Z
X

I
2
Z
I
2
X
Q
S
xI
2
R

I
2
R

P
T i t t T i t Tam gic tng tr Tam gic cng sut
154
Cng sut phc (6)
P jQ UI UI = + = = S

u i

2 2 2 2
S S UI P Q = = = +
Re( ) cos( ) S
u i
P S = = ( ) ( )
u i

Im( ) sin( ) S
u i
Q S = =
cos( )
u i
P
pf
S
= =
155
4. Cng sut biu kin
6. Cng sut phc
7 Bo ton cng s t 7. Bo ton cng sut
156
Bo ton cng sut (1)
1 2
I I I = +

1 2

( ) S UI U I I = = +

1 2
U U U = +

1 2

( ) S UI U U I = = +

1 2
( ) S UI U I I +
1 2

UI UI = +

1 2
( ) S UI U U I +
1 2

U I U I = +

1 2
S S = +
1 2
S S = +
S S S S
157
1 2
... S S S S
n
= + + +
Bo ton cng sut (2)
S S S S = + + +
Cng sut phc ca ngun = tng cng sut phc ca ti
1 2
... S S S S
n
= + + +
Cng sut tc dng ca ngun = tng cng sut tc dng
ca ti
Cng sut phn khng ca ngun = tng cng sut phn
khng ca ti
Cng sut biu kin ca ngun tng cng sut biu
kin ca ti
158
Bo ton cng sut (3)
o
220 0 V E = Z
VD
220 0 V E = Z
1
4 2 Z j = + O
15 10 Z j = O
2
15 10 Z j = O
159
4. Cng sut biu kin
6. Cng sut phc
160
Ci thin h s cng sut (1)
H s cng sut cng ln cng tt g g g
Dng I a cng sut P (cho trc) ti ti t l nghch vi h
s cng sut ti:
cos( )
cos( )
u i
u i
P
P UI I
U

= =
Vi mt cng sut P cho trc, h s cng sut cng nh th

dng I ti ti cng ln; dng ln hn mc cn thit s lm tng dng I ti ti cng ln; dng ln hn mc cn thit s lm tng
tn tht in p & tng tn tht cng sut trn ng dy & thit
b truyn ti in
H l ( ) h
161
H s cng sut cng ln cng tt (
u

i
) cng nh cng tt
Hu ht cc ti dn dng (my git, my iu ho, t lnh, ) u g ( y g , y , , )
c tnh cm khng
Cc ti ny c m hnh ho bng mt in tr ni tip vi mt
cun cm
Ci thin h s cng sut l qu trnh tng h s cng sut m
khng lm thay i in p & dng in ban u ca ti g t ay p & d g ba u ca t
Thng c thc hin bng cch ni ti song song vi mt t
in (t b)
C th hiu l in dung chn bt dng chy trn ng dy, ni
cch khc l mt phn ca dng in ng ra phi chy trn ng
dy (nu khng c t) chy qua chy li gia t v ti
162
dy (nu khng c t) chy qua chy li gia t v ti
(
i
) cng nh cng tt (
u

i
) cng nh cng tt
Thng c thc hin bng cch ni ti song song vi
mt t in (t b) ( )
C
I
2 1
<
I
163
t
I
2 1

Mc thm t song song gim gc lch pha gia dng Mc thm t song song gim gc lch pha gia dng
& p tng h s cng sut
Mun tng h s cng sut t cos
1
ln cos
2
th C = ? g g
1

2
(vn phi m bo P c gi nguyn)
164
Q
1
= Ptg
1
, Q
2
= Ptg
2
Q
1 Q
S
1
Cng sut phn khng cn b sung:
Q = Q Q
Q
2
2
E
Q CE
X
e A = =
P
Q = Q
1
Q
2
2
Q
2
1
2
Q
C
E e
A
=
X
P
E e
Q Q P P
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
tg tg tg tg Q Q P P
C P
E E E

e e e

= = =
165
VD
Xt mt ti c in p 220 V, tn s 50 Hz, cng sut 1000kW, h s cng sut 0,8.
Phi b h b b hi h l 0 9? Phi b thm mt t bng bao nhiu nng h s cng sut ln 0,9?
1 2
tg tg
1 2
2
tg tg
C P
E

e
=
o
1 1 1 1
0,8 cos 0,8 36, 9 tg 0, 75 pf = = = =
o
0 9 cos 0 9 25 8 tg 0 48 pf = = = =
2 2 2 2
0, 9 cos 0, 9 25,8 tg 0, 48 pf = = = =
3
0, 75 0, 48
1000 10 0 0178F C

= =
166
2
1000.10 0, 0178F
314(220)
C
4. Cng sut biu kin
6. Cng sut phc
167
Tr hiu dng ca tn hiu a hi (1)
Tn hiu a hi: tng ca cc sng sin c tn s khc Tn hiu a hi: tng ca cc sng sin c tn s khc
nhau (k c tn s zero (mt chiu))
V d: x(t) = 5 10sin50t + 25sin(10t 45
o
) ( ) ( )
2
1
T
X x dt =
}
2
2 o
5 10sin50 25sin(10 45 ) x t t ( = +

0
X x dt
T
}

( )
2
2
2 o
o o
5 10sin50 25sin(10 45 )
2 5 10 i 50 2 5 25 i (10 45 ) 2(10 i 50 )[25 i (10 45 )]
t t ( = + +

168
o o
2.5.10sin50 2.5.25sin(10 45 ) 2(10sin50 )[25sin(10 45 )] t t t t +
( )
2
2
2 2 o
5 10sin50 25sin(10 45 ) x t t ( = + +

( )
o o
5 10sin50 25sin(10 45 )
2.5.10sin50 2.5.25sin(10 45 ) 2(10sin50 )[25sin(10 45 )]
x t t
t t t t
( = + +

+
( )
2
2 2
0 0 0
1 1 1
5 10sin50
T T T
x dt dt t dt
T T T
= + +
} } }
2
o
0
1
25sin(10 45 )
1 1
T
T T
t dt
T
( +
}
} }
o
0 0
o
1 1
2.5.10sin50 2.5.25sin(10 45 )
1
2(10sin50 )[25sin(10 45 )]
T T
T
tdt t dt
T T
t t dt
+
} }
}
169
0
2(10sin50 )[25sin(10 45 )] t t dt
T

}
( )
2
2 2
1 1 1
5 10sin50
T T T
x dt dt t dt = + +
} } }
( )
0 0 0
2
o
0
5 10sin50
1
25sin(10 45 )
T
x dt dt t dt
T T T
t dt
T
= + +
( +

} } }
}
= 0
0
o
0 0
1 1
2.5.10sin50 2.5.25sin(10 45 )
T T
T
tdt t dt
T T

+
}
} }
o
0
1
2(10sin50 )[25sin(10 45 )]
T
t t dt
T

}
( )
2
2
2 2 o
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
5 10sin50 25sin(10 45 )
T T T T
x dt dt t dt t dt
T T T T
( = + +
} } } }
170
0 0 0 0
T T T T
(t) 5 10 i 50t + 25 i (10t 45
o
)
( )
2
2
2 2 o
1 1 1 1
5 10sin50 25sin(10 45 )
T T T T
x dt dt t dt t dt ( = + +
} } } }
x(t) = 5 10sin50t + 25sin(10t 45
o
)
( )
0 0 0 0
5 10sin50 25sin(10 45 ) x dt dt t dt t dt
T T T T
( = + +
} } } }
2
0
1
T
X x dt
T
=
}
( )
2
2
2 o
0 0 0
1 1 1
5 10sin50 25sin(10 45 )
T T T
dt t dt t dt
T T T
( = + +
} } }
171
x(t) = 5 10sin50t + 25sin(10t 45
o
) = x
0
x
1
+ x
2
( )
2
2
2 o
0 0 0
1 1 1
5 10sin50 25sin(10 45 )
T T T
X dt t dt t dt
T T T
( = + +
} } }
0 1 2
2 2
0
1
5 5
T
dt
T
=
}
( )
2
2 1 10
T
}
(Tr hiu dng ca x
0
)
( )
2
0
1 10
10sin50
2
T
t dt
T
=
}
2
2
0
1 25
25sin(10 45 )
T
t dt
(
=
}
(Tr hiu dng ca x
1
)
(Tr hiu dng ca x
2
)
( )
2 2
2 10 25 | | | |
0
25sin(10 45 )
2
t dt
T
(
=
}
(Tr hiu dng ca x
2
)
2 2 2
X X X
172
( )
2 10 25
5
2 2
X
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .
2 2 2
0 1 2
X X X = + +
2 2 2
( ) x t x x x X X X X = + = + +
0 1 2 0 1 2
( ) x t x x x X X X X = + = + +
(Ch : x
0
, x
1
& x
2
c tn s khc nhau)
1 1
2
0 0
( ) ( )
N N
k k
x t x t X X

= =

0 0
1 1
2
( ) ( )
N N
k k
u t u t U U

= =

0 0
( ) ( )
k k
1 1
2
( ) ( )
N N
i t i t I I

173
0 0
( ) ( )
k k
i t i t I I = =

Cng sut ca tn hiu a hi (1)
1 N
2
P RI
0
( ) ( )
k
i t i t =
2
P RI =
1 1
2
( ) ( )
N N
i t i t I I

2
0 0
( ) ( )
k k
i t i t I I = =

1 1 1
2 2
0 0 0
N N N
k k k
P R I RI P

= = =

174
Cng sut ca tn hiu a hi (2)
VD
e
1
= 10sin10t V; j = 4sin(50t + 30
o
) A; e
2
= 6 V (DC);
L 1 H R 1 R 5 C 0 01 F L = 1 H; R
1
= 1 ; R
2
= 5 ; C = 0,01 F;
Tnh U
R1
& P
R1
o o
1
1 1, 06sin(10 58 ) 4,14sin(50 32 ) V
R
u t t = + + +
2 2
2
1
1, 06 4,14
1 3,18V
2 2
R
U = + + =
2 2
1
1
3,18
10,13W
1
R
R
U
P
R
= = =
175
1
1
,
1
R
R
Mch xoay chiu
3 S phc 3. S phc
8. H cm
9 Ph t h h i b t h
176
H cm
Hin tng h cm: khi 2 cun cm/cun dy t st Hin tng h cm: khi 2 cun cm/cun dy t st
nhau, dng t thng ca 1 cun (do dng in trong
cun ny gy ra) s lin kt vi cun th 2, to ra in
p trn cun
Ni dung:
Hin tng h cm
Quy tc du chm
Cng sut h cm
Phn tch mch in c h cm
177
Hin tng h cm (1)
T trc n nay ch xt cc mch in c cc phn t T trc n nay ch xt cc mch in c cc phn t
mch lin kt vi nhau bng dy dn
Hai phn t (tip xc vi nhau hoc khng) nh hng p ( p g) g
ln nhau thng qua t trng (do chng sinh ra) gi l c
lin kt t
V d: my bin p
Hin tng h cm: khi 2 cun cm/cun dy t st
nhau, dng t thng bin thin ca 1 cun (do dng in
trong cun ny gy ra) s lin kt vi cun th 2, to ra
i t
178
in p trn cun
Hin tng h cm (2)
i(t)
|
u(t)
Cun dy N vng
d
u N
dt
|
=
d di
N
di dt
|
=
Lut Faraday:
dt
di dt
di
u L
dt
=
d
L N
di
|
=
179
dt
(t cm/in cm)
Hin tng h cm (3)
i
2
(t) = 0
1
2 21
di
u M
dt
=
1 11 12
| | | = +
dt
1 11 12
| | | +
1
1 1
d
u N
dt
|
=
12
2 2
d
u N
dt
|
=
1 1 1
1 1
1
d di di
N L
di dt dt
|
= =
12 1 1
2 21
1
d di di
N M
di dt dt
|
= =
180
L
1
: t cm/in cm M
21
: h cm
Hin tng h cm (4)
i
1
(t) = 0
2
1 12
di
u M
dt
=
2 21 22
| | | = +
2 21 22
| | |
2
2 2
d
u N
dt
|
=
21
1 1
d
u N
dt
|
=
d di di |
2 2 2
2 2
2
d di di
N L
di dt dt
|
= = 21 2 2
1 12
2
d di di
N M
di dt dt
|
= =
181
L
2
: t cm/in cm
M
12
: h cm
Hin tng h cm (5)
M
12
= M
21
= M M
12
M
21
M
M> 0
H cm (h s h cm) H cm (h s h cm)
n v: H
Hin tng h cm ch tn ti nu: Hin tng h cm ch tn ti nu:
2 cun dy gn nhau, &
Ngun kch thch bin thin Ngun kch thch bin thin
182
Hin tng h cm (6)
i
2
(t) = 0 i
1
(t) = 0
1
1 1
di
u L
dt
=
(in p t cm)
2
( )
2
2 2
di
u L
dt
=
1
( )
dt
(in p h cm)
1
di
M
2
di
u M
dt
183
(in p h cm)
1
2 21
u M
dt
=
2
1 12
u M
dt
=
Hin tng h cm (7)
i
2
(t) = 0
di
2
( )
1
2 21
di
u M
dt
=
184
i
2
(t) = 0
Hin tng h cm (8)
i
2
(t) = 0
2
( )
1
2 21
di
u M
dt
=
1
2 21
di
u M
dt
=
i
2
(t) = 0
i
2
(t) = 0
di
di
185
1
2 21
di
u M
dt
=
1
2 21
di
u M
dt
=
H cm
Hin tng h cm Hin tng h cm
Quy tc du chm
Cng sut h cm Cng sut h cm
186
Quy tc du chm (1)
(khi cun 2 h mch) (khi cun 2 h mch)
Nu c hai mi tn (dng trn
cun 1 & p trn cun 2) u p )
i vo hoc u i ra khi u
c nh du th in p h cm
s dng
Nu mt mi tn i vo u c
di
i
2
(t) = 0
nh du & mi kia i ra khi
u c nh du th in p h
cm s m
1
2
di
u M
dt
=
187
cm s m
Quy tc du chm (2)
di
i
2
(t) = 0 s dng
1
2
di
u M
dt
=
u c nh du th in p h
cm s m
188
cm s m
Quy tc du chm (3)
di
i
2
(t) = 0 s dng
1
2
di
u M
dt
=
u c nh du th in p h
cm s m
189
cm s m
Quy tc du chm (4)
di
i
2
(t) = 0 s dng
1
2
di
u M
dt
=
u c nh du th in p h
cm s m
190
cm s m
Quy tc du chm (5)
i
2
(t) = 0 i
2
(t) = 0
2
( )
2
( )
1
2
di
u M
dt
=
1
2
di
u M
dt
=
i
2
(t) = 0
i
2
(t) = 0
2
( )
2
( )
191
1
2
di
u M
dt
=
1
2
di
u M
dt
=
Quy tc du chm (6)
Nu c hai dng in g
u i vo hoc u i
ra khi u c nh du
th in p h cm s th in p h cm s
cng du vi in p t
cm
Nu mt dng in i
vo u c nh du &
dng kia i ra khi u
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
2 1
1 1
+ =
dng kia i ra khi u
c nh du th in p
t cm ngc du vi
i h
dt dt
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
1 2
2 2
+ =
192
in p h cm dt dt
Quy tc du chm (7)
Nu c hai dng in g
u i vo hoc u i
ra khi u c nh du
cng du vi in p t
cm
Nu mt dng in i
vo u c nh du &
dng kia i ra khi u
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
2 1
1 1
+ =
dng kia i ra khi u
c nh du th in p
t cm ngc du vi
i h
dt dt
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
1 2
2 2
+ =
193
in p h cm dt dt
Quy tc du chm (8)
Nu c hai dng in g
u i vo hoc u i
ra khi u c nh du
cng du vi in p t
cm
Nu mt dng in i
vo u c nh du &
dng kia i ra khi u
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
2 1
1 1
=
dng kia i ra khi u
c nh du th in p
t cm ngc du vi
i h
dt dt
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
1 2
2 2
=
194
in p h cm dt dt
Quy tc du chm (9)
Nu c hai dng in g
u i vo hoc u i
ra khi u c nh du
cng du vi in p t
cm
Nu mt dng in i
vo u c nh du &
dng kia i ra khi u
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
2 1
1 1
=
dng kia i ra khi u
c nh du th in p
t cm ngc du vi
i h
dt dt
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
1 2
2 2
=
195
in p h cm dt dt
Quy tc du chm (10)
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
2 1
1 1
+ =
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
1 2
2 2
+ =
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
2 1
1 1
+ =
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
1 2
2 2
+ =
196
1 2
1 1
di di
u L M
dt dt
=
2 1
2 2
di di
u L M
dt dt
=
1 2
1 1
di di
u L M
dt dt
=
2 1
2 2
di di
u L M
dt dt
=
H cm
Quy tc du chm
197
Cng sut h cm
Chu tc dng ca 2 yu t: dng chy qua cun cm & Chu tc dng ca 2 yu t: dng chy qua cun cm &
in p h cm (do cun dy khc gy ra)
L cng sut tc dng g g
) , cos( I U I U P
M M M

=
M M M
198
H cm
Quy tc du chm
Phc ho Phc ho
Dng nhnh
Dng vng g g
Ma trn
199
Phc ho (1)
i
2
(t) = 0
2
1
2
di
u M
dt
=
2 1
cos
m
u MI t e e =
1 1
sin
m
i I t e =
o
1
sin( 90 )
m
MI t e e = +
o
sin( 90 )
Mm
U t e = +
200
o
1 1 2 1
sin( ) sin( 90 )
m m
i I t u MI t e e e = + = + +
Phc ho (2)
i
2
(t) = 0
2
o
( 90 ) j
o
1 1 2 1
sin( ) sin( 90 )
m m
i I t u MI t e e e = + = + +
j
o
o ( 90 )
1 2 1
sin( 90 )
j
m
MI t U MI e

e e e
+
+ + =
r
j
re

o o
( 90 ) 90
1 1
j j j
MI e MI e e

e e
+
=
o
( 90 ) j
MI e M I
e e
+
=
( )
o
90 j
e
o
90 j
e j =
1 1
1 1
j
I e I
=
1 1
MI e M I e e =
( )
e
201
2 1
U j MI e =
1
j MI e =

Phc ho (3)
i
2
(t) = 0
2
0 I =
o
2 1 2 1
sin( 90 )
m
u MI t U j MI e e e = + + =

u
M
(t)
i(t)
2
U
t
0
1
I

202
90
o

M
Phc ha (4)
VD1
e = 100sin20t V; L
1
= 2 H; R
1
= 10 ; L
2
= 4 H;
M 0 5 H T h
2
u
2
L
1
L
1
R 1
i
M= 0,5 H. Tnh u
2
.
2 1
10 U j I =

e
10 j
2
U
80 j 40 j
10
70 7
1
I
1
(10 40) 70, 7 j I + =
70, 7
1
0, 42 1, 66A I j =
10(0 42 1 66) U j j =
2
10(0, 42 1, 66)
16, 64 4,16 17,15
U j j
j
=
= + =
o
14, 0 V
203
o
2
17,15 2 sin(20 14, 0 ) V u t = +
1
2
di
u M
dt
=
M
Phc ha (5)
VD2
e = 150sin10t V; L
1
= 2 H; R
1
= 10 ; L
2
= 5 H;
R 5 M 0 5 H T h d i t h
2
i
2
R
2
L
1
L
1
R 1
i
R
2
= 5 ; M= 0,5 H. Tnh cc dng in trong mch.
1 1 2
10 20 5 106 I j I j I + + =

e
5 j
1 1 2
j j
2
I
5
50 j 20 j
10
106
1
I
2 2 1
5 50 5 0 I j I j I + + =

A
B
5
106
1 2
1 2
(10 20) 5 106
5 (5 50) 0
j I j I
j I j I
+ + =

+ + =
1
2, 21 4, 29 4,83 I j = =

o
62, 7 A

204
2
0, 26 0, 40 0, 48 I j = + =
o
123, 0 A
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
2 1
1 1
+ =
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
1 2
2 2
+ =
Phc ha (6)
2
L
1
L
M
VD3
e = 311cos314t V; L
1
= 0,2 H; R = 60 ; L
2
= 0,4 H; M= 0,1 H.
T h d i t h
R
e
M
Tnh dng in trong mch.
125, 6 j
62,8 j
31, 4 j

60
220
, j
I
62,8 31, 4 125, 6 31, 4 60 220 j I j I j I j I I + + =

1 58 I
o
64 5 A 1, 58 I =
o
64, 5 A
o
1 58 2 (314 64 5 ) A i
205
o
1, 58 2 cos(314 64, 5 ) A i t =
Phc ha (7)
2
L
1
L
M
VD4
e = 60 + 311sin314t V; L
1
= 0,2 H; R = 60 ; L
2
= 0,4 H;
M 0 1 H T h d i t h
R
e
M
M= 0,1 H. Tnh dng in trong mch.
60
1A
60
DC
I = =
60
DC
( 62,8 31, 4 125, 6 31, 4 60) 220
AC
j j j j I + + =
60
60 DC
I
1, 58
AC
I =
o
64, 5 A
125, 6 j
62,8 j
31, 4 j
o
1, 58 2 sin(314 64, 5 ) A
AC
i t =
206
60
220
AC
I
o
1 1, 58 2 sin(314 64, 5 ) A
DC AC
i I i t = + = +
H cm
Quy tc du chm
Phc ho Phc ho
Dng nhnh
Dng vng g g
Ma trn
207
Dng nhnh (1)
1
Z
3
Z
a
b 1
I
3
I
VD1
E
2
Z
4
Z
2
I
4
I
M
Z
A
B
1
E
2
E
J
c dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
2 1
1 1
+ =
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
1 2
2 2
+ =
1 2 3
3 4
: 0
: 0
a I I I
b I I J
+ =
+ =

1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2
2 2 1 3 3 4 4 2
:
:
M M
M
A Z I Z I Z I Z I E E
B Z I Z I Z I Z I E
+ =
+ + + =

208
2 2 1 3 3 4 4 2 M
Dng nhnh (2)
1
Z
3
Z
a
b 1
I
3
I
VD2
E
2
Z
4
Z
2
I
4
I
M
Z
A
B
1
E
2
E
J
c
1 2
1 1
di di
u L M
dt dt
=
2 1
2 2
di di
u L M
dt dt
=
1 2 3
3 4
: 0
: 0
a I I I
b I I J
+ =
+ =

1 1 2 2 3 1 2
2 2 3 3 3 2 4 4 2
:
:
M
M M
A Z I Z I Z I E E
B Z I Z I Z I Z I Z I E
+ =
+ + =

209
2 2 3 3 3 2 4 4 2 M M
H cm
Quy tc du chm
Phc ho Phc ho
Dng nhnh
Dng vng g g
Ma trn
210
Dng vng (1)
1
Z
3
Z
a
b
VD1
E
2
Z
4
Z
M
Z
A
B
J
1
E
2
E
J
c dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
2 1
1 1
+ =
dt
di
M
dt
di
L u
1 2
2 2
+ =
( ) ( ) ( ) Z I Z I I Z I I Z I E E

[ [ ] ]
1 2 1 2
2 3 4 2
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
A M A B A B M A
B A M A B B
Z I Z I I Z I I Z I E E
Z I I Z I Z I Z I J E
+ =
+ + + + =

[ [
[
] ]
]
211
Dng vng (2)
1
Z
3
Z
a
b 1
I
3
I
VD2
E
2
Z
4
Z
2
I
4
I
M
Z
A
B
J
1
E
2
E
J
c
1 2
1 1
di di
u L M
dt dt
=
2 1
2 2
di di
u L M
dt dt
=
( ) ( ) Z I Z I I Z I E E
+ +

[
]
1 2 1 2
2 3 4 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
A A B M B
B A M B B M B A B
Z I Z I I Z I E E
Z I I Z I Z I Z I I Z I J E
+ + =
+ + + + =

[
[ [ ] ]
]
212
H cm
Quy tc du chm
Phc ho Phc ho
Dng nhnh
Dng vng g g
Ma trn
213
Ma trn (1)
VD1
A
B
A
B
1 2 3
3 4
0 I I I
I I J
+ =

( )
3 4
1 1 2 2 2 1 2
1
j L j M I j L R j M I E E
j C
e e e e
e
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .

214
( )
1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 2
j MI R j L I Z I Z I E e e
\ .
+ + + + =

i h
Ma trn (2)
VD1
i h
in p h
cm do
to ra trn
2
I
in p h
cm do
to ra trn
1
I
vng A
in p h
A
B

vng A
p
cm do
to ra trn
vng B
1
I
A
B
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
I
a
b
a
vng B
1
1 1 1 0
0
0 0 1 1
I
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

Khng i xng!
b
A
b
A
B
( )
2
1 2 2 1 2
3
0 0 1 1
1
0 0
J
I
j L j M j L R j M E E
I
j C
E
I
e e e e
e
(
(
(

(
(
(
=
| |
(
( + +
(
|
(
(
\ . (
(


215
B
B
2
4
2 2 3 4
j
E
I
j M R j L Z Z e e
(
\ . (
(

(
+

Ma trn (3)
VD2
A
B

A
B
1
1 1 1 0
0
0 0 1 1
I
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

1
I
2
I
3
I
4
I
a
b
a
( )
2
1 2 2 1 2
3
0 0 1 1
1
0 0
J
I
j L j M j L R j M E E
I
j C
E
I
e e e e
e
(
(
(

(
(
(
=
| |
(
( + +
(
|
(
(
\ . (
(

(
b
A
b
A
B
216
2
4
2 2 3 4
E
I
j M R j L Z Z e e
(
(

(
+

B
B
Ma trn (4)
VD1
A
B
J
A
B
( )
( ) ( )
1 2 2 2 2 1 2
1
2
A B
j L R j L j M I R j L j M I E E
j C
R j L j M I R j L Z Z I E Z J
e e e e e
e
| |
+ + + + + =
|
\ .
+ + + + +

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 3 4 2 4 A B
R j L j M I R j L Z Z I E Z J e e e
+ + + + + =
( )
1 2 2 2 2
1 2
1
2
A
j L R j L j M R j L j M
I E E
j C
e e e e e
e
(
| |
+ + + +
( (
( |
=
\ . ( (
(

217
( ) ( )
2 4
2 2 2 2 3 4
B
j C
I E Z J
R j L j M R j L Z Z
e
e e e
\ . ( (
(

(
+ + + +

Ma trn (5)
VD1
Tt c cc phn
t c mt trn
H cm gia
& , du (+) v
c hai u i
A
I
B
I
A
B
J
t c mt trn
ng i ca
c hai u i
vo u *
A
I
A
B
( )
1
2 j L R j L j M R j L j M
I E E
e e e e e
(
| |
+ + + +
( (
( |

2 cun cm c h cm trn ng i ca ,
du ( ) v i vo u * 1 cun & i ra khi u * cun th 2
A
I
B
I
( )
( ) ( )
1 2 2 2 2
1 2
2 4
2 2 2 2 3 4
2
A
B
I E E
j C
I E Z J
R j L j M R j L Z Z
e e e e e
e
e e e
+ + + +
( (
( |
=
\ . ( (
(

(
+ + + +

218
Tt c cc phn t c
mt trn ng i ca
Tt c cc phn t chung ca & ,
du ( ) v & ngc chiu trn cc phn t ny
B
I
B
I
A
I
B
I
A
I
Ma trn (6)
VD2
A
B
J
A
B
( )
1
2 j L R j L j M R j L j M
I E E
(
| |
+ + + +
( (
( |

( )
( ) ( )
1 2 2 2 2
1 2
2 4
2 2 2 2 3 4
2
A
B
I E E
j C
I E Z J
R j L j M R j L Z Z
e e e e e
e
e e e
+ + + +
( (
( |
=
\ . ( (
(

(
+ + +

219
Phn tch mch in c h cm (1)
Ch : khng nn dng phng php th nh khi phn Ch : khng nn dng phng php th nh khi phn
tch mch in c h cm
C th dng c nhng rt phc tp & kh nh quy g g p p q y
lut khng dng
220
VD1
R
1
= 1 ; Z
C
= j2 ; Z
L1
= j3 ; Z
L2
= j4 ;
1
;
C
j ;
L1
j ;
L2
j ;
R
2
= 5 ; Z
M
= j6 ;
Tnh cc dng trong mch.
100 E =
o
0 V
221
Tnh Z n nhn c cng sut cc i?
VD2
1
R
1
j L e
3
R
Tnh Z
t
E
2
j L e
t
Z
j M e
E
2
R
222
Mch xoay chiu
1. Sng sin g
3. S phc
5. Phc ho cc phn t c bn
7. Cng sut trong mch xoay chiu
8 H cm 8. H cm
1. Gii h phng trnh phc
223
p g p
2. Gii mch in xoay chiu
Phn tch mch in bng my tnh (1)
1 2 3
(1 ) (2 3 ) ( 4 5) 6 7 j I j I j I j
+ + + + =

1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
( ) ( ) ( )
( 8 9) 10 (11 12) 13
14 (15 16) 17 18 19
j j j j
j I I j I j
I j I j I j
+ + =
+ + = +

224
Phn tch mch in bng my tnh (2)
V d 3-16 SGK V d 3 16 SGK
Bi tp 3-17 SGK
Bi tp 4-1 SGK Bi tp 4-1 SGK
225
Mch xoay chiu
3 S phc 3. S phc
8. H cm
9 Ph t h h i b t h
226

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Nguyn Cng Phng g y g g

Mch xoay chiu Mch xoay chiu

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Phc ho cc phn t c bn (3)

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Dng nhnh (4)

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Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

(10 20) 20 30 20.2

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

Dng vng (2)

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

Phn tch mch xoay chiu

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

45, 53 16, 67V

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

l dng in chy vo cng, o/tnh c sau khi

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

Vi mt cng sut P cho trc, h s cng sut cng nh th

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

62,8 31, 4 125, 6 31, 4 60 220 j I j I j I j I I + + =

Mch xoay chiu - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn

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