TRNG CAO NG CNG NGH THNG TIN HU NGH VIT - HN KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN NG DNG ============================

TI CUI K MN HC THNG TIN QUANG NGNH: TIN HC VIN THNG

TI:

NGUYN L TRUYN DN NH SNG TRONG SI QUANG

Ging vin: Nguyn V Anh Quang Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Thnh Sn inh Ngc Tun

Nng, 05/2012

Nguyn L Truyn Dn nh Sng Trong Si Quang

Ni Dung: C s quang hc Cu to si quang Nguyn l truyn nh sng qua si quang Khu s NA (Numerical Aperture) Tn sc mode Si quang GI (Graded Index Fiber) Phn loi si quang

I.

C s quang hc a) Tnh cht ca nh sng

Bng nhiu c s l lun v thc tin, cc nh khoa hc chng minh c rng nh sng c hai tnh cht: - Tnh cht sng: nh sng l sng in t - Tnh cht ht: nh sng bao gm nhiu ht photon c nng lng E = c Trong , : tn s (Hz)
E hf 1, 24 (m)

: bc sng

E: nng lng photon (eV) c: vn tc nh sng trong chn khng, c = 3.108 m/s h: hng s Planck, h = 6,625.10-34 (J.s) b) Ph sng in t

Bng tn VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

Tn s ( ) 3 kHz 30 kHz 30 kHz 300 kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz Cc bng sng v tuyn:

Bc sng () 100 Km 10 Km 10 Km 1 Km 1 Km 100 m 100 m 10m 10m 1m 1m 1 dm 1 dm 1 cm 1 cm 1 mm

F: Frequency V: Very

L: Low U: Ultra

M: Middle S: Super

H: High E: Extra

nh sng thy c chim di ph t 380 nm (tm) n 780 nm (). nh sng dng trong thng tin quang nm trong vng cn hng ngoi (near-infrared) (800 nm 1600 nm) => y l loi nh sng m mt thng con ngi khng thy c 3 vng bc sng (ca s bc sng) c dng trong thng tin quang: 850 nm, 1300 nm v 1550 nm. c) Hin tng phn x ton phn S truyn thng, khc x v phn x l c tnh c bn ca nh sng. nh sng truyn thng trong mi trng c chit sut ng nht, b khc x hoc phn x ti mt phn cch gia hai mi trng c chit sut khc nhau. Vn tc ca nh sng lun thay i theo chit sut ca mi tri m n i qua. Th hin qua biu thc:

Gi s c hai mi trng vi chit sut ln lt l n1 v n2 (n1>n2) nh hnh 1.2. Tia sng (tia ti) i t mi trng th nht c chit sut n1 sang mi trng th 2 c chit sut n2.

(Hnh 1.2 Hin tng phn x v khc x nh sng trong si quang)

Theo nh lut khc x Snell, ta c biu thc: n1sin 1 = n2sin 2 (***)

vi 1 l gc ti gc hp bi php tuyn ca mt phn cch hai mi trng vi tia ti, 2 l gc khc x - gc hp bi php tuyn ca mt phn cch vi tia khc x. y, v n1>n2 cho nn gc ti 1< 2. Nu gc ti 1 ln dn n mt gi tr c th tia khc x s nm song song vi ranh gii phn cch gia hai mi trng, lc c c gi l gc ti hn (hnh 1.2 b), lc ny khng tn ti tia khc x mi trng th hai. Khi cc tia sng c gc ti 1 ln hn gc ti hn c th u b phn x li mi trng th nht. Hin tng cc tia sng b phn x tr li mi trng ban u ti mt phn cch gia hai mi trng gi l hin tng phn x ton phn. Tng ng vi gc ti hn c th gc khc x 2 = 900. T biu thc (***) suy ra: sin c

Nh vy, iu kin xy ra hin tng ton phn l: Cc tia sng phi i t mi trng c chit sut ln hn sang mi trng c chit sut nh hn. Gc ti ca tia sng phi ln hn gc ti hn II. Cu to si quang Si quang c bn gm c 2 lp: Li (core): hnh tr, bn knh a, chit sut n1, c tc dng dn nh sng. Lp bc (cladding): hnh tr, bao quanh li, bn knh b (b>a), chit sut n2 (n1>n2), lp bc dng gi nh sng tp trung trong li nh s phn x ton phn gia li v lp bc. Vt liu ch to ca si quang l cht in mi (thy tinh, plastic) Ngoi 2 lp c bn, si quang cn c bo v bi 2 lp bn ngoi: lp ph (primary coating) c tc dng bo v si quang, chng li s xm nhp ca hi nc, trnh s try xc gy nn nhng vt nt, gim nh hng do un cong. V lp v (secondary coating) c tc dng tng cng sc chu ng ca si quang di cc tc dng c hc v s thay i nhit.

(Hnh 2. Cu to ca si quang gm 2 phn li v v)

III.

Nguyn l truyn dn nh sng trong si quang nh sng truyn trong li si quang bng cch phn x ton phn qua li mt tip gip gia li v lp bc. Trng hp si quang b un cong, nh sng vn c th truyn i trong si quang b un cong vi mt cong gii hn vi iu kin phi tha mn iu kin phn x ton phn.

IV.

Khu s NA (Numerical Aperture)

(Hnh 4. ng i ca cc tia sng khi vo si quang c chit sut phn bc)

Kho st hnh 4, tia sng to vi trc mt gc i ti trung tm ca li. Do c s thay i chit sut ti mt tip xc gia khng kh v si quang nn tia khc x khi i vo si to vi trc mt gc r i. Mi quan h gia hai gc c th hin theo biu thc sau: n0sini = n1sinr (4.1) trong n1 v n0 ln lt l chit sut ca li si v khng kh. Khi tia khc x gp giao tip li v th n li b khc x. Khi gc ti tha

mn iu kin sin <

th xut hin hin tng phn x ton phn. Nh

phn trn trnh by, gc ti hn c tha mn iu kin: sin c = (4.2)

Lc , vi cc gc ti > c th trong si xy ra hin tng phn x ton phn, ton b tia sng b giam trong si. S dng cc biu thc (4.1) v (4.2) xc nh gc ln nht gia tia ti v trc ca si sao cho nh sng b giam trong si. Ch rng:

r =
Thay (4.3) vo (4.1) ta c:

(4.3)

n0 sini = n1 cos c =

(4.4)

Gi NA l khu s ca si, c trng cho kh nng tp trung nh sng vo si v c nh ngha nh sau: NA = n0 sini = V n1 n2 nn NA xp x bng: NA n1 Vi Trong , Kt lun: - S phn x ton phn ch xy ra i vi nhng tia sng c gc ti u si quang nh hn gc ti hn max - sin max c gi l khu s NA ca si quang. - NA biu din kh nng ghp nh sng vo trong si quang. D thy mt iu rng, NA ln, tng ng vi hiu sut ghp nh sng ln. NA ln cng ng ngha l nhiu mode sng c truyn trong si quang hn (mi tia sng c xem nh mt mode sng), iu ny dn n tn sc mode. l s thay i chit sut tng i ti giao tip li v.

V.

Tn sc mode (Modal Dispersion)

Hnh 5.1

- Tn sc mode xy ra trong si quang c chit sut nhy bc SI (StepIndex Fiber) - Da vo hnh 5.1 ta thy rng: Cc tia sng c qung ng truyn khc nhau: s 1 < s 2 < s 3 + Tia song song vi trc ( 1 = 0) c qung ng truyn ngn nht. + Gc ti cng ln ( ln) th qung ng truyn cng di. Vn tc truyn gia cc tia sng bng nhau: vi = v = Thi gian truyn ca cc tia sng khc nhau: ti = iu ny dn n s chnh lch thi gian truyn gia cc tia sng. L nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng tn sc mode.

(Hnh 5.2. Xung nh sng b bin dng bi tn sc mode sau khi truyn trong li si quang)

o nh ngha: Tn sc l hin tng khi cho mt xung nh sng hp chiu vo u si quang th thu c mt xung nh sng rng hn cui si quang

o nh hng ca tn sc: Tn hiu tng t: tn sc gy mo dng tn hiu. Tn hiu s: tn sc gy nn hin tng chng lp gia cc bit. Nhn chung, tn sc c nh hng rt ln i vi h thng truyn dn thng tin quang, n lm hn ch dung lng v c ly truyn ca tuyn quang o Mi tia sng c truyn trong li si quang c xem nh l mt mode sng => tn sc mode o Nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng tn sc mode: C nhiu tia sng truyn trong si quang vi qung ng truyn khc nhau. Vn tc truyn bng nhau, nhng thi gian truyn l khc nhau => t o Phng php hn ch tn sc: Ch cho mt tia sng (mode sng) truyn i trong si quang => y l c s sn xut si quang n mode SMF (Single Mode Fiber) Gim thi gian truyn gia cc tia sng ( t ) => c s sn xut si quang c chit sut gim dn GI (Graded Index Fiber).

VI.

Si quang GI (Graded-Index Fiber)

(Hnh 6.1. Cc tia sng truyn trong si quang GI) Si quang GI cn c gi l si quang c chit sut gim dn. Chit sut li si quang c hnh dng parabol v c tnh bi cng thc:

Trong si quang GI, cc tia sng c truyn theo ng cong. Cc tia sng c c qung ng truyn khc nhau: s 1 < s 2< s 3 Vn tc truyn gia cc tia sng khc nhau: v1 < v2 < v3

Ti trc (r =0): n(0) = n1 l ln nht => v(0) =

l ln nht.

Cng ra xa trc, vn tc truyn cng ln. iu chng t rng qung ng truyn t l thun vi vn tc truyn. => S chnh lch v

Thi gian truyn ca cc tia sng khc nhau thi gian truyn ca cc tia sng nh.

Si GI c tn sc mode nh hn nhiu so vi si quang SI. Si SI v GI u l si quang a mode. u c dmode 0 (tn sc mode n v khc 0) cho nn khi truyn nh sng u b hn ch c ly v tc bit truyn. Trong si quang n mode SMF th tn sc mode n v bng 0 (d mode =0) v ch c mt tia sng c truyn i trong si. ng dng: o Si SI: c ly truyn ngn v tc bit truyn thp. o Si GI: c ly truyn v tc truyn bit trung bnh. o Si SMF: c ly truyn di v tc bit truyn cao.

(Hnh 6.2. Tnh bo ton v tn hiu ca 3 loi si cp quang SI, GI v SMF)

VII.

Phn loi si quang C 3 cch phn loi si quang, l: 1. Phn loi theo dng chit sut ca li: C 5 loi - Si quang c chit sut nhy bc SI - Si quang c chit sut gim dn GI - Si quang gim chit sut lp bc - Si quang dch tn sc DSF (Dispersion-Shifted Fiber) - Si quang san bng tn sc DFF (Dispersion-Flatened Fiber)

2. Phn loi theo s mode truyn trong si quang: C 2 loi A, Si a mode - Si SI, GI (G.651) - (50/125m), (62.5/125m), (100/140m)

B, Si n mode SMF (Single-Mode Fiber) - Si n mode tiu chun SMF (G.652): o (9/125m) o H s suy hao: 0,38 dB/km ( = 1310nm) v 0.2 dB/km ( = 1550nm) o H s tn sc: bng 0 ti = 1310nm v 18ps/nm.km ti = 1550nm - Si DSF (G.653) - Si dch tn sc khc zero NZ-DSF (G.655) 3. Phn loi theo vt liu ch to - Si thy tinh (All-glass fiber): li v lp bc bng thy tinh. - Si plastic (All-plastic fiber): li v lp bc u bng plastic - Si PCS (Plastic-Cladded Silica): li bng thy tinh, lp bc lm bng nha

Si thy tinh c tnh k thut Kch thc si

Si PCS

Si plastic

(9/125m),(50/125m), (62.5/125m) n1=1,46; n2= 1,40 0,8m 1,55 m 0,2dB/km ( = 1550nm) dmode=0 ( =1300nm) Hng chc, trm km Hng Gb/s Cht lng tt nht Gi thnh t Hn ni kh => cn thit b chuyn dng Truyn dn thng tin H thng vin thng, mng my tnh 8dB/km ( = 900nm) 200ns/km

ng knh li: 0,5-1mm NA= 0,54 0,5m 0,8m 55dB/km ( =570nm) Rt ln

Chit sut / NA Bc sng hot ng Suy hao cc tiu Tn sc cc tiu C ly truyn Tc bit u khuyt im

ng dng

Vi trm mt Bng thng C ly truyn Vi trm Mbit/s [B L = 5 (Mbit/s km] Cht lng v gi Cht lng thp thnh nm gia si Gi thnh r thy tinh v si Hn ni d plastic T ng ha

Ti Liu Tham Kho: Bi ging Truyn Dn Si Quang , Ng Thanh Ngc, Trung tm o to bu chnh vin thng 2, TP.HCM, 1994. Bi ging C S K Thut Thng Tin Quang, Cao Phn, Cao Hng Sn, Hc Vin Cng Ngh Bu Chnh Vin Thng, H Ni, 2000. H Thng Thng Tin Quang, V Vn San, Nh xut bn bu in, H Ni, 2003. Thng Tin Si Quang, Nh xut bn gio dc Vit Nam. Ngoi ra cn tham kho cc hnh v trong 2 cun Fiber-Optic Communications Technology, D.K.Mynbaev, L.L.Scheiner, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2001 v cun Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, Gerd Keiser, Mc.Graw Hill, Boston, 2000.