16

Wave Motion
CHAPTER OUTLINE
16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 Propagation of a Disturbance Sinusoidal Waves The Speed of Waves on Strings Reflection and Transmission Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings The Linear Wave Equation

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q16.1 As the pulse moves down the string, the particles of the string itself move side to side. Since the mediumhere, the stringmoves perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, the wave is transverse by definition. To use a slinky to create a longitudinal wave, pull a few coils back and release. For a transverse wave, jostle the end coil side to side. From v = T , we must increase the tension by a factor of 4.

Q16.2

Q16.3 Q16.4

It depends on from what the wave reflects. If reflecting from a less dense string, the reflected part of the wave will be right side up. 2 vA . Here v is the speed of the wave.

Q16.5

Yes, among other things it depends on. v max = A = 2 fA = Since the frequency is 3 cycles per second, the period is Amplitude is increased by a factor of

Q16.6 Q16.7 Q16.8 Q16.9

1 second = 333 ms. 3

2 . The wave speed does not change.

The section of rope moves up and down in SHM. Its speed is always changing. The wave continues on with constant speed in one direction, setting further sections of the rope into up-and-down motion. Each element of the rope must support the weight of the rope below it. The tension increases with height. (It increases linearly, if the rope does not stretch.) Then the wave speed v = with height. T

increases

Q16.10

The difference is in the direction of motion of the elements of the medium. In longitudinal waves, the medium moves back and forth parallel to the direction of wave motion. In transverse waves, the medium moves perpendicular to the direction of wave motion.

473

474 Q16.11 Q16.12

Wave Motion

Slower. Wave speed is inversely proportional to the square root of linear density. As the wave passes from the massive string to the less massive string, the wave speed will increase according to v = increase. T

. The frequency will remain unchanged. Since v = f , the wavelength must

Q16.13 Q16.14

Higher tension makes wave speed higher. Greater linear density makes the wave move more slowly. The wave speed is independent of the maximum particle speed. The source determines the maximum particle speed, through its frequency and amplitude. The wave speed depends instead on properties of the medium. Longitudinal waves depend on the compressibility of the fluid for their propagation. Transverse waves require a restoring force in response to sheer strain. Fluids do not have the underlying structure to supply such a force. A fluid cannot support static sheer. A viscous fluid can temporarily be put under sheer, but the higher its viscosity the more quickly it converts input work into internal energy. A local vibration imposed on it is strongly damped, and not a source of wave propagation. Let t = ts t p represent the difference in arrival times of the two waves at a station at distance

Q16.15

Q16.16

d = v s ts = v p t p

F1 1I from the hypocenter. Then d = tG J Hv v K

s p

. Knowing the distance from the first

station places the hypocenter on a sphere around it. A measurement from a second station limits it to another sphere, which intersects with the first in a circle. Data from a third non-collinear station will generally limit the possibilities to a point. Q16.17 The speed of a wave on a massless string would be infinite!

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS Section 16.1 P16.1 Propagation of a Disturbance

Replace x by x vt = x 4.5t 6 to get y= 2 x 4.5t + 3

Chapter 16

475

P16.2

FIG. P16.2 P16.3 5.00 e a x + 5 t f is of the form f x + vt

2

so it describes a wave moving to the left at v = 5.00 m s . P16.4 (a) The longitudinal wave travels a shorter distance and is moving faster, so it will arrive at point B first. (b) The wave that travels through the Earth must travel a distance of at a speed of Therefore, it takes 2 R sin 30.0 = 2 6.37 10 6 m sin 30.0 = 6.37 10 6 m 7 800 m/s 6.37 10 6 m = 817 s 7 800 m s

The wave that travels along the Earths surface must travel a distance of at a speed of Therefore, it takes The time difference is s = R = R 4 500 m/s 6.67 10 6 = 1 482 s 4 500

FG radIJ = 6.67 10 H3 K

665 s = 11.1 min

476 P16.5

Wave Motion

The distance the waves have traveled is d = 7.80 km s t = 4.50 km s t + 17.3 s where t is the travel time for the faster wave.

g b

ga

a fb g b ga f b4.50 km sga17.3 sf = 23.6 s or t = a7.80 4.50f km s and the distance is d = b7.80 km sga 23.6 sf = 184 km
Then, 7.80 4.50 km s t = 4.50 km s 17.3 s Section 16.2 P16.6 Sinusoidal Waves

Using data from the observations, we have = 1.20 m and f = 8.00 12.0 s

Therefore, v = f = 1.20 m

8 fFGH 12..00s IJK = 0

0.800 m s 425 cm = 42.5 cm s 10.0 s

P16.7

f=

40.0 vibrations 4 = Hz 30.0 s 3 v 42.5 cm s = 4 = 31.9 cm = 0.319 m f 3 Hz

v=

P16.8 P16.9

v = f = 4.00 Hz 60.0 cm = 240 cm s = 2.40 m s y = 0.020 0 m sin 2.11x 3.62t in SI units

k = 2.11 rad m

fa

g a

A = 2.00 cm

=
f=

2 = 2.98 m k

= 3.62 rad s
v = f = P16.10

= 0.576 Hz 2

2 3.62 = = 1.72 m s 2 k 2.11

y = 0.005 1 m sin 310 x 9.30t SI units v=

g a

9.30 = = 0.030 0 m s k 310

s = vt = 0.300 m in positive x - direction

Chapter 16

477

*P16.11

From y = 12.0 cm sin 1.57 rad m x 31.4 rad s t (a) The transverse velocity is Its maximum magnitude is v y t

f db

g b

gi

y = A cos kx t t

f g

A = 12 cm 31.4 rad s = 3.77 m s

(b)

ay =

A cos kx t = A 2 sin kx t t

fh

The maximum value is P16.12

A 2 = 0.12 m 31.4 s 1

fe

= 118 m s 2

At time t, the phase of y = 15.0 cm cos 0.157 x 50.3t at coordinate x is

f a

= 0.157 rad cm x 50.3 rad s t . Since 60.0 =

B = A rad , or (since x A = 0 ), 3
B

g b

rad , the requirement for point B is that 3

b0.157 rad cmgx b50.3 rad sgt = 0 b50.3 rad sgt rad . 3
This reduces to x B = P16.13 rad = 6.67 cm . 3 0.157 rad cm

y = 0.250 sin 0.300 x 40.0t m Compare this with the general expression y = A sin kx t (a) (b) (c) (d)

A = 0.250 m

= 40.0 rad s
k = 0.300 rad m

2 2 = = 20.9 m k 0.300 rad m

(e) (f)

v = f =

FG IJ = FG 40.0 rad s IJ a20.9 mf = H 2 K H 2 K

133 m s

The wave moves to the right, in + x direction .

478 P16.14

Wave Motion

(a) (b)

See figure at right. T= 2 = 2 = 0.125 s 50.3

y (cm) 10 0 10 0.1 0.2 t (s)

This agrees with the period found in the example in the text.

FIG. P16.14 P16.15 (a) A = y max = 8.00 cm = 0.080 0 m

Therefore, Or (where y 0 , t = 0 at t = 0 ) (b) In general, Assuming then we require that or Therefore, P16.16 (a) y (mm) 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 t=0 0.2 0.4 FIG. P16.16(a) (b) 2 = 18.0 rad m 0.350 m 1 1 T= = = 0.083 3 s f 12.0 s k= = 2

b g

a0.800 mf = 7.85 m = 2 f = 2 a3.00f = 6.00 rad s y = A sina kx + t f y = b0.080 0g sinb7.85 x + 6 t g m y = 0.080 0 sinb7.85 x + 6 t + g yb x, 0g = 0 at x = 0.100 m 0 = 0.080 0 sinb0.785 + g

k=

= 0.785
y = 0.080 0 sin 7.85 x + 6 t 0.785 m

x (mm)

= 2 f = 2 12.0 s = 75.4 rad s

(c)

f b ga y = A sinb kx + t + g specializes to y = 0.200 m sinb18.0 x m + 75.4t s + g

at x = 0 , t = 0 we require

v = f = 12.0 s 0.350 m = 4.20 m s

3.00 10 2 m = 0. 200 m sin +

b g

= 8.63 = 0.151 rad

so y x, t =

b g a0.200 mf sinb18.0 x m + 75.4t s 0.151 radg

Chapter 16

479

P16.17

y = 0.120 m sin dy : dt

f FGH x + 4 tIJK 8 fa f FGH x + 4 tIJK 8 va0.200 s, 1.60 mf = 1.51 m s F I a = a 0.120 mfa 4 f sinG x + 4 tJ H8 K aa0.200 s, 1.60 mf = 0
x = 0.120 4 cos

(a)

v=

a=

dv : dt

(b)

2 = : 8 2 = 4 = : T
k=

= 16.0 m
T = 0.500 s
v=

16.0 m = = 32.0 m s T 0.500 s

P16.18

(a)

Let us write the wave function as

b g b g yb0 , 0g = A sin = 0.020 0 m

y x , t = A sin kx + t +
dy dt = A cos = 2.00 m s
0, 0

Also,

2 2 = = 80.0 s T 0.025 0 s

A 2 = xi2 +

FG v IJ = b0.020 0 mg + FG 2.00 m s IJ HK H 80.0 s K

i 2 2

A = 0.021 5 m
(b) A sin 0.020 0 = 2 = 2.51 = tan A cos 80 .0 Your calculators answer tan 1 2.51 = 1.19 rad has a negative sine and positive cosine, just the reverse of what is required. You must look beyond your calculator to find

= 1.19 rad = 1.95 rad

(c) (d)

v y, max = A = 0.021 5 m 80.0 s = 5.41 m s

= v x T = 30.0 m s 0.025 0 s = 0.750 m

k= 2

ga

2 = 8.38 m 0.750 m

= 80.0 s

y x , t = 0.021 5 m sin 8.38 x rad m + 80.0 t rad s + 1.95 rad

b g b

g b

480 P16.19

Wave Motion

(a)

f=

b1.00 m sg =
2.00 m

0.500 Hz

= 2 f = 2 0.500 s = 3.14 rad s

(b) (c) k= 2 = 2 = 3.14 rad m 2.00 m

y = A sin kx t + becomes
y=

a0.100 mf sinb3.14x m 3.14t s + 0g a a f b f b g g g

(d)

For x = 0 the wave function requires y = 0.100 m sin 3.14t s

(e)

y = 0.100 m sin 4.71 rad 3.14 t s vy =

(f)

y = 0.100 m 3.14 s cos 3.14x m 3.14t s t

g b

The cosine varies between +1 and 1, so v y 0.314 m s P16.20 (a) (b)

at x = 2.00 m , y =

a0.100 mf sina1.00 rad 20.0tf

f a f

2 = 3.18 Hz

y = 0.100 m sin 0.500 x 20.0t = A sin kx t so = 20.0 rad s and f =

f a

Section 16.3 P16.21

The Speed of Waves on Strings

The down and back distance is 4.00 m + 4.00 m = 8.00 m . The speed is then Now, So v= d total 4 8.00 m T = = 40.0 m s = t 0.800 s 0.200 kg = 5.00 10 2 kg m 4.00 m

T = v 2 = 5.00 10 2 kg m 40.0 m s

jb

= 80.0 N

P16.22

The mass per unit length is: =

0.060 0 kg = 1.20 10 2 kg m . 5.00 m

The required tension is: T = v 2 = 0.012 0 kg m 50.0 m s

gb

= 30.0 N .

Chapter 16

481

P16.23

v=

1 350 kg m s 2 5.00 10 3 kg m

= 520 m s

P16.24

(a)

= 2 f = 2 500 = 3 140 rad s , k =

y = 2.00 10 4 m sin 16.0 x 3 140t

a f

3 140 = = 16.0 rad m v 196

j b

(b)

v = 196 m s =

T 4.10 10 3 kg m

T = 158 N
P16.25

T = Mg is the tension;
Then, and

v=

Mg
m L

MgL L = is the wave speed. m t

MgL L2 = 2 m t g=

1.60 m 4.00 10 3 kg Lm = = 1.64 m s 2 Mt 2 3.00 kg 3.61 10 3 s 2

e e

P16.26

v=

T = v 2 = Av 2 = r 2 v 2 T = 8 920 kg m3 7.50 10 4 m T = 631 N P16.27 Since is constant, = T2 = T1 and

2

ja fe

j b200 m sg
2

2 v2

2 v1

T2

Fv I =G J Hv K
2 1

F 30.0 m s I a6.00 Nf = T =G H 20.0 m s JK

2 1

13.5 N .

P16.28

The period of the pendulum is T = 2

L g

Let F represent the tension in the string (to avoid confusion with the period) when the pendulum is vertical and stationary. The speed of waves in the string is then: v= Mg MgL F = m = m L L= T g 2

Since it might be difficult to measure L precisely, we eliminate so v = Mg T g Tg = m 2 2 M . m

482 P16.29

Wave Motion

If the tension in the wire is T, the tensile stress is Stress = T A so T = A stress .

The speed of transverse waves in the wire is v= T

A Stress
m L

f=

Stress
m AL

Stress
m Volume

Stress

where is the density. The maximum velocity occurs when the stress is a maximum: v max = P16.30 From the free-body diagram 2.70 10 8 Pa = 185 m s . 7 860 kg m 3

mg = 2T sin
T= mg 2 sin
3L 8 L 2

The angle is found from

cos =

3 4 FIG. P16.30

= 41.4 (a) v= T v= mg = 2 sin 41. 4

2

or (b) P16.31 v = 60.0 = 30.4 m and

v=

F 30.4 GH

ms

I J kg K

F I 9.80 m s GG J 2e8.00 10 kg mj sin 41.4 J H K

3

m = 3.89 kg

The total time is the sum of the two times. In each wire

L =L v T Let A represent the cross-sectional area of one wire. The mass of one wire can be written both as m = V = AL and also as m = L .
t= Then we have

= A =
t=L

Thus,

For copper,

For steel, The total time is

F d I GH 4T JK L a fb8 920ge1.00 10 t = a 20.0 fM MM a4fa150f N L a fb7 860ge1.00 10 t = a30.0fM MM a4fa150f N

2 12

d 2 4

12 3 2

12 3 2

j OP PP Q j OP PP Q

= 0.137 s

= 0.192 s

0.137 + 0.192 = 0.329 s

Chapter 16

483

P16.32

Refer to the diagrams. From the free-body diagram of point A:

D L/4 L/4 A L/2 M M B

Fy = 0 T1 sin = Mg

and

Fx = 0 T1 cos = T

Combining these equations to eliminate T1 gives the tension in the Mg . string connecting points A and B as: T = tan The speed of transverse waves in this segment of string is then v= T =
Mg tan m L

T1

MgL m tan

and the time for a pulse to travel from A to B is t=

L 2

mL tan . 4Mg

Mg

FIG. P16.32

*P16.33

(a)

f has units Hz = 1 s , so T = with units

1 has units of seconds, s . For the other T we have T = v 2 , f

kg m 2 kg m = = N . m s2 s2

(b)

The first T is period of time; the second is force of tension.

Section 16.4

Reflection and Transmission

Problem 7 in Chapter 18 can be assigned with this section.

Section 16.5 P16.34 f= v

Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings

30.0 = 60.0 Hz 0.500

= 2 f = 120 rad s

P=
P16.35

1 1 0.180 2 A 2 v = 120 2 2 3.60

FG H

IJ a K

f a0.100f a30.0f =
2 2

1.07 kW

Suppose that no energy is absorbed or carried down into the water. Then a fixed amount of power is spread thinner farther away from the source, spread over the circumference 2 r of an expanding circle. The power-per-width across the wave front

P
2 r is proportional to amplitude squared so amplitude is proportional to

P . 2 r

484 P16.36

Wave Motion

T = constant; v =
(a) (b) (c)

; P=

1 2 A 2 v 2

If L is doubled, v remains constant and P is constant . If A is doubled and is halved, P 2 A 2 remains constant . If and A are doubled, the product 2 A 2 A2 remains constant, so

P remains constant .
(d) If L and are halved, then 2 (Changing L doesnt affect P ). P16.37 1

is quadrupled, so P is quadrupled .

A = 5.00 10 2 m
Therefore, v=

= 4.00 10 2 kg m
T

P = 300 W

T = 100 N

= 50.0 m s

P=

1 2 A 2 v : 2

2 =

2 300 2P = A 2 v 4.00 10 2 5.00 10 2

je

a f

j a50.0f
2

= 346 rad s = 55.1 Hz f= 2

P16.38

= 30.0 g m = 30.0 10 3 kg m
= 1.50 m
f = 50.0 Hz: 2 A = 0.150 m: (a) y = A sin

= 2 f = 314 s 1
A = 7.50 10 2 m

FG 2 x tIJ H K y = e7.50 10 j sina 4.19 x 314t f

2

FIG. P16.38
2 2 2

(b)

P=

1 1 2 A 2 v = 30.0 10 3 314 2 2

314 ja f e7.50 10 j FGH 4.19 IJK W

P = 625 W

P16.39

(a) (b) (c) (d)

v = f =

2 50.0 m s = 62.5 m s = = k 0.800 2 k

=
f=

2 2 = m = 7.85 m k 0.800 50.0 = 7.96 Hz 2 1 1 2 A 2 v = 12.0 10 3 50.0 2 2

P=

ja f a0.150f a62.5f W =
2 2

21.1 W

Chapter 16

485

*P16.40

Comparing y = 0.35 sin 10t 3x + k= (a)

FG H

IJ with y = A sinbkx t + g = A sinbt kx + g we have K

3 10 s = = = 3.33 m s . , = 10 s , A = 0.35 m . Then v = f = 2 f m 2 k 3 m The rate of energy transport is

P=
(b)

1 1 2 A 2 v = 75 10 3 kg m 10 s 2 2

jb

g a0.35 mf 3.33 m s =
2 2

15.1 W .

The energy per cycle is E = P T = 1 1 2 A 2 = 75 10 3 kg m 10 s 2 2

jb

g a0.35 mf
2

2 m = 3.02 J . 3

P16.41

Originally, 1 2 A 2 v 2 1 T P0 = 2 A 2 2

P0 =

1 P0 = 2 A 2 T 2 The doubled string will have doubled mass-per-length. Presuming that we hold tension constant, it can carry power larger by 2 times. 2 P0 = *P16.42 1 2 2 A T 2 2

As for a strong wave, the rate of energy transfer is proportional to the square of the amplitude and to the speed. We write P = FvA 2 where F is some constant. With no absorption of energy,
2 2 Fv bedrock A bedrock = Fv mudfill A mudfill

v bedrock A = mudfill = v mudfill A bedrock The amplitude increases by 5.00 times.

25 v mudfill =5 v mudfill

486

Wave Motion

Section 16.6 P16.43 (a) (b)

The Linear Wave Equation A = 7.00 + 3.00 4.00 yields A = 40.0 In order for two vectors to be equal, they must have the same magnitude and the same direction in three-dimensional space. All of their components must be equal. Thus, 7.00 i + 0 j + 3.00k = A i + Bj + Ck requires A = 7.00 , B = 0 , and C = 3.00 .

(c)

In order for two functions to be identically equal, they must be equal for every value of every variable. They must have the same graphs. In A + B cos Cx + Dt + E = 0 + 7.00 mm cos 3.00 x + 4.00t + 2.00 , the equality of average values requires that A = 0 . The equality of maximum values requires B = 7.00 mm . The equality for the wavelength or periodicity as a function of x requires C = 3.00 rad m . The equality of period requires D = 4.00 rad s , and the equality of zero-crossings requires E = 2.00 rad . 2y x
2

*P16.44

The linear wave equation is If then

1 2 y v 2 t 2

y = e b a x vt f y y = bve b a x vt f and = be b a x vt f t x 2 y t 2 2y t 1 2y v 2 t 2
2

= b 2 v 2 e b a x vt f and = v2 2y x 2 2y x
2

2y x 2

= b 2 e b a x vt f

Therefore,

, demonstrating that e b a x vt f is a solution

P16.45

The linear wave equation is To show that y = ln b x vt y 1 = bv t b x vt

is a solution, we find its first and second derivatives with respect to x 2y t 2 2y x

2

and t and substitute into the equation.

a y = ba x vt f x

fa f
1

1 bv

b 2 x vt

a f
a

=
2

ax vtf
1

v2

b x vt b = 2y x 2

ax vtf

v 1 2y 1 Then 2 2 = 2 v t v x vt

e j a f
2

ax vtf

so the given wave function is a solution.

Chapter 16

487

P16.46

(a)

From y = x 2 + v 2 t 2 , evaluate y = 2x x y = v 2 2t t Does 2y t 2 = 1 2y ? v 2 t 2 2y x 2 2y t 2 =2 = 2v 2

By substitution: 2 = equation. (b) Note 1 x + vt 2

1 2 v 2 and this is true, so the wave function does satisfy the wave v2

1 x vt 2

1 2 1 1 1 x + xvt + v 2 t 2 + x 2 xvt + v 2 t 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = x + v t as required. =

So (c)

f x + vt =

f 1 ax + vtf 2

and g x vt =

f 1 ax vtf 2

y = sin x cos vt makes

y = cos x cos vt x y = v sin x sin vt t Then 2y x
2

2y x 2 2y t 2

= sin x cos vt = v 2 sin x cos vt

1 2 y v 2 t 2

becomes sin x cos vt =

1 2 v sin x cos vt which is true as required. v2 Note sin x + vt = sin x cos vt + cos x sin vt

sin x vt = sin x cos vt cos x sin vt . So sin x cos vt = f x + vt + g x vt with and g x vt =

a f a f 1 f a x + vtf = sina x + vt f 2

1 sin x vt 2

Additional Problems P16.47 Assume a typical distance between adjacent people ~ 1 m . Then the wave speed is v= x 1 m ~ ~ 10 m s t 0.1 s

Model the stadium as a circle with a radius of order 100 m. Then, the time for one circuit around the stadium is T=
2 2 r 2 10 ~ = 63 s ~ 1 min . v 10 m s

e j

488 P16.48

Wave Motion

Compare the given wave function y = 4.00 sin 2.00 x 3.00t cm to the general form y = A sin kx t to find (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) amplitude A = 4.00 cm = 0.040 0 m k= 2 = 2.00 cm 1 and = cm = 0.031 4 m

= 2 f = 3.00 s 1 and f = 0.477 Hz

T= 1 = 2.09 s f

The minus sign indicates that the wave is traveling in the positive x -direction . Let u = 10 t 3 x +

P16.49

(a)

du dx = 10 3 = 0 at a point of constant phase dt dt dx 10 = = 3.33 m s 3 dt The velocity is in the positive x -direction .

(b) (c) (d) *P16.50 (a)

y 0.100 , 0 = 0.350 m sin 0.300 + k= 2 = 3 : = 0.667 m

g a

f FGH

= 0.054 8 m = 5.48 cm 4 = 2 f = 10 : f = 5.00 Hz

IJ K

fa f FGH 0.175 m = a0.350 mf sin b99.6 rad sgt sin b99.6 rad sgt = 0.5
vy =

y = 0.350 10 cos 10 t 3 x + t 4

IJ K

v y, max = 10 0.350 = 11.0 m s

a fa

The smallest two angles for which the sine function is 0.5 are 30 and 150, i.e., 0.523 6 rad and 2.618 rad. 99.6 rad s t1 = 0.523 6 rad , thus t1 = 5.26 ms

b g b99.6 rad sgt

= 2.618 rad , thus t 2 = 26.3 ms

t t 2 t1 = 26.3 ms 5.26 ms = 21.0 ms

(b) P16.51 Distance traveled by the wave =

FG IJ t = FG 99.6 rad s IJ e21.0 10 sj = H k K H 1.25 rad m K

3

1.68 m .

The equation v = f is a special case of speed = (cycle length)(repetition rate). Thus, v = 19.0 10 3 m frame 24.0 frames s = 0.456 m s .

jb

Chapter 16

489

P16.52

Assuming the incline to be frictionless and taking the positive x-direction to be up the incline:

Fx = T Mg sin = 0

or the tension in the string is

T = Mg sin
v= T

The speed of transverse waves in the string is then

Mg sin
m L

MgL sin m mL Mg sin

The time interval for a pulse to travel the strings length is t =

L m =L = v MgL sin

P16.53

Energy is conserved as the block moves down distance x:

eK + U
x= (a)

+ Us

top

+ E = K + U g + U s 1 2 kx 2

bottom

0 + Mgx + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 2 Mg k

T = kx = 2 Mg = 2 2.00 kg 9.80 m s 2 = 39.2 N 2 Mg k 39.2 N L = 0.500 m + = 0.892 m 100 N m L = L0 + x = L0 + v= v= T = TL m

ge

(b)

(c)

39.2 N 0.892 m 5.0 10 3 kg

v = 83.6 m s P16.54 Mgx = (a) 1 2 kx 2

T = kx = 2 Mg
2 Mg k 2 Mg 2 Mg L0 + m k

(b)

L = L0 + x = L0 +

(c)

v=

TL = m

FG H

IJ K

490 P16.55

Wave Motion

(a)

v=

e5.00 10

80.0 N
3

kg 2.00 m

= 179 m s

(b)

From Equation 16.21, P =

1 v v 2 A 2 and = 2 2 1 2v vA 2 2 2 2

FG IJ H K
2
2 3

P=

P=

FH

FG IJ H K

2 2 A 2 v 3

5.00 10 3 kg 2.00 m

IK b0.040 0 mg b179 m sg a0.160 mf

2

P = 1.77 10 4 W = 17.7 kW
P16.56 v= T and in this case T = mg ; therefore, m =

v 2 . g

Now v = f implies v =

so that k

m= g k
*P16.57

FG IJ H K

0.250 kg m 9.80 m s 2

LM 18 s OP N 0.750 m Q
1 1

= 14.7 kg .
2 mv b = m 2 r . The r

Let M = mass of block, m = mass of string. For the block, speed of a wave on the string is then v= t= T

F = ma implies T =

M 2 r
m r

= r

M m

r 1 = v

m M m = M 0.003 2 kg = 0.084 3 rad 0.450 kg

= t =
P16.58 (a)

=
v=

dm dx = A = A dL dx T

T = A

T ax + b

10 x + 10 2 cm 2
T

T
3

With all SI units, v =

10 x + 10 2 10 4
= 94.3 m s

ms

(b)

v x= 0 =

b2 700ge0 + 10 je10 j
2 4

24.0

v x=10 .0 =

b2 700ge10

24.0
2

+ 10 2 10 4

je j

= 66.7 m s

Chapter 16

491

P16.59

where Therefore, dx , so that But v = dt and

v=

T = xg , the weight of a length x, of rope. v = gx dx dt = gx t=

z
0

dx gx

1 g

x
1 2

= 2
0

L g

P16.60

At distance x from the bottom, the tension is T =

(a)

(b)

(c)

FG mxg IJ + Mg , so the wave speed is: H LK T TL F MgL IJ = dx . = = xg + G v= H m K dt m L F MgL IJ OP dx 1 xg + b MgL m g t= Then t = z dt = z M xg + G g N H m KQ O MgL I 2 LF LF m+M MI t = MG Lg + t=2 JK FGH MgL IJK PP JK g NH m m gG m H M Q L F m 0I When M = 0 , as in the previous problem, t=2 J= 2 L gG g m K H F 1 m 1 m + I F mI As m 0 we expand m + M = M G 1 + J = M G 1 + H MK H 2 M 8 M JK F M + em M j em M j + M I L G JJ to obtain t=2 gG m H K LF1 m I mL t2 GH 2 M JK = Mg g
t L 0 1 2 0 1 2 12 12 12 2 2 1 2 1 8 2 32

1 2 x=L

x=0

P16.61

(a)

The speed in the lower half of a rope of length L is the same function of distance (from the L bottom end) as the speed along the entire length of a rope of length . 2 L L with L = Thus, the time required = 2 g 2

FG IJ H K

and the time required = 2

L L = 0.707 2 2g g

F GH

I JK

It takes the pulse more that 70% of the total time to cover 50% of the distance. (b) By the same reasoning applied in part (a), the distance climbed in is given by d = L L , we find the distance climbed = . g 4 1 In half the total trip time, the pulse has climbed of the total length. 4 For = t = 2 g 2 . 4

492 P16.62

Wave Motion

(a) (b) (c) (d)

v= v= v= v=

15.0 = = 5.00 m s in positive x -direction k 3.00

15.0 = 5.00 m s in negative x -direction 3.00 15.0 = 7.50 m s in negative x -direction 2.00 12.0
1 2

= 24.0 m s in positive x -direction

T A L L

P16.63

Youngs modulus for the wire may be written as Y =

, where T is the tension maintained in the

wire and L is the elongation produced by this tension. Also, the mass density of the wire may be expressed as =

. A The speed of transverse waves in the wire is then

v= T

T A

c h
L L

and the strain in the wire is

L v 2 = . L Y If the wire is aluminum and v = 100 m s, the strain is 2.70 10 3 kg m3 100 m s L = L 7.00 10 10 N m 2

jb

= 3.86 10 4 .

*P16.64

(a)

Consider a short section of chain at the top of the loop. A freebody diagram is shown. Its length is s = R 2 and its mass is R2 . In the frame of reference of the center of the loop, Newtons second law is 2 2 mv 0 R 2v 0 2T sin down = down = Fy = ma y R R

a f

T 2 R

FIG. P16.64(a)

2 For a very short section, sin = and T = v 0 .

(b) (c)

The wave speed is v =

= v0 .

In the frame of reference of the center of the loop, each pulse moves with equal speed clockwise and counterclockwise.

v v0 v0 FIG. P16.64(c-1) continued on next page v0

Chapter 16

493

In the frame of reference of the ground, once pulse moves backward at speed v 0 + v = 2 v 0 and the other forward at v 0 v = 0 . The one pulse makes two revolutions while the loop makes one revolution and the other pulse does not move around the loop. If it is generated at the six-oclock position, it will stay at the six-oclock position.

v0

v0

v0

FIG. P16.64(c-2) P16.65 (a) Assume the spring is originally stationary throughout, extended to have a length L much greater than its equilibrium length. We start moving one end forward with the speed v at which a wave propagates on the spring. In this way we create a single pulse of compression that moves down the length of the spring. For an increment of spring with length dx and mass dm, just as the pulse swallows it up, F = ma becomes kdx = adm or But dm k = so a = . dx dv v v2 = when vi = 0. But L = vt , so a = . dt t L k k
dm dx

= a.

Also, a =

Equating the two expressions for a, we have

v2 or v = L

kL

(b)

Using the expression from part (a) v =

kL

kL2 = m
12 0

b100 N mga2.00 mf
0.400 kg

= 31.6 m s .

P16.66

(a)

F T I F 2T IJ v=G J =G H K H K F T I F 2T IJ v = G J = G H K H 3 K
12 0 0 12 0 0

12

= v0
12

2 where v 0 2 3

FG T IJ H K
0

= v0 t 0 2 2 = 2

(b)

t left =

L 2

=
L 2

L 2 v0 2 = L 2 v0

= 0.354t 0 where t 0 = 0.612 t 0

L v0

t right =

t 0
2 3

2 3

t left + t right = 0.966 t 0

494 P16.67

Wave Motion

(a)

P x =

af af

1 1 3 2 2 bx 2 A0 e 2 A 2 v = 2 A0 e 2 bx = 2 2 2k k

FG IJ H K

(b)

P 0 =

3 2 A0 2k

(c)

P x = e 2 bx P 0
4 450 km = 468 km h = 130 m s 9.50 h

af af

P16.68

v=

130 m s v2 d= = = 1 730 m g 9.80 m s 2 *P16.69 (a)

b g e j a x f is a linear function, so it is of the form To have a0f = we require b = . Then

2

af aL f =
m=

x = mx + b
L

= mL + 0

so Then (b) From v =

x =

a f b

L 0 L
L

0 x L

+ 0

dx dx , the time required to move from x to x + dx is . The time required to move v dt from 0 to L is t =

I FG IJ dxF t = JK H L K GH T F x I 1 F t = GH L IJK GH b L g + JK 1 T 2L t = e j 3 T b g 2Le je + + j t = 3 T e je + j 2L F + + I t = G + JK 3 TH

1
L 0

z z z FGH b
L

dx L dx 1 = = v 0 T T 0

z
0

x dx
12

af

L 0 x + 0 L
L

L L 0

IJ K

32

3 2 0

32 L

32 0

Chapter 16

495

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P16.2 P16.4 P16.6 P16.8 P16.10 P16.12 P16.14 see the solution (a) the P wave; (b) 665 s 0.800 m s 2.40 m s 0.300 m in the positive x-direction 6.67 cm (a) see the solution; (b) 0.125 s; in agreement with the example (a) see the solution; (b) 18.0 m ; 83.3 ms ; 75.4 rad s ; 4.20 m s ; (c) 0.2 m sin 18 x + 75.4t 0.151 P16.48 P16.40 P16.42 P16.44 P16.46 P16.38 (a) y = 0.075 0 sin 4.19 x 314t ; (b) 625 W (a) 15.1 W ; (b) 3.02 J The amplitude increases by 5.00 times see the solution (a) see the solution; 1 1 2 2 x + vt + x vt ; (b) 2 2 1 1 (c) sin x + vt + sin x vt 2 2

g a

P16.16

f a

(a) 0.040 0 m; (b) 0.031 4 m ; (c) 0.477 Hz; (d) 2.09 s; (e) positive x -direction (a) 21.0 ms ; (b) 1.68 m t = mL Mg sin 2 Mg ; k 2 Mg 2 Mg L0 + m k

P16.18

(a) 0.021 5 m; (b) 1.95 rad; (c) 5.41 m s ; (d) y x , t =

b0.021 5 mg sinb8.38x + 80.0 t + 1.95g

30.0 N

b g

P16.50 P16.52

P16.20 P16.22 P16.24

(a) see the solution; (b) 3.18 Hz P16.54

(a) 2Mg ; (b) L0 + (c)

(a) y = 0.2 mm sin 16 x 3 140t ; (b) 158 N 631 N v= Tg 2 M m m ; (b) 3.89 kg P16.60 P16.62 P16.56 P16.58

f b

FG H

IJ K

P16.26 P16.28

14.7 kg (a) v = T
7

10 x + 10 6

P16.30

F m I (a) v = G 30.4 H s kg JK
mL tan 4Mg 1.07 kW

in SI units;

(b) 94.3 m s; 66.7 m s see the solution (a) 5.00 i m s ; (b) 5.00 i m s ; (c) 7.50 i m s ; (d) 24.0 i m s P16.64
2 (a) v 0 ; (b) v 0 ; (c) One travels 2 rev and the other does not move around the loop.

P16.32 P16.34 P16.36

(a), (b), (c) P is constant ; (d) P is quadrupled

496 P16.66

Wave Motion

F 2T IJ = v 2 ; (a) v = G H K F 2T IJ = v 2 ; (b) 0.966t v = G 3 H 3 K

12 0 0 0 12 0 0 0

P16.68

130 m s ; 1.73 km