CHNG 4 : PHN TCH V THIT K D LIU 4.1.

TNG QUAN Tt c mi h thng u phi s dng mt c s d liu ca mnh, c th l mt c s d liu c hoc mt c s d liu c xy dng mi. Cng c nhng h thng s dng c c s d liu c v mi. Vic phn tch v thit k c s d liu cho mt h thng c th tin hnh ng thi vi vic phn tch v thit k h thng hoc c th tin hnh ring. Vn t ra l cn xy dng mt c s d liu gim c ti a s d tha d liu ng thi phi d khi phc v bo tr. 4.1.1. Cc khi nim C s d liu (CSDL): CSDL my tnh l mt kho cha mt b su tp c t chc cc file d liu, cc bn ghi v cc trng. H qun tr c s d liu (HQTCSDL): l mt phn mm iu khin mi truy nhp i vi CSDL. Cc HQTCSDL c phn loi theo m hnh d liu nh sau:

Cc HQTCSDL phn cp ng vi m hnh phn cp (v d: IMS ca IBM) Cc HQTCSDL mng ng vi m hnh mng (v d: IDMS ca Cullinet Software) Cc HQTCSDL quan h ng vi m hnh quan h (v d: ORACLE ca Oraccle, DB2 ca IBM, Access v SQL server ca Microsoft) Cc HQTCSDL hng i tng ng vi m hnh hng i tng (v d: Jasmine )

4.1.2. Cc bc tin hnh phn tch v thit k CSDL a. Phn tch CSDL

Bc phn tch CSDL c lp vi cc h qun tr CSDL, bc ny thc hin cc cng vic sau: + Xc nh cc yu cu v d liu: Phn tch cc yu cu d liu ca h thng xc nh cc yu cu v d liu. + M hnh ho d liu: Xy dng m hnh thc th lin kt biu din cc yu cu v d liu. b. Thit k CSDL quan h Thit k CSDL bao gm: + Thit k logic CSDL: c lp vi mt h qun tr CSDL. Xc nh cc quan h: Chuyn t m hnh thc th lin kt sang m hnh quan h. Chun ho cc quan h: chun ho cc quan h v dng chn t nht l chun 3 (3NF) + Thit k vt l CSDL: da trn mt h qun tr CSDL c th. Xy dng cc bng trong CSDL quan h: quyt nh cu trc thc t ca cc bng lu tr trong m hnh quan h. H tr cc ci t vt l trong CSDL: ci t chi tit trong HQTCSDL la chn. 4.2. M HNH THC TH LIN KT 4.2.1. Mc ch ca vic xy dng m hnh Xy dng m hnh thc th lin kt nhm cc mc ch sau; M t th gii thc gn vi quan nim, suy ngh ca ta. y l m hnh tt vi lng thng tin t nht, m t th gii d liu y nht. Vic xy dng m hnh nhm thnh lp mt biu cu trc d liu bao gm d liu cn x l v cu trc ni ti ca n. V d mt m hnh thc th lin kt

M hnh lin kt thc th ca vic bn hng 4.2.2. Cc thnh phn ca m hnh thc th lin kt a. Thc th Khi nim v thc th Thc th l khi nim ch mt lp cc i tng c cng c tnh chung m ngi ta mun qun l thng tin v n. V du, sinh vin, hng ha, vt t Mt i tng c th trong thc th c gi l mt c th (cn gi l mt th hin ca thc th). V d L Vn Bnh l mt c th ca thc th Sinh vin, Xi mng l c th ca thc th Hng ha Thuc tnh ca thc th m t thng tin v mt thc th ngi ta thng da vo cc c trng ring ca thc th . Cc c trng c gi l thuc tnh ca thc th. V d thc th Sinh vin c cc thuc tnh M sinh vin, H tn sinh vin, Ngy sinh, a ch, Trng, Khoa, Kha sinh vin, Lp, i vi thc th Hng ha th gi tr ca cc thuc tnh M hng ha, Tn hng ha, n v tnh, n gi, l nhng thng tin m nh qun l cn quan tm qun l hng ha. Thuc tnh ca thc th bao gm cc loi sau Thuc tnh nh danh (cn gi l nh danh thc th, i khi cn gi l thuc tnh kho): L mt hoc mt s thuc tnh m gi tr ca n cho php phn bit cc thc th khc nhau. Mt thc th bao gi cng c xc nh mt thuc tnh nh danh lm c s phn bit cc th hin c th ca n. V d : S hiu khch hng, M mt hng, M sinh vin,... Thuc tnh m t: L cc thuc tnh m gi tr ca chng ch c tnh m t cho thc th hay lin kt m thi. Hu ht cc thuc tnh trong mt kiu thc th u l m t. C mt s thuc tnh m t c bit nh sau:

Thuc tnh tn gi: l thuc tnh m t ch tn cc i tng thuc thc th. Thuc tnh tn gi phn bit cc thc th (tch cc thc th). Thuc tnh kt ni (thuc tnh kho ngoi): l thuc tnh ch ra mi quan h gia mt thc th c v mt thc th trong bng khc. Thuc tnh kt ni ging thuc tnh m t thng thng trong thc th cha n nhng n li l thuc tnh kho ca mt thc th trong bng khc. V d:

b. Lin kt v cc kiu lin kt Lin kt (cn gi l quan h) l s kt hp gia hai hay nhiu thc th phn nh s rng buc trong qun l. c bit: Mt thc th c th lin kt vi chnh n ta thng gi l t lin kt. Gia hai thc th c th c nhiu hn mt lin kt. C ba kiu lin kt: mt - mt, mt - nhiu, nhiu - nhiu. Lin kt mt mt (1-1): Mi th hin ca thc th A quan h vi mt th hin ca thc th B v ngc li. K hiu:

V d: Mt sinh vin c mt lun vn. Mt lun vn thuc v mt sinh vin.

thuc v Lin kt mt nhiu (1-N)

Mi th hin ca thc th A quan h vi nhiu th hin ca thc th B. Ngc li mi th hin ca thc th B quan h vi ch mt th hin ca thc th A. K hiu: V d: Mt khoa c nhiu sinh vin. Mt sinh vin thuc v mt khoa.

Lin kt nhiu nhiu (N-N) Mi th hin ca thc th A quan h vi nhiu th hin ca thc th B. Ngc li mi th hin ca thc th B quan h vi nhiu th hin ca thc th A. K kiu

V d: Mt gio vin dy nhiu sinh vin. Mt sinh vin c dy bi nhiu gio vin.

iu kin mt c th ca thc th tham gia vo lin kt vi mt thc th khc gi l loi thnh vin. N c th l bt buc hay tu chn trong quan h. Cc loi thnh vin cho bit s th hin nh nht ca mi thc th tham gia vo lin kt vi mt th hin ca mt thc th khc. K hiu:

V d: Tu chn (t nht 0) mt gio vin c th dy khng, mt hoc nhiu mn hc. Bt buc (t nht 1) mt mn hc cn phi c mt hoc nhiu gio vin dy.

Ch : M hnh d liu khng ch l cng c phn tch thit k m cn nh mt phng php kim tra cht ch cc yu cu nghip v ca ngi s dng. Nu hai thc th c quan h mt - mt thng c t l do coi chng nh hai bng tch bit nn ngi ta thng gp hai thc th lm mt Nu hai thc th c quan h nhiu - nhiu th khng c s khc bit v bn cht gia cc chiu v vy t khi c s dng.

Tm li trong ba kiu lin kt trn, lin kt mt nhiu l quan trng hn c v hu nh cc mi quan h trong m hnh thc th lin kt u l mt nhiu. Bi tp: Xc nh cc lin kt ca cc kiu thc th trong h thng qun l bn xe Khch hng - V (1-n); V - Phng tin (n-1); n hng- Nh cc(n-1); n hng-Phng tin (1-n). 4.2.3. Xy dng m hnh thc th lin kt ca h thng a. Cc bc tin hnh Bc 1: Xc nh v nh danh thc th Xc nh cc thc th l cc mc thng tin cn thit cho h thng v h thng cn lu gi. Tm cc thc th t ba ngun : - Thng tin ti nguyn: con ngi, kho bi, ti sn (VD: nh cung cp, mt hng, kho...)

- Thng tin giao dch: l cc lung thng tin n t mi trng v kch hot mt chui hot ng ca h thng (VD: n hng (mua,bn), d tr, phiu yu cu,...) - Thng tin tng hp: thng di dng thng k lin quan n cc k hoch hoc kim sot (VD: d ton chi tiu, tnh lng...) Vic xc nh v nh danh thc th phi tho mn: Tn gi l danh t. C nhiu th hin. C duy nht mt nh danh. C t nht mt thuc tnh m t. C quan h vi t nht mt thc th khc. Bc 2: Xc nh cc thuc tnh m t cho cc thc th Khi xc nh cc thuc tnh m t cho cc thc th cn ch rng: - Mi thuc tnh ch xut hin mt ln trong thc th tng ng. - Nu khng chc chn l thuc tnh hay thc th cn tip tc nghin cu v phn tch n. Ch : Khi mt thuc tnh ca thc th A c nhiu gi tr ta s m hnh ho thuc tnh l mt thc th B c quan h ph thuc vi thc th A. nh danh ca thc th B s bao gm cc thuc tnh nh danh ca thc th A v mt s thuc tnh khc ca thc th B. Lin kt gia thc th A v thc th B c gi l lin kt ph thuc. V d: Mt nhn vin c th c nhiu trnh ngoi ng vi cc ngn ng khc nhau. Khi trnh ngoi ng ca nhn vin khng c m hnh ho l mt thuc tnh m c m hnh ho l mt thc th nh sau:

Nh vy nh danh ca thc th TRNH NN gm hai thuc tnh m NV v ngoi ng. Bc 3: Xc nh lin kt gia cc thc th Xc nh lin kt gia cc thc th theo trnh t sau: - Thit lp s tn ti ca lin kt (V ng thng v t tn quan h ti hai u) - Xc nh loi lin kt (1-1, 1-N, N-N) v loi thnh vin (tu chn hay bt buc). - Tch lin kt N-N thnh hai lin kt 1-N vi mt thc th kt hp. Khi thc th kt hp s c nh danh c to thnh t hai thuc tnh nh danh ca cc thc th ban u. V d: Tch lin kt gia 2 thc th gio vin v mn hc nh sau:

V d v xy dng m hnh thc th lin kt: Mt cng ty thng mi Y chuyn kinh doanh cc mt hng in t. Cng ty nhp cc mt hng t cc nh cung cp khc nhau. Chi tit v cc mt hng gm c: m hng (duy nht), tn hng v cc m t mt hng. Cng ty cng cn lu gi thng tin v cc nh cung cp nh tn, a ch, in thoi, fax. Mi nh cung cp c mt m duy nht. Mi nh cung cp c

th cung cp nhiu mt hng nhng mi mt hng ch c cung cp t mt nh cung cp. Cc mt hng c lu gi trong cc kho. Mi kho hng c mt din tch khc nhau v ch cha mt loi mt hng. Cng ty c nhiu ca hng i l bn cc mt hng. Hng c cung cp cho cc ca hng thng qua cc phiu xut. Thng tin trn mi phiu xut cn c m s ca hng nhn hng, ngy xut, thng tin v cc mt hng c xut nh tn hng, s lng, n gi, thnh tin. Yu cu: V m hnh thc th lin kt ca h thng. Xc nh cc thc th, nh danh thc th v cc thuc tnh m t: Tn thc th HNG NH CP KHO PHIU XUT CA HNG CUNG nh danh m hng m NCC Thuc tnh m t tn hng, n gi, s lng tn NCC, a ch, in thoi, fax

s kho s phiu s ca hng

din tch ngy xut, s ca hng a im

Xc nh lin kt gia cc thc th + Mt mt hng cn c cung cp bi mt nh cung cp. Mt nh cung cp cn cung cp mt hoc nhiu mt hng. + Mt mt hng cn c lu gi trong mt kho. Mi kho lu gi 0 hoc mt loi hng. + Mt mt hng c xut trong 0, 1 hoc nhiu phiu xut. Mt phiu xut c th xut 1 hoc nhiu mt hng. + Mt ca hng nhn c 0, 1 hoc nhiu phiu xut. Mi phiu xut cn c xut cho ch mt ca hng. V m hnh thc th lin kt

Quan h n-n gia Hng v Phiu xut c th c tch thnh 2 quan h 1- n vi thc th kt hp Dng phiu xut nh sau:

4.3. M HNH QUAN H 4.3.1. Cc khi nim a. Khi nim v m hnh quan h M hnh CSDL quan h hay ngn gn l m hnh quan h c E.F.Codd pht trin vo u nhng nm 1970. M hnh ny c thit lp trn c s l thuyt tp hp nn n rt d hiu v c s dng rt rng ri trong vic t chc d liu cho cc h thng. Cc thnh phn trong m hnh quan h gm: Cc quan h - cc b - cc thuc tnh.

Tng ng vi cc thnh phn trong m hnh thc th lin kt l: Cc thc th - cc th hin ca thc th cc thuc tnh. M hnh thc th lin kt => M hnh quan h => Cc bng trong h qun tr c s d liu. So snh tng ng gia m hnh thc th lin kt, m hnh quan h v h qun tr CSDL chng ta c bng sau: M hnh thc th lin kt M hnh quan h Cc bng trong h QTCSDL Thc th Th hin ca thc th Thuc tnh V d: M hnh thc th lin kt: Quan h B Thuc tnh Bng Dng hay bn ghi Ct hay trng

Biu din quan h di dng m hnh quan h : Quan h SINHVIN (m SV, h tn, ngy sinh, qu qun, lp) Cc b: (SV01, V Th Lan, 12/3/1985, H Ni, T5_K2) (SV41, ng Nht Minh, 1/8/1981, Thi Bnh, T4_K4)

Biu din quan h di dng bng:

Ch : Cc b trong mt quan h khng c trng nhau.

Thuc tnh c xc nh bi tn, th t ca cc thuc tnh trong quan h l khng quan trng. Trong mt quan h, tn cc thuc tnh phi khc nhau (cc min gi tr ca cc thuc tnh khng nht thit khc nhau)

b. Khi nim v kho Kho chnh: Kho chnh ca mt quan h (Primary Key-PK) l mt hoc mt nhm thuc tnh xc nh duy nht mt b trong quan h. Kho chnh ca quan h l nh danh ca thc th tng ng. Trong quan h cc thuc tnh thuc kho chnh c gch chn v c gi l cc thuc tnh kho. V d: SINH VIN (m SV, h tn, ngy sinh, qu qun, lp) m SV l kho chnh ca quan h SINH VIN. Khi chn kho chnh cn phi xem xt cc tiu chun sau: kho chnh phi xc nh c duy nht mt b trong quan h, phi c s thuc tnh t nht, phi khng thay i theo thi gian. Kho ghp: Kho ghp l kho c t hai thuc tnh tr ln. V d: GING DY(m GV, m MH, ngy bt u, ngy kt thc) kho chnh ca quan h GING DY l mt kho ghp gm hai thuc tnh m GV v m MH. Kho ngoi: Mt kho ngoi c s dng thit lp mt mi quan h. l thuc tnh m t ca quan h ny nhng ng thi li l thuc tnh kho trong quan h khc. Trong quan h cc thuc tnh kho ngoi c in nghing hoc gch chn bng nt t. V d: LP (tn lp, khoa, phng hc) SINH VIN (m SV, h tn, ngy sinh, qu qun, tn lp) tn lp l kho ngoi ca quan h SINH VIN Kho gi: L thuc tnh do con ngi t ra lm kho chnh. Thuc tnh ny khng m t c im ca cc i tng quan tm m ch c tc dng xc nh duy nht i tng .

V d: m SV, s ho nThng thng khi kho chnh c t 3 thuc tnh tr ln ngi ta thng t ra mt kho gi lm kho chnh tin li hn trong vic truy vn d liu. Cc rng buc trong m hnh quan h l: Rng buc thc th: l mt rng buc trn kho chnh. N yu cu kho chnh phi ti thiu, xc nh duy nht v khng null. (Gi tr null tc l khng c gi tr. N khc vi gi tr 0 hay du cch.) Rng buc tham chiu (rng buc kho ngoi): lin quan n tnh ton vn ca mi quan h tc l lin quan n tnh ton vn ca kho ngoi. Mt rng buc tham chiu yu cu mt gi tr kho ngoi trong mt quan h cn phi tn ti l mt gi tr kho chnh trong mt quan h khc hoc l gi tr null. V d: trong quan h sau:

Tn lp l T4-K7 trong quan h SINH VIN khng c trong quan h LP v vy n vi phm rng buc tham chiu. Cc rng buc c nh ngha bi ngi dng: y l cc rng buc lin quan n min gi tr ca d liu thc t.

4.3.2. Cc dng chun a. Ph thuc hm Khi nim

Trong mt quan h R, thuc tnh B ph thuc hm vo thuc tnh A (hay thuc tnh A xc nh hm thuc tnh B) k hiu AB nu vi mi gi tr ca thuc tnh A xc nh mt gi tr duy nht ca thuc tnh B. V d: M SV->Ngy sinh

Ph thuc hm gia nhiu thuc tnh: thuc tnh B ph thuc hm vo cc thuc tnh A1 v A2 k hiu{A1,A2} B nu vi mi cp gi tr ca A1 v A2 xc nh duy nht mt gi tr ca B. V d: {S ho n, M hng}-> S lng

Ch : A1-> {A2,A3} A1-> A2 v A1-> A3 {A1,A2}-> A3 A1-> A3 v A2-> A3 Cc loi ph thuc hm Ph thuc hm y : Thuc tnh B gi l ph thuc y vo tp thuc tnh A (c t 2 thuc tnh tr ln) nu n ch ph thuc hm vo A v khng ph thuc hm vo bt c tp con no ca A. Ngc li B gi l ph thuc hm b phn vo tp thuc tnh A. Ph thuc hm bc cu: Nu c A1 -> A2 v A2 -> A3 th A1 -> A3. Khi A3 c gi l ph thuc bc cu vo A1. Theo quan nim ph thuc hm th nh ngha kho nh sau: Trong quan h R, tp cc thuc tnh K l kho ca quan h nu c K -> Bi vi Bi l tt c cc thuc tnh cn li.

b. Cc dng chun Dng chun 1 (1NF): Mt quan h l dng chun 1 nu ton b cc min thuc tnh u l cc min n v khng tn ti nhm thuc tnh lp. Mt thuc tnh A l thuc tnh lp nu vi mt gi tr c th ca kho chnh c nhiu gi tr ca thuc tnh A kt hp vi kho chnh ny. V d: Kho chnh l M SV. Nhm thuc tnh lp l Mn hc v im.

Dng chun 2 (2NF): Mt quan h dng chun 2 nu n dng chun 1 v khng tn ti ph thuc hm b phn vo kho. V d: Cho mt quan h: R (A, B, C, D, E) Kho chnh l A,B Cc ph thuc hm: {A,B} -> D; A -> C; (Ph thuc hm b phn vo kho) D -> E Ch : Quan h c kho chnh l mt thuc tnh lun dng chun 2 Dng chun 3 (3NF): Mt quan h dng chun 3 nu n dng chun 2 v khng tn ti ph thuc hm bc cu vo kho (hay ph thuc hm gia cc thuc tnh khng kho). V d: Cho mt quan h: R (A, B, D, E) Kho chnh l A,B Cc ph thuc hm: {A,B} -> D;

D -> E (Ph thuc hm gia cc thuc tnh khng kho) 4.4. THIT K LOGIC CSDL 4.4.1. Cc cch tip cn m hnh ho d liu: C hai cch tip cn m hnh ho d liu nh sau: a. Cch 1: V m hnh thc th lin kt Cch tip cn t trn xung (Top - down): xy dng m hnh thc th lin kt cn xc nh mt cch trc gic cc i tng quan trng m mt h thng cn phi lu tr nh d liu ( l cc thc th) v xc nh cc thuc tnh m t cho cc thc th cng vi quan h gia cc thc th. Nu p dng ng cc lut trong m hnh thc th lin kt th ta s c cc quan h c chun ho. b. Cch 2: Chun ho Cc tip cn t di ln (Bottom - up): chun ho cn nhm tt c cc thuc tnh lin quan ca h thng vo trong mt quan h. p dng cc lut chun ho tch quan h thnh cc quan h c cu trc tt hn, gim bt d tha d liu. Mi cch tip cn u c u im v nhc im ring v vy trong thc t ngi ta thng phi hp c hai cch tip cn ny c c mt m hnh d liu chnh xc nht. Kt qu cui cng ca phn thit k logic CSDL l tp cc bn ghi logic biu din cc quan h trong CSDL. 4.4.2. Chuyn i t m hnh thc th lin kt thnh cc bn ghi logic a. Cc lut chuyn i Mi thc th trong m hnh thc th lin kt tr thnh mt quan h. Mi thuc tnh trong m hnh thc th lin kt tr thnh mt thuc tnh trong quan h tng ng. nh danh thc th trong m hnh thc th lin kt tr thnh kho chnh trong quan h tng ng. Nu kho chnh khng p ng c cc tiu chun v tnh ti thiu, tnh xc nh duy nht v tnh n nh th a vo mt kho gi lm kho chnh. Thi hnh cc lin kt thng qua vic t kha ngoi vo quan h

Vi lin kt 1-1: t kho chnh ca mt trong hai quan h vo quan h kia lm kho ngoi. V d: Vi m hnh thc th lin kt

Ta c cc quan h: CNG NHN (m CN, h tn, ngy sinh, s my) MY (s my, mc, cng sut) Hay: CNG NHN (m CN, h tn, ngy sinh) MY (s my, mc, cng sut, m CN) Vi lin kt 1-N: t kho chnh ca quan h u mt vo quan h u nhiu lm kho ngoi. V d: Vi m hnh thc th lin kt

Ta c cc quan h: SINH VIN (m SV, h tn, ngy sinh, tn lp) LP (tn lp, phng hc) Vi lin kt N-N: Cn tch thnh quan h 1-N ri mi chuyn thnh quan h. Khi quan h tng ng vi thc th kt hp s c kho ghp v mi thuc tnh kho ca quan h ny l mt kho ngoi. V d: Vi m hnh thc th lin kt

Ta c cc quan h: GIO VIN (m SV, tn GV, i ch, in thoi) MN HC (m MH, tn MH, s trnh) GING DY (m GV, m MH, ngy bt u) Mt s lin kt c bit: + T lin kt: V d: Mi nhn vin c khng hoc mt ngi qun l (gim c khng c ngi qun l no). Mi nhn vin c th qun l 0, 1 hay nhiu nhn vin. Ta c mt quan h:

NHN VIN (m NV, h tn, ngy sinh, gii tnh, a ch, m NV qun l)

Trong M NV qun l l mt m NV no . + Lin kt ph thuc V d: Mt mt hng c nhiu gi khc nhau trong nhng giai on khc nhau. Ta c cc quan h: MT HNG (M hng, Tn hng) GI (M hng , Ngy bt u , n gi) b. V d Chuyn m hnh thc th lin kt sau thnh cc bn ghi logic biu din cc quan h:

Cc bn ghi logic m t cc quan h trong cng ty thng mi Y: NH CUNG CP ( m NCC, tn NCC, a ch, in thoi, fax) HNG (m hng, tn hng, n gi, s lng, m t, m NCC, s kho) KHO (s kho, din tch, m t) PHIU XUT (s phiu, ngy xut, s ca hng) DNG PHIU XUT (m hng, s phiu, s lng xut) CA HNG (s ca hng, a im, m t) 4.4.3. Chun ho quan h a. Cc bc tin hnh:

Bc 1: T mt biu mu (ti liu xut: ho n, chng t,) ly ra mt danh sch cc thuc tnh cho quan h cha c chun ho (cn gi l dng chun 0). Mi tiu trong biu mu l mt thuc tnh. B qua phn u v phn di cng (mt s ghi ch, ch k ) ca biu mu. Khng ly cc thuc tnh c suy din t nhng thuc tnh khc (nh thnh tin = n gi x s lng) v cc thuc tnh trnh by nh s th t nu c. B sung thm mt s thuc tnh nh danh tng ng vi mt s thuc tnh tn gi cha c nh danh nu cn thit. Xc nh nhm thuc tnh lp, cc ph thuc hm gia cc thuc tnh.

Bc 2: Chun ho v dng chun 1 (1NF): Tch nhm thuc tnh lp. Tch cc thuc tnh khng nm trong nhm lp thnh mt quan h (R1). Xc nh kho chnh ca quan h ny. Cc thuc tnh ca nhm lp v kho chnh ca quan h trn (R1) to thnh mt quan h (R2). Xc nh kha chnh cho quan h R2 (kho chnh ca R2 s l mt kho ghp gia kho ca R1 v mt thuc tnh khc trong R2) V d: R{A, B, C, D, E} v kho l {A}. Tn ti nhm thuc tnh lp {C,D} th tch thnh 2 quan h R1{A, B, E} v R2{A,C,D}.

Bc 3: Chun hon v dng chun 2 (2NF): Loi b ph thuc b phn vo kho (ch p dng vi cc quan h c kho ghp) Tch cc thuc tnh tham gia vo ph thuc hm c xc nh bi mt phn ca kho vo mt quan h mi (R3). Kho chnh ca quan h l thuc tnh xc nh hm. Phn cn li vi kho chnh ca quan h trn (R3) l mt quan h gi nguyn kho chnh nh quan h ban u.

V d: R{A, B, C, D} v kho l {A,B}. Tn ti ph thuc hm A C th tch thnh 2 quan h R1{A,C} v R2{A, B, D}.

Bc 4: Chun ho v dng chun 3 (3NF): Loi b ph thuc hm gia cc thuc tnh khng kho. Tch cc thuc tnh tham gia vo ph thuc hm gia cc thuc tnh khng kho vo mt quan h mi (R4). Kho chnh ca quan h l thuc tnh xc nh hm. Phn cn li v kho chnh ca quan h trn (R4) l mt quan h gi nguyn kho chnh ca quan h ban u. V d: R{A, B, C, D} m kho l {A,B}. Tn ti ph thuc hm C D th tch thnh 2 quan h R1{C, D} v R2{A, B, C}

V d:

Hy xy dng m hnh d liu cho h thng t mu phiu xut ca cng ty thng mi Y di y. Danh sch thuc tnh: s PX, ngy, s i l, a ch, tn hng, n v tnh, n gi, s lng. B sung thm thuc tnh m hng. Ph thuc hm: (quy nh gi bn ca mt hng khng thay i) s PX -> ngy, m KH s i l -> a ch m hng -> tn hng, n v tnh, n gi {s PX, m hng }-> s lng Kho chnh: s PX. Nhm lp (*): m hng, tn hng, n v tnh, n gi, s lng. Chun ho quan h:

Cc bn ghi logic biu din cc quan h: I L (s i l, a ch) PHIU XUT (s PX, ngy, s i l) HNG (m hng, tn hng, n v tnh, n gi) HNG XUT (s PX, m hng, s lng xut) 4.4.4. Hon thin m hnh CSDL logic a. Mt s nguyn tc Sau khi tin hnh theo hai hng khc nhau: xy dng m hnh thc th lin kt v chun ho d liu chng ta s c hai tp bn ghi logic khc nhau ca cng mt h thng. Khi cn phi kt hp li c mt m hnh CSDL logic thng nht cho h thng. Mt s nguyn tc kt hp: Kim tra s thng nht v tn gi ca cc quan h v cc thuc tnh trong hai kt qu. Nu cng tn nhng khc ngha th phi t li tn cho khc nhau. Nu cng ngha nhng khc tn th phi t li tn cho ging nhau. Ly tt c cc quan h khc nhau t hai kt qu. Vi hai quan h trng nhau th ly tt c cc thuc tnh c trong hai quan h t hai kt qu.

b. V d: Trong v d phn 1 ta thu c tp cc bn ghi logic m t cc quan h trong h thng cng ty thng mi Y l: Nhm 1: NH CUNG CP ( m NCC, tn NCC, a ch, in thoi, fax) HNG (m hng, tn hng, n gi, s lng, m t, m NCC, s kho) KHO (s kho, din tch, m t) PHIU XUT (s phiu, ngy xut, s ca hng) DNG PHIU XUT (m hng, s phiu, s lng xut) CA HNG (s ca hng, a im, m t) Trong v d phn 2 ta thu c tp cc bn ghi logic m t cc quan h trong h thng cng ty thng mi Y l: Nhm 2: I L (s i l, a ch) PHIU XUT (s PX, ngy, s i l) HNG (m hng, tn hng, n v tnh, n gi) DNG PHIU XUT (s PX, m hng, s lng xut) Ta thy + Trong nhm 1 c thc th CA HNG v nhm 2 c thc th I L l hai thc th khc tn nhng cng ngha. + Thuc tnh s phiu v s PX, thuc tnh ngy xut v ngy l cng ngha. Kt qu thit k logic CSDL ca h thng cng ty thng mi Y l: NH CUNG CP ( m NCC, tn NCC, a ch, in thoi, fax) HNG (m hng, tn hng, n v tnh, n gi, s lng, m t, m NCC, s kho) KHO (s kho, din tch, m t)

PHIU XUT (s phiu, ngy xut, s i l) DNG PHIU XUT (m hng ,s phiu, s lng xut) I L (s i l, a ch i l, m t) 4.5. THIT K VT L CSDL Phn thit k vt l CSDL s ph thuc vo mt HQTCSDL m chng ta s s dng ci t CSDL. Chng ta cn chuyn t cc bn ghi logic vi cc thuc tnh thnh cc quan h c biu din di dng bng vi cc trng hay cc ct c ci t trong mt HQTCSDL c th. 4.5.1. Lp cc bng Vi mi bng cn ch r: + Kho chnh (c th gm mt hay nhiu thuc tnh). + M t ca tt c cc ct (trng). Vi mi ct (trng) cn phi c: + Mt tn duy nht (trong bng lu gi n). + Mt m t ngn gn. + Mt kiu d liu (v d: integer, char, date, logical, ph thuc vo HQTCSDL c th ci t CSDL) + Mt kch thc (mc nh hay ch r tu tng kiu d liu) + Ch : tn ca bng, ct khng nn qu di, cn ngha v thng khng c du. Cc ct (trng) tu chn v cc ct (trng) bt buc: + Nu ct l bt buc th ngi s dng cn phi cung cp mt gi tr cho ct ny trong mi dng (bn ghi) thm vo bng khi cp nht CSDL. Ct s cn phi c ch r l NOT NULL + Nu ct l tu chn th n c th nhn gi tr null. Ch : c th lu tr mt gi tr 0 cho mt ct tu chn khi n khng c gi tr nhng cch ny khng phi l cch hay. 4.5.2. Xc nh kha Kho chnh v cc kho ngoi

+ Hu ht cc HQTCSDL hin i cho php ch r kho chnh, kho ngoi khi nh ngha cc bng. + Nu cc HQTCSDL khng cho php nh ngha t ng th cn phi ch r. Kho chnh cn phi duy nht v not null. Kho ngoi cn phi lin quan ti mt th hin ca kho chnh c hoc l nhn gi tr null. Gi tr hp l v gi tr mc nh

V d: Mt m KH c nh ngha nm trong khong t 1 n 1000 (gi tr hp l). Gi tr mc nh cho s lng bn l 1 (gi tr mc nh). + Thun li ca vic ch r gi tr hp l l n s c gn vo trong tt c cc chng trnh khi lp trnh. m bo s thng nht trong vic kim tra tnh ng n ca d liu. + Gi tr mc nh c th c s dng gim bt vic g my cho ngi s dng. N gip cho vic nhp d liu nhanh hn v gim bt li. Kho gi + tng tc tm kim, tit kim khng gian nh v gim li cc kho cn phi ngn. Nu mt vi kho qu di cn phi thay chng bng mt kho gi. + C hai vn khi a ra mt kho gi: * Cn phi thit lp mt k thut sinh t ng cc gi tr duy nht cho kho (sinh kho t ng) * Cn phi cung cp mt rng buc duy nht cho cc nh danh t nhin ngn chn vic lu tr mt vi bn ghi cho cng mt thc th c cng mt d liu nhng ch khc nhau v gi tr kho. 4.5.3. Thit lp quan h Cc quan h + Cc quan h gia cc bng s c thit lp bi cc kho ngoi. + Cn phi m bo l ci rng buc kho ngoi s c ci t.

4.6. Xem xt hiu sut thc thi CSDL Cn phi nh gi vic thc thi CSDL, l tnh hp l ca thi gian p ng cc cu hi truy vn. Khi xem xt hiu sut thc thi CSDL cn phi: Chy th CSDL vi mt tp ln cc bn ghi trong mi trng thc t. M phng mt s ngi dng cng thc hin mt truy vn trong CSDL a ngi s dng. Chy trn ln mt s chc nng vi thi gian quy nh.

4.7. iu chnh CSDL Sau khi Xem xt hiu sut thc thi CSDL ta cn thc hin tip cc cng vic sau : To cc th tc sao lu v phc hi CSDL. T chc bo tr v bo mt cho CSDL. Thit lp cc rng buc ton vn cho CSDL. Xc nh khng gian nh cho cc bng CSDL v cc ch s. Thit lp vng nh m cho CSDL Phn cm CSDL, t chc lu tr vt l ti u cho CSDL trn a. m bo iu khin tng tranh trong CSDL a ngi s dng. To ra cc khung nhn ca CSDL cho tng i tng ngi dng. Xc nh s phn tn d liu v x l gia cc my trm (client) v my ch (server) trong mt h thng phn tn.

CU HI N TP CHNG 4 1. Trnh by cc bc tin hnh phn tch v thit k c s d liu 2. Cc thnh phn ca m hnh thc th lin kt v cch xy dng m hnh thc th lin kt ca h thng 3. Cc dng chun trong m hnh quan h 4. Phng php chun ha quan h

Thit lp quan h trong c s d liu