Thy Kin 01692894586. Email: vinhthanhvnn@yahoo.

.com NG TIM CN CA HM S I/ Bn cht ng tim cn: ph thng ta ch hc ng tim cn thng ca hm s: tc l ng thng tin gn v th (tim cn vi th) ca hm s khi x hoc y . C 3 v tr ng thng c bn trong h ta Oxy: y

Nm ng x O

Nm ngang x O y

x O Nm xin

Thy Kin 01692894586. Email: vinhthanhvnn@yahoo.com Tng ng nh th ta t tn cc ng tim cn l tim cn ng, tim cn ngang, tim cn xin ca th, ty thuc vo hnh dng ca ng tim cn. Quan st cc hnh di y: y

a O

Hnh 1 R rng khi y + , th hm s tim cn v (tin dn v) ng thng x = a. Ta gi x = a l tim cn ng ca th. y a x O

hnh 2, khi x + , th hm s tim cn v ng thng y = a nn y = a l tim cn ngang ca th.

Thy Kin 01692894586. Email: vinhthanhvnn@yahoo.com y

x O

y=ax+b Hnh 3 hnh 3, khi x , th hm s tim cn v ng thng y = ax + b nn y = ax + b l tim cn xin ca th. II/ Phng php v cc trng hp xc nh ng tim cn: 1) Tim cn ng: Theo trn nu: lim y = + U lim+ y = U lim y = + U lim y = th x = a l x a + x a x a x a tim cn ng ca th. Lu : ch cn 1 trong 4 iu kin trn l . Nhiu em hay nhm tng l phi c 2 iu kin khi x + v x , y dn ra v cc th x = a mi l tim cn ng. Thc ra khng phi vy, trong qu trnh tnh ton ta tnh cho y cc gii hn tri, phi. Thng thng ph thng hay c nhng bi x = a l tim cn ng ca c 2 nhnh (bn tri v phi ca x = a) ca th. 1 lim Thy ly v d: i vi hm s y = , ta c x3+ = + v x 3 lim = nn x = 3 l tim cn ng ca c 2 nhnh, ta ch gi n gin x = x 3 3 l tim cn ng ca th. Song i vi hm s y = log 2 ( x 3) , ta bit D = (3; + ) khng tn ti lim y ,ch tn ti lim = , x = 3 l tim cn ng +
x 3 x 3

nm v pha tri ca th, ta cng gi ngn gn x = 3 l tim cn ng ca th. Khi no th c tim cn ng? Thng thng cc em nn n nhng im m ti hm s khng xc nh, trong khi hm s li lin tc t nht 1 khong bn tri

Thy Kin 01692894586. Email: vinhthanhvnn@yahoo.com hoc phi ti im . Sau tnh gii hn tri, phi ca hm s ti im . Nu ri vo 1 trong 4 trng hp k trn th ta c tim cn ng. 4 2 3 VD1: Cc hm s y = sinx, y = 4cos 2 x 3sin x, y = 3x x + 1 , 5 x y = 2 + 1 chc chn khng c tim cn ng v xc nh vi mi x . x2 4x + 3 VD2: Hm s y = khng xc nh ti x = 1 nhng x 1 ( x 1)( x 3) lim y = lim = lim( x 3) = 2 nn th cng khng c tim cn x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 ng. 2x 1 VD3: Hm s y = 2 khng xc nh ti x = 1 v x = 5. Ta c x 6x + 5 2x 1 2.1 1 1 lim y = lim = lim = lim( ) = + + + + x 1 x 1 ( x 1)( x 5) x 1 ( x 1)(1 5) x 1 4( x 1) 2x 1 2.1 1 1 lim y = lim = lim = lim( ) = + x 1 x 1 ( x 1)( x 5) x 1 ( x 1)(1 5) x 1 4( x 1) 2x 1 2.5 1 9 lim y = lim = lim+ = lim+ = + + + x 5 x 5 ( x 1)( x 5) x 5 (5 1)( x 5) x 5 4( x 5) 2x 1 2.5 1 9 lim y = lim = lim = lim = x 5 x 5 ( x 1)( x 5) x 5 (5 1)( x 5) x 5 4( x 5) Vy x = 1, x =5 l 2 tim cn ng ca th. Lu : trong qu trnh tnh ton gii hn v cc ti x = a (hoc x = a ) khng c th s vo nhng tha s nhn x = a lm nghim, cc tha s khng cha x = a lm nghim c php th s, khng nn p dng phng php nhn xt dng, m tng tha s mt. 4 VD4: Hm s y = khng xc nh ti x = 2 v x = 3. ( x 2) 2 ( x 3) 4 4 lim y = lim = lim = 2 2 x 2 x 2 ( x 2) (2 3) x 2 ( x 2) (lim khi x 2+ v x 2 nh nhau nn ta tnh gn 1 ln) 4 4 lim y = lim = lim+ = + 2 x 3+ x 3+ (3 2) ( x 3) x 3 x 3 4 4 lim y = lim = lim = 2 x 3 x 3 (3 2) ( x 3) x 3 x 3 Vy x = 2 v x = 3 l 2 tim cn ng ca th.

Thy Kin 01692894586. Email: vinhthanhvnn@yahoo.com VD5: Hm s y=lnx xc nh v lin tc trn (0; + ). Do ta ch n im x = 0: lim ln x = +
x 0

Vy th ch nhn ng thng x = 0 l tim cn ng. x +1 VD6: Hm s y = ln c tp xc nh D = (; 1) U (3; +) . Ta x3 n x = - 1 (bn tri) v x = 3 (bn phi): x +1 x +1 x +1 lim y = lim ln = lim ln = (do 0+ ) x 1 x 1 x 1 1 3 2 2 3 +1 4 4 lim y = lim ln = lim+ ln = + (do + ) + + x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 Vy x = -1 v x = 3 l 2 tim cn ng. Tng t tm tim cn ng ca th hm s trong cc bi tp sau: 5x 1 3x + 4 BT1: y = x+2 BT2: y = cos(2 x ) 1 4 3 x + 1 + 2 x2 + 1 BT3: y = 2 x + 4x + 3 BT4: y = log 2 (2 x + 3) BT5: y = log 4x x 1

2) Tim cn ngang: Theo trn khi x + hoc x m y a th y = a l tim cn ngang ca th hm s. Khi no th c tim cn ngang? f ( x) Xt hm s y c vit di dng y = (khi hm s khng c g ( x) mu s ta xem nh g(x) = 1). Bc ca g(x) ln hn hoc bng bc ca f(x) th ta c tim cn ngang (tc l bc ca mu ln hn hay bng t). Khi bc ca mu ln hn t th tim cn ngang l ng thng y = 0. x2 + 2x 1 5 x 4 + 3x3 1 VD: y = , y= , y = x3 2 x + 1 chc chn 2 3x 1 2x + 1 khng c tim cn ngang v bc ca t ln hn bc ca mu.

Thy Kin 01692894586. Email: vinhthanhvnn@yahoo.com 3x 2 2 x + 4 VD: y = , t v mu u bc 2 nn c tim cn ngang. 2 x 2 + x 1 2 4 + 3x 2 x + 4 x x2 = 3 lim = lim x 2 x 2 + x 1 x 1 1 2 2 + 2 x x 3 Vy y = l tim cn ngang ca th. 2 2x 1 VD: y = 2 , bc ca mu ln hn t nn tim cn ngang l y x + 3x 2 = 0. Tht vy 2 1 2x 1 x x2 = 0 lim 2 = lim x x + 3 x 2 x 3 2 1+ 2 x x 2 Vy x + 3x 1 bc my? Biu thc trong bc 2 nn khai cn s cn bc 1. 1 VD: y = x 2 + 1 + x . Ta x 2 + 1 = x 1 + 2 nn khi x + x 1 x x2 + 1 = x 1 + 2 x , th khi th x 1 1 x 2 + 1 = x 1 + 2 = x 1 + 2 x . Do khi x + th y vn bc 1 x x nhng khi x th y x + x = 0 . Ta thng lm theo cch nhn vi lin hp nh sau: 1 1 lim ( x 2 + 1 + x) = lim = lim =0 x x x 2 + 1 x x x 1 + 1 x x2 Do y = 0 l tim cn ngang khi x m ta thng ni tt y = 0 l tim cn ngang ca th. 2 1 VD: y = 3 x 2 + 2 x + 1 x = x 3 + + 2 x , h s ca x khng b x x x v x + nn bc ca y lun l 1, do khng c trit tiu khi tim cn ng.
2

Thy Kin 01692894586. Email: vinhthanhvnn@yahoo.com Nhn xt: th cc hm s dng y = a 2 x 2 + bx + c ax + d c tim cn ngang. VD: y = 4 x 2 + 3x 1 2 x + 1 R rng th c tim cn ngang khi x + 4 x 2 + 3x 1 4 x 2 2 lim ( 4 x + 3x 1 2 x + 1) = lim ( + 1) x + x + 4 x 2 + 3x 1 + 2 x 3x 1 = lim ( + 1) x + 3 1 x 4 + 2 + 2x x x 1 3 x = lim ( + 1) x + 3 1 4+ 2 +2 x x 3 7 = +1= 2+2 4 (k thut tnh y l cc em khng nn tinh phn +1 vo m nn tch 2x ring gim bt vic tnh ton thm khng cn thit) 7 y = l tim cn ngang ca th. 4 VD: y = 4 x 2 + 3x 1 + 2 x 3 th c tim cn ngang khi x 4 x 2 + 3x 1 4 x 2 2 lim ( 4 x + 3x 1 + 2 x 3) = lim ( 3) x x 4 x 2 + 3x 1 2 x 3x 1 = lim ( 3) x 3 1 x 4 + 2 2x x x 1 3 x = lim ( 3) x 3 1 4+ 2 2 x x 3 15 = 3= 4 4 15 y= l tim cn ngang ca hm s. 4

Thy Kin 01692894586. Email: vinhthanhvnn@yahoo.com Tm ng tim cn ngang: 2x 3 BT1: y = 4 x + 5 2 x2 3x BT2: y = 4 x 3x 2 + 1 BT3: y = x 2 2 x + 3 x + 5 BT4: y = 3 x 2 x + 1 + 3x 2 BT5: y = x 2 3 + 2 x 1 3) Tim cn xin: Theo trn nu xlim ( f ( x) ax b) = 0 U xlim ( f ( x) ax b) = 0 th y + + = ax + b l tim cn xin ca th. Lu : ch cn t nht 1 trong 2 iu f ( x) kin trn xy ra l c. Do tm h s a ta tnh xlim , sau tnh x lim ( f ( x) ax) tm h s b. x Khi no th c tim cn xin? f ( x) Hm s y = c tim cn xin khi bc ca f(x) ln hn bc ca g ( x) g(x) 1 n v (hay bc ca t ln hn bc ca mu 1 n v). Ch khi f ( x) y= mi xp x a thc bc 1 hay xp x ax + b, th ca chng mi g ( x) tim cn v nhau. 2 x3 2 x + 1 VD: y = khng c tim cn xin v bc ca t ln hn 3 x + 1 bc ca mu 2 n v. 2x + 3 VD: y = khng c tim cn xin do bc ca t v mu bng 3 x + 4 nhau. 2x 1 VD: y = 2 khng c tim cn xin v bc ca t nh hn x + 3x 3 mu. 2 x2 + 3x 1 VD: y = c tim cn xin. x

Thy Kin 01692894586. Email: vinhthanhvnn@yahoo.com Cch 1: ta c y = 2 x + 3 cn xin. y 2 x 2 + 3x 1 3 1 = lim = lim(2 + 2 ) = 2 2 x x x x x x x 2 2 x + 3x 1 3x 1 b = lim( y 2 x) = lim( 2 x) = lim( )=3 x x x x x Nn y = 2x +3 l tim cn xin ca th. VD: y = 4 x 2 2 x + 1 + x l hm s bc 1 khi x + v x nn th c 2 tim cn xin. 2 1 x 4 + 2 + x y 2 1 x x lim = lim = lim ( 4 + 2 + 1) = 3 x + x x + x + x x x 2 1 x 4 + 2 + x y 2 1 x x lim = lim = lim ( 4 + 2 + 1) = 1 x x x x x x x 2 x + 1 1 lim ( y 3 x) = lim ( 4 x 2 2 x + 1 2 x) = lim = x + x + x + 2 4 x2 2 x + 1 + 2 x 2 x + 1 lim ( y + x) = lim ( 4 x 2 2 x + 1 + 2 x) = lim x x x 4 x2 2 x + 1 2 x 2 x + 1 1 lim = x 2 2 1 x 4 + 2 2x x x (phn trn thy tnh nhanh, cc em phi trnh by cht ch li) 1 Vy th c 2 ng tim cn xin l y = 3x (v pha x + ) 2 1 v y = x + (v pha x ). 2 Thng thng ta cho rng th c tim cn xin th khng th c tim cn ngang v ngc li. iu ch ng nu xt v 1 pha (x + hoc x ). Nhng nu xt trn ton b th li khng ng. VD: y = 4 x 2 + 3x 1 + 2 x 3 c tim cn xin khi x + , nhng li c tim cn ngang y = 0 khi x . Cch 2: a = lim 1 1 v lim = 0 nn y = 2x + 3 l tim x x x

Thy Kin 01692894586. Email: vinhthanhvnn@yahoo.com VD: y = x 2 + 1 x c tim cn xin khi x nhng li c tim cn ngang y = 0 khi x + . Tm tim cn xin: 2 x3 + 3x 1 BT1: y = 5x + 1 2 5x 2 x BT2: y = 3x 1 BT3: y = 2 x 2 3x + 1 x 5 x3 2 x + 1 BT4: y = 2 x2 1 BI TP TNG QUT Tm cc ng tim cn ca th hm s: 2x 1) y = 3 x 1 3 x3 + 2 x 1 2) y = 2 x 2 3x + 1 3) y = x 2 3x + 1 x 4) y = 2 x 2 + 3x + 5 2 x2 + 5x 1 5) y = 3x 3