VIT NAM VN HC S YU (Dng-Qung-Hm) THIN TH T

CC TH VN
___________________ CHNG TH MI MT

CH NM
___________________ Dn-tc ta trc khi ni thuc nc Tu, c th ch ring vit ting Nam hay khng; l mt vn-, hin nay v khng c di-tch v thiu ti-liu, khng th gii quyt c. Duy c mt iu chc l khi cc bc hc gi trong nc mun lm th vn bng ting Nam, v khng c ch Vit, phi t ra mt th ch vit ting ta: tc l ch nm l th ch dng vit cc tc phm bng Vit vn cho n khi ta bit dng ch quc-ng. Vy ta phi xt lch s v cch ch cc th ch y th no.

Ch nm l g? Ch nm l th ch hoc dng nguyn hnh ch nho, hoc ly hai ba ch

nho ghp li, vit ting Nam.

Ch nm c t bao gi?
A) Ch nm t ra t bao gi v do ai t ra, l mt vn cha th gii quyt c. Nhiu ngi thy S chp: Hn Thuyn l ngi bt u bit lm th ph bng quc-m, vi cho rng ch nm cng t ra t i ng, ngha l vo cui th-k th XIII v i nh Trn. l mt s sai lm, v S ch ghi vic ng lm th ph bng ting nm, ch khng h ni ng t ra ch nm, hoc ch nm t ra v i ng. nh rng mun vit vn nn, tt phi dng n ch nm; nhng bit u ch y li ch c t trc i Hn Thuyn ri ? Ta ch c th vin vo vic y m ni rng ch nm n cui th-k XIII dng vit vn nm ri. B) Hin nay, v gc-tch ch nm, ch c hai iu sau ny l xc thc: 1) Theo S chp, cui th-k th VIII (794) Phng-Hng l ngi nc ta ni ln nh quan -h Tu v gi vic cai-tr trong t lu; sau ng c dn trong nc tn l B ci i-vng (1). Hai ch B ci l ting Nam thun-tu, nu em hai ting y m t danh-hiu cho mt v cha-t trong nc, th c l phi c ch vit hai ting y, m ch y tt l ch nm; vy c l ch nm c t cui th-k th VIII ri. _____________________________ (1) B l cha, ci l m.
1

2) Ngi ta tm thy H-thnh sn thuc tnh Ninh-bnh mt tm bia nm 1343 (Trn D-Tn, Thiu-phong th 3) trn c khc hai mi tn lng bng ch nm: l ci t-tch chc chn v ch nm cn truyn li n gi.

Cch ch-tc ch nm.

A) Ting Nam ta gm c : 1. Nhng ting gc ch nho m cch c : a) hoc ging hn ch nho. Th-d: dn , tnh . ) cuc (do ch cc )

b) hoc hi khc m ch nho mt cht. Th-d: ci (do ch c

2. Nhng ting c l cng gc ch nho, nhng m sai-lc nhiu, ch cn ngha l ng. Th-d: nh (vi gia ), gh (vi k )

3. Nhng ting khng phi gc ch nho, nhng m hoc ging hn hoc na-n vi m mt ch nho. Th-d: mt (ch s) ng m vi ch mt la . (c ngha l mt); l, m na n vi ch

4. Nhng ting khng phi gc ch nho m cng khng ng m vi ch nho no. Th-d: n, ni, tri. Nhng ting thuc v hng th nht bao gi trong ch nm, cng dng mt ch nho vit; nhng ting thuc hng th nh v th ba thng thng cng dng mt ch nho; cn nhng ting thuc hng th t phi dng hai hoc ba ch nho m ghp li. B) Vy s vit ch nm c th chia lm ba cch nh sau: 1. Dng nguyn-hnh ch nho vit: a) Nhng ting gc ch nho, m v ngha khng i. Th-d: ti; mnh. (c) = ci,

b) Nhng ting gc ch nho, m hi sai nhng ngha khng i. Th-d (cc) = cuc.

c) Nhng ting c l cng gc ch nho, nhng m khc nhiu, ch c ngha l ging. Th-d (k) = gh , (quyn) = cun. mt, qua.

d) Nhng ting khc hn m nhng ng-m vi ch nho y. Th-d:

e) Nhng ting khc hn m nhng cng ngha vi ch nho y. Th-d (dch) = vic. 2. Ghp hai ch nho thnh mt du hiu ring.

(v) = mi,

a) Thng-l Xt cc ch nm t theo cch ny th ci thong-l l mi ch c hai phn: mt phn ch v mt phn ch m. Th-d: Ch phn ch m; Ch phn ch ; Ch ch m. Cn ci a-v ca hai phn y th khng nht-nh: khi th phn ch bn tri (th-d th nht); khi th phn y bn phi (th-d th hai): khi th phn y trn (th-d th ba) . Li ch. Phn ch c khi l nhng ch thng (nh trong my th-d trn), c khi nhng ch b trong t-in Tu. Khi dng ch b y, th ch y t bn tri hoc trn. Th-d: ch ni c b khu (ngha l ming) ch v ch ni (c l ni) ch m. Cc b hay dng n l: hoc nhn (ngi ). mc (cy). tho (c). nhc (tht). trc (tre). mch (t). n gm c ch (ch, ngha l n) l phn ch v ch (c l in) l

nm gm c ch

(c l nam) l phn ch m v ch (ngha l nm) l

trm gm c ch (ngha l trm) l phn ch v ch (c l lm) l phn

khu (ming). th (t). th (tay). thy (nc).

b) Bit-l Tri vi thng-l, c khi hai phn ca mt ch nm u ch c. Th-d: ch tri c hai phn l ch thin (ngha l tri) v ch thng (ngha l trn), u ch c .

3. Ghp mt ch nho (ch ) vi mt ch nm (ch m). Th-d: ch nm khu l ch nho ngha l ming (ch ) v ch m) ghp li m thnh.

nhi hoc li do ch

tri l ch ch nm c l tri (ch

Khuyt-im ca ch nm. Xem cch vit ch nm k trn ny th th ch y khng

phi l khng c php tc. Nhng ch nm cha thnh c mt th vn-t hon-ton v cn my khuyt-im sau ny: 1) C khi mt ch nho m dng vit hai ting khc nhau mt ting c m v ngha ging ch nho, mt ting ch c ngha ging ch nho. Th-d ch (bn): a) C khi c l vn, nh trong cu: Vn dng h Hon danh gia (Truyn Kiu) . b) C khi c l bn, nh trong cu: Bn s ri cng n sau (Truyn Kiu) . 2) C khi cng mt ting m c hai cch vit khc nhau. Th-d: ting n c th vit: a) b) gm hai phn: [ch] ngha l n] ch v [in] ch m. gm hai phn: [ch] (ngha l n ch v ch [n] ch m.

3/ C nhiu ch nho khng vit nguyn hnh m vit tt. Th-d: ch ci . 4/ Cc nguyn m v ph m trong ting Nam nhiu hn ch nho, thnh ra ch nho thiu ch phin m nhiu ting cho tht ng, phi dng nhng ch c m na-n thi. Nh trong ch Nho khng c hai ph-m G v R cng nhng nguyn-m kp AU, EO, EN, ON, v.v. 5/ S thanh trong ting Nam nhiu hn s thanh ca ch nho, nn kh tm c ch phin m ng thanh ting Nam. Nhiu khi , mun cho ngi c bit rng mt ch phi c khc thanh vi ch nho, c ngi thm gc tay phi ch y cc du nhy (<) hoc gc trn tay tri ch khu nh . V cc khuyt-im y, nn mun c mt bi vn vit bng ch nm, nhiu khi phi xem c ton thin hoc c cu m on; tuy vy, cng c khi khng c chc chn lm. (m khc l hi) vit tt l ghp vi b mc thnh ch ci hay

Kt-lun: S d ch nm cn nhiu khuyt-im v cha c chun-ch, l v xa kia ch y

khng c triu-nh cng-nhn, nn khng c sa i cho thnh hn quy-c nht-nh, ch ph mc ngi thng mun vit th no th vit, thnh ra mi ngi mi , khng c nhttr. V khin c ngi am hiu thanh-m nhn m sa i quy-nh cc th-thc phn mnh, ri ra mt cun t-v ai ny c theo m vit m c, th th ch c th son ra th vn-t hon-ton khng khc g ch Ha-vn ca Nht-bn cng l mn cc b phn ca ch nho m t ra. CC TC-PHM K CU 1) G. Cordier, Les trois critures utilises en Annam: ch nho, ch nm et quc-ng, Confrence faite l cole coloniale Paris le 28 mars 1925, in Bul. De la Soc. DEnseignement mutuel du Tonkin, t. XV Nos 1 pp. 113-122. 2) Nguyn-Vn-T, Langue et littrature annamites, Notes criliques I, est du B. E. F. E. O. t. XXX. Nos 1-2 pp. 144-145 (4-5) 6-12. 3) Dng-Qung-Hm, Le ch nm ou criture dmotique, Son Importance dans ltude de lancienne litrature annamite, in Bulletin gnral de lInstruction publique, mars 1942, partie gnrale, pp. 277-280.