CYBORG

DEFINITIONS:
The term is used to designate an organization which is a mixture of organic and mechanical parts.the aim is to enhance the abilities of an organism using technology. Cyborg can be considered a creature who is a hybrid of machine implants.

INTRODUCTION
Since time immemorial man has aspired to make his life more and more full of comfortable. With the onset of industrialization, man invented many machines to that could even those jobs single handed which generally required huge manpower . Eventually man developed revolutionary technologies that helped

him accomplish more difficult tasks with reduced manpower and greater efficiency. One such attempt was Robot. Robots are the electronic machines that work on the basis of the software programs fed to it. Robots can do any tedious work with lesser or no human assistance with greater efficiency. Looking at the extraordinary abilities of Robots Scientists thought of implanting machine parts into the body the enhance the general and most used abilities of the man

OVERVIEW
The concept of man-machine mixture was widespread in science fictions before the World War II. In 1908 Jean Hire introduced his novel Nyctolope which dealt about a man who could survive in water. The man was equipped with such mahanical implants which enabled him to survive in water.

Later another novelist Edmond Hemilton presented space explorers with a mixture of organic and mechanical implants, in his novel THE COMET DOOM in the year 1934 . Apart from the novels many short stories also have been written about the man-machine combinations. In 1944, a story No woman born featured a dancer whose entire body was burnt in a fire accident and was made a cyborg. Her brain was kept in a faceless mechanical body

TERMINOLOGY
The term cyborg was coined by Manfred Clyness and Nathen.S.Kline in 1960. The term cyborg refers to the concept of enhanced human being who could survive in extraterrestrial environments. The concept was an outcome of thinking about the need for the intimate relationship between man and machine for space explorations.

HISTORY
For many years since the World War II cyborgs have been the most fascinating field. Since then started the trend of writing stories. Scientists also attempted to create real life cyborgs. One such scientist was Steve Mann. He is the first human being who tried to implant mechanical parts in to his body.

STEVE MANN
Steve Mann is a man who exists in harmony with technology. Mann who serves as a professor at University of Toronto is electronically connected to his computer. His computer serves as an extension to his own senses. He absorbs the reality electronically. He has invented sunglasses which equipped with cameras . He is also the inventor of wearable computer which can

Be worn like cloths. The wearable computer is linked to the internet. He also invented a hand keyboard which is implanted in his hand used to input information to the wearable computer. The eye-tap which he implanted below his eyebrow could gaze the range of human eye. The small camera fitted into the eyetap a recordable real life view of what is infront of him.The screen of the eye-tap is filled with msgs or prog.codes fed by the computer.

KEVIN WARWICK
Kevin is a professor of Cybernatics at the University of Reading England. There he carries out experiments on Artificial Intelligence, Control Robotics, and Biomedical Engineering. Kevin is the living cyborg. Kevin was born a human being. In august 1998, a silicon chip was inserted in to his left arm. The computer with which he was connected monitored him as he moved

through his department. This implant was small electronic component implanted for ten days with the aim to determine whether information could be transmitted to a cyborg from a computer and from computer to the cyborg. The first implant invented by Kevin was implanted in his left arm beneath the inner layer of the skin & on the top of the muscle.

PROJECT CYBORG
In this piece of research undertaken by professor Warwick,he had surgically implanted a chip into his left arm with the aim of becoming a cyborg. On March 14,2002 a far more complex chip which had a direct connection with Warwicks nervous system. The experiment proved successful that the could send signals to other computer even out side the his body.

ELECTRONIC CHIP

As an extension to his experiment, Warwick implanted an array of electrodes into his wifes body.Through this experiment Kevin and his wife could communicate with each other with electronic signals.

LIFE AS CYBORG
As a cyborg Kevins nervous system was connected to the internet He could switch on lights, sound alarms and electronic machines just by thinking about it. As a cyborg Kevins memory had extremely increased and he also developed incredible mathematical capabilities. He developed the ability merely by thought.

CYBERNETICS
Cybernetics is the study of communication and control, involving regulatory feedbacks in the living organisms, machines, and organizations. In sociotechnical terms, it includes the study of computer controlled machines like robots and cyborgs.

RELATED FIELDS OF CYBERNETICS

Biomedical Engineering Biological Cybernetics Engineering Cybernetics Quantum Cybernetics Medical Cybernetics Psychocybernetics

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS

The first artificial neural network was invented in1958 by a psychologist Frank Rosenblant. The aim was to model how human brain processed the visual data. The artificial neural network is an information processing paradigm, that is inspired by the the biological nervous system such as brain processed the information.

The key element of this paradigm is the novel structures involved in the data processing system. It consists of the highly interconnected elements (neurons)working for specific problems. Artificial neural networks have remarkable ability to derive meaningful information from complicated or imprecise data.

ANALOGY TO HUMAN BRAIN

Exact working of the human brain is still a mystery. Yet some of the processes of these amazing processes are known. The basic element of the human brain is the specific type of cells called neurons. These cells provide us with the ability of thinking, remembering and apply previous experiences to our actions.

The individual neuron is complicated, they have myriads of of parts, subsystems and control mechanisms. They convey information via host of electromagnetic pathways. Artificial Neural Network is trying to replicate only most basic elements of the complicated, versatile, and powerful organ

HUMAN NEURAL NETWORK

Artificial Neural Network was originally designed to model the functionality of the biological neural networks.Each biological neural networks consists of a cell body, a collection of dendrites that bring electromagnetic information and an axon that transmits information outside the cell. A neuron produces an output along the

axon.The axon transmits signals from one neuron to the dendrites of other neuron.The junction of the axon and the dendrite is called synapses.

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

An artificial neural network try to model the low level functionality of the brain. A single software artificial neuron consists of processing element which has a number of inputs and the transfer functionality determines the output. An artificial neural network is a network of such interconnected artificial neurons. The input layer receives the input, produces a

signal output that is sent to the another neuron as input.

ANALOGY BETWEEN HUMAN AND ANN

HUMAN NEURON
Neuron Dendrites Cell body Axon Synapses

ARTIFICIALNEUR ALNETWORK Processing element Combining element Transfer function Element output Weight

ADVANTAGES
Adaptive learning: the ability to learn how to do tasks based on the data given. Self organization: An artificial neural network can create its own organization or representation of the information it receives during learning time. Real time operations: An artificial neural network computations can be carried out in parallel, which is difficult for human neural networks

FUTURE PROSPECTS OF CYBORG

POSITIVE PROSPECTS: Cyborgs can increase human mental abilities significantly. Humans can be made cyborgs to increase their lifespan . Cyborgs have extra ordinary capabilities like higher IQ, higher physical strength etc.

NEGATIVE PROSPECTS: They can be of great application to the terrorist groups and the under world groups. They can be used to create emotionless creatures who can cause great destruction to the human race.

LIMITATIONS
Although the cyborgs have wide range of applications, they still still have some limitations. The machine implants in the bodies of the cyborgs also have lifespan. If the cyborg is completely dependent on the machine implant then the survival of the cyborg becomes difficult in the absence or malfunctioning of the machine implant.

Increase in the number of cyborgs completely eradicates the emotional temperament of the human. Cyborgs can only help in expanding the lifespan but can not conquer the death. The machine implants in the bodies of cyborgs can greately hamper the body resistance. Any malfunctioning of the machine implant can completely put their life at stake.

APPLICATIONS OF CYBORG
Today the C-LEG system is used to replace human legs that are amputed due to some illness or injury. Incase of any major spinal injury doctors are now replacing highly damaged bones by some supporting structure which also provides flexibility to the spine.

 Patients who have damaged their biological eye lenses now dont need spectacles. Doctors are now implanting artificial corneal lenses inside the eyes of thepatients. Patients suffering from knee joint pains can now implant artificial knee joint in their legs. these artificial knee joint are durable for 20 to 25 years. Patients suffering from parkinsons disease can now get rid of the disease by implanting an electronic device in their brain that provides better control over nervous system.