a.

Tnh theo CTHH:

1: Tm TP% cc nguyn t theo khi lng.
* Cch gii: CTHH c dng AxBy
- Tm khi lng mol ca hp cht. M
AxBy
= x.M
A
+ y. M
B
- Tm s mol nguyn t mi nguyn t trong 1 mol hp cht : x, y (ch s s
nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong CTHH)
- Tnh thnh phn % mi nguyn t theo cng thc: %A =
.100%
mA
MAxBy =
.
.100%
x MA
MAxBy
V d: Tm TP % ca S v O trong hp cht SO
2
- Tm khi lng mol ca hp cht : M
SO2
= 1.M
S
+ 2. M
O
= 1.32 + 2.16 =
64(g)
- Trong 1 mol SO
2
c 1 mol nguyn t S (32g), 2 mol nguyn t O (64g)
- Tnh thnh phn %: %S =
2
.100%
mS
MSO
=
1.32
64
.100%
= 50%
%O =
2
.100%
mO
MSO
=
2.16
64
.100%
= 50% (hay 100%-
50% = 50%)
* Bi tp vn dng:
1 : Tnh thanh phan % theo khoi lng cac nguyen to trong cac
hp chat :
a/ H
2
O b/ H
2
SO
4
c/ Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
2: Tnh thanh phan phan tram ve khoi lng cua cac
nguyen to co trong cac hp chat sau:
a) CO; FeS
2
; MgCl
2
; Cu
2
O; CO
2
; C
2
H
4
; C
6
H
6
.
b) FeO; Fe
3
O
4
; Fe
2
O
3
; Fe(OH)
2
; Fe(OH)
3
.
c) CuSO
4
; CaCO
3
; K
3
PO
4
; H
2
SO
4
. HNO
3
; Na
2
CO
3
.
d) Zn(OH)
2
; Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
; Fe(NO
3
)
3
. (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
; Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
3: Trong cc hp cht sau, hp cht no c hm lng Fe cao nht: FeO ; Fe
2
O
3
; Fe
3
O
4
;
Fe(OH)
3
; FeCl
2
; Fe SO
4
.5H
2
O ?
4: Trong cc loi phn bn sau, loi phn bn no c hm lng N cao nht: NH
4
NO
3
;
NH
4
Cl; (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
; KNO
3
; (NH
2
)
2
CO?
2: Tm khi lng nguyn t trong mt lng hp cht.
* Cch gii: CTHH c dng AxBy
- Tnh khi lng mol ca hp cht. M
AxBy
= x.M
A
+ y. M
B
- Tm khi lng mol ca tng nguyn t trong 1 mol hp cht:
m
A
= x.M
A
, mB = y. M
B
- Tnh khi lng tng nguyn t trong lng hp cht cho.
m
A
=
. mA mAxBy
MAxBy
=
. . x MA mAxBy
MAxBy
, m
B
=
. mB mAxBy
MAxBy
=
. . y MB mAxBy
MAxBy
V d: Tm khi lng ca Cc bon trong 22g CO
2
Gii:
- Tnh khi lng mol ca hp cht. M
CO2
= 1.M
c
+ 2. M
O
= 1.12 + 2. 16
= 44(g)
- Tm khi lng mol ca tng nguyn t trong 1 mol hp cht:
m
C
= 1.M
c
= 1.12 = 12 (g)
- Tnh khi lng tng nguyn t trong lng hp cht cho.
m
C
=
. 2
2
mC mCO
MCO
=
1.12.22
44
= 6(g)
* Bi tp vn dng:
1: Tnh khoi lng moi nguyen to co trong cac lng chat
sau:
a) 26g BaCl
2
; 8g Fe
2
O
3
; 4,4g CO
2
; 7,56g MnCl
2
; 5,6g NO.
b) 12,6g HNO
3
; 6,36g Na
2
CO
3
; 24g CuSO
4
; 105,4g AgNO
3
; 6g CaCO
3
.
c) 37,8g Zn(NO
3
)
2
; 10,74g Fe
3
(PO4)
2
; 34,2g Al
2
(SO4)
3
; 75,6g
Zn(NO
3
)
2
.
2: Mt ngi lm vn dng 500g (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
bn rau. Tnh khi lng N bn
cho rau?
1.Lp CTHH hp cht khi bit thnh phn nguyn t v bit
ha tr ca chng
Cch gii: - CTHH c dng chung : AxBy (Bao gm: ( M
2
O
y
, H
x
A,
M(OH)
y
, M
x
A
y
)
Vn dng Qui tc ha tr i vi hp cht 2 nguyn t A, B
(B c th l nhm nguyn t:gc axt,nhm OH): a.x = b.y

x
y
=
b
a
(ti gin)

thay x= a, y = b vo CT chung

ta c CTHH cn lp.
V d Lp CTHH ca hp cht nhm oxt
a

b
Gii: CTHH c dng chung Al
x
O
y
Ta bit ha tr ca
Al=III,O=II

a.x = b.y

III.x= II. y

x
y
=
II
III

thay x= 2, y = 3 ta c CTHH l:
Al
2
O
3
* Bi tp vn dng:
1.Lp cng thc ha hc hp cht c to bi ln lt t cc nguyn t
Na, Ca, Al vi
(=O
,
; -Cl; = S; - OH; = SO
4
; - NO
3
; =SO
3
; = CO
3
; - HS; - HSO
3
;- HSO
4
; - HCO
3
; =HPO
4
; -H
2
PO
4
)

2. Cho cc nguyn t: Na, C, S, O, H. Hy vit cc cng thc ho hc
ca cc hp cht v c c th c to thnh cc nguyn t trn?
3. Cho cc nguyn t: Ca, C, S, O, H. Hy vit cc cng thc ho hc
ca cc hp cht v c c th c to thnh cc nguyn t trn?
2.Lp CTHH hp cht khi bit thnh phn khi l ng nguyn t .
1: Bit t l khi l ng cc nguyn t trong hp cht.
Cch gii: - t cng thc tng qut: A
x
B
y
- Ta c t l khi lng cc nguyn t:
.
.
MA x
MB y
=
mA
mB
- Tm c t l :
x
y
=
.
.
mA MB
mB MA
=
a
b
(t l cc s nguyn dng,
ti gin)
- Thay x= a, y = b - Vit thnh CTHH.
V d:: Lap CTHH cua sat va oxi, biet c 7 phan khoi lng
sat th ket hp vi 3 phan khoi lng oxi.
Gii: - t cng thc tng qut: Fe
x
O
y
- Ta c t l khi lng cc nguyn t:
.
.
MFe x
MO y
=
mFe
mO
=
7
3
- Tm c t l :
x
y
=
.
.
mFe MO
mO MFe
=
7.16
3.56
=
112
168
=
2
3

- Thay x= 2, y = 3 - Vit thnh CTHH. Fe
2
O
3
* Bi tp vn dng:
1: Lap CTHH cua sat va oxi, biet c 7 phan khoi lng sat
th ket hp vi 3 phan khoi lng oxi.
2: Hp cht B (hp cht kh ) bit t l v khi lng cc nguyn t to
thnh: m
C
: m
H
= 6:1, mt lt kh B (ktc) nng 1,25g.
3: Hp cht C, bit t l v khi lng cc nguyn t l : m
Ca
: m
N
: m
O
=
10:7:24 v 0,2 mol hp cht C nng 32,8 gam.
4: Hp cht D bit: 0,2 mol hp cht D c cha 9,2g Na, 2,4g C v 9,6g
O
5: Phan t khoi cua ong sunfat la 160 vC. Trong o co
mot nguyen t Cu co nguyen t khoi la 64, mot nguyen t
S co nguyen t khoi la 32, con lai la nguyen t oxi. Cong
thc phan cua hp chat la nh the nao?
6:Xc nh cng thc phn t ca Cu
x
O
y
, bit t l khi lng gia
ng v oxi trong oxit
l 4 : 1?
7: Trong 1 tap hp cac phan t ong sunfat (CuSO
4
) co khoi
lng 160000 vC. Cho biet tap hp o co bao nhieu nguyen
t moi loai.
8 : Phan t khoi cua ong oxit (co thanh phan gom ong
va oxi)va ong sunfat co t le 1/2. Biet khoi lng cua
phan t ong sunfat la 160 vC. Xac nh cong thc phan
t ong oxit?
9. Mot nhom oxit co t so khoi lng cua 2 nguyen to
nhom va oxi bang 4,5:4. Cong thc hoa hoc cua nhom oxit
o la g?
2. Bit khi l ng cc nguyn t trong mt l ng hp cht, Bit phn t
khi hp cht hoc ch a bit PTK (bi ton t chy)
Bi ton c dng : t m (g)A
x
B
y
Cz
t chy
m(g) cc hp
cht cha A,B,C
+Trng hp bit PTK

Tm c CTHH ng
+Trng hp cha bit PTK

Tm c CTHH n gin
Cch gii:
- Tm mA, mB, mC trong m(g) cc hp cht cha cc nguyn t A,B,C.
+ Nu (mA + m B) = m (g)A
x
B
y
Cz

Trong h/c khng c nguyn t C

T : x : y =
MA
mA
:
MB
mB
= a:b (t l cc s nguyn dng, ti gin)

CTHH: A
a
B
b
+ Nu (mA + m B)

m (g)A
x
B
y
Cz

Trong h/c c nguyn t C

m
C
= m (g)A
x
B
y
Cz - (mA + m B)
T : x : y : z =
MA
mA
:
MB
mB
:
mc
Mc
= a:b:c (t l cc s nguyn dng, ti
gin)

CTHH: A
a
B
b
C
c
Cch gii khc: Da vo phng trnh phn ng chy tng qut
C
x
H
y
+
0
2
0 0
4
2 2 2
H
y
xC
y
x +

,
_

+
C
x
H
y
0
z
+
0
2
0 0
2 4
2 2 2
H
y
xC
z y
x +
,
_

+
- Lp t l s mol theo PTHH v s mol theo d kin bi ton suy ra x,
y, z.
V d: t chy 4,5 g hp cht hu c A. Bit A cha C, H, 0 v thu
c 9,9g kh C0
2
v 5,4g H
2
0. Lp cng thc phn t ca A. Bit kh
lng phn t A bng 60.
Gii:
- Theo bi ra:
mol n
A
075 , 0
60
5 , 4

,
mol n
C
225 , 0
44
9 , 9
2
0

,
mol n
H
3 , 0
18
4 , 5
0
2

- Phng trnh phn ng :
C
x
H
y
0
z
+
0
2
0 0
2 4
2 2 2
H
y
xC
z y
x +
,
_

+
1mol .
,
_

+
2 4
z y
x
(mol). x (mol)
) (
2
mol
y
Suy ra :
8
2 . 3 , 0 075 , 0
1
3
225 , 0 075 , 0
1


y
y
x
x
Mt khc;MC3H80z = 60
Hay : 36 + 8 + 16z =60 > z = 1
Vy cng thc ca A l C
3
H
8
0
* Bi tp vn dng:
+Trng hp cha bit PTK

Tm c CTHH n gin
1: t chy hon ton 13,6g hp cht A,th thu c 25,6g SO
2
v 7,2g
H
2
O. Xc nh cng thc ca A
2: ot chay hoan toan m gam chat A can dung het 5,824 dm
3
O
2
(ktc). San pham co CO
2
va H
2
O c chia oi. Phan 1 cho i
qua P
2
O
5
thay lng P
2
O
5
tang 1,8 gam. Phan 2 cho i qua CaO
thay lng CaO tang 5,32 gam. Tm m va cong thc n gian A.
Tm cong thc phan t A va biet A the kh (k thng) co
so C 4.
3: t chy hon ton 13,6g hp cht A, th thu c 25,6 g S0
2
v 7,2g
H
2
0. Xc nh cng thc A
+Trng hp bit PTK

Tm c CTHH ng
1: t chy hon ton 4,5g hp cht hu c A .Bit A cha C, H, O v
thu c 9,9g kh CO
2
v 5,4g H
2
O. lp cng thc phn t ca A. Bit
phn t khi A l 60.
2: t chy hon ton 7,5g hyroccbon A ta thu c 22g CO
2
v
13,5g H
2
O. Bit t khi hI so vi hyr bng 15. Lp cng thc phn
t ca A.
3: : t chy hon ton 0,3g hp cht hu c A . Bit A cha C, H, O
v thu c 224cm
3
kh CO
2

(ktc) v 0,18g H
2
O. lp cng thc phn
t ca A.Bit t khi ca A i vi hiro bng 30.
4:t chy 2,25g hp cht hu c A cha C, H, O phi cn 3,08 lt oxy
(ktc) v thu c V
H2O
=5\4 V
CO2
.Bit t khi hi ca A i vi H
2
l
45. Xc nh cng thc ca A
5: Hyro A l cht lng , c t khi hi so vi khng kh bng 27. t
chy A thu c CO
2
v H
2
O theo t l khi lng 4,9 :1 . tm cng thc
ca A
S: A la C
4
H
10
3: Bit thnh phn phn trm v khi l ng cc nguyn t, cho bit
NTK, phn t khi.
Cch gii:
- Tnh khi lng tng nguyn t trong 1 mol hp cht.
- Tnh s mol nguyn t tng nguyn t trong 1 mol hp cht.
- Vit thnh CTHH.
Hoc: - t cng thc tng qut: A
x
B
y
- Ta c t l khi lng cc nguyn t:
y MB
x MA
.
.
=
B
A
%
%
- Rt ra t l x: y =
MA
A %
:
MB
B %
(ti gin)
- Vit thnh CTHH n gin: (A
a
B
b
)n = M
AxBy

n =
MAxBy
MAaBb

nhn n vo h s a,b ca cng thc A

a
B
b
ta c CTHH cn lp.
Vi d. Mot hp chat kh Y co phan t khoi la 58 vC, cau tao
t 2 nguyen to C va H trong o nguyen to C chiem 82,76%
khoi lng cua hp chat. Tm cong thc phan t cua hp
chat.
Gii : - t cng thc tng qut: C
x
H
y
- Ta c t l khi lng cc nguyn t:
.
.
MC x
MH y
=
%
%
C
H
- Rt ra t l x: y =
%C
MC
:
%H
MH
=
82,76
12
:
17,24
1
= 1:2
- Thay x= 1,y = 2 vo C
x
H
y
ta c CTHH n gin: CH
2
- Theo bi ra ta c : (CH
2
)n = 58

n =
58
14
= 5

Ta c CTHH cn lp : C
5
H
8
* Bi tp vn dng:
1: Hp cht X c phn t khi bng 62 vC. Trong phn t ca hp
cht nguyn t oxi chim 25,8% theo khi lng, cn li l nguyn t Na.
S nguyn t ca nguyn t O v Na trong phn t hp cht l bao
nhiu ?
2: Mot hp chat X co thanh phan % ve khoi lng la :40%Ca,
12%C va 48% O . Xac nh CTHH cua X. Biet khoi lng mol
cua X la 100g.
3:Tm cng thc ho hc ca cc hp cht sau.
a) Mt cht lng d bay hi, thnh phn t c 23,8% C, 5,9%H,
70,3%Cl v c PTK bng 50,5.
b ) Mt hp cht rn mu trng, thnh phn t c 4o% C, 6,7%H,
53,3% O v c PTK bng 180.
4:Mui n gm 2 nguyn t ho hc l Na v Cl Trong Na chim
39,3% theo khi lng . Hy tm cng thc ho hc ca mui n, bit
phn t khi ca n gp 29,25 ln PTK H
2
.
5: Xac nh cong thc cua cac hp chat sau:
a) Hp chat tao thanh bi magie va oxi co phan t khoi
la 40, trong o phan tram ve khoi lng cua chung lan
lt la 60% va 40%.
b) Hp chat tao thanh bi lu huynh va oxi co phan t
khoi la 64, trong o phan tram ve khoi lng cua oxi la
50%.
c) Hp chat cua ong, lu huynh va oxi co phan t khoi
la 160, co phan tram cua ong va lu huynh lan lt
la 40% va 20%.
d) Hp chat tao thanh bi sat va oxi co khoi lng phan
t la 160, trong o phan tram ve khoi lng cua oxi la
70%.
e) Hp chat cua ong va oxi co phan t khoi la 114,
phan tram ve khoi lng cua ong la 88,89%.
f) Hp chat cua canxi va cacbon co phan t khoi la 64,
phan tram ve khoi lng cua cacbon la 37,5%.
g) A co khoi lng mol phan t la 58,5g; thanh phan % ve
khoi lng nguyen to: 60,68% Cl con lai la Na.
h) B co khoi lng mol phan t la 106g; thanh phan % ve
khoi lng cua cac nguyen to: 43,4% Na; 11,3% C con lai
la cua O.
i) C co khoi lng mol phan t la 101g; thanh phan phan
tram ve khoi lng cac nguyen to: 38,61% K; 13,86% N
con lai la O.
j) D co khoi lng mol phan t la 126g; thanh phan % ve
khoi lng cua cac nguyen to: 36,508% Na; 25,4% S con
lai la O.
k) E co 24,68% K; 34,81% Mn; 40,51%O. E nang hn NaNO3 1,86
lan.
l) F cha 5,88% ve khoi lng la H con lai la cua S. F
nang hn kh hiro 17 lan.
m) G co 3,7% H; 44,44% C; 51,86% O. G co khoi lng mol
phan t bang Al.
n) H co 28,57% Mg; 14,285% C; 57,145% O. Khoi lng mol
phan t cua H la 84g.
6 . Phan t canxi cacbonat co phan t khoi la 100 vC , trong
o nguyen t canxi chiem 40% khoi lng, nguyen to cacbon
chiem 12% khoi lng. Khoi lng con lai la oxi. Xac nh
cong thc phan t cua hp chat canxi cacbonat?
7. Mot hp chat co phan t khoi bang 62 vC. trong phan t
cua hp chat nguyen to oxi chiem 25,8% theo khoi lng, con
lai la nguyen to Na. Xac nh ve t le so nguyen t cua
O va so nguyen t Na trong hp chat.
8: Trong hp chat XH
n
co cha 17,65% la hidro. Biet hp chat
nay co t khoi so vi kh Metan CH
4
la 1,0625. X la nguyen to
nao ?
4: Bit thnh phn phn trm v khi l ng cc nguyn t m
bi khng cho bit NTK,phn t khi.
Cch gii: - t cng thc tng qut: A
x
B
y
- Ta c t l khi lng cc nguyn t:
y MB
x MA
.
.
=
B
A
%
%
- Rt ra t l x: y =
MA
A %
:
MB
B %
(ti gin)
- Vit thnh CTHH.
V d: Hy xc nh cng thc hp cht A bit thnh phn % v
khi lng cc nguyn t l: 40%Cu. 20%S v 40% O.
Gii: - t cng thc tng qut: Cu
x
S
y
O
z
- Rt ra t l x: y:z =
%Cu
MCu
:
%S
Ms
:
%O
Mo
=
40
64
:
20
32
:
40
16
= 0.625 : 0.625 : 2.5 =
1:1:4
- Thay x = 1, y = 1, z = 4 vo CTHH Cu
x
S
y
O
z
, vit thnh CTHH:
CuSO
4
* Bi tp vn dng:
1: Hai nguyn t X kt hp vi 1 nguyn t oxi to ra phn t oxit .
Trong phn t, nguyn t oxi chim 25,8% v khi lng .Tm nguyn
t X (s: Na)
2:Nung 2,45 gam mt cht ha hc A thy thot ra 672 ml kh O
2
(ktc). Phn rn cn li cha 52,35% kali v 47,65% clo (v khi lng).
Tm cng thc ha hc ca A.
3 : Hai nguyen t X ket hp vi 1 nguyen t O tao ra phan t
oxit. Trong phan t, nguyen t oxi chiem 25,8% ve khoi lng.
Hoi nguyen to X la nguyen to nao?
4: Mot nguyen t M ket hp vi 3 nguyen t H tao thanh
hp chat vi hyro. Trong phan t, khoi lng H chiem
17,65%. Hoi nguyen to M la g?
5 : Hai nguyen t Y ket hp vi 3 nguyen t O tao ra phan t
oxit. Trong phan t, nguyen t oxi chiem 30% ve khoi lng.
Hoi nguyen to X la nguyen to nao?
6. Mot hp chat co thanh phan gom 2 nguyen to C va O.
Thanh phan cua hp chat co 42,6% la nguyen to C, con lai
la nguyen to oxi. Xac nh ve t le so nguyen t cua C
va so nguyen t oxi trong hp chat.
7 : Lp cng thc phn t ca A .Bit em nung 4,9 gam mt mui
v c A th thu c 1344 ml kh O
2
( ktc), phn cht rn cn li
cha 52,35% K v 47,65% Cl.
H ng dn gii:
n
2
O
=
4 , 22
344 , 1
= 0,06 (mol)

m
2
O
= 0,06 . 32 =1,92 (g)

p dng LBT khi lng ta c: m

cht rn
= 4,9 1,92 = 2,98 (g)

m
K
=
100
98 , 2 35 , 52
=1,56 (g)

n
K
=
39
56 , 1
= 0,04 (mol)
m
Cl
= 2,98 1,56 = 1,42 (g)

n
Cl
=
5 , 35
42 , 1
= 0,04 (mol)
Gi cng thc tng qut ca B l: K
x
Cl
y
O
z
ta c:
x : y : z = 0,04 : 0,04 : 0,06

2 = 1 : 1 : 3
V i vi hp cht v c ch s ca cc nguyn t l ti gin nn cng thc ho hc
ca A l KClO
3
.
5: Bin lun gi tr khi l ng mol(M) theo ha tr(x,y) tm NTK
hoc PTK..bit thnh phn % v khi l ng hoc t l khi l ng cc
nguyn t.
+Tr ng hp cho thnh phn % v khi l ng
Cch gii:
- t cng thc tng qut: A
x
B
y
- Ta c t l khi lng cc nguyn t:
y MB
x MA
.
.
=
B
A
%
%
Rt ra t l :
.
.
MB
MA
=
x B
y A
. %
. %
.Bin lun tm gi tr thch hp

M
A
,M
B
theo x, y
- Vit thnh CTHH.
V d: B l oxit ca mt kim loi R cha r ho tr. Bit thnh phn
% v khi lng ca oxi trong hp cht bng
7
3
% ca R trong hp cht
.
Gii : Gi % R = a%

% O =
7
3
a%
Gi ho tr ca R l n

CTTQ ca C l: R
2
O
n
Ta c: 2 : n =
R
a%
:
16
% 7 / 3 a

R =
6
112n
V n l ht ca nguyn t nn n phi nguyn dng, ta c bng sau:

n I II III IV
R 18,
6
37,
3
56 76,
4
loi loi Fe loi
Vy cng thc phn t ca C l Fe
2
O
3
.
+Tr ng hp cho t l v khi l ng
Cch gii: - t cng thc tng qut: A
x
B
y
- Ta c t l khi lng cc nguyn t: M
A
.x : M
B.
.y = m
A
:
m
B
- Tm c t l :
.
.
MB
MA
=
x mB
y mA
.
.
.Bin lun tm gi tr thch hp
M
A
,M
B
theo x, y
- Vit thnh CTHH.
V d:
C l oxit ca mt kim loi M cha r ho tr. Bit t l v khi lng ca
M v O bng
3
7
.
Gii:
Gi ho tr ca M l n

CTTQ ca C l: M
2
O
n
Ta c:
.
.
MB
MA
=
x mB
y mA
.
.

. 16
. MA
=
2 . 3
. 7 y
.

M
A
=
6
112n
V n l ht ca nguyn t nn n phi nguyn dng, ta c bng sau:

n I II III IV
M 18,
6
37,
3
56 76,
4
loi loi Fe loi
Vy cng thc phn t ca C l Fe
2
O
3
.
* Bi tp vn dng:
1. oxit cua kim loai mc hoa tr thap cha 22,56% oxi, con
oxit cua kim loai o mc hoa tr cao cha 50,48%. Tnh
nguyen t khoi cua kim loai o.
2. Co mot hon hp gom 2 kim loai A va B co t le khoi lng nguyen
t 8:9. Biet khoi lng nguyen t cua A, B eu khong qua 30 vC. Tm 2
kim loai
*Giai: Neu A : B = 8 : 9 th
8
9
A n
B n

'

Theo e : t so nguyen t khoi cua 2 kim loai la
8
9
A
B
nen
8
9
A n
B n

'

( n z
+
)
V A, B eu co KLNT khong qua 30 vC nen : 9n 30 n 3
Ta co bang bien luan sau :
n 1 2 3
A 8 16 24
B 9 18 27
Suy ra hai kim loai la Mg va Al
D/ lp CTHH hp cht kh da vo t khi .
Cch gii chung:
- Theo cng thc tnh t khi cc cht kh: d
A/B
=
MB
MA
- Tm khi lng mol (M) cht cn tm

NTK,PTK ca cht

Xc
nh CTHH.
V d : Cho 2 kh A v B c cng thc ln lt l NxOy v NyOx . t khi
hi i vi Hyro ln lt l: d
A/H2
= 22 , d
B/A
= 1,045. Xc nh
CTHHca A v B
Gii: Theo bi ra ta c:
- d
NxOy/H2
=
2 MH
MA
=
2
MA
= 22

MA = M
NxOy
= 2.22 = 44

14x+ 16y = 44 (1)

- d
NyOx/NxOy
=
MA
MB
=
44
MB
= 1,045

MB = M
NyOx
= 44.1,045 = 45,98

14y+ 16x = 45,98 (2)

gi tr tha mn k bi ton: x = 2 , y= 1

A = N
2
O , B = NO
2
* Bi tp vn dng:
1. Cho 2 cht kh AOx c TP% O = 50% v BHy c TP% H = 25% .
bit d
AOx/BHy
= 4. Xc nh CTHH ca 2 kh trn.
2. Mt oxit ca Nit c cng thc NxOy. Bit khi lng ca Nit trong
phn t chim 30,4%. ngoi ra c 1,15 gam oxit ny chim th tch
l 0,28 lt (ktc).Xc nh CTHH ca oxit trn.
3. C 3 Hyro ccbon A, B, C
A: C
x
H
2x+2
B : C
x'
H
2x'
C : C
x'
H
2x'- 2
Bit d
B/A
= 1,4 ; d
A/C
= 0,75 . Xc nh CTHH ca A, B, C.
E/Lp cng thc ho hc hp cht da vo ph ng trnh
phn ng ho hc:
1.Dng ton c bn 1: Tm nguyn t hay hp cht ca nguyn t
trong trng hp cho bit ha tr ca nguyn t, khi bi ton cho bit
lng cht (hay lng hp cht ca nguyn t cn tm) v lng mt cht
khc (c th cho bng gam, mol, V
(ktc)
, cc i lng v nng dd,
tan, t khi cht kh) trong mt phn ng ha hc.
Cch gii chung: Bi ton c dng : a M + bB cC + d D
(Trong cc cht M, B, C, D :c th l mt n cht hay 1 hp cht)
- t cng thc cht cho theo bi ton :
- Gi a l s mol, A l NTK hay PTK ca cht cn tm.
- Vit phng trnh phn ng, t s mol a vo phng trnh v
tnh s mol cc cht c lin quan theo a v A.
-Lp phng trnh, gii tm khi lng mol (M(g)) cht cn tm

NTK,PTK ca cht

Xc nh nguyn t hay hp cht ca nguyn t cn

tm.
L u : Lng cht khc trong phn ng ha hc c th cho
nhng dng sau:
1.Cho dng trc tip bng : gam, mol.
V d1: Cho 7,2g mt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton vi dung
dch HCl, thu c 0,3 mol H
2
iu kin tiu chun. Xc nh tn
kim loi dng.
Gii: - Gi CTHH ca kim loi l : M
t x l s mol , A l NTK ca kim loi dng phn ng .
Ta c Phng trnh phn ng:
M + 2HCl > MCl
2
+ H
2
1mol 1mol
x (mol) x (mol)
Suy ra ta c h s : m M = x . A = 7,2 (g) (1)
n
M
= n
H2
= x = 0,3 (mol) (2)
Th (2) vo (1) ta c A =
7, 2
0, 3
= 24(g)

NTK ca A = 24.Vy A l
kim loi Mg
2/ Cho dng gin tip bng : V(ktc)
V d2: Cho 7,2g mt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton vi dung
dch HCl, thu c 6,72 lt H
2
iu kin tiu chun. Xc nh tn
kim loi dng.
Gii
Tm : nH
2
=
6, 72
22, 4
= 0,3 (mol)

Bi ton quay v v d 1
* Cho 7,2g mt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton vi dung dch
HCl, thu c 0,3 mol H
2
iu kin tiu chun. Xc nh tn kim loi
dng. (gii nh v d 1)
3/ Cho dng gin tip bng :mdd, c%
V d 3: Cho 7,2g mt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton 100g
dung dch HCl 21,9%. Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Gii t x l s mol , A l NTK ca kim loi dng phn ng .
p dng : C % =
.100% mct
mdd

m
HCl
=
. %
100%
mdd c
=
100.21, 9
100
= 21,9 (g)

n
HCl
=
m
M
=
21, 9
36, 5
= 0,6 (mol)
*Tr v bi ton cho dng trc tip:
Cho 7,2g mt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton 0,6 mol HCl . Xc
nh tn kim loi dng.
Ta c Phng trnh phn ng:
M + 2HCl > MCl
2
+ H
2
1mol 2mol
x (mol) 2x (mol)
Suy ra ta c h s : m A = x . A = 7,2 (g)
(1)
n
HCl
= 2x = 0,6 (mol)

x = 0,3 (mol)
(2)
Th (2) vo (1) ta c A =
7, 2
0, 3
= 24(g)

NTK ca A = 24.Vy A l
kim loi Mg
4/ Cho dng gin tip bng : Vdd, C
M
V d 4 : Cho 7,2g mt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton 100 ml
dung dch HCl 6 M. Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Gii
Tm n
HCl
= ?

p dng : C
M
=
n
V

n
HCl
= C
M
.V = 6.0,1 = 0,6 (mol)

*Tr v bi ton cho dng trc tip:
Cho 7,2g mt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton 0,6 mol HCl. Xc
nh tn kim loi dng. (Gii nh v d 3)
5/ Cho dng gin tip bng : mdd, C
M
,d (g/ml)
V d 5 : Cho 7,2g mt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton 120 g
dung dch HCl 6 M ( d= 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Gii
- Tm Vdd (da vo mdd, d (g/ml)): t d =
m
V

V
dd H Cl
=
m
d
=
120
1, 2
=
100 (ml) =0,1(l)
- Tm n
HCl
= ?

p dng : C
M
=
n
V

n
HCl
= C
M
. V = 6. 0,1 = 0,6 (mol)
*Tr v bi ton cho dng trc tip:
Cho 7,2g mt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton 0,6 mol HCl. Xc
nh tn kim loi dng. (Gii nh v d 3)
6/ Cho dng gin tip bng : Vdd, C%, d (g/ml)
V d 6 : Cho 7,2g mt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton 83,3
ml dung dch HCl 21,9 %
( d= 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Gii
- Tm m dd (da vo Vdd, d (g/ml)): t d =
m
V

m
dd H Cl
= V.d = 83,3 .
1,2 = 100 (g) dd HCl.
p dng : C % =
.100% mct
mdd

m
HCl
=
. %
100%
mdd c
=
100.21, 9
100
= 21,9 (g)

n
HCl
=
m
M
=
21, 9
36, 5
= 0,6 (mol)
*Tr v bi ton cho dng trc tip:
Cho 7,2g mt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton 0,6 mol HCl. Xc
nh tn kim loi dng. (Gii nh v d 3)
Vn dng 6 dng ton trn: Ta c th thit lp c 6 bi ton
lp CTHH ca mt hp cht khi bit thnh phn nguyn t, bit
ha tr vi lng HCL cho 6 dng trn.
Bi 1 : Cho 12 g mt Oxt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton vi
0,6 mol HCl . Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Gii - Gi CTHH ca oxit l: MO
t x l s mol , A l PTK ca o xt dng phn ng .
Ta c Phng trnh phn ng:
MO + 2HCl > MCl
2
+ H
2
O
1mol 1mol
x (mol) 2x (mol)
Suy ra ta c h s : m
MO
= x . A = 12(g)
(1)
n
HCl
= 2x =
21, 9
36, 5
= 0,6(mol)

x= 0,6:2 = 0,3
(mol) (2)
Th (2) vo (1) ta c A =
12
0, 3
= 40(g)

M
M
= M
MO
- M
O
= 40 16 = 24
(g)

NTK ca M = 24.Vy M l kim loi Mg

CTHH ca o xt l MgO
Bi 2: Cho 12 g mt Oxt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton vi
21,9 g HCl . Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Bi 3: Cho 12 g mt Oxt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton
100g dung dch HCl 21,9%. Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Bi 4 : Cho 12 g mt Oxt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton 100
ml dung dch HCl
6 M. Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Bi 5 : Cho 12 g mt Oxt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton 120 g
dung dch HCl 6 M ( d= 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Bi 6: Cho 12 g mt Oxt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton 83,3
ml dung dch
HCl 21,9 % ( d= 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
2.Dng ton c bn 2: Tm nguyn t hay hp cht ca nguyn t
trong trng hp ch a bit ha tr ca nguyn t, khi bi ton cho bit
lng cht (hay lng hp cht ca nguyn t cn tm) v lng mt cht
khc (c th cho bng gam, mol, V
(ktc)
, cc i lng v nng dd,
tan, t khi cht kh) trong mt phn ng ha hc,.
Cch gii chung: Bi ton c dng : a M + bB cC + d D
(Trong cc cht M, B, C, D :c th l mt n cht hay 1 hp cht)
- t cng thc cht cho theo bi ton :
- Gi a l s mol, A l NTK hay PTK, x, y.... l ha tr ca nguyn
t ca chthy hp cht ca nguyn t cn tm.
- Vit phng trnh phn ng, t s mol a vo phng trnh v
tnh s mol cc cht c lin quan theo a v A.
-Lp phng trnh, bin lun gi tr khi lng mol (M(g)) theo ha
tr (x,y) ca nguyn t cn tm ( 1
, x y
5) t

NTK,PTK ca cht

Xc nh nguyn t hay hp cht ca nguyn t cn tm.

V d1.2: Cho 7,2g mt kim loi cha r ha tr, phn ng hon ton
vi 0,6 HCl.
Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Gii:
- Gi CTHH kim loi l : M
- Gi x l s mol, A l NTK ca kim loi M, n l ha tr ca kim loi
M
Ta c Phng trnh phn ng:
2M + 2nHCl > 2MCl
n
+ nH
2
2(mol ) 2n(mol)
x (mol) nx (mol)
Suy ra ta c h s : m
M
= x . A = 7,2(g)
(1)
n
HCl
= xn = 0,6(mol)

x= 0,6:n
(2)
Th (2) vo (1) ta c A =
7, 2.
0, 6
n
= 12.n
V n phi nguyn dng, ta c bng sau:

n I II III
A 12 24 36
loi Mg loi

A = 24 (g)

NTK ca kim loi = 24

Kim loi l Mg
T ta c th thit lp c 6 bi ton (phn dng c bn 1) v
6 bi ton (phn dng c bn 2) vi l ng HCL cho 6 dng trn .
Bi 1.1 : Cho 12 g mt Oxt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton vi
0,6 mol HCl . Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Gii - Gi CTHH ca oxit l: MO
t x l s mol , A l PTK ca o xt dng phn ng .
Ta c Phng trnh phn ng:
MO + 2HCl > MCl
2
+ H
2
O
1mol 1mol
x (mol) 2x (mol)
Suy ra ta c h s : m
MO
= x . A = 12(g)
(1)
n
HCl
= 2x =
21, 9
36, 5
= 0,6(mol)

x= 0,6:2 = 0,3
(mol) (2)
Th (2) vo (1) ta c A =
12
0, 3
= 40(g)

M
M
= M
MO
- M
O
= 40 16 = 24
(g)

NTK ca M = 24.Vy M l kim loi Mg

CTHH ca o xt l MgO
Bi 2.1: Cho 12 g mt Oxt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton vi
21,9 g HCl . Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Bi 3.1 : Cho 12 g mt Oxt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton
vi 100g dung dch HCl 21,9%. Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Bi 4.1 : Cho 12 g mt Oxt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton vi
100 ml dung dch HCl 6 M. Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Bi 5.1 : Cho 12 g mt Oxt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton vi
120 g dung dch HCl 6 M ( d= 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Bi 6.1 : Cho 12 g mt Oxt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton vi
120 ml dung dch
HCl 21,9 % ( d= 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Bi 7.2: Cho 7,2g mt kim loi cha r ha tr, phn ng hon ton vi
0,6 mol HCl. Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Bi 8.2:ho 7,2g mt kim loi cha r ha tr , phn ng hon ton vi
21,9 g HCl . Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Bi 9.2: Cho 7,2g mt kim loi cha r ha tr , phn ng hon ton
vi 100g dung dch HCl 21,9%. Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Bi 10.2: Cho 7,2g mt kim loi cha r ha tr , phn ng hon ton
vi 100 ml dung dch HCl 6 M. Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Bi 11.2 : Cho 7,2g mt kim loi cha r ha tr , phn ng hon ton
vi 120 g dung dch HCl 6 M ( d= 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh tn kim loi
dng.
Bi 12.2 : Cho 7,2g mt kim loi cha r ha tr ,phn ng hon ton
vi 83,3 ml dung dch HCl 21,9 % ( d= 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh tn kim loi
dng.
Bi 13: Cho 7,22 gam hon hp X gom Fe va kim loai M co
hoa tr khong oi. Chia hon hp thanh 2 phan bang nhau.
- Hoa tan het phan 1 trong dung dch HCl, c 2,128 lt H
2
.
- Hoa tan het phan 2 trong dung dch HNO
3
, c 1,792 lt kh
NO duy nhat.
Xac nh kim loai M va % khoi lng moi kim loai trong hon
hp X.
ap so: M (Al) va %Fe = 77,56% ; %Al =
22,44%
Bi 14: Kh 3,48 gam mt oxit kim loi M cn dng 1,344 lt kh
hiro ( ktc). Ton b lng kim loi thu c tc dng vi dung dch
HCl d cho 1,008 lt kh hiro ktc.Tm kim loi M v oxit ca n .
(CTHH oxit : Fe
3
O
4
)
Chuyn III. Bi tp v phng trnh ha hc ha hc
a.Lp ph ng trnh ha hc:
Cch gii chung:
- Vit s ca phn ng (gm CTHH ca cc cht p v sn phm).
- Cn bng s nguyn t ca mi nguyn t (bng cch chn cc h s thch hp in
vo trc cc CTHH).
- Vit PTHH.
Lu : Khi chn h s cn bng:
+ Khi gp nhm nguyn t -> Cn bng nguyn c nhm.
+ Thng cn bng nguyn t c s nguyn t l cao nht bng cch nhn cho 2,4
+ Mt nguyn t thay i s nguyn t 2 v PT, ta chn h s bng cch ly
BSCNN ca 2 s trn chia cho s nguyn t ca nguyn t .
V d: ?K + ?O
2
-> ?K
2
O
Gii: 4K + O
2
-> 2K
2
O
+ Khi gp mt s phng trnh phc tp cn phi dng phng php
cn bng theo phng php i s:
V d 1: Cn bng PTHH sau : FeS
2
+ O
2
-> Fe
2
O
3
+ SO
2
Gii: - t cc h s: aFeS
2
+ bO
2
-> cFe
2
O
3
+ dSO
2
- Tnh s nguyn t cc nguyn t trc v sau phn ng theo
cc h s trong PTHH: Ta c: + S nguyn t Fe: a = 2c
+ S nguyn t S : 2a = d
+ S nguyn t O : 2b = 3c + 2d
t a = 1 c = 1/2, d = 2, b = 3/2 + 2.2 = 11/2
Thay a, b, c, d vo PT: aFeS
2
+ bO
2
-> cFe
2
O
3
+ dSO
2
FeS
2
+ 11/2O
2
-> 1/2Fe
2
O
3
+ 2SO
2

Hay: 2FeS
2
+ 11O
2
-> Fe
2
O
3
+ 4SO
2


V d 2 Cn bng PTHH sau: Fe
x
Oy + H
2
Fe + H
2
O
Gii: - t cc h s: a Fe
x
Oy + b H
2
c Fe
+ d H
2
O
- Tnh s nguyn t cc nguyn t trc v sau phn ng theo
cc h s trong PTHH: Ta c: + S nguyn t Fe: a.x = c
+ S nguyn t O : a.y = d
+ S nguyn t H : 2b = 2d
t a = 1 c = x, d = b = y
Thay a, b, c, d vo PT: Fe
x
Oy + y H
2
x Fe + y H
2
O

* Bi tp vn dng:
1 : Hay chon CTHH va he so thch hp at vao nhng cho
co dau hoi trong cac PTP sau e c PTP ung :
a/ ?Na + ? 2Na
2
O b/ 2HgO

t
0
? Hg + ?
c/ ? H
2
+ ? t
0
2H
2
O d/ 2Al + 6HCl ?AlCl
3
+ ?
2: Hoan thanh cacs o PHH sau e c PTHH ung :
a/ CaCO
3
+ HCl ------> CaCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2

b/ C
2
H
2
+ O
2
---------> CO
2
+ H
2
O
c/ Al + H
2
SO
4
--------> Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ H
2
d/ KHCO
3
+ Ba(OH)
2
------->BaCO
3
+ K
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
e/ NaHS + KOH ------> Na
2
S + K
2
S + H
2
O
f/ Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
+ H
2
O ------> Fe(OH)
3
3: ot chay kh axetylen (C
2
H
2
) trong kh oxi sinh ra kh cacbonic
va hi nc .Dan hon hp kh vao dung dch nc voi trong (
Ca(OH)
2
) th thu c chat ket tua canxicacbonat (CaCO
3
) .Viet
cac PTP xay ra .
4: Hon thnh cc PTHH cho cc p sau:
Na
2
O + H
2
O -> NaOH.
BaO+H
2
O

-> Ba(OH)
2
CO
2
+H
2
O -> H
2
CO
3
N
2
O
5
+ H
2
O

-> HNO
3
P
2
O
5
+H
2
O -> H
3
PO
4
NO
2
+O
2
+ H
2
O
->
HNO
3
SO
2
+Br
2
+ H
2
O -> H
2
SO
4
+ HBr
K
2
O+P
2
O
5
-> K
3
PO
4
Na
2
O + N
2
O
5
-> NaNO
3
Fe
2
O
3
+ H
2
SO
4
-> Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ H
2
O
Fe
3
O
4
+ HCl -> FeCl
2
+ FeCl
3
+ H
2
O
KOH + FeSO
4
-> Fe(OH)
2
+ K
2
SO
4
Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
-> Fe
2
O
3
+ H
2
O.
KNO
3
-> KNO
2
+ O
2
AgNO
3
-> Ag + O
2
+ NO
2
Fe + Cl
2
-> FeCl
n
FeS
2
+O
2
-> Fe
2
O
3
+ SO
2
FeS +O
2
-> Fe
2
O
3
+ SO
2
Fe
x
O
y
+ O
2
-> Fe
2
O
3
Cu +O
2
+ HCl -> CuCl
2
+ H
2
O
Fe
3
O
4
+ C -> Fe + CO
2
Fe
2
O
3
+ H
2
-> Fe + H
2
O.
Fe
x
O
y
+ Al -> Fe + Al
2
O
3
Fe + Cl
2
-> FeCl
3
CO +O
2
-> CO
2
5. Hon thnh cc phng trnh ha hc sau:
Fe
x
Oy + H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
2y / x
+ H
2
O
Fe
x
Oy + H
2
Fe + H
2
O
Al(NO
3
)
3
Al
2
O
3
+ NO
2
+ O
2
KMnO
4
+ HCl Cl
2
+ KCl + MnCl
2
+ H
2
O
Fe
3
O
4
+ Al Fe + Al
2
O
3
FeS
2
+ O
2
----> Fe
2
O
3
+ SO
2
KOH + Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
----> K
2
SO
4
+ Al(OH)
3
FeO + HNO
3
----> Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + H
2
O
Fe
x
O
y
+ CO ----> FeO + CO
2
6. Hon thnh chui bin ho sau:
P
2
O
5
H
3
PO
4
H
2
KClO
3
O
2
Na
2
O NaOH
H
2
O H
2
H
2
O KOH
7: Hon thnh s chuyn ho sau (ghi r iu kin phn ng)
v cho bit cc phn ng trn thuc loi no?.
KMnO
4
7
KOH
H
2
O O
2
Fe
3
O
4
Fe H
2
H
2
O 8
H
2
SO
4
KClO
3
B: Tnh theo ph ng trnh ha hc
Cch gii chung:
- Vit v cn bng PTHH.
- Tnh s mol ca cht bi cho.
- Da vo PTHH, tm s mol cc cht m bi yu cu.
- Tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi (khi lng, th tch cht kh)
1.Dng ton c bn :
Cho bit lng mt cht (c th cho bng gam, mol, V
(ktc)
, cc i l-
ng v nng dd, tan, t khi cht kh), tm l ng cc cht cn li
trong mt phn ng ha hc.
Cch gii : Bi ton c dng : a M + b B c C + d D
(Trong cc cht M, B, C, D :c th l mt n cht hay 1 hp cht)
- Tnh s mol ca cht bi cho.
- Da vo PTHH, tm s mol cc cht m bi yu cu.
- Tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi
* Tr ng hp 1: Cho dng trc tip bng : gam, mol.
1
2
4 3 5 6
V d1: Cho kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 0,6 mol HCl. Xc
nh khi lng kim loi dng.
Gii: Ta c Phng trnh phn ng:
Mg + 2HCl > MgCl
2
+ H
2
1mol 2mol
x (mol) 0,6 (mol)
x = 0,6. 1 / 2 = 0,3 (mol) m
Mg
= n.M = 0,3. 24 = 7,2 (g)
*Tr ng hp 2: Cho dng gin tip bng : V(ktc)
V d2: Cho kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HCl. thu
c 6,72 lt kh (ktc) . Xc nh khi lng kim loi dng.
Gii
Tm : nH
2
=
6, 72
22, 4
= 0,3 (mol)
Ta c Phng trnh phn ng:
Mg + 2HCl > MgCl
2
+ H
2
1mol 1mol
x (mol) 0,3 (mol)
x = 0,3. 1 / 1 = 0,3 (mol) m
Mg
= n.M = 0,3. 24 = 7,2 (g)
*Tr ng hp 3: Cho dng gin tip bng : mdd, c%
V d 3: Cho kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 100g dung dch HCl
21,9%. Xc nh khi lng kim loi dng.
Gii Ta phi tm n
HCl
phn ng ?
p dng : C % =
.100% mct
mdd

m
HCl
=
. %
100%
mdd c
=
100.21, 9
100
= 21,9 (g)

n
HCl
=
m
M
=
21, 9
36, 5
= 0,6 (mol)
*Tr v bi ton 1: Cho kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 0,6 mol
HCl. Xc nh khi lng kim loi dng.
(Gii nh v d 1)
*Tr ng hp 4: Cho dng gin tip bng : Vdd, C
M
V d 4 : Cho kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 100 ml dung dch
HCl 6 M. Xc nh khi lng kim loi dng.
Gii: Tm n
HCl
= ?

p dng : C
M
=
n
V

n
HCl
= C
M
.V = 6.0,1 = 0,6
(mol)
*Tr v bi ton 1: Cho kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 0,6 mol
HCl. Xc nh khi lng kim loi dng.
(Gii nh v d 1)
*Tr ng hp 5: Cho dng gin tip bng : mdd, C
M
,d (g/ml)
V d 5 : Cho kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 120 g dung dch
HCl 6 M ( d= 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh khi lng kim loi dng.
Gii: Tm n
HCl
= ?
- Tm Vdd (da vo mdd, d (g/ml)): t d =
m
V

V
dd H Cl
=
m
d
=
120
1, 2
=
100 (ml) =0,1(l)
- Tm n
HCl
= ?

p dng : C
M
=
n
V

n
HCl
= C
M
. V = 6. 0,1 = 0,6 (mol)
*Tr v bi ton 1: Cho kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 0,6 mol
HCl. Xc nh khi lng kim loi dng.
(Gii nh v d 1)
*Tr ng hp 6: Cho dng gin tip bng : Vdd, C%, d (g/ml)
V d 6 : Cho kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 83,3 ml dung dch
HCl 21,9 %
( d= 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh khi lng kim loi dng.
Gii: Tm n
HCl
= ?
- Tm m dd (da vo Vdd, d (g/ml)): t d =
m
V

m
dd H Cl
= V.d = 83,3 .
1,2 = 100 (g) dd HCl.
p dng : C % =
.100% mct
mdd

m
HCl
=
. %
100%
mdd c
=
100.21, 9
100
= 21,9 (g)

n
HCl
=
m
M
=
21, 9
36, 5
= 0,6 (mol)
*Tr v bi ton 1: Cho kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 0,6 mol
HCl. Xc nh khi lng kim loi dng.
(Gii nh v d 1)
Vn dng 6 dng ton trn:
Ta c th thit lp c 9 bi ton tm cc i lng lin
quan n nng dung dch( C%, C
M
., mdd, Vdd, khi lng
ring ca dd(d
(g/ml)
) ca cht phn ng).
1. Cho 7,2 g kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 100g dung dch HCl .
Xc nh nng % dd HCl cn dng.
2. Cho 7,2 g kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HCl
21,9% . Xc nh khi lng dd HCl cn dng.
3: Cho 7,2 g kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 100 ml dung dch
HCl .Xc nh nng Mol/ lt dd HCl cn dng.
4. Cho 7,2 g kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HCl 6M
.Xc nh th tch dd HCl cn dng.
5. Cho 7,2 g kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HCl 6 M (
d = 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh khi lng dd HCl cn dng.
6. Cho 7,2 g kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 120g dung dch HCl
( d = 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh nng Mol/lt dd HCl cn dng.
7. Cho 7,2 g kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HCl 21,9%
( d = 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh th tch dd HCl cn dng.
8. Cho 7,2 g kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 120 g dung dch HCl
6 M . Xc nh khi lng ring dd HCl cn dng.
9. Cho 7,2 g kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 83,3 ml dung dch
HCl 21,9% . Xc nh khi lng ring dd HCl cn dng.
2.Dng ton tha thiu :
1. Tr ng hp ch c 2 cht phn ng : PTHH c dng : a M + b B
c C + d D
(Trong cc cht M, B, C, D :c th l mt n cht hay 1 hp cht)
* Cho bit lng 2 cht trong phn ng (c th cho bng gam, mol,
V
(ktc)
, cc i lng v nng dd, tan, t khi cht kh), tm l ng
cc cht cn li trong mt phn ng ha hc.
Cch gii chung : - Vit v cn bng PTHH:
- Tnh s mol ca cht bi cho.
- Xc nh lng cht no phn ng ht, cht no d bng cch:
- Lp t s : S mol cht A bi cho (>; =; <) S mol cht B bi cho
S mol cht A trn PT S mol cht B trn PT
=> T s ca cht no ln hn -> cht d; t s ca cht no nh hn, cht p
ht.
- Da vo PTHH, tm s mol cc cht sn phm theo cht p ht.
- Tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi (khi lng, th tch cht kh)
V d: Khi t, than chy theo s sau : Cacbon + oxi kh
cacbon ioxit
a) Vit v cn bng phng trnh phn ng.
b) Cho bit khi lng cacbon tc dng bng 18 kg, khi lng oxi tc
dng bng 24 kg. Hy tnh khi lng kh cacbon ioxit to thnh.
c) Nu khi lng cacbon tc dng bng 8 kg, khi lng kh cacbonic thu
c bng 22 kg, hy tnh khi lng cacbon cn d v khi lng oxi
phn ng.
Gii:
a. PTHH: C + O
2
t
0
CO
2
b. S mol C: n
C
= 18.000 : 12 = 1500 mol.
- S mol O
2
: n
O2
= 24.000 : 32 = 750 mol.
Theo PTHH, ta c t s:
1
nC
=
1
1500
= 1500 >
1
2 nO
=
1
750
= 750.
=> O
2
p ht, C d.
- Theo pthh: n
CO2
= n
O2
= 750 mol.
- Vy khi lng CO
2
to thnh: m
CO2
= 750. 44 = 33.000gam = 33kg.
c. S mol CO
2
: n
CO2
= 22.000 : 44 = 500 mol. - Theo PTHH: n
C
= n
O2
= n
CO2
= 500
mol.
- Khi lng C tham gia p: m
C
= 500. 12 = 6.000g = 6kg.
=> Khi lng C cn d: 8 6 = 2kg.
- Khi lng O
2
tham gia p: m
O2
= 500 . 32 = 16000g = 16kg.
* Bi tp vn dng:
1: Cho 22,4g Fe tc dng vi dd long c cha 24,5g axit sulfuric.
a. Tnh s mol mi cht ban u v cho bit cht d trong p?
b. Tnh khi lng cht cn d sau p?
c. Tnh th tch kh hidro thu c ktc?
d. Tnh khi lng mui thu c sau p
2 : Cho dd cha 58,8g H
2
SO
4
tc dng vi 61,2g Al
2
O
3
.
a. Tnh s mol mi cht ban u ca hai cht p?
b. Sau p cht no d, d bao nhiu gam?
c. Tnh khi lng mui nhm sunfat to thnh?
(bit H
2
SO
4
+ Al
2
O
3
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ H
2
O )
3: Dng 6,72 lt kh H
2
(ktc) kh 20g St (III) oxit.
a. Vit PTHH ca p?
b. Tnh khi lng oxit st t thu c?
4: Cho 31g Natri oxit vo 27g nc.
a. Tnh khi lng NaOH thu c?
b. Tnh nng % ca dd thu c sau p?
5: Cho 4,05g kim loi Al vo dd H
2
SO
4
, sa p thu c 3,36 lt kh ktc.
a. Tnh khi lng Al p?
b. Tnh khi lng mui thu c v khi lng axit p?
c. ha tan ht lng Al cn d cn phi dng them bao nhiu gam axit?
6 . Cho 2,8 gam st tc dng vi 14,6 gam dung dch axit clohiric
HCl nguyn cht.
a. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
b. Cht no cn d sau phn ng v d bao nhiu gam?
c. Tnh th tch kh H
2
thu c (ktc)?
d. Nu mun cho phn ng xy ra hon ton th phi dng thm cht
kia mt lng l bao nhiu?
2.Tr ng hp c nhiu cht phn ng :
* Cho bit lng mt hn hp nhiu cht phn ng vi mt l ng
cht phn ng khc (c th cho bng gam, mol, V
(ktc)
, cc i lng
v nng dd, tan, t khi cht kh), tm l ng cc cht cn li
trong qu trnh phn ng ha hc.
Bi ton c dng : cho hn hp A( gm M, M) phn ng vi B

chng minh hh A ht hay B ht:

Cch gii chung : - Vit v cn bng PTHH:
PTHH c dng : a M + b B c C + d D
a M + bB c C + dD
(Trong cc cht M, M, B, C, D, C, D: c th l mt n cht hay
1 hp cht)
- Tnh s mol ca hn hp v s mol cc cht trong qu trnh phn ng
. Bin lun lng hn hp hay lng cht phn ng vi hh theo cc d kin
ca bi ton lin quan n lng hh hay cht phn ng , xc nh
lng hh ht hay cht phn ng vi hh ht
- Da vo PTHH, tm lng cc cht cn li theo lng cht p ht.
V d: Cho 3,78 gam hon hp gom Mg va Al tac dung vi 0,5
mol HCl
a. Chng minh rang sau phan ng vi Mg va Al , axit van
con d ?
b. Neu phan ng tren lam thoat ra 4,368 lt kh H
2
(ktc) .
Hay tnh so gam Mg va Al a dung ban au ?
Gii: a. Ta c PTHH:
2Al + 6 HCl 2 AlCl
3
+ 3 H
2
(1)
x (mol) 3x
3.
2
x
Mg + 2 HCl MgCl2 + H
2
(2)
y (mol) 2y y
Gi s lng hn hp ht :
- Theo bi ra : 27x + 24y = 3,78 > 24 (x+y)

3, 78
24
= 0,16 > x +y
(3)
- Theo PT (1) (2) n
HCl
= 3x + 2y < 3 (x +y) (4)
Kt hp (3) (4) : 3x + 2y < 3 (x +y) < 3.0,16 = 0,48
Vy : n
HCl
phn ng = 3x + 2y < 0,48 m bi theo bi ra n
HCl
= 0,5
(mol)
Nn lng hn hp ht, A xt cn d .
b. Lng hn hp ht nn ta c PT : 27x + 24y = 3,78
(5)
Theo (1) (2) : n
H2
=
3.
2
x
+ y =
4, 368
22, 4
= 0,195
(6)
Gii h phng trnh:
27 24 3, 78
3/ 2. 0,195
x y
x y
+
'
+

x = 0,06 (mol) , y = 0,09 (mol)

m
Al
= n. M = 0,06. 27 = 1,62 (g), m
Mg
= n. M = 0,09. 24 = 2,16 (g),
* Bi tp vn dng:
1. Cho 8,4 gam hon hp Zn va Mg tac dung vi 3,65 g HCl
a. Chng minh rang sau phan ng axit van con d ?
b. Neu thoat ra 4,48 lt kh (ktc) . Hay tnh so gam Mg va Al
a dung ban au
2. Cho 7,8 gam hon hp Mg va Al tac dung vi 0,5 mol dung
dch H
2
SO
4

a. Chng minh rang sau phan ng vi Mg va Al , axit van con
d ?
b. Neu phan ng tren lam thoat ra 4,368 lt kh H
2
(ktc) . Hay
tnh % ve khoi lng cua Mg va Al a dung ban au ?
3. Ho tan hn hp gm 37,2 gam Zn v Fe trong 1 mol dung dch
H
2
SO
4
a. Chng minh rng hn hp tan ht.
b. Nu ho tan hn hp trn vi lng gp i vo cng lng axit
trn th hn hp c tan ht khng.
4. Ho tan hn hp gm Mg v Fe trong dung dch ng 7,3 gam HCl
ta thu c 0,18 gam H
2
. Chng minh sau phn ng vn cn d axit.
5. Ngui ta tin hnh 2 th nghim sau:
TN1: Cho 2,02 gam hn hp Mg, Zn vo cc ng 200ml dung dch
HCl . Sau phn ng un nng cho nc bay hi ht thu c 4,86
gam cht rn.
TN2: Cho 2,02 gam hn hp trn vo cc ng 400ml dung dch HCl
trn. Sau khi c cn thu c 5,57 gam cht rn.
a. Chng minh trong TN1 axit ht, TN2 axit d.
b. Tnh th tch kh (ktc)

bay ra TN1.
c. Tnh s mol HCl tham gia phn ng.
d. Tnh s gam mi kim loi
6. Cho a gam Fe ho tan trong dung dch HCl (TN1) sau khi c cn
dung dch thu c 3,1 gam cht rn. Nu cho a gam Fe v b gam Mg
( TN2) vo dung dch HCl cng vi lng trn th thu c 3,34 gam cht
rn . Bit th tch H
2
(ktc)

thot ra c 2 TN u l 448 ml. Tnh
a,b bit rng TN2 Mg hot ng mnh hn Fe. Ch khi Mg phn ng
xong th Fe mi phn ng.
7. Cho 22 gam hn hp X gm Al v Fe phn ng vi dung dch cha
0,6 mol HCl . Chng minh hn hp X tan ht.
8. Cho 3,87 gam hn hp A gm Mg v Al vo 0,25mol HCl v 0,125
mol H
2
SO
4
ta thu c dung dch B v 4,368 lit H
2
(ktc)

.
a. Chng minh trong dung dch vn cn d axit.
b. Tnh % cc kim loi trong A.
9. Ho tan 7,8 gam hn hp gm Mg v Zn vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
. Sau
phn ng thu c dung dch A v 2,24 lit kh. Chng minh sau phn
ng kim loi vn cn d.
10. Hoa tan 13,2 gam hon hp A gom 2 kim loai co cung hoa
tr vao 0.6 mol HCl . Co can dung dch sau phan ng thu c
32,7 gam hon hp muoi khan.
a. Chng minh hon hp A khong tan het.
b. Tnh the tch hiro sinh ra (ktc).
3. Dng Ton hn hp :
Bi ton c dng : cho m (g) hn hp A ( gm M, M) phn ng
hon ton vi lng cht B

Tnh thnh phn % ca hn hp

hay lng sn phm.
1. Tr ng hp trong hn hp c mt s cht khng phn ng vi
cht cho:
cho m (g) hn hp A(gm M, M) + ch c mt cht phn ng hon
ton vi lng cht B.
Cch gii chung :
- Xc nh trong hn hp A (M, M) cht no phn ng vi B. vit v
cn bng PTHH.
- Tnh s mol cc cht trong qu trnh phn ng theo cc d kin ca
bi ton lin quan n lng hh hay lng cht phn ng, xc nh
lng cht no trong hn hp phn ng, lng cht khng phn ng.
- Da vo PTHH, cc d kin bi ton, tm lng cc cht trong hn hp
hay lng cc cht sn phm theo yu cu .
V d: Cho 9,1 gam hn hp kim loi Cu v Al phn ng hon ton vi
dd HCl, thu c 3,36 lt kh (ktc). Tnh TP % ca hn hp kim loi.
Gii: - Cho hn hp kim loi vo HCl ch c Al phn ng theo PT:
2Al + 6 HCl 2 AlCl
3
+ 3 H
2
(1)
x (mol) 3x
3.
2
x
- Theo PT: n
H2
=
3.
2
x
=
3, 36
22, 4
= 0,15 (mol)

x = 0,1 (mol)

m
Al
= n.M = 0,1. 27 = 2,7 (g)

m
Cu
= m
hh
- m
Al
= 9,1 - 2,7 =
6,4 (g)
* Bi tp vn dng:
1. Cho 8 gam hon hp gom Cu va Fe tac dung vi dung dch
HCl d tao thanh 1,68 lt kh H
2
thoat ra ( ktc ). Tnh % ve
khoi lng cua tng kim loai co trong hon hp ?
2. Cho hon hp gom Ag va Al tac dung vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
d
tao thanh 6,72 lt kh H
2
thoat ra ( ktc) va 4,6 g chat ran
khong tan. Tnh % ve khoi lng cua tng kim loai co trong
hon hp ?
2.Tr ng hp cc cht trong hn hp u tham gia phn ng
cho m (g) hn hp A ( gm M, M) + cc cht trong n hp A u phn
ng hon ton vi lng cht B.
Cch gii chung :
- Vit v cn bng PTHH XY RA..
- Tnh s mol cc cht trong qu trnh phn ng theo cc d kin ca
bi ton lin quan n lng hh hay lng cht phn ng .
- Da vo PTHH, cc d kin bi ton, Lp h phng trnh bc nht 1
n( hoc 2 n ). tm lng cc cht trong hn hp hay lng cc cht sn
phm theo yu cu .
V d. t chy 29,6 gam hn hp kim loi Cu v Fe cn 6,72 lt
kh oxi iu kin tiu chun.Tnh khi lng cht rn thu c
theo 2 cch.
Gii:
n
oxi
= 6,72 : 22,4 = 0,3 mol
m
oxi
= 0,3 x 32 = 9,6 gam
PTP : 2Cu + O
2
-> 2CuO (1)
x (mol) : x/2 : x
3 Fe + 2O
2
-> Fe
3
O
4
(2)
y (mol) 2y/3 y/3
Cch 1: p dng LBTKL cho phn ng (1) v (2) ta c :
m
st
+ m
ng
+ m
oxi
= m
oxu
= 29,6 + 9,6 = 39,2 gam
Cch 2 : Gi x,y l s mol ca Cu v Fe trong hn hp ban u
(x,y nguyn dng)
Theo bi ra ta c :
64x + 56y = 29,6
x/2 + 2y/3 = 0,3
x = 0,2 ; y = 0,3
khi lng oxit thu c l : 80x + (232y:3 ) = 80 . 0,2 + 232 .
0,1 = 39,2 gam
* Bi tp vn dng:
1. Kh 15,2 gam hon hp gom Fe
2
O
3
va FeO bang H
2
nhiet
o cao thu c sat kim loai . e hoa tan het lng sat nay
can 0,4 mol HCl.
a.Tnh % ve khoi lng cua moi oxit co trong hon hp ban
au ?
b.Tnh the tch H
2
thu c ( ktc)?
2. Cho 19,46 gam hon hp gom Mg , Al va Zn trong o khoi
lng cua Magie bang khoi lng cua nhom tac dung vi
dung dch HCl tao thanh 16, 352 lt kh H
2
thoat ra ( ktc ) .
Tnh % ve khoi lng cua tng kim loai co trong hon hp ?
3. Kh 15,2 gam hon hp gom Fe
2
O
3
va FeO bang H
2
nhiet
o cao thu c sat kim loai . e hoa tan het lng sat nay
can 0,4 mol HCl .
a.Tnh % ve khoi lng cua moi oxit co trong hon hp ban
au ?
b.Tnh the tch H
2
thu c ktc ?
4. Cho mot luong CO d i qua ong s cha 15,3 gam hon hp
gom FeO va ZnO nung nong , thu c mot hon hp chat ran
co khoi lng 12, 74 gam . Biet trong ieu kien th nghiem
hieu suat cac phan ng eu at 80% .
a.Tnh % ve khoi lng cua moi oxit co trong hon hp ban
au ?
b.e hoa tan hoan toan lng chat ran thu c sau phan
ng tren phai dung bao nhieu lt dung dch HCl 2M ?
5. Cho luong kh CO i qua ong s ng m gam hon hp gom
Fe , FeO , Fe
2
O
3
nung nong . Sau khi ket thuc th nghiem , thu
c 64 gam chat ran A va 11,2 lt kh B (ktc) co t khoi hi so
vi hiro la 20,4. Tnh m ?
6. Cho 11 gam hon hp gom Al va Fe tac dung va u vi
dung dch HCl 2M tao thanh 8,96 lt kh H
2
thoat ra ktc .
a.Tnh % ve khoi lng cua tng kim loai co trong hon hp ?
b. Tnh the tch dung dch HCl a tham gia phan ng ?
7. Cho 8,8 gam hon hp gom Mg va MgO tac dung va u vi
dung dch HCl 14,6% .Co can dung dch sau phan ng thu c
28,5 gam muoi khan.
a. Tnh % ve khoi lng cua tng chat co trong hon hp ?
b. Tnh khoi lng dung dch HCl a tham gia phan ng ?
c. Tnh nong o phan tram cua muoi tao thanh sau phan
ng ?
8. Cho mot luong CO d i qua ong s cha 15,3 gam hon hp
gom FeO va ZnO nung nong , thu c mot hon hp chat ran
co khoi lng 12, 74 gam . Biet trong ieu kien th nghiem
hieu suat cac phan ng eu at 80%.
a. Tnh % ve khoi lng cua moi oxit co trong hon hp ban
au ?
b. e hoa tan hoan toan lng chat ran thu c sau phan
ng tren phai dung bao nhieu lt dung dch HCl 2M ?
9. Chia hon hp gom Fe va Fe
2
O
3
lam 2 phan bang nhau.
Phan 1 : cho mot luong CO i qua va nung nong thu c 11,2
gam Fe.
Phan 2 : ngam trong dung dch HCl . Sau phan ng thu c 2,24
lt kh H
2
ktc
Tnh % ve khoi lng cua moi chat co trong hon hp ban
au ?
10. Cho 46,1 (g) hon hp Mg, Fe, Zn phan ng vi dung dch HCl
th thu c 17,92 lt H
2
(ktc). Tnh thanh phan phan tram ve
khoi lng cac kim loai trong hon hp. Biet rang the tch kh
H
2
do sat tao ra gap oi the tch H
2
do Mg tao ra.
4. dng ton Tng gim khi lng
Trng hp1: Kim loai phan ng vi muoi cua kim
loai yeu hn.
Cch gii chung : - Goi x (g) la khoi lng cua kim loai manh.
- Lap phng trnh hoa hoc.
- Da vao d kien e bai va PTHH e tm lng
kim loai tham gia.
- T o suy ra lng cac chat khac.
Lu y: Khi cho mieng kim loai vao dung dch muoi, Sau phan
ng thanh kim loai tang hay giam:
- Neu thanh kim loai tang:

kimloai sau kimloai trc kimloai tang
m m m
- Neu khoi lng thanh kim loai giam:

kimloai trc kimloai sau kimloai giam
m m m
- Neu e bai cho khoi lng thanh kim loai tang a
% hay giam b% th nen at thanh kim loai ban au la m gam.
Vay khoi lng thanh kim loai tang a%

m hay b%

m .
* Bi tp vn dng:
1: Cho mot la ong co khoi lng la 6 gam vao dung dch
AgNO
3
. Phan ng xong, em la kim loai ra ra nhe, lam kho
can c 13,6 gam. Tnh khoi lng ong a phan ng.
2. Ngam mot mieng sat vao 320 gam dung dch CuSO
4
10%. Sau
khi tat ca ong b ay ra khoi dung dch CuSO
4
va bam het
vao mieng sat, th khoi lng mieng sat tang len 8%. Xac
nh khoi lng mieng sat ban au.
3.Nhung thanh sat co khoi lng 50 gam vao 400ml dung dch
CuSO
4
. Sau mot thi gian khoi lng thanh sat tang 4%.
a. Xac nh lng Cu thoat ra. Gia s ong thoat ra eu bam
vao thanh sat.
b. Tnh nong o mol/l cua dung dch sat(II) sunfat tao thanh.
Gia s the tch dung dch khong thay oi.
4. Hai thanh kim loai giong nhau (eu tao bi cung nguyen to
R hoa tr II) va co cung khoi lng. Tha thanh th nhat vao
dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
va thanh thu hai vao dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
. Sau
mot thi gian, khi so mol 2 muoi phan ng bang nhau lay 2
thanh kim loai o ra khoi dung dch thay khoi lng thanh th
nhat giam i 0,2%, con khoi lng thanh th hai tang them
28,4%. Tm nguyen to R.
5: Cho mot thanh Pb kim loai tac dung va u vi dung dch
muoi nitrat cua kim loai hoa tr II, sau mot thi gian khi khoi
lng thanh Pb khong oi th lay ra khoi dung dch thay khoi
lng no giam i 14,3 gam. Cho thanh sat co khoi lng 50 gam
vao dung dch sau phan ng tren, khoi lng thanh sat khong
oi na th lay ra khoi dung dch, ra sach, say kho can
nang 65,1 gam. Tm ten kim loai hoa tr II.
6. Nhung mot thoi sat 100 gam vao dung dch CuSO
4
. Sau mot
thi gian lay ra ra sach , say kho can nang 101,6 gam . Hoi
khoi kim loai o co bao nhieu gam sat , bao nhieu gam ong ?
7.Cho mot ban nhom co khoi lng 60 gam vao dung dch
CuSO
4
. Sau mot thi gian lay ra ra sach, say kho can nang
80,7gam. Tnh khoi lng ong bam vao ban nhom ?
8. Ngam mot la ong vao dung dch AgNO
3
. Sau phan ng
khoi lng la ong tang 0,76 gam . Tnh so gam ong a
tham gia phan ng ?
9. Ngam inh sat vao dung dch CuSO
4
. Sau mot thi gian lay
ra ra sach, say kho can nang hn luc au 0,4 gam
a. Tnh khoi lng sat va CuSO
4
a tham gia phan ng ?
b. Neu khoi lng dung dch CuSO
4
a dung tren la 210 gam
co khoi lng rieng la 1,05 g/ml . Xac nh nong o mol ban
au cua dung dch CuSO
4
?
10. Cho 333 gam hon hp 3 muoi MgSO
4
, CuSO
4
va BaSO
4
vao
nc c dung dch D va mot phan khong tan co khoi lng
233 gam . Nhung thanh nhom vao dung dch D . Sau phan ng
khoi lng thanh kim loai tang 11,5 gam . Tnh % ve khoi lng
cua moi muoi co trong hon hp tren ?
11. Cho ban sat co khoi lng 100 gam vao 2 lt dung dch
CuSO
4
1M. Sau mot thi gian dung dch CuSO
4
co nong o la
0,8 M . Tnh khoi lng ban kim loai , biet rang the tch dung
dch xem nh khong oi va khoi lng ong bam hoan toan
vao ban sat ?
12. Nhung mot la kem vao 500 ml dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
2M . Sau
mot thi gian khoi lng la kem tang 2,84 gam so vi ban
au .
a.Tnh lng Pb a bam vao laZn, biet rang lng Pb sinh ra
bam hoan toan vao la Zn.
b. Tnh mong o M cac muoi co trong dung dch sau khi lay la
kem ra, biet rang the tch dung dch xem nh khong oi ?
Trng hp2 : Tang giam khoi lng cua chat ket
tua hay khoi lng dung dch sau phan ng
a) Khi gap bai toan cho a gam muoi clorua (cua kim loai
Ba, Ca, Mg) tac dung vi dung dch cacbonat tao muoi ket tua
co khoi lng b gam. Hay tm cong thc muoi clorua.
- Muon tm cong thc muoi clorua phai tm so mol (n)
muoi.
o giam khoi lng muoi clorua = a b la do thay Cl
2
(M = 71)
bang CO
3
(M = 60).

muoi
71 60

a- b
n
Xac nh cong thc phan t muoi: muoi clorua
muoi
a

M
n
T o xac nh cong thc phan t muoi.
b) Khi gap bai toan cho m gam muoi cacbonat cua kim loai
hoa tr II tac dung vi H
2
SO
4
loang d thu c n gam muoi
sunfat. Hay tm cong thc phan t muoi cacbonat.
Muon tm cong thc phan t muoi cacbonat phai tm so
mol muoi.

muoi
96 60

n-m
n
(do thay muoi cacbonat (60) bang muoi sunfat (96)
Xac nh cong thc phan t muoi RCO
3
:
muoi
muoi

m
R+60 R
n

Suy ra cong thc phan t cua RCO
3
.
* Bi tp vn dng:
1. Co 100 ml muoi nitrat cua kim loai hoa tr II (dung dch A).
Tha vao A mot thanh Pb kim loai, sau mot thi gian khi lng Pb
khong oi th lay no ra khoi dung dch thay khoi lng cua
no giam i 28,6 gam. Dung dch con lai c tha tiep vao o
mot thanh Fe nang 100 gam. Khi lng sat khong oi na th
lay ra khoi dung dch, tham kho can nang 130,2 gam. Hoi
cong thc cua muoi ban au va nong o mol cua dung dch
A.
2. Hoa tan muoi nitrat cua mot kim loai hoa tr II vao nc
c 200 ml dung dch (A). Cho vao dung dch (A) 200 ml dung dch
K
3
PO
4
, phan ng xay ra va u, thu c ket tua (B) va dung
dch (C). Khoi lng ket tua (B) va khoi lng muoi nitrat trong
dung dch (A) khac nhau 3,64 gam.
a. Tm nong o mol/l cua dung dch (A) va (C), gia thiet the
tch dung dch thay oi do pha tron va the tch ket tua khong
ang ke.
b. Cho dung dch NaOH (lay d) vao 100 ml dung dch (A) thu c
ket tua (D), loc lay ket tua (D) roi em nung en khoi lng
khong oi can c 2,4 gam chat ran. Xac nh kim loai trong
muoi nitrat.
5. Dng ton theo s hp thc hiu sut phn ng
Cch 1: Da vo lng cht thiu tham gia phn ng
H = L ng thc t phn ng .100%
Lng tng s ly
- Lng thc t phn ng c tnh qua phng trnh phn ng theo l-
ng sn phm bit.
- Lng thc t phn ng < lng tng s ly.
- Lng thc t phn ng , lng tng s ly c cng n v.
Cch 2: Da vo 1 trong cc cht sn phm
H = L ng sn phm thc t thu c .100%
Lng sn phm thu theo l thuyt
- Lng sn phm thu theo l thuyt c tnh qua phng trnh phn
ng theo lng cht tham gia phn ng vi gi thit H = 100%
- Lng sn phm thc t thu c thng cho trong bi.
- Lng sn phm thc t thu c < Lng sn phm thu theo l thuyt
- Lng sn phm thc t thu c v Lng sn phm thu theo l thuyt
phi c cng n v o.
* Bi tp vn dng:
1: Nung 1 kg vi cha 80% CaCO
3
thu c 112 dm
3
CO
2
(ktc)
.Tnh hiu sut phn hu CaCO
3
.
2:a) Khi cho kh SO
3
hp nc cho ta dung dch H
2
SO
4
. Tnh lng H
2
SO
4
iu ch c khi cho 40 Kg SO
3
hp nc. Bit Hiu sut phn ng l
95%.
b) Ngi ta dng qung boxit sn xut nhm theo s phn
ng sau:
Al
2
O
3
in phn nng chy, xc tc Al + O
2
Hm lng Al
2
O
3
trong qung boxit l 40% . c c 4 tn nhm
nguyn cht cn bao nhiu tn qung. Bit H ca qu trnh sn xut
l 90%
3:C th iuch bao nhiu kg nhm t 1 tn qung bxit c cha
95% nhm oxit, bit hiu sut phn ng l 98%.
PT: Al
2
O
3
in phn nng chy, xc tc Al + O
2
4Ngi ta dng 490kg than t l chy my. Sau khi l ngui, thy
cn 49kg than cha chy.
a) Tnh hiu sut ca s chy trn.
b) Tnh lng CaCO
3
thu c, khi cho ton b kh CO
2
vo nc vi trong
d.
5:Ngi ta iu ch vi sng (CaO) bng cch nung vi (CaCO
3
). L-
ng vi sng thu c t 1 tn vi c cha 10% tp cht l 0,45 tn.
Tnh hiu sut phn ng.
6:C th iu ch bao nhiu kg nhm t 1tn qung boxit c cha
95% nhm oxit, bit hiu sut phn ng l 98%.
7:Khi cho kh SO
3
tc dng vi nc cho ta dung dch H
2
SO
4
. Tnh lng
H
2
SO
4
iu ch c khi cho 40 kg SO
3
tc dng vi nc. Bit hiu sut
phn ng l 95%.
8.Ngi ta iu ch vi sng (CaO) bng cch nung vi CaCO
3
. L-
ng vi sng thu c t 1 tn vi c cha 10% tp cht l: Hy gii
thch s la chn? Gi s hiu sut nung vi t 100%.
9. Tnh khoi lng H
2
SO
4
95% thu c t 60 kg quang pirit neu
hieu suat p/ ng la 85% ?
10. Dung 150 gam quang pirit cha 20% chat tr ieu che
H
2
SO
4
. em toan bo lng axit ieu che c hoa tan va u
m gam Fe
2
O
3
. Tat ca phan ng xay ra hoan toan, hay
a. Tnh khoi lng H
2
SO
4
ieu che c ?
b. Tnh m ?
11. T 1 tan quang pirit cha 90% FeS
2
co the ieu che bao
nhieu lt H
2
SO
4
am ac 98% (d = 1,84 g/ml) , biet hieu suat
trong qua trnh ieu che la 80% ?
12. Trong cong nghiep ieu che H
2
SO
4
t FeS
2
theo s o sau:
FeS
2

SO
2

SO
3

H
2
SO
4
a. Viet phng trnh phan ng va ghi ro ieu kien.
b. Tnh lng axit 98% ieu che c t 1 tan quang cha 60%
FeS
2
.
Biet hieu suat cua qua trnh la 80%.
13. ieu che HNO
3
trong cong nghiep theo s o:
NH
3

NO

NO
2

HNO
3
a. Viet phng trnh phan ng va ghi ro ieu kien.
b. Tnh the tch NH
3
( ktc) cha 15% tap chat khong chay
can thiet e thu c 10 kg HNO
3
31,5%. Biet hieu suat cua
qua trnh la 79,356%