Dch te va thong ke ng dung trong NCKH: cac test thong ke thch hp

Bai: La chon

LA CHON CAC TEST THONG KE THCH HP TRONG PHAN TCH SO LIEU NGHIEN CU
1- MOT SO NGUYEN TAC KHI CHON TEST THONG KE
Tuy theo test c s dung e xem xet s khac nhau hay tng quan gia cac nhom. No tuy thuoc: Muc tieu nghien cu (o lng s khac nhau hay tng quan); So nhom nghien cu (mot nhom, hai nhom hoac hn); C mau (ln hay nho); Ban chat so lieu (nh tnh hay nh lng). Phan bo mau, loai g? chuan hay khong? Loai cua mau: mau oc lap hay ghep cap Nhng gia nh can thiet (assumptions) tuy thuoc loai test (parametric or non-parametric test)

2- CHON CAC TEST THCH HP

e xac nh s khac nhau ve gia tr cua mot bien nao o gia cac nhom nghien cu, ta co the chon test theo bang sau: Bang: Chon test khi xac nh s khac nhau gia cac nhom: Loai so lieu Bien danh muc (nomial) Bien th hang (ordinal) Bien Loai mau Mau nho Mau ln Hai nhom > hai nhom Hai Quan sat oc lap Test chnh xac cua Fisher 2 test Test 2 nhom cua Wilcoxon hoac Mann-Whitney U-test Kruskal-Wallis 1-way ANOVA t-test Quan sat ghep cap Test dau hieu (Sign) 2 test cua McNemar Wilcoxon signedrank test Friedman 2-way ANOVA t-test ghep cap

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Dch te va thong ke ng dung trong NCKH: cac test thong ke thch hp

Bai: La chon

lien tuc (continuou s)

nhom > hai nhom

F-test (ANOVA)

t-test ghep cap

Ngoai cac tieu chuan tren, mot ieu rat quan trong can phai biet o la khi nao ta co the dung test tham so (parametric test) va khi nao ta phai dung test phi tham so (non-parametric test). Test tham so la nhng test quan tam en cac tham so quan the (parameter). Chung ch co the c ap dung khi phu hp vi cac ieu kien c neu trong bang doi ay. Test phi tham so la nhng test khong quan tam ti s phan bo cua quan the me (quan the nghien cu). Bang di ay trnh bay s khac nhau gia 2 loai test nay: Test tham so Test phi tham so C mau Ch dung cho cac Co the dung cho ca nghien cu vi nghien cu vi c c mau ln (> mau ln va nho 30) Phan bo quan Phai la phan bo Ap dung cho cac the ma t o chuan (ieu nay quan the khi khong mau c rut tren thc te biet phan bo cua ra thng rat kho no hoac phan bo biet) khong chuan. Qua trnh chon Phai la ngau Khong can phai mau nhien t quan ngau nhien the nghien cu Phng sai cua Phai la bang Khong nhat thiet cac quan the nhau phai bang nhau nghien cu khi (homoscedasticity) so sanh cac mau cua chung. Loai bien c Thng vi cac Cho ca cac bien o lng bien lien tuc danh muc va th hang. Hieu biet va Thng kho De hn van dung Loai test thng t-test, ANOVA, phan Fisher exact test, Median dung tch tng quan (r), test, 2 test, Kruskalphan tch hoi quy Wallis one-way ANOVA

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Dch te va thong ke ng dung trong NCKH: cac test thong ke thch hp

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(tuyen tnh, a bien, logistics)...

test, McNemar test...

change

T nhng so sanh tren ay, ngi ta khuyen rang nen s dung cac test phi tham so khi: Khong biet phan bo cua quan the nghien cu; Khong biet phng sai cua cac quan the ma mau cua chung c em ra so sanh. Mau nghien cu qua nho. Mau khong c la chon ngau nhien t quan the nghien cu. So lieu di dang danh muc hoac th hang Tuy nhien, trong mot so trng hp tren, ngi ta van co the ap dung test tham so nhng phai a ra cac gia s (assumptions) cho quan the nghien cu nh phan bo la chuan, mau c chon ngau nhien, cac quan the co cung phng sai... * Han che cua cac test phi tham so: Lc cua cac test phi tham so (power of test) thng thap hn cac test tham so neu chung co cung c mau. Khi s dung cac test phi tham so cho cac so lieu ma so lieu nay lai ap ng vi tieu chuan cua cac test tham so th se lang ph so lieu. Viec ap dung cac test phi tham so cho cac mau nghien cu vi c mau ln se rat phc tap va mat thi gian. Tnh he thong cua cac test phi tham so thap hn nhieu so vi cac test tham so. ay la mot lnh vc kha hap dan nhng phc tap va khong the co u thi gian e trnh bay trong tai lieu nay (xin tham khao cac sach ve test phi tham so).

3- PHAN TCH SO LIEU:

Tuy theo loai nghien cu la nh tnh hay nh lng ma co cac cach phan tch khac nhau. 3.1VI CAC NGHIEN CU NH TNH:

(xem bai phan tch so lieu nghien cu nh tnh)

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Dch te va thong ke ng dung trong NCKH: cac test thong ke thch hp

Bai: La chon

3.2-

VI CAC NGHIEN CU NH LNG:

ieu quan trong la chon mot test y ngha (significance test) e xem xet s khac nhau hoac tng quan gia cac nhom. No tuy thuoc: - Muc tieu nghien cu (o lng s khac nhau hay tng quan); - Loai quan sat (ghep cap hay oc lap); - So nhom nghien cu (mot nhom, hai nhom hoac hn); - C mau (ln hay nho); - Ban chat so lieu (nh tnh hay nh lng). 3.3- CHON CAC THUAT TOAN THCH HP CHO CAC LOAI SO LIEU 3.3.1Phan tch s khac nhau: Loai cua so lieu Loai thiet ke nghien cu Cac test thong ke thch hp

Loai cau hoi nghien cu

So lieu ve
Phan tch s khac nhau

Vi tat ca cac loai nghien

Ghep cap Khong ghep cap Ghep cap Khong ghep cap

McNemar s test 2 test t test cho cap t test chung ANOVA (F test)

So lieu ve

Khi so sanh 2 nhom Khi so sanh tren 2

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Dch te va thong ke ng dung trong NCKH: cac test thong ke thch hp

Bai: La chon

3.3.2-

Phan tch s tng quan: Loai cua so lieu Loai thiet ke nghien cu Cac test thong ke thch hp

Loai cau hoi nghien cu

o lng o ln cua tng

So lieu ve

NC ngang/ NC casecontrol NC thuan tap/ NC Thc Vi tat ca cac loai nghien cu

Ty suat chenh (OR) Nguy c tng oi (RR) va OR Phan tch tng quan va hoi quy

Phan tch s tng quan

So lieu ve

Test y ngha thong ke cua s

So lieu ve

Vi tat ca cac loai nghien cu

2 hoac McNemar s

So lieu ve

Vi tat ca cac loai nghien cu

Phan tch tng quan va hoi quy

3.4- VAN E KHAO SAT A BIEN SO VA KH NHIEU TRONG PHAN TCH SO LIEU: Cac test c e cap en trong 2 s o tren thng ch cho phep so sanh hoac phan tch gia 2 hoac 3 bien so vi nhau. V du: Trong phan phan tch so lieu cua cac bien nh tnh va nh lng, ta mi ch dng lai phan tch tng cap bien vi nhau, thong qua s dung 1 so test nh 2 (so sanh 2 ty le) hoac test t (so sanh 2 gia tr trung bnh). Tren thc te, cac bien luon luon nam trong mot moi tng quan tng ho, anh hng qua lai vi nhau, ac biet la trong y hoc, v vay khi tach chung ra e phan tch, cac ket qua

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Dch te va thong ke ng dung trong NCKH: cac test thong ke thch hp

Bai: La chon

thng b sai lech. e khac phuc han che nay ngi ta co the dung mot so thuat toan khac nh phan tch tang, phan tch hoi quy a boi, tuy nhien ay la mot lnh vc kha phc tap va ch c trnh bay van tat trong phan nay. 3.4.1- Ky thuat phan tch tang: (vi cac yeu to nhieu co tnh chat nh tnh) Trong phan phan tch so lieu cua cac bien nh tnh va nh lng, ta mi ch dng lai phan tch tng cap bien vi nhau, thong qua s dung 1 so test nh 2 (so sanh 2 ty le) hoac test t (so sanh 2 gia tr trung bnh). Tuy nhien tren thc te, mot hien tng sc khoe thng xuyen b nhieu yeu to tac ong en cung mot luc va ban than gia cac yeu to nguy c va nhieu cung co tac ong lan nhau. Viec phan tch tang va hoi quy se cho phep ngi nghien cu khao sat cung mot luc nhieu bien so. ieu nay la phu hp vi thc te hn va co the loai tr c cac tac ong tng ho gia cac bien oc lap. Tren thc te co nhieu cach phan tch a bien - Bang a bien: trong trng hp nay, 3 hoac 4 bien c trnh bay chung vao mot bang. Nhn vao bang nay ta co the thay c s khac biet ve ty le quan sat gia cac tang. - Phan tch tang: Trong trng hp nay 3 hoac 4 bien cung c s dung Mantel Haenszel 2 test e so sanh vi 2 chung. - Tac ong tng ho gia cac tang: So sanh 2 gia cac tang * Vi cac bien phu thuoc la bien nh lng th dung ky thuat phan tang ket hp vi test t hoac ANOVA e phan tch. 3.4.2Ky thuat phan tch hoi quy: Vi bien phu thuoc la bien nh lng: Dung phng phap hoi quy a boi Phng trnh tong quat:

Y = a + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 +...... + biXi

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Dch te va thong ke ng dung trong NCKH: cac test thong ke thch hp

Bai: La chon

r2 (he so xac nh) co y ngha trong viec giai thch vai tro cua cac bien oc lap trong s bien oi cua bien phu thuoc Vi bien phu thuoc la bien nh thc: Dung phng phap hoi quy logistics. Phng trnh tong quat:

Y=

1 1 + e ( a + b1 x1 + b2 x2 + b3 x3 + ...+ bi xi )

Phng phap phan tch hoi quy la phng phap phan tch triet e. Tuy nhien ay la lnh vc kha phc tap va can s ho tr cua mot so chng trnh may tnh nh SPSS, STATA, MINITAB v vay, chung toi khong trnh bay ky trong phan nay.

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