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Bi ging mn hc
K THUT IN THOI
Lecturer : * Nguyn Hng V * Email : nghongvy.vtp@gmail.com vy.nguyen@vtcd.vn * Mobile : 0914747000
NI DUNG
CHNG 1: CHNG 2: CHNG 3: CHNG 4: CHNG 5: CHNG 6: CHNG 7: CHNG 8: CC KIN THC TNG QUAN K THUT CHUYN MCH KNH K THUT IU KHIN K THUT BO HIU GIAO TIP KT CUI IU HNH KHAI THC V BO DNG MNG CHUYN MCH GI MT S CNG NGH CHUYN MCH TIN TIN
Chng 1: Cc kin thc tng quan
1.1. Tng quan. 1.2. Lch s pht trin. 1.3. Phng thc chuyn mch.
1.4. Tng i in t s SPC 1.5. Cu hi n tp chng
1.1. Tng Quan

1.1.1. Khi nim. 1.1.2. Cc dch v vin thng. 1.1.3. Mng vin thng. 1.1.4. Chuyn mch.
1.1.1. Khi nim

Truyn thng (Communication) l tt c s trao i, vn chuyn thng tin bng hnh thc ny hoc hnh thc khc. Vin thng (Telecommunication) l s truyn thng qua khong cch da l. Tele c nghia l t xa, biu th mt s bt cu qua khong cch da l, vin thng l s trao i thng tin t xa.
Hnh 1-1 S trao di thng tin gia hai thnh ph
1.1.1. Khi nim

Vt mang dch v: L cc trang thit b c s dng d h tr cho dch v .
Hnh 1-2 Vt mang dch v din thoi

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1.1.2. Cc dch v vin thng

Khi nim :
Hnh 1.3 : Vin thng, mt trong cc dng c bit ca truyn thng

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Thoi : S trao i thng tin bng ting ni, vi u Telex :Truyn cc ky t bng cc m do cc mc in Teletex : N c th s dng nh telex thng thng
cui l my in thai. p to nn. Tc chm (50bits/s), nhng tc l 2400 bits/s thay v 50 bits/s. Hn na, n c b ky t bao gm ch ci va ch con Facsimile : Dch v ny cho php truyn thng tin hnh nh gia cc thu bao.
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Videotex : Dch v Videotex c khai thc trn mng in thoi. Videotex lm vic tc 1200 bits/s trn hng c s d liu n thu bao va 75 bits/s trn hng thu bao n c s d liu. S liu : Bao gm tt c cc loi hnh truyn thng, o, my tnh c dng trao i, truyn a thng tin gia cc ngi s dng
1.1.3. Mng vin thng

1.1.3. Mng vin thng :
Khi nim : Mng vin thng l tt c nhng trang thit b ky thut c s dng trao i thng tin gia cc i tng trong mng. Nhim v thng tin lin lc l do mng li bu chnh vin thng m nhim Mng vin thng pht trin qua nhiu giai on. Ban u l mng in thoi tng t dn dn in bo, telex, facsimile, truyn s liu ... cng c kt hp vo. Vi s ra i ca ky thut s mng vin thng tr nn hin i vi rt nhiu dch v.
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1.1.3. Mng vin thng

Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng :
Hnh 1-4 : Cc thnh phn mng vin thng. Thit b thu / pht : Thit b vo ra, thit b u cui. Node chuyn mch : Thu thp thng tin ca cc i tng va x ly thoa mn cc yu cu o. Bao gm hai nhim v : + X ly tin (CSDL) : X ly, cung cp tin tc. + Chuyn mch.
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1.1.3. Mng vin thng

Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng : H thng truyn dn (mng truyn dn) : - Truyn dn l phn ni cc node chuyn mch vi nhau hoc node chuyn mch vi thu bao truyn thng tin gia chng. - Ngi ta s dng cc phng tin truyn dn khc nhau nh dy trn, viba, cp quang, v tinh ... Phn mm ca mng : - Gip cho s hot ng ca 3 thnh phn trn c hiu qu. - Trong o, s hot ng gia cc node chuyn mch vi nhau l c hiu qu cao cn s hot ng gia node va thu bao l c hiu qa thp.
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1.1.3. Mng vin thng

Cc phng php t chc mng Mng li (Mesh) : Khi s thu bao l khng nhiu lm
Hnh 1-5 : Mt tng i cho nhiu thu bao.

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1.1.3. Mng vin thng

Cc phng php t chc mng Mng li (Mesh) : Khi thu bao mt vng ln cn mun trao i thng tin:
Hnh 1-6 : S ni kt gia hai tng i

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1.1.3. Mng vin thng

Cc phng php t chc mng Mng li (Mesh) : Tng i c cng mt cp c ni vi nhau tng i mt. Mi thu bao ca tng i khc u i bng ng trc tip t tng i ny n tng i kia khng qua tng i trung gian.
Hnh 1-7 : Mng li.

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1.1.3. Mng vin thng

Cc phng php t chc mng Mng sao (star) : Mng sao l loi mng phn cp, c mt tng i cp cao va nhiu tng i cp di. Tt c cc tng i cp di u c ni vi cc tng i cp cao va gia cc tng i cp di khng ni nhau. Hnh 1.8 Mng sao.
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1.1.3. Mng vin thng

Cc phng php t chc mng Mng sao (star) : Tng i cp cao l mt tng i chuyn tip, khng c thu bao ring.Giao tip gia cc thu bao trong cng mt tng i l do tng i o m nhn, khng nh hng n tng i khc.. Khi thu bao ca tng i ny mun ni vi tng i khc thi vic chuyn tip thng qua tng i chuyn tip va khng c ng trc tip. Tit kim ng truyn, cu hnh n gin. Nhng i hi tng i chuyn tip phi c dung lng cao, nu tng i ny hng thi mi lin lc b ngng tr.
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1.1.3. Mng vin thng

Cc phng php t chc mng Mng hn hp : Mt phn l mng sao va phn kia l mng li, vi cc cp phn chia khc nhau. Mt mng quc gia khng phi lc no cng tun thu theo chun CCITT m n cn c th thay i sao cho phu hp vi c im kinh t, xa hi va quan trong nht l nhu cu trao i thng tin.
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1.1.3. Mng vin thng

Cc phng php t chc mng Mng hn hp :
Hnh 1-9: Mng hn hp ca quc gia tiu biu

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1.1.3. Mng vin thng

Cc phng php t chc mng
Hnh 1-10 : Mng hn hp theo phn cp theo chun ca CCITT

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1.1.3. Mng vin thng

Cc phng php t chc mng + Tng i chuyn tip quc gia NTE (Nation Transition Exchange) : L tng i cp di ca tng i chuyn tip quc t ITE (Internation Transition Exchange). Tng i ny c hai nhim v: - Chuyn tip cuc gi lin vng. - Chuyn tip cc cuc gi ra tng i quc t. + Tng i chuyn tip vng LTE (Local Transition Exchange) : Tng t nh tng i chuyn tip quc gia, nhng n qun ly theo vng, Tng i ny c th c thu bao ring.
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1.1.3. Mng vin thng

Cc phng php t chc mng + Tng i ni ht LE : Tip xc trc tip vi thu bao. Lin lc gia cc thu bao ca n l do n qun ly. Khi thu bao mun gi ra thi n chuyn yu cu n tng i cp cao hn. Loi ny va c thu bao ring va c ng trung k. + Tng i PABX (Private Automatic Branch eXchange ) : i vi thu bao thi n l tng i cn i vi tng i cp trn thi n li l thu bao v dy truyn dn l dy thu bao. S thu bao thng nho, nhu cu lin lc trong l ln. + Tp trung thu bao : Gii quyt trng hp qu nhiu ng dy t thu bao ti tng i.
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1.3. Chuyn mch

Chuyn mch l s thit lp ni kt theo yu cu truyn thng tin t ng vo yu cu n ng ra c yu cu trong mt tp ng vo v ng ra (ITU-T). Mc ch:Thit lp ng truyn thng tin qua mng theo cu trc c nh hoc bin dng Hnh 1.11. Chuyn mch
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1.3. Chuyn mch

1.3.1. Lch s pht trin
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Cc h thng nhn cng. Cc h thng chuyn mch din t. Cc h thng s v diu khin my tnh. Cc node chuyn mch cho thng tin d liu. Cc node chuyn mch cho N-ISDN. Cc node chuyn mch cho B-ISDN. Chuyn mch quang.
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1.3. Chuyn mch

Lch s pht trin
1. Nm 1878, h thng chuyn mch du tin duc xy dng NewHaven, M. in thoi vin ng vai tr chuyn mch.
Hnh 1.12 Chuyn mch nhn cng
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Cc h thng chuyn mch in t

H thng chuyn mch xoay Nm 1889, Almon B. Strowger, Kansas City, USA xy dng h thng tng i t ng u tin, y l h thng tng i tng buc. Sau d l s pht trin ca h thng tng i thanh ghi, cc ch s c x l trong thanh ghi, khng x l trc tip. Ph hp vi cc tng i dung lng ln, kh nng chn ng dn thay th. H thng chuyn mch thanh cho Nm 1937, h thng chuyn mch thanh cho ra i. Thi gian chuyn mch nhanh, t li, n gin. L c s pht trin cc h thng chuyn mch sau ny.
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Cc h thng s v iu khin my tnh

Nm 1960, tng i iu khin s u tin c xy dng M. 1968 Chu u. H tng i ny cn c gi l tng i iu khin bng chng trnh ghi sn SPC (Stored Program Control).
Hnh 1-13 Tng di SPC
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Cc node chuyn mch cho thng tin d liu

L do: Nhu cu s dng thng tin d liu pht trin mnh, dn n s phn bit gia mng chuyn mch knh v d liu. Chuyn mch gi v Frame Relay.
Hnh 1-14 Chuyn mch d liu

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Cc node cho N-ISDN

Pht trin cho cc mng tch hp dch v, N-ISDN c th duc xem l s kt hp tng di din thoi vi chuyn mch d liu.
Hnh 1-15: ISDN

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Cc node cho B-ISDN

Cc h thng chuyn mch truc ch dp ng duc mt trong hai diu kin: bang thng, thi gian thc. B-ISDN cung cp cc dch v yu cu bang thng v thi gian thc. ang duc tiu chun ho (ATM, MPLS)
Hnh 1-16 Nhu cu bang thng rng
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Chuyn mch quang

Phc v cho s trao i thng tin tc cao (hng Gbits/s). Hung ti mng ton quang (chuyn mch in t - iu khin in t " chuyn mch quang-iu khin in t " chuyn mch quangiu khin quang).
Hnh 1-17: S pht trin cc h thng chuyn mch

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1.3.2. Phng thc chuyn mch

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Chuyn mch knh. Chuyn mch tin. Chuyn mch gi. Chuyn mch khung. Chuyn mch t bo. Chuyn mch nhn da giao thc
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Chuyn mch knh

L loi chuyn mch phc v s trao i thng tin bng cch cp knh dn trc tip gia cc i tng s dng. X l cuc gi tin hnh qua 3 giai on:
Thit lp ng dn da vo nhu cu trao i thng tin. Duy tr knh dn trong sut thi gian trao i thng tin. Gii phng knh dn khi i tung s dng ht nhu cu trao i.
Hnh 1-18 Chuyn mch knh

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Chuyn mch knh

c dim: Thc hin trao i thng tin gia cc user trn trc thi gian thc. Cc user lm ch knh dn tng sut qa trnh trao i. Hiu sut thp. Yu cu chnh xc thng tin khng cao. Ni dung trao i khng mang thng tin a ch. Ph hp vi dch v thoi. Khi luu lng tng n ngung no th cuc gi mi c th b kho, mng t chi mi yu cu kt ni mi n khi c th.
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Chuyn mch tin

L loi chuyn mch phc v s trao di thng tin gia cc bn tin nhu din tn, thu din t, file Thit b du cui gi dn node chuyn mch bn tin mang thng tin da ch dch. Ti dy, bn tin duc thu nhn, x l (chn dung) ri sp hng ch truyn di. Phuong php ny gi l store and forward.
Hnh 1-19 Chuyn mch tin

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Chuyn mch tin

Thi gian tr:
Td=tnhn+tx l+tsp hng.

c dim: Khng c mi lin h thi gian thc gia cc user. Knh dn khng dnh ring cho cc user (dng chung dung truyn). Hiu sut cao. Yu cu d chnh xc. Ni dung c da ch. p dng cho s liu. Vn chp nhn cuc gi mi trong khi luu lung mng dang cao.
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Chuyn mch gi
Bn tin duc chia thnh cc gi vi chiu di xc dnh, mi gi c phn header mang thng tin da ch v th t gi. Mi gi di qua cc node duc tin hnh theo phuong php store and forward nhu chuyn mch tin. Ti du thu tin hnh sp xp cc gi tr li. Trong cc gi lun c trung kim tra d dm bo gi truyn khng li qua tng chng.
Hnh 1-20 Chuyn mch gi
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Chuyn mch gi
c im: Trao i thng tin khng theo thi gian thc nhng nhanh hn chuyn mch tin. i tung s dng khng lm ch knh dn. Hiu sut cao. Thch hp truyn s liu. Vic kim tra li tng chng l m bo gi truyn khng li nhung li lm gim tc d truyn gi qua mng. Bng thng thp, tc d thp. Ph hp vi mng truyn dn cht lung thp.
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Chuyn mch khung

Chuyn mch khung v co bn da trn chuyn mch gi, nhng bn tin duc chia thnh cc khung c kch thuc xc dnh. Hn ch chc nng kim tra li v iu khin lung. Tc truyn dn c ci thin ng k so vi chuyn mch gi. Hot ng ch yu lp 2, vi mc ch ln nht l to mng ring o VPN (Virtual Private Network) cho khch hng. Bng thng khng c nh cho user m duc phn phi mt cch linh hot. Phc tp do tc bit thay di. Kh nng dn 40Mbps so vi 2Mbps ca chuyn mch gi
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Chuyn mch t bo
Cc loi chuyn mch k trn khng p ng c yu cu bng thng v thi gian thc ca mt s dch v. Chuyn mch t bo th chia bn tin thnh cc t bo (cell) c kch thuc nh v c dnh. X l nhanh. Chuyn tip nhanh. Tc t n 600Mbps. Kh nng phc v cc dch v tc bit thay i v c nh. Tnh thi gian thc hung n chuyn mch knh.
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Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

Internet ang pht trin rt mnh v l iu khng th thiu trong cuc sng hin ti. Cc dch v mi a s du p dng trn IP (Internet Protocol). Nhng Internet gp tr ngi v thi gian thc v bng thng. Gii php IP over ATM c xut nhng cng gp kh khn trong k thut. Chuyn mch nhn da giao thc MPLS (Multiple Protocol Label Switching) n gin ho vic chuyn tip cho cc router bn trong. Tc d nhu ATM. Gi thnh r. on gin.
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1.4. Tng i in t s SPC :

1.4.1. c im :
S dng b x l ging nh my tnh iu khin hot ng. Tt c cc chc nng iu khin ca n c c trng bi mt lot lnh ghi sn trong b nh. Cc s liu trc thuc tng i nh s liu v thu bao, cc bng phin dnh a ch, cc thng tin to tuyn, tnh cc, thng k... cng c ghi sn trong b nh s liu Cc chng trnh ghi sn trong b nh c th thay i khi cn thay i nguyn tc iu khin hay tnh nng ca h thng.
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1.4.1. c im :
Khi s dng b x l th ngoi vic iu khin chuyn mch n cn c th kim thm vi chc nng khc. Cng vic iu hnh bo dng tr nn d dng nh trung tm iu hnh v bo dng trang b cc thit b trao i ngi my. Cng vic kim tra o th c tin hnh thng xuyn v c chu k nng cao s an ton v tin cy ca tng i.
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1.4.2. S khi chc nng ca tng i s SPC :
1.4.2.1. S khi
Hnh 1-11: S khi chc nng tng i SPC.

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1.4.2.1. Chc nng iu khin trung tm: Bao gm b x l trung tm v cc b nh ca n. - X l cuc gi : Qut trng thi thu bao, trung k; nhn xung quay s v gii m xung quay s; tm ng ri; truyn bo hiu kt ni/ gii to cuc gi; tnh cc.... - Cnh bo: T th, pht hin li phn cng; cnh bo h hng;... - Qun l: Thng k lu lng; theo di cp nht s liu; theo di ng b...
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1.4.2.1. Chc nng Trng chuyn mch : Thit lp tuyn ni gia hai hay nhiu thu bao ca tng i hay gia cc tng i vi nhau. Chc nng truyn dn: Truyn dn tn hiu ting ni v cc tn hiu bo hiu gia cc thu bao v gia cc tng i vi yu cu chnh xc v tin cy cao.
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1.4.2.1. Chc nng Giao tip thu bao : Gm mch in ng dy v b tp trung. Mch in ng dy thc hin cc chc nng 7 chc nng BORSCHT (Battery feed, Over-voltage protection, Ringing, Supervision, Coding, Hybrid trasformer, Testing). Khi tp trung thu bao lm nhim v tp trung ti thnh mt nhm thu bao trc khi vo trng chuyn mch.
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1.4.2.1. Chc nng Giao tip trung k : m nhn cc chc nng GAZPACHO. N khng lm chc nng tp trung ti nh giao tip thu bao nhng vn c mch in tp trung trao i khe thi gian, cn bng ti, trn bo hiu v tn hiu mu th.
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1.4.2.1. Chc nng Bo hiu : Cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit cho tng i nhn bit v tnh trng thu bao, trung k, thit b... Trong tng i phi c chc nng nhn, x l, pht thng tin bo hiu n ni thch hp.
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1.4 Tng i in t s SPC :

1.4.2.1. Chc nng iu hnh, khai thc v bo dng : s dng tng i mt cch c hiu qu, c kh nng pht trin cc dch v mi, phi hp s dng cc phng thc d dng trong tng i. Gim st kim tra cc phn cng v ngoi vi, a ra nhng thng bo cn thit cho cn b iu hnh. Kh nng khai thc mng, thay i nghip v,qun l s liu cc...
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1.4.2.1. Chc nng Gim st trng thi ng dy : Pht hin v thng bo cho b x l trung tm cc bin c mang tnh bo hiu. N qun l ng dy theo phng php qut ln lt. Sau mt khong thi gian nht nh, cng trng thi ng dy c c mt ln. iu khin u ni : Thit lp v gii phng cc cuc gi di s iu khin ca b iu khin trung tm.
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Phn tch mt cuc gi

n thu bao gi (Thu bao A) 1 Tn hiu nhc my Tng i cc b A Nhn dng thu bao gi Phn phi b nh v kt ni cc thit b dng chung Phn tch s v chn knh kt ni 6 n tng i k B (Qun l thu bao B) 2 Tng i cc b B n thu bao b gi (Thu bao B)
4 m mi quay s Cc s quay 5
Tn hiu chim knh Tn hiu chp nhn 9 chim knh Cc s quay Tn hiu tr li Trng thi thu bao B Tn hiu nhc my
12 Tn hiu bo bn m hiu chung m thoi 12
10 11
Phn tch trng thi thu bao B
13 15
15 16
Tn hiu chung Tn hiu nhc my m thoi
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Tn hiu gc my
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Tn hiu xo hng i Tn hiu xo hng v
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19 m bo bn
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Cu hi tho lun chng

1. Vin thng l g?Cu trc mt mng vin thng? 2. Cc phng thc t chc mng vin thng? 3. Lch s pht trin mng vin thng t trc ti nay? 4. Xu hng pht trin cu cc cng ngh vin thng? 5. Ti sao nht thit phi c cc tng i chuyn mch trn mng vin thng? 6. Lch s pht trin tng i? 7. Trnh by cu trc mt tng i s SPC?
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CHNG 2 K THUT CHUYN MCH KNH

2.1 Tng quan : 2.1.1nh ngha 2.1.2Chuyn mch knh (Circuit Swithching) : 2.1.2.1Khi nim : 2.1.2.2c im : 2.1.3Chuyn mch tin (Message Swithching) : 2.1.3.1Khi nim : 2.1.3.2c im : 2.1.4Chuyn mch gi : 2.1.4.1Khi nim : 2.1.4.2c im : 2.1.4.3u im :
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CHNG 2 K THUT CHUYN MCH

2.2 Chuyn mch knh : 2.2.1 Phn loi : 2.2.1.1 Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian (SDTS) : 2.2.1.2 Chuyn mch ghp (MPTS): 2.2.2 Chuyn mch PCM : 2.2.2.1 Chuyn mch thi gian (T) : 2.2.2.2 Chuyn mch khng gian ( S ) : 2.2.3 Phi php cc cp chuyn mch: 2.2.3.1 Chuyn mch ghp TS : 2.2.3.2 Chuyn mch STS : 2.2.3.3 Chuyn mch TST : 2.2.3.4 Nhn xt :
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2.1 Tng quan :

2.1.1 nh ngha Chuyn mch l mt trong 3 thnh phn c bn ca mng thng tin (bao gm: cc thit b u cui, cc h thng truyn dn v cc h thng chuyn mch). Mc ch ca chuyn mch : Thit lp ng truyn dn t ngun thng tin n ch theo mt cu trc c nh hoc bin ng thng qua cc mng v cc trung tm. Cc phng thc chuyn mch chnh : - Chuyn mch knh. - Chuyn mch tin. - Chuyn mch gi.
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2.1 Tng quan :

2.1.2 Chuyn mch knh (Circuit Swithching) : 2.1.2.1.Khi nim : L loi chuyn mch phc v s trao i thng tin bng cch cp knh dn trc tip cho hai i tng s dng.
Hnh 2-1 : Chuyn mch knh.
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2.1 Tng quan :

2.1.2 Chuyn mch knh (Circuit Swithching) : 2.1.2.1.Khi nim : Ty theo yu cu ca cc u vo m khi iu khin s iu khin chuyn mch thit lp knh dn vi u kia. Knh dn ny c duy tr cho n khi i tng s dng vn cn c nhu cu. Sau khi ht nhu cu thi knh dn c gii phng. : Thit lp knh dn : Duy tr knh dn (tuyn d liu) : Gii phng knh dn :
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Vic thit lp chuyn mch knh thng qua 3 giai on sau
2.1 Tng quan :

2.1.2 Chuyn mch knh (Circuit Swithching) : 2.1.2.2 c im : Thc hin s trao i thng tin gia hai i tng bng knh dn trn trc thi gian thc. i tng s dng lm chu knh dn trong sut qu trnh trao i tin. Yu cu chnh xc khng cao. Ni dung trao i khng cn a ch. c p dng trong thng tin thoi. Khi lu lng trong mng chuyn mch knh tng ln n mt mc no o thi mt s cuc gi c th b khoa (blocked),
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2.1 Tng quan :

2.1.3 Chuyn mch tin (Message Swithching) : 2.1.3.1 Khi nim : Loi chuyn mch phc v s trao i gia cc bn tin (nh in tn, th in t, file ca my tnh ) gia cc i tng vi nhau c gi l chuyn mch tin.
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Hnh 2-2 : Mng chuyn mch tin.
2.1 Tng quan :

2.1.3 Chuyn mch tin (Message Swithching) : 2.1.3.1 Khi nim : Khng thit lp mt ng dn dnh ring ,mt bn tin c gi t ni pht ti ni thu c n nh mt l trnh trc bng a ch ni nhn m mi trung tm c th nhn dng chng. Ti mi trung tm chuyn mch (nodes chuyn mch), bn tin c tm lu vo b nh, x ly ri truyn sang trung tm khc nu tuyn ny ri. Phng php ny gi l phng php tch ly trung gian hay store-and- forward.
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2.1 Tng quan :

2.1.3 Chuyn mch tin (Message Swithching) : 2.1.3.2 c im : Khng tn ti s thit lp va cung cp knh dn trc tip gia 2 trm u cui nn thi gian tr ln, khng c s lin h theo thi gian thc. i tng s dng khng lm chu knh dn trong sut qu trnh trao i thng tin. Yu cu chnh xc cao.
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2.1 Tng quan :

2.1.3 Chuyn mch tin (Message Swithching) : 2.1.3.2 c im : Ni dung c mang a ch.a ch ca thu bao c gn vo bn tin va bn tin c chuyn qua mng t node ny qua node khc Tc chuyn tin khng phu thuc vo i tng s dng. Hiu sut cao Mt h thng chuyn mch tin c th gi mt thng bo n nhiu ch khc nhau. iu ny chuyn mch knh khng thc hin c. c p dng cho truyn s liu, ch vit, hnh nh.
63
2.1 Tng quan :

2.1.4 Chuyn mch gi Packet switching 2.1.4.1 Khi nim : Chuyn mch gi li dng u im ca chuyn mch knh va chuyn mch gi, ng thi khc phc c nhc im ca hai lai chuyn mch ny.
Hnh 2-3 :Mng chuyn mch gi.
64
2.1 Tng quan :

2.1.4 Chuyn mch gi Packet switching 2.1.4.1 Khi nim : Bn tin c ct ra thnh tng gi nh. Mi gi c gn cho mt tiu (header) cha a ch v cc thng tin iu khin khc. Cc gi c gi i trn mng theo nguyn tc tch ly trung gian ging nh chuyn mch tin. Ti trung tm nhn tin, cc gi c hp thnh mt bn tin v c sp xp li a ti thit b nhn s liu. chng li, mng chuyn mch gi s dng phng thc t ng hi li
65
2.1 Tng quan :

2.1.4 Chuyn mch gi Packet switching 2.1.4.2 c im : c im chnh ca mng chuyn mch gi chnh l phng php s dng kt hp tuyn truyn dn theo yu cu. Mc s dng ca cc tuyn cao hay thp ty thuc v khi lng b nh s dng v phc tp ca cc b iu khin ti cc trung tm. tr trung bnh ca cc tuyn truyn dn ph thuc vo ti trong mng. Thi gian tr lin quan ti vic tch ly trung gian ca mng chuyn mch gi rt nh so vi chuyn mch tin. Khng lu tr truyn nu u cui khng hot ng hay bn.
66
2.1 Tng quan :

2.1.4 Chuyn mch gi Packet switching 2.1.4.3 u im :
tin cy cao : Cht lng cao : Kinh t : Cc dch v b sung :
67
2.2 Chuyn mch knh

2.2.1 Phn loi :
Ty thuc vo s pht trin ca lch s chuyn mch cng nh cch thc, tn hiu m ta c th phn loi nh sau
Hnh 2-4 : Phn loi chuyn mch.

68
2.2 Chuyn mch knh

2.2.1 Phn loi : 2.2.1.1 Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian (SDTS) : L loi chuyn mch c cc u ra, u vo c b tr theo khng gian (cch qung, thanh cho). Chuyn mch c thc hin bng cch m ng cc cng in t hay cc im tip xc. Chuyn mch ny c cc loi sau:
69
2.2 Chuyn mch knh

2.2.1 Phn loi : 2.2.1.1 Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian (SDTS) : Chuyn mch kiu chuyn ng truyn : Thc hin chuyn mch theo nguyn tc vn hnh c tng t nh chuyn mch xoay. N la chn dy ri trong qu trnh dn truyn va tin hnh cc chc nng iu khin mc nht nh. Do n gin nn n c s dng rng ri trong tng i u tin. Nhc: Tc thc hin chm, tip xc mau mn, thay i hng mc tip xc gy nn s rung ng c hc.
70
2.2 Chuyn mch knh

2.2.1 Phn loi : 2.2.1.1 Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian (SDTS) : Chuyn mch c kiu ng m : n gin hoa thao tc c hc thnh thao tc m ng. Chuyn mch ny khng c chuyn mch iu khin la chn va c thc hin theo gia thit l mch gi va mch gi va mch iu khin l hon ton tch ring nhau. u: Kha nng cung cp iu khin linh hot va c coi l chuyn mch tiu chun.
71
2.2 Chuyn mch knh

2.2.1 Phn loi : 2.2.1.1 Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian (SDTS) : Chuyn mch r le in t : C r le in t mi im ct ca chuyn mch thanh cho. im ct c th la chn theo hng ca dng in trong r le. Do o thc hin nhanh hn kiu m ng.
72
2.2 Chuyn mch knh

2.2.1 Phn loi : 2.2.1.1 Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian (SDTS) : Chuyn mch in t kiu phn chia khng gian : C mt cng in t mi im ct ca chuyn mch thanh cho. Nhc : Khng tng thch vi phng php c do khc nhau v mc tn hiu hoc chi ph va cc c im thoi kha xu nh mt ting, xuyn m.
73
2.2 Chuyn mch knh

2.2.1 Phn loi : 2.2.1.2 Chuyn mch ghp (MPTS): (MTS : MultiPlexing Type Switch) L loi chuyn mch m thng tin ca cc cuc gi c ghp vi nhau trn c s thi gian hay tn s trn ng truyn.
74
2.2 Chuyn mch knh

2.2.1 Phn loi : 2.2.1.2 Chuyn mch ghp (MPTS): Chuyn mch phn chia theo tn s (FDM) : Tch cc tn hiu c cc tn s cn thit bng cch s dng b lc c th thay i. Pht sinh cc loi tn s khc nhau, trong vic cung cp ngt cc tn s ny cng nh trong cc b lc c th thay i. Khng kinh t. c nghin cu trong thi ky u ca s php trin tng i nhng cha c s dng rng ri.
75
2.2 Chuyn mch knh

2.2.1 Phn loi : 2.2.1.2 Chuyn mch ghp (MPTS): Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian (TDM: Time Division Multiplexing) : Thc hin chuyn mach trn c s ghp knh theo thi gian - Chuyn mch PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation). - Chuyn mch PCM (Pulse code modulation). Chuyn mch PAM n gin, khng cn phi bin i A/D, nhng ch thch hp trong tng i nho hay va do tp m, xuyn m ln. Chuyn mch PCM c cht lng truyn dn hu nh khng l thuc khong cch, tnh m va kinh k cao trong mng thng tin hin i, c kha nng lin kt vi IN hay ISDN
76
2.2 Chuyn mch knh

2.2.2 Chuyn mch PCM : L loi chuyn mch ghp hot ng trn c s dn knh theo thi gian va iu ch xung m. Mt mng chuyn mch gm cc trung tm (nodes) chuyn mch, cc thit b u cui va h thng truyn dn.
77
2.2.2
Chuyn mch PCM
Vic trao i gia cc khe thi gian thc hin theo hai phng php va c th tch bit hoc phi hp nh sau: - Chuyn mch thi gian. - Chuyn mch khng gian
78
Chuyn mch thi gian (T)

Chuyn mch T v c bn l thc hin chuyn i thng tin gia cc khe thi gian khc nhau trn cng mt tuyn PCM.
79

Phng php thc hin: V mt ly thuyt c th thc hin bng 2 phng php sau: Nguyn tc: Trn ng truyn tn hiu, ta t cc n v tr c thi gian tr bng 1 khe thi gian.
Phng php dng b tr

80

Phng php dng b nh m : Da trn c s cc mu ting ni c ghi vo cc b nh m BM v c ra nhng thi im mong mun. a ch ca nh trong BM ghi hoc c c cung cp bi b nh iu khin CM
Hnh 2-8 : Phng php dng b nh m

81

Phng php dng b nh m Thng tin phn knh thi gian c ghi ln lt vo cc t bo ca BM. Nu b l s bt m ho mu ting ni, R s khe thi gian trong mt tuyn (khung) th BM s c R nh v dung lng b nh BM l b.R bits. CM lu cc a ch ca BM iu khin vic c ghi, v BM c R a ch, nn dung lng ca CM l R.log2R bits (Trong , log2R biu th s bit trong 1 t a ch v cng l s ng trong 1 bus). Vic ghi c vo BM c th l tun t hoc ngu nhin. Nh vy, trong chuyn mch T c hai kiu iu khin l tun t v ngu nhin
82

iu khin tun t: iu khin tun t iu khin vic c (hoc ghi) vo cc nh ca b nh BM mt cch lin tip. S dng b m khe thi gian vi chu k m R, b m ny s tun t tng gi tr ln mt sau thi gian ca mt khe thi gian.
iu khin tun t
83

iu khin ngu nhin: iu khin vic c (hoc ghi) cc nh ca BM theo nhu cu. S dng b nh iu khin CM, nh CM cha a ch c (hoc ghi) ca b nh BM
iu khin ngu nhin
84

Ghi tun t / c ngu nhin
85

Ghi ngu nhin/ c ra tun t :
86

Nng cao kha nng chuyn mch T
Ghp knh vi cc bits song song : Vic nng cao kha nng chuyn mch ca tng T thc hin phng thc truyn song song tn hiu s ca 1 knh qua tng T
87
88
Chuyn mch thi gian (S)

Nguyn ly
Nguyn ly lm vic ca chuyn mch khng gian da trn c s chuyn mch khng gian dng thanh cho. Chuyn mch khng gian s l chuyn mch thc hin vic trao i thng tin cng mt khe thi gian nhng hai tuyn PCM khc nhau
Chuyn mch khng gian S
89
90
Hnh2-18 : Chuyn mch S ma trn 4*4

91

iu khin trong chuyn mch S :
Vic xc nh im chuyn mch c th thc hin bng hai cch : iu khin theo u vo: Xc nh u ra no s ni vi u vo tng ng. iu khin theo u ra: Xc nh u vo no s ni vi u ra tng ng
92
Hnh 2-19 : iu khin theo u ra S bits nhi phn yu cu cho n u vo l log2n. Dung lng tng cng ca b nh CM l : CCM = R.log2n (vi R l s khe thi gian trong 1 khung). Nu chuyn mch S c m u ra thi dung lng b nh CM tng cng ca n l : S CCM = m.R.log2n
93
Hnh 2-20 : iu khin theo u vo

94
Ghp cc cp chuyn mch

Chuyn mch TS Chuyn mch STS Chuyn mch TST
95
Chuyn mch TS
96
Chuyn mch STS
97
Chuyn mch TST
98
Chng 3: K thut iu khin

3.1. Tng quan :
Trong tng i in t s SPC, mt s b vi x l c dng iu khin cc chc nng ca tng i. Vic iu khin c thc hin thng qua vic thi hnh mt lot cc lnh ghi sn trong b nh Cc chng trnh iu khin trong cc b x l iu khin cc thit b ca tng i. Cc s liu v chng trnh ny c th b sung, sa i hoc thay th mt cch d dng thng qua cc thit b giao tip ngi my.
99
3.2. Cu trc phn cng h thng iu khin tng i SPC

1. Cu trc chung : S khi
Hnh 3-1 : Cu trc chung h thng iu khin

100
3.2. Cu trc phn cng h thng iu khin tng i SPC

2. Cc loi cu trc iu khin: c th s dng l n x l hay a x l. a. Cu trc iu khin n x l.
101
2. Cc loi cu trc iu khin

a. Cu trc iu khin n x l: Ton b hot ng ca tng i c iu khin bng mt b x l duy nht. u im : n gin, can thip vo tng i ch mt v tr, thc hin cc chc nng c nh trong sut thi gian hot ng ca tng i. Nhc im : Phn mm phc tp, phi dng nhiu lnh ngt, khng c kh nng m rng dung lng tng i, ch thch hp tng i dung lng nh.
102

b. Cu trc a x l :
iu khin tp trung :
103

b. Cu trc a x l :
iu khin tp trung : u im : Tn dng ht nng sut. Trao i gia cc b x l l nh nht. Nhc im: Mi b x l lm ht cng vic ca tng i, nn cn rt nhiu lnh ngt, v trong b nh cn lu tr cc lai phn mm cho b x l .Do , n rt t c p dng hoc ch c p dng mt phn.
104

b. Cu trc a x l :
iu khin phn tn :
105

b.Cu trc a x l :
iu khin phn tn : C s cn c phn chia chc nng cc cp x l rt khc nhau. Trong in thoi phc tp v tn sut ca cc chc nng iu khin thay i trong phm vi rng.
on 1: vi din nhngtch s liu, chn li. Nhng vn on 2:ngBiuchc nng khai thc v x hngtp thp, 3 ng vi vic phn iu khin c l phc ri v cc nhng hay xy cuc gi ny rt phc tp nhng d : Vic chc nng qun lra. V t xy ra gim st ng dy, chn ng ri, iu khin chuyn mch... 106

b. Cu trc a x l :
Phn theo chc nng :
107
Phn theo chc nng :

u im : - Vit phn mm c h thng, c th chuyn mn hoa. - Kim tra cng vic d dng. - B x ly c b nh ring va ch lu phn mm ring mnh nn vic nh a ch l n gin. - Phu hp vi dung lng ln. Nhc im : - Trao i s liu gia cc b x ly phi cn thn. - S lng cc b x ly khng phu thuc vo dung lng tng i m phu thuc vo s chc nng, khi tng i c dung lng nho thi khng tn dng ht kha nng ca b x ly . - Khi tnh ton phi tnh n kha nng ti ln nht ca h thng, v cc b x ly khng h tr nhau. - Khi mt b x ly hng thi c th ton b h thng ngng hot ng
108
Phn theo module :
Nhc im : Vic trao i thng tin gia cc module thng qua u truyn ng im : s liu l khng thun tin. Vic pht , ngi ta lng l d dng, t hp, Trong thc ttrin dungdng phng thc vic thay tci, iu chnh, kim gino th l module phc l nhng vn n tra, thi theo thun tin. tp thi dng chc nng.
109
3.3. C cu d phng
1. D phng cp ng b :
Trong : - C: To nhp ng h - M: B nh - P : B x l - Hai b x l Pa, Pb c x dng x l ti cho khu vc chng m nhim. - Pa, Pb c cc b nh Ma v Mb ring c th tip cn ti ton b ti cn x l
110
3.3. C cu d phng
2. D phng phn ti : 3. D phng nng :
111
3.4. Cu trc phn mm ca tng i

1. Khi nim chung :
Chng trnh phi c thi hnh trong thi gian thc. Cc qu trnh lin quan n thit lp cuc gi, duy tr, gii phng phi c x l song song tng chnh xc. Phi gi vng thng tin trong mi tnh hung, thm ch chp nhn mt mc gim cht lng no . Chun on v x l li cn phi nhanh chng v chnh xc. iu ny gip h thng khi phc hot ng c nhanh chng, khng ng thng tin. Phn mm phi linh hat, d thay i thun tin cho vic pht trin cc dch v thu bao. D liu phi c cu trc gn nh nhng y , sao cho vic truy cp tht nhanh chng v chnh xc.
112
3.4. Cu trc phn mm ca tng i

2. Cc vn v thit k phn mm : Cc c tnh ch yu ca phn mm :
Tnh thi gian thc : Cht lng ca dch v : a chng trnh : B lu gi chng trnh :
113
CHNG 4 K THUT BO HIU

4.1 Tng quan: 4.1.1. Khi nim: Mt mng vin thng c nhim v chu yu l thit lp, gii ta va duy tr knh gia thu bao vi node chuyn mch hay gia cc node chuyn mch vi nhau. thc hin c iu ny, cn phi c mt h thng thng tin h tr c trao i gia h thng chuyn mch vi cc thit b u cui va gia cc h thng chuyn mch vi nhau, h thng thng tin ny gi l h thng bo hiu.
114
4.1.2. Cc chc nng bo hiu :

1. Chc nng giam st: 2. Chc nng tm chn: 3. Chc nng vn hnh :
Nhn bit va chuyn thng tin n vic thit lp cuc gi Chc nng ny lin quan v trng thi tc nghn trong mng, thng thngnng gimng chogi gi thng tin a Chc bng thi st c s dng va c khi ul trngthu bao chu thu bao chu gi. Thng bo v cc thit b, cc trung k khng bnh thng hoc ang ch nhn bit vab gi. Cc thng tin a ch ny cng vi ca thu bao phn nh s thay i v trng thi trng thi bo dng. cchoccc thng tin tnh cc. mt s c truyn gia Cungthngv iuchc nng tm chnphn t (ng cc cp tin ca kin ca tng icc phng trungnh) Cung cp thu bao, tin trnh gia, ng mch cnh bo t tng dy p ng qu k chuyn chnh, i khc
115
4.1.3. c im cc h thng bo hiu :

Mt h thng bo hiu c c im chung nh sau :
C tnh quc t. Phu hp vi cc thit b m n phc v. Kha nng phi hp vi cc h thng bo hiu khc.
116
4.1.4. H thng thng tin bo hiu :

H thng thng tin bo hiu cng l mt h thng thng tin in, n cng gm :
Ngun tt c cc tn hiu cn thit cho vic thit lp cuc gi va cung cp cc dch v khc. Cng vic truyn dn chuyn tn hiu t ngun ti ch.
117
4.1.5. Ky thut bo hiu :

Nh vy, ky thut bo hiu nghin cu v :
Ni dung bo hiu. Phng php truyn bo hiu. Ky thut x ly bo hiu.
118
4.2. Ni dung ca bo hiu :

n thu bao gi (Thu bao A) 1 Tn hiu nhc my Tng i cc b A Nhn dng thu bao gi Phn phi b nh v kt ni cc thit b dng chung Phn tch s v chn knh kt ni 6 n tng i k B (Qun l thu bao B) 2 Tng i cc b B n thu bao b gi (Thu bao B)
4 m mi quay s Cc s quay 5
Tn hiu chim knh Tn hiu chp nhn 9 chim knh Cc s quay Tn hiu tr li Trng thi thu bao B Tn hiu nhc my
12 Tn hiu bo bn m hiu chung m thoi 12
10 11
Phn tch trng thi thu bao B
13 15
15 16
Tn hiu chung Tn hiu nhc my m thoi
12
Tn hiu gc my
17
Tn hiu xo hng i Tn hiu xo hng v
18
19 m bo bn
119
Phn loi bo hiu theo cc cch

Phn theo chc nng :
1. Bo hiu nghe - nhn (thng bo). 2. Bo hiu trng thi (gim st). 3. Bo hiu a ch (chn s).
Phn theo tng quan :

1. Bo hiu gia tng i vi thu bao. 2. Bo hiu gia tng i vi tng i.
120
4.2.2. Phn theo chc nng :

Bo hiu nghe nhn:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. m mi quay s m bo bn hoc thng bo : Dng chung : Hi m chung : Cc bn tin thng bo khc : Tn hiu gi phc hi va gi my qu lu :
121

Bo hiu trng thi (bo hiu gim st):
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Trng thi nhc t hp : Trng thi t t hp : Trng thi ri - bn : Tnh trng hng hc : Tn hiu tra li v :
122

Bo hiu a ch: Tn hiu xung thp phn :
Cc ch s a ch c pht di dng chui ca s gin on mch vng mt chiu (DC) nh a quay s hoc h thng phm thp phn Ch : Phng php pht cc ch s thp phn ny khng th pht khi ang hi thoi.
123

Bo hiu a ch: Tn hiu m a tn ghp cp (DTMF) :
Phng php ny c u im l :
Thi gian quay s nhanh hn. C th quay s trong khi m thoi (s dng cho in thoi hi nghi). 124
4.2.3. Phn theo tng quan :

Bo hiu gia tng i vi thu bao Bo hiu lin tng i Tn hiu a ch. Tn hiu bo bn. Tn hiu bo ri. Hi m chung. Tn hiu tra li v. Tn hiu gi my qu lu
125
Bo hiu lin tng i

Thng s dng 2 ky thut truyn sau :
1.
Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS). 2. Bo hu knh chung (CCS).
Dng ca tn hiu :
1. Dng xung 2. Dng lin tc 3. Dng p ch
126
4.3. Phng php truyn dn bo hiu:

Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS : Chanel Associated Signalling). Bo hiu knh chung (CCS : Common Chanel Signalling)
127
4.3.1. Bo hiu knh kt hp

(CAS : Chanel Associated Signalling)
Bo hiu knh kt hp l loi bo hiu m trong , cc ng bo hiu c n nh trn mi knh thng tin v cc tn hiu ny c th c truyn theo nhiu cch khc nhau
128

Phn loi: C hai loi thng tin bo hiu trong bo hiu knh kt hp l :
1. Bo hiu ng dy. 2. Bo hiu thanh ghi (a ch)
Bo hiu ng dy s truyn php cc Bo hiu thanh ghi ll phng tt c bo hiu tin c lin quan n cc thit cuc cui va thngc truyn dn giatuyn ni b ktgi bao thng con s thu bao b gi, nhng c tnh gm ccxuyn kim tra ng truyn hoc tt c cc mch kt cui, v d cc trng thi bn, ri ca thu bao o
129

Phng php truyn: im ni im (end-to-end) ng tip ng (link-to-link)
130

Cc ky thut truyn cc tn hiu bo hiu trong CAS : Cc dng khc nhau ca tn hiu bo hiu : 1. Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong knh thoi (DC, trong bng). 2. Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong knh thoi nhng phm vi tn s khc (ngoi bng). 3. Tn hiu bo hiu trong 1 khe thi gian, m trong o, cc knh thoi c phn chia mt cch c nh theo chu ky (bo hiu PCM trong TS16)
131

Cc ky thut truyn cc tn hiu bo hiu trong CAS :
Ky thut truyn bo hiu ny gm cc tn hiu bo hiu :
Bo hiu DC. Bo hiu AC. Bo hiu PCM.
132

Cc tn hiu bo hiu c bn :
1. Tn hiu chim dng (Seizure) 2. Tn hiu xc nhn chim dng (Seizure aknowledgement) 3. Thng tin a ch (Address Information) 4. Tn hiu tra li (B answer) 5. Xa v (Clear back) 6. Xa i (Clear forward)
133
Bo hiu DC: Tn hiu ny c truyn dng xung

nh thay i cc tnh hoc tr khng ca dy dn. Thng thng, h thng lm vic vi 3 trng thi hng ti v vi 2 trng thi hng v:
4.3.1. Ky thut truyn cc tn hiu bo hiu trong CAS
Cc trng thi c s dng hng ti l:

1. Tr khng ng dy thp. 2. Tr khng ng dy cao. 3. Cc tnh tch cc.
Cc trng thi c s dng hng v l :

1. Cc tnh bnh thng. 2. Cc tnh o
134

Bo hiu DC c th c dng trn i dy vt ly. Do thit b DC r tin, nn h thng ny c s dng rng ri:
135
Bo hiu DC : V d v cc tn hiu
136

Bo hiu AC : Dng tn hiu AC vi tn s tn hiu nm trong bng tn ting ni hoc ngoi bng tn ting ni. Bo hiu trong bng : Tn s thng c chn l 2400Hz, y l tn s c xc sut phng to b nht.
137

Bo hiu AC
Bo hiu trong bng: Gii php ky thut sau phn bit vi thng tin
thoi :
1. Thc hin bo hiu vi tn s 0,3-3,4KHz nhng thi gian tn ti lu hn 2. Phn bit bo hiu va m thoi v mc in. Phng php ny t c dng v d gy qu ti ng dy. 3. Dng nng lng ph ca tn hiu. 4. Chn t hp 2 tn s
138

Bo hiu AC Bo hiu ngoi bng : Bo hiu ngoi bng s dng
tn s thng l 3825Hz. Cc b lc d dng lc cc bng tn thoi va pht hin tn hiu bo hiu chnh xc. V vy khng nh hng n knh thai. Nhng trng hp ny c th lm tng chi ph ca thit b
139

Bo hiu PCM:
140
4.3.2. Bo hiu knh chung (CCS) :
Cu trc bn tin CCS : Mt bn tin bo hiu CCS bao gm :
141
4.3.2. Bo hiu knh chung (CCS) :

u im :
Kinh t. Nhanh. Tin cy. Dung lng cao. Linh hat.
142
4.3.3. H thng bo hiu R2 (MFC)

Khi nim chung :H thng bo hiu R2 l h thng bo hiu knh kt hp c CCITT tiu chun ha lin lc cc tuyn quc gia va quc t. Thng tin bo hiu gm 1. :Bo hiu ng dy
2. Bo hiu thanh ghi
143

Bo hiu ng dy:
Cc tn hiu bo hiu ng dy c phn theo hng i va hng v. Hng i gm cc tn hiu : 1. Tn hiu chim dng (seizure). 2. Tn hiu gii phng hng i (clear forward). Hng v gm cc tn hiu : 1. Tn hiu xc nhn chim dng (seizure acknowlegement). 2. Tn hiu gii phng hng v (clear back). 3. Tn hiu tra li (B answer). 4. Tn hiu kha (blocked). 5. Tn hiu gii phng / ri (canh phng nha) (disconnect/idle).
144

Bo hiu ng dy:
Phng php s dng trong bo hiu ng dy:
Phng php Analog dng cho h thng truyn dn tng t. Phng php Digital dng cho h thng truyn dn s.
145

Bo hiu ng dy:
Phng php Analog :
146

Bo hiu ng dy:
Phng php Digital
147

Bo hiu thanh ghi
Cc tn hiu theo hng i :

a ch thu bao b gi. Thuc tnh thu bao chu gi. Thng bo kt thc gi a ch b gi. Thng tin v con s ca thu bao chu gi cho tnh cc chi tit.
148

Bo hiu thanh ghi
Cc tn hiu hng v gm :
Tn hiu thng bo tng i b gi sn sng nhn cc con s a ch ca thu bao b gi. Cc tn hiu iu khin : Xc nhn kiu ca thng tin. Thng tin kt thc qu trnh tm chn Thng tin tnh cc
149

Bo hiu thanh ghi
150
151
152
4.3.4. Bo hiu s 7 (CCITT No 7)
153
4.4. X ly bo hiu trong tng i:

4.4.1. Tng quan
154
4.4.2. S nh tuyn bo hiu trong tng i

Bo hiu tng i thu bao
Thu bao tng t:
155
Bo hiu lin i
156

Bo hiu tng i thu bao
Thu bao s:
157
4.4.3. Cc b thu pht bo hiu

Thu pht MF
158

Thu pht bo hiu knh kt hp
159

Chuyn i 1VF sang CAS
160
Cc b to tone va bn tin thng bo

S nh tuyn cho tone va bn tin thng bo
161

B to tone va cc bn tin thng bo :
Dng ky thut tng t
162

B to tone va cc bn tin thng bo :
Dng ky thut s
163

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Bi ging mn hc

Chng 1: Cc kin thc tng quan

1.1. Tng Quan

1.1.1. Khi nim

Hnh 1-1 S trao di thng tin gia hai thnh ph

1.1.1. Khi nim

Hnh 1-2 Vt mang dch v din thoi

1.1.2. Cc dch v vin thng

Hnh 1.3 : Vin thng, mt trong cc dng c bit ca truyn thng

1.1.2. Cc dch v vin thng

1.1.2. Cc dch v vin thng

1.1.3. Mng vin thng

1.1.3. Mng vin thng

1.1.3. Mng vin thng

1.1.3. Mng vin thng

Hnh 1-5 : Mt tng i cho nhiu thu bao.

1.1.3. Mng vin thng

Hnh 1-6 : S ni kt gia hai tng i

1.1.3. Mng vin thng

Hnh 1-7 : Mng li.

1.1.3. Mng vin thng

1.1.3. Mng vin thng

1.1.3. Mng vin thng

1.1.3. Mng vin thng

Hnh 1-9: Mng hn hp ca quc gia tiu biu

1.1.3. Mng vin thng

Hnh 1-10 : Mng hn hp theo phn cp theo chun ca CCITT

1.1.3. Mng vin thng

1.1.3. Mng vin thng

1.3. Chuyn mch

1.3. Chuyn mch

1.3. Chuyn mch

Hnh 1.12 Chuyn mch nhn cng

Cc h thng chuyn mch in t

Cc h thng s v iu khin my tnh

Hnh 1-13 Tng di SPC

Cc node chuyn mch cho thng tin d liu

Hnh 1-14 Chuyn mch d liu

Cc node cho N-ISDN

Hnh 1-15: ISDN

Cc node cho B-ISDN

Chuyn mch quang

Hnh 1-17: S pht trin cc h thng chuyn mch

1.3.2. Phng thc chuyn mch

Chuyn mch knh

Hnh 1-18 Chuyn mch knh

Chuyn mch knh

Chuyn mch tin

Hnh 1-19 Chuyn mch tin

Chuyn mch tin

Td=tnhn+tx l+tsp hng.

Hnh 1-20 Chuyn mch gi

Chuyn mch khung

Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

1.4. Tng i in t s SPC :

1.4. Tng i in t s SPC :

1.4. Tng i in t s SPC :

Hnh 1-11: S khi chc nng tng i SPC.

1.4. Tng i in t s SPC :

1.4. Tng i in t s SPC :

1.4. Tng i in t s SPC :

1.4. Tng i in t s SPC :

1.4. Tng i in t s SPC :

1.4 Tng i in t s SPC :