Key to Success Part 3

Beauties of the Earth

This part of book includes knowledge about the Mountains, Continents of the Earth, Rivers of the World as well as India, Lakes, Oceans, Port and Harbours, Sea, Dams of India, Deserts, Water Falls, Major Islands

By Vipin K. Bansal

Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................... 4 Preface........................................................................................................................................ 5 Mountains .................................................................................................................................. 6 Mountains in India ................................................................................................................. 6 Himalaya Range ................................................................................................................. 6 Satpura Range .................................................................................................................... 7 Aravalli Range ................................................................................................................... 7 Purvanchal Range .............................................................................................................. 7 Vindhya Range................................................................................................................... 7 Eastern Ghat ....................................................................................................................... 7 Sahyadri Range or Western Ghats ..................................................................................... 7 More About Himalaya ........................................................................................................... 7 Rivers ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Merger of Rivers into Ocean.................................................................................................. 9 Rivers of India...................................................................................................................... 10 Ganga River - ....................................................................................................................... 10 Gomti River ......................................................................................................................... 11 Yamuna River ...................................................................................................................... 11 Godavari River ..................................................................................................................... 11 Brahmputra River................................................................................................................. 12 Tapti River ........................................................................................................................... 12 Kaveri River ......................................................................................................................... 12 Krishna River ....................................................................................................................... 12 Narmada River ..................................................................................................................... 13 Sabarmati River ................................................................................................................... 13 Chambal River ..................................................................................................................... 13 Continents ................................................................................................................................ 13 Asia ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Africa ................................................................................................................................... 13 North America ..................................................................................................................... 14 South America ..................................................................................................................... 14 Antarctica ............................................................................................................................. 14 Europe .................................................................................................................................. 14 Australia ............................................................................................................................... 14

Lakes ........................................................................................................................................ 14 Famous Lakes ...................................................................................................................... 14 Ocean, Ports and Harbours ...................................................................................................... 15 Oceans .................................................................................................................................. 15 Ports and Harbours ............................................................................................................... 16 Seas .......................................................................................................................................... 17 Dams ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Major Dams of India ............................................................................................................ 18 Deserts...................................................................................................................................... 18 Famous and Renowned Deserts ........................................................................................... 19 Water Falls ............................................................................................................................... 19 Major Waterfalls of the World ............................................................................................. 20 Islands of the World ................................................................................................................ 21 Questions based on the above .................................................................................................. 22 Scoring System: ....................................................................................................................... 25 Answers: .................................................................................................................................. 25 Bibliography: ........................................................................................................................... 26 Thank You! ....................................................................................................................... 26

Acknowledgement
When a book like this comes into existence, it was very hard to name and thank all the people that helped me shape this book. It took me more than six years to consolidate and format all the content in a manner that may benefit the readers.

However, I always thank my wife Sumanji for her continued patience and understanding. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my father Shri Bhagwan Das Bansalji, who is my best teacher also, for their continued encouragement and invaluable support.

I would like to thank my sons Anurag and Gaurav for the tremendous help I receive from them to design this book.

Preface
As I mentioned in the previous part that the idea of this book came to my mind after watching Kaun Banega Crorepati episodes and watching many people drop out without winning enough. I think most of the time the reason was either not enough preparation or lack of resources to enhance the knowledge required to win BIG such a game.

Thats why I started writing this book on various subjects so that it can offer the basic guidance to the people preparing for a game like this. Nonetheless everyone can get benefitted with this set of books because Ignorance is the curse of God, Knowledge is the wing wherewith we fly to heaven.

The Key to Success has been written for the people trying to prepare for Kaun Banega Crorepati. Therefore the scope of this book is not to deep dive on any subject rather swim across various layers which is what one need to qualify for winning large sum on Hot Seat.

Now the part of KBC 6 has already started from August, 2012 onwards. I hope everyone will be benefitted with this book. This book cannot be used to gain exhaustive knowledge on any given subject but it provides enough information that you can easily remember and be better prepared for the game.

At the end of the book, a multi-choice Questionnaire is given that has only one correct answer. Try to attempt those questions on your own and then check the correct answers from the Answer Sheet.

Good Luck !!!

Mountains

o you know that surface of our Earth is covered with approximately 70% of Water.

Yes, it is. The remaining 30% land is either plain land, forests or mountains. Out of this remaining land, approximately 25% of land is covered with mountains worldwide. It is also interesting to know that about 64% of land is covered with Mountains in Asia. North America is covered with 35% land, 25% in South America and Europe, 17% in Australia and approximately 3% in Africa. These mountains were formed millions of years back.

It is one of the youngest mountain range in the World. Siachin Glacier is a part of this great Himalaya Range. It also includes Karakorum, Hindu Kush and Pamir Plateau. The Himalayan mountain system is the planet's highest peaks which include Mount Everest and K2. The countries covered with Himalayas are India, China, Nepal, Pakistan and Bhutan. Hindu Kush, also a part of Himalayas lies in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. Pamir, also a part of Himalayas lies in Tajikistan, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. Tian Shan, lies in China, Kazakhstan, India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyztan. The height of Mount Everest is 8848 metre. K2, also called Mount Godwin is the highest mountain in India, having height of 8600 metre. The other Mountains in India itself are Nanga Parwat, Diamir, 8125 metre, Nanda Devi 7800 metre, Mount Kamet 7756 metre, Badrinath 7140 metre and Kangiri 7670 metres. Few major Mountains in India with border of Nepal are Kanchenjunga, Dhaulagiri, Annapurna etc. Tirich Mir is Pakistans highest peak having height of 7700 metre.

Mountains in India
India has 7 major Mountain ranges. The Great Himalaya Mountain is Highest mountain range in the World. Kachenjunga is the highest Mountain in India, which is the third highest mountain range. Nanda Devi is second highest mountain peak in India.

Himalaya Range

The Himalaya Range is a mountain range in Asia. It extends from Jammu and Kashmir in the North to Arunachal Pradesh in the East. Most of the peaks remain snowbound throughout the year. The Himalaya acts as a barrier to the coldest winds flowing down from Central Asia. Thus, North India is kept warm or only mildly cooled during winter. In summer, the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot.

 Minya Konka, 7700 metre and Muztagh Ata, 7550 metre are mountain ranges of China.

Vindhya Range

Satpura Range
The Satpura range is a mountain that passes through central part of India. It extends across Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhatisgarh. This Range is triangular shape. The highest peak Satpura is Dhupgarh. in of

The Vindhya Range is one of the major mountain ranges in India. It separates Northern India from Sourthern India as it runs across the Central India. It extends in East West direction from Varanasi through Madhya Pradesh to Gujarat. It is parallel to Satpura Ranges.

Eastern Ghat
These Ghats are irregular ranges of mountains. Its ranges start from Paschim Banga to Tamil Nadu. The Nilgiri Hills, i.e. Blue Mountains in Tamil Nadu lies at the junction of Eastern and Western Ghats. It includes four major rivers i.e. Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna and Kaveri. Most of this region has largest population of elephant. The Highest peak in Eastern Ghat is Shevaroy Hills.

Aravalli Range

The Aravalli Range is the OLDEST Mountain Range in India running across Rajasthan to Haryana. It is also known as Mewat Hills. Aravalli Ranges are famous for Mineral resources and is surrounded by dense forests. The highest peak is Mount Abu.

Purvanchal Range
Purvanchal Range is the extension of Great Himalaya Range in North East region. It is parallel to Karakoram and Ladakh Region. It is most densely forested area and full of flora and fauna. These Regions are also known for highest rain fall. Cherrapunji is famous for highest Annual Rainfalls.

Sahyadri Range or Western Ghats

This Range starts near the border of Gujarat and ending at Kanya Kumari. It is mainly located in Karnataka.

More About Himalaya

The Himalaya ranges runs from West to East from Indus River Valley to Brahmputra River Valley, forming an area of 2400 Kms. Long. Shivalik Hills is an intermittent outermost range of foothills through Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan. Dehradun in India and Chitwan in Nepal are located in Inner Terai Valley of Himalaya. These are open valleys. The Himalayas encompasses about 15000 Glaciers which have a store about 12000 cubic kms. fresh water. The 70 Km. long Siachen Glacier at India-Pakistan

border is the Second longest Glacier in the world. Some other Glaciers are Yamunotri and Gangotri in Uttrakhand, Nubra, Biafo, Baltoro in Karakoram Region, Zemu in Sikkim and Khumbu Glaciers in Mount Everest Region. Badrinath Temple, dedicated to Lord Vishnu ; Kedarnath, one of Twelve Jyotirlinga; Dev Prayag where Alaknanda and Bhagirathi merges. Mount Kailash, based at 6638 meter high Peak and is Abode of Lord Shiva; Lake Mansarovar lies at the base of Mount Kailash and is source of Brahmputra river. Amarnath, having natural Shivalinga of Ice for a few weeks every year. Vaishno Devi Temple, a very famous Shrine of Goddess Durga in the form of Goddess Saraswati (left), Goddess Laxmi (Centre) and Goddess Kali (Right).

Hundreds of major lakes lie in Himalaya Region. Most lakes are found at altitude of less than 5000 metre. A lake named Pangong Tso lake is spread across the border between India and China. Other lakes are Yamdrok in Tibet, Gurudogmar Lake in Sikkim, Tilicho Lake in Nepal. Zoji La lies between Kashmir and Kargil, which is the only Western entrance to Ladakh. Some of worlds major rivers arise in the Himalaya. These are Ganges, Indus, Brahmputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Red River, Irrawaddy, Yellow River. The combined drainage basin of the above rivers are home to approximately 3 billion people in Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Bangladesh, Combodia, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Vietnam, Thailand, Nepal, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Vietnam.

Rivers

river is a natural fresh water source which is used for drinking, food preparation, transport and for generating power in most of the cities. Mostly big cities are on the shores of rivers. Generally, each river flows towards any Sea or Ocean. Few rivers merge into another rivers. The study of rivers is called Potamology. The rivers which flows in India, passes in other countries after

crossing indian sub-continent are Brahmputra which flows in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, then crosses to Bangladesh and then to China. Ganges river after flowing India, passes in Bangladesh. in

The Indus River flows in Ladakh enters into Pakistan. River Kaladan flows in Mizoram and then passes in to Myanmar.

Merger of Rivers into Ocean

Country River Brahmputra Ganga Godawari Narmada Krishna Sutlez Yamuna Chenab Kaveri Chambal Jhelum Mahanadi Yangtze Kiang Hwang Ho Salween Tigris Mekong Amur Argun Ob Irtysh Lena Nile Zaire Niger Zambezi Orange Missouri Rio Grande St. Lawrence Allegheny Ohio Nelson Arkansas Churchil Colorado Columbia Yukon Machenzi (Canada) Amazon Araguay Maderia Length 2900 2500 1400 1300 1300 1400 1400 1100 760 960 800 860 5500 4300 3000 2000 4400 4400 5400 4400 6700 4700 4200 3500 2100 6000 3000 3000 2100 2600 2300 1600 2300 2200 3200 4200 6400 2500 3200 Merges Into Bay of Bengal Bay of Bengal Bay of Bengal Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Indus Ganga Bay of Bengal Indus Bay of Bengal Yamuna River
Chenab in Pakistan

India

China Iraq Thailand Russia

Africa

Bay of Bengal East China Sea Bohai Sea Andaman Sea Persian Gulf South China Sea Sea of Okhotsk Gulf of Ob Laptev Sea Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Guinea
Mozambique Channel

Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Mexico

Gulf of St. Lawrence

North America

South America

Mississippi Hudson Bay Mississippi Hudson Bay Gulf of California Pacific Ocean Bering Sea Beaufort Sea Atlantic Ocean Amazon River Amazon River

Australia France Germany Europe

Murray Darling Rhine Danube Loire Elbe Vitava

3800 1300 2800 1000 1200

Southern Ocean North Sea Black Sea Atlantic Ocean North Sea

Rivers of India
Rivers that flow from Mountains to fields on different parts, pay a very important role to human life. Brahmputra, Ganges, Meghna, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri etc. combines into Bay of Bengal. River Indus, Narmada, Tapti etc. combines into Arabian Sea. To find the location of rivers on Indian map, it can be seen from the picture. A detailed history of each river is given below The route of Ganges river starts from Gangotri to Dev Prayag to Rishikesh-Haridwar to Allahabad to Varanasi to Patna and then enters into Bangladesh.

Average depth of Ganga river is about 16 metre. The maximum depth is 30 metre. After flowing approx. 1000 Kms., it joins from South West by Yamuna River at Sangam at Allahabad. Tributaries rivers of Ganga are Gomti, Tamsa, Koshi, Son, Gandaki, Yamuna, Ramganga, Mahananda and Ghaghra. It covers approx. 2500 Kms. and covers Kanpur, Soron, Kannauj, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, Ghazipur, Bhagalpur, Mirzapur, Ballia, Buxar, Saidpur and Chunar before merging into Bay of Bengal. Few main streams of water are Alaknanda, Mandakini, Pindar and Bhagirathi which forms Ganges, a main stream.

Ganga River -

The Ganga River is largest river in India. It rises in the Western Himalayas in Uttrakhand, at Gangotri. It covers India and Bangladesh. It is considered Holy river of Hindus and worshipped as Goddess Ganga in Hinduism.

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 A tributary of the Ganges, the Haldi River, flows South and meets the Hooghly River at Haldia. Damodar, another tributary of Ganges, meets the River near Howrah. Damodar River which is popularly known as Sorrow of Bengal, due to its frequent floods, is having large Hydro Electric Dam, the Damodar Valley Project. At Pakur, the Ganga forms Hooghly River and near the border of Bangladesh, Farakka Barrage controls the flow of Ganges. After entering into Bangladesh, the Ganges river is known as Padma River, until it is joined by Jamuna River, the largest distributory of Brahmputra. Ganges is further fed by Meghna River, the second largest tributary of Brahmputra and takes its name as Meghna River. It is said that since Ganga river flows through highly populated areas, it is considered one of the dirtiest river of the world. Drinking and bathing in the water carries a high risk of infection. There is an interesting belief according to which the River Ganges also joins Kaveri River underground once a year, during the Tula Masa, in order to wash herself free of the Pollution caused by the crowds of Sinners who bathe in her water all around the year.

Uttar Pradesh. It flows about 900 kms. through Uttar Pradesh and meets Ganga river near Ghazipur. The main tributary rivers are Gaihae and Sai. Gaihae meets at Kheri District and river Sai meets it at Jaunpur before merging it into river Ganges.

Yamuna River

River Yamuna is the largest tributary river of Ganges in Northern India. It originates from Yamunotri Glacier at a height of 6400 metres on south western slopes of Bunder Poonchh. It travels a total distance of 1376 Kms. It passes through Uttrakhand, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh. The tributaries rivers are Tons, Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, Ken. Chambal river meets at Etawah. Delhi, Agra, Mathura, Etawah, Hamirpur, Baghpat, Allahabad are cities, lies on the bank of Yamuna River. Yamuna merges into Ganges at Triveni Sangam in Allahabad. The water of Yamuna is distinguishable as Blue as compared to silt yellow of the Ganga river.

Godavari River
Godavari is a river that runs from Western to Southern India and is considered second largest river of India after river Ganga. It flows a distance of 1465 Kms. It originates from Nasik (Maharashtra) and flows East across the Deccan Plateau into

Gomti River
River Gomti originates from Fulhaar Jheel, near Pilibhit,

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Bay of Bengal. It passes through Nasik, Kopargaon, Nanded, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Karim Nagar, Warangal etc. The Tributaries waterflow of Godavari are Pravara, Indravati, Wainganga, Wardha, Pench, Kanhan, Penuganga. The tributaries rivers are Manjira, Bindusara and Sabari.

flows in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Vidarbha and South Gujarat before empting into Gulf of Cambay of Arabian Sea in Surat. The cities lies at the bank of this river are Amravati, Akola, Jalgaon, Dhule, Nasik, Betul, Surat etc.

Kaveri River Brahmputra River

River Brahmputra originates from Tibet and there it is called Tsangpo. It flows from Tibet to Himalaya and Arunachal Pradesh where it is known as Dihang. It flows South west through Asom Valley as Brahmputra and South through Bangladesh. In Ganga Delta, it merges with Padma River before emptying into Bay of Bengal. It runs about 2900 Kms. It is an important river for irrigation and transportation purposes. The river is prone to flood in spring when Himalaya snows melt. The river Brahmputra are shared by China, India and Bangladesh. Kaveri river originates in Western Ghats of Karnataka, flowing from South and East through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. It runs about 765 Kms. The tributaries of this river are Shimsha, Hemavati, Arkavathy, Laxman Tirath, Kabini, Bhavani, Noyyal and Amravati River. The cities of Bengaluru, Mandya and Mysore depend almost entirely on the water of Kaveri river. The major cities lies on the bank are Srirangpana, Tirumakudalu, Tiruchirapalli, Kumbakonam.

Krishna River
Krishna River is one of the longest river in Central Southern India. It flows about 1400 Kms. It rises at Mahabaleshwar near Satara, Maharashtra and merges into Bay of Bengal. It flows through Karnataka, Satara, Sangli, Vijaywada etc. During Monsoon, this river is a disastrous river of the world as it causes heavy soil erosion. The tributaries rivers are Tungabhadra, Bhima, Koyna, Venna, Dindi, Paleru, Musi and Dudhganga.

Tapti River
The Tapti river is a river which flows in central part of India. It runs a length of 725 Kms. It is one of only three rivers in India that run from East to West. The other two rivers are Narmada and Mahi River. It rises in the eastern Satpura range of Madhya Pradesh and

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Narmada River
River Narmada, another name is Rewa, is a river of Central India and 5th largest river in India. It flows westwards over a length of 1300 Kms. It flows through Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat before merging into Gulf of Cambay (Khambat) in Arabian Sea. The Narmada basin have five well physiographic regions i.e. Upper Hilly Area covering Shahdol, Mandla, Durg, Seoni; Upper Plains of Sagar, Damoh, Betul, Jabalpur, Sehore, Chhindwara, Hoshangabad; Middle Plains covering Dewas, Indore, Dhar; Lower Hilly area covering Jhabua, Dhulia, Vadodara; lower plains covering Bharuch and parts of Vadodara. The hilly area is well forested.

The main tributaries rivers are Wakal River and Sai river. Ahmedabad, Gandhi Nagar are major cities of Gujarat established at the bank of this river.

Chambal River
The Chambal river is a river in Central India. It originates at Mhow near Indore. The river flows North East through Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and then Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh. The Chambal river is pollution free river and hosts two species of Crocodiles, mugger and gharial, eight types species of freshwater turtles, dolphins, skimmers, black bellied terns, sarus cranes and black necked storks, amongst others. It covers a total length of 960 Kms. The tributaries rivers of Chambal are Shipra, Sivanna, Retam, Ansar, Kalisindh, Banas, Parbati, Kuwari, Kuno, Chamla, Gambhir etc. The Chambal river merges into Yamuna River near Etawah.

Sabarmati River
River Sabarmati is a river in Western India and one of the biggest rivers of North Gujarat. It originates from Aravalli Range of Udaipur and meets the Gulf of Cambay of Arabian Sea after travelling 371 Kms.

Continents

O
Asia

ur Earth is a Planet of Sun which has life support of Oxygen and Water. divided

of the entire Earth. It has a population of 4200 millions. Since the total population of the Earth is approximately 7000 millions, it shows that about 60% population live in Asian countries.

The entire earth has been amongst Seven Continents.

It has a total area of 44,000,000 sq. kms. i.e. approximately 30%

Africa

The second largest Continent is Africa which has an area of

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30,000,000 sq.kms. i.e. 20% of total earth. It has a total population about 1000 millions.

Australia

North America

The smallest continent is Australia, have a total area of 7,700,000 sq.km., approx. 5% of total earth area and have total population 35 millions. More than 97% of total earths water is salt and hard. Less than 3% of water is fresh which is drinkable. On which 2.25% water is in the form of Iceburgs, 0.6% is stored underground and remaining 0.15% is in lakes, rivers or Reservoirs etc. Since total area of water is approximately 70%, it has more than five lac kilometre long coastal area. Most of the people live in these coastal zones. Today, approximately 700 million persons live on the Earth and roughly one million known animal species and half million known plant species found on the earth. They depend on Air, water and land of this beautiful planet i.e. earth.

The third Continent is North America which has an area of 21,500,000 sq.km. i.e. 16.5% of total Earth Area and has population of 525 millions.

South America

South America is fourth Continent and has an Area 17,600,000 sq.km., i.e. 12% of total earth area and population 400 millions.

Antarctica

Fifth Continent is Antarctica has an area of 13,600,000 sq.km., approx. 10% and have no population there.

Europe

Sixth Continent is Europe, has an area of 9,700,000 sq.km., 6.5% of total earth area and population 750 millions.

Lakes

lake has mostly fresh water in considerable size which is fed by local surroundings. Generally the lakes are not connected with the oceans. Natural lakes are found in mountainous areas and rift zones.

Baikal in Russia and Lake Tanganyika in Africa. Other lake is Lake Michigan or Lake Huron, area approx. 17,600 sq.km. Lake Erie is the fourth largest lake having area approx. 26000 Sq.km. It is fed by Niagara River and is an International boundary between United States and Canada. The other large lakes are Ontario Lake - 19500 Sq.km. and Lake Great Bear - 31000

Famous Lakes

Major lakes of the Continents are U.S.A. Lake Superior, largest lake of North America, Area 82000 Sq.km. Worlds largest freshwater lake by area and third largest fresh water lake by volume. The other two Fresh water lakes are Lake

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Sq.km. Another lake Great Salt Lake is located in the northern U.S. state of Utah, is the largest salt water lake. Canada Two Lakes are in Canada, one is Lake Great Slave - 29000 Sq.km. and Lake Winnipeg 25000 Sq.km. South America Lake Titicaca is also a lake located on the border of Peru and Bolivia. It is 3,811 m above sea level. By volume of water, it is the largest lake in South America. The average depth of Titicaca lake is 107 m. Five major river namely Ramis, Coata, Ilave, Huancane and Suchez, feed into Lake Titicaca. The lake has 41 islands, some of which are densely populated.

area of 33000 Sq.km. The lake is divided among Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania and Zambia. Lake Malawi is also a large lake in Africa which has an area of 29000 Sq.km.

Asia Lake Baikal is Worlds deepest and oldest, approx. 30 million years, and has an area of 32000 Sq.km. with an average depth of 744.4 metres. It is located in the south of the Russian region of Siberia. The temperature vary from a minimum of 19 C in winter to maximum of 14 C in summer. The other lakes are Aral Sea 31000 Sq.km., Balkhash Lake is 18000 Sq.km.

Africa Lake Victoria is the largest lake with a surface area of 68,800 sq.km. and is world's second largest freshwater lake. It contains about 2,750 cubic kilometers of water. It has a maximum depth of 84 metres. Another lake is Lake Tanganyika which has an

New Zealand Lake Taupo is a lake situated in the North Island of New Zealand with a surface area of 616 square kilometres. It is longest lake of New Zealand. It is estimated that approximately two lac lakes are present alone in Finland, out of which 60000 are large lakes.

Ocean, Ports and Harbours

Oceans

ur Earth is covered with 70% of water in the form of Oceans, Sea and Reservoirs.

directly. Less than 3 percent of total water available on Earth is fresh water. The rest is salty and mostly in the oceans.

Ocean and Sea water is saline i.e. it cannot be used for drinking

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 Percentage composition of each component in Sea Salt is Chloride 55%, Sodium 31%, Sulphate 8%, Magnesium 3.7%, Calcium/Potassium 1.0% each and rest 0.3% are Bi-carbonates. It has around 3.5 percent salt. It may be clearly understood that if 100 litre of the sea water is vaporized, only 3.5 kg. impure salt will be produced. The areas where Salt is produced from Sea Water are Australia, Colombia, Greece, France, Ireland, Italy, South Korea, United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Nicaragua, Philippines, Israel, Japan etc. There are four Oceans on the earth. The total area is 361106 sq.km. The water volume is approx.1.3 billion cu.km. The total mass of the water on earth is approximately 1.41018 tons which is about 0.025% of the Earth's total mass. The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean. It is spread over 16,60,00,000 sq.km. It separates Asia and Australia from America.

The Atlantic Ocean was formed about 180 million years ago and is spread over in 8,66,00,000 sq.km. It separates America from Eurasia and Africa. Indian Ocean separates Africa and Australia. It is spread over 7,35,00,000 sq.km. which covers approximately 20% of land area. Southern Ocean has no landmass and it encircles Antarctica and covers much of the Antarctic. Arctic Ocean is spread over 95,00,000 Sq.km. Arctic Ocean is considered as a sea of the Atlantic. The color of Oceanic Water is Blue as water has a very slight blue color that can only be seen in large volumes and it is not due to reflection of sky. Most of the world's goods move by ship between the sea ports. Oceans are also the major supply source for the fishing industry. Fish, Crabs and Lobster are inhabitants of Oceans.

Ports and Harbours

Each Ocean is surrounded by many countries. Indian Ocean is surrounded by Australia, Bangladesh, India, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Oman, Mozambique, Myanmar, Pakistan, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Yemen etc. Major Ports in India are Alang, Kozhikode, Chennai, Ennore, Dabhol, Goa, Kakinada, Kochi, Kolkata, Krishnapatnam, Mangalore, Mumbai, Panaji, Paradeep, Pipavav, Puducherry, Port Blair, Ratnagiri, Tuticorin, Vizag, Okha, Dahej, Jakhau, Bhavnagar, Porbandar, Veraval, Navlakhi, Beypore, etc. Pacific Ocean covers United States in Alaska, HonoluluHawaii, California- San Diego, San Francisco, Portland Oregan, Washington.

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 The other countries which have the ports of Pacific Ocean are Chile, New Zealand, Philippines, Thailand, Australia, Columbia, South Korea, North Korea, Peru, China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Canada, Malaysia, Panama, Singapore, Japan, Russia etc. Atlantic Ocean covers a large number of countries like Africa, Gabon, Mauritania, Morocco, Nigeria, Jamaica, Hondurus, Panama, Guatemala, Cuba, Barbados, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Scotland, England. North American countries like Canada, Mexico, New York, Texas, Georgia, Massachusetts, South Carolina, Connecticut, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, North Carolina.

South American States like Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, French Guyana, Surinam, Uruguay, Venezuela etc. Southern Ocean -Most Antarctic ports are operated by government research stations and, except in an emergency, remain closed to commercial or private vessels. Arctic Ocean surrounds in North America from Alaska, Canada, Inuvik, Nunavut, Tuktoyaktuk other than Norway and Russia. The greatest depths of Ocean is Mariana Trench in Pacific Ocean which is about 2200 Kms. in length and about 10300 metre deep. The greatest depth of Atlantic Ocean is 8.5 Km. Java Trench is deepest point of Indian Ocean which is 7.2 Kms. Deep.

Seas
Other than Oceans, our earth is matted with more than 100 Sea those merge into Oceans. Arabian Sea having area 3,862,000 Sq.km. and Red Sea having area of 450,000 sq.km. merges into Indian Ocean. South China Sea 2,975,000 Sq.km., Bering Sea 2,000,000 sq.km., East Sea/Japan Sea 1,000,000 sq.km., East China Sea 665,000 sq.km., Coral Sea 4,800,000 sq.km. and Okhotsk Sea 1,600,000 sq.km.. merges into Pacific Ocean. The sea merges into Atlantic Ocean are Caribbean Sea 2,500,000 sq.km., Mediterranean Sea 2,500,000 sq.km., Gulf of Mexico 1,500,000 sq.km., Norwegian Sea 1,400,000 sq.km., Andaman Sea 565,000 sq.km. and Black Sea 508,000 sq.km. Hudson Bay having total area of 730,000 sq.km. merges into Arctic Ocean. The Caspian Sea having area of 370,000 Sq.km. is a Lake but is considered to be a Sea.

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Dams

dam is a barrier that stores water. It serves the primary purpose of retaining water and for

generating Hydroelectricity. Few dams are made for controlling the flood. The other work includes usage for irrigation.

Major Dams of India

Name of Dam
Grand Annikut Tehri Dam Idukki Dam Bhakra Nangal Hirakud Dam Nagarjun Sagar Dam Sardar Sarovar Dam Indira Sagar Dam Krishna Rajasagar Bisalpur Dam Koyna Dam Maithon Dam Rihand Dam Tungbhadra Dam Bhawani Sagar Dam Mata Teela Dam

River
Kaveri River Bhagirathi River Periyar River Sutlez River Mahanadi Krishna River Narmada River Narmada River Kaveri River Banas River Koyana River Barakar River Rihand River Krishna River Bhawani River Betwa River

State
Tamilnadu Uttrakhand Kerala Punjab & Himachal Pr. Orissa Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Karnataka Rajasthan Maharashtra Jharkhand Uttar Pradesh Karnataka Tamil Nadu Madhya Pradesh

Height/ Power G
5 metre 261 m ; 1000 MW 170 m 225 m ; 1325 MW 61 m ; 310 MW 125 m ; 816 MW 163 m ; 1450 MW 92 m ; 1000 MW 40 m ; 200 MW 40 m ; 172 MW 100 m ; 1920 MW 50 m ; 60 MW 90 m ; 300 MW 50 m ; 72 MW 32 m ; 1920 MW 34 m.

Specification
Oldest in World 8th Highest 1st Arch Dam in Asia Largest Dam in India

Year / Remarks
19th century 2006 - Highest in India 1973 1963 1957 1969

Beneficiary to Gujarat, M.P., MS and Raj.

2008 2005

Brindaban Garden attached

1932 1999

Bounded by Sahyadri Mountain Range

1963 1957 1962

Musical Mountain

1953 1955 1958

Lalitpur district in Uttar Pradesh is well known for its 7 dams. Govind Sagar, Jemini Dam, Mata

Teela Dam, Rajghat Dam, Rohini Dam, Saajnam Dam and Sehjaad dam, all existed in this district.

Deserts

ur Earth is covered with Deserts with almost one-third portion of total land area.

Deserts are often composed of sand and rocky surfaces.

Antarctica is the world's largest cold desert, composed of 98% thick ice sheets.

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 The largest hot desert is Desert in northern covering approximately 9 sq.km. and covers countries.

Sahara Africa, million twelve

Australian Deserts are rich in Iron, Zinc and Lead. Gold, Silver and Uranium are deposited in United States and Australia. A list of renowned and well known Deserts are given below with the total area and the countries covered in those deserts.

The Deserts contain valuable minerals. Valuable minerals are metallic ores such as Copper is available in United States, Chile, Peru, and Iran.

Famous and Renowned Deserts

Desert Name Sahara Antarctic Arctic Arabian Gobi Kalahari Taklamakan Thar Gibson Country Africa Antarctica Arctic Middle East Asia Africa China India, Pakistan Australia Area sq.km. 9100000 13800000 13700000 2330000 1300000 900000 270000 200000 156000 Covered Countries
Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia, W. Sahara Antarctica Alaska, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Russia, Sweden Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Oman, Yemen China, Mongolia Angola, Botswana, Namibia, S.Africa China India, Pakistan Australia

Water Falls

n our beautiful world, nature has created thousands of Water Falls which are in the form of Plunged, Horsetail, Cataract, Tiered, Block type, Segmented, Fan and punch bowl type. First, we will know the detailed description of these types of Water Falls. Plunged Type Water Fall - Falling water descends vertically and loose the contact with surface. Horsetail Type Fall maintains with bedrock. Water

Cataract Type Fall - These falls are very powerful falls and falls freely. Tiered Water Fall - Water drops in a series of steps. Block type water fall - The water descends from a river. Segmented type water fall - Flow of water separated distinctly. Fan Type water fall spreads horizontally. Water

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 Punch Bowl type water fall Water descends in a form and then spreads.

A detailed information about the water falls is given below -

Major Waterfalls of the World

Name of Fall Angel Fall James Bruce Jog (Gersoppa) Niagara Fall St. Clairs Takakkaw Tugela Victoria Virginia Yosemite Dudhsagar Hannoki Bridal Veil American Fall Alfred Creek Bambarakanda Sutherland Country Venezuela Canada India Canada, USA Sri Lanka Canada S. Africa Zimbabwe Canada Hawaii, USA India Japan N. America New York S. America Sri Lanka New Zealand Height (m) 1000 840 250 50 81 385 950 1600 100 740 600 500 200 40 700 275 580 Type of Fall Plunged Tiered Plunged Cataract & Horse Shoe type Cascade Horsetail Plunged Cataract Segmented Tiered Tiered Plunged Plunged Cataract Tiered Horsetail Plunged Niagara Fall from USA side 4th Largest 2nd Tallest in World Largest Fall Specification Highest in World

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 Jog Falls, Bengaluru, India, height 250 meter, the only waterfall in India which is Cataract type. Powerful fall having 150 cubic meter per second water discharge capacity. It is on Sharavathi River. The water comes down in four distinct falls.

The Raja Fall pours half way down it is encountered by the Roarer, another fall. A third fall, Rocket shoots downwards in a series of jets, while the fourth, called the Rani, finally merges in it.

Islands of the World

n island is a piece of land that is surrounded by Ocean.

Name of Island Baffin Island Ellesmere Greenland Victoria Australia Borneo Celebes Madagascar Sumatra Honshu New Guinea Great Britain Java Jamaica Hawaii

Country Canada Canada Australia Canada Australia Malaysia Indonesia Africa Indonesia Japan Indonesia U.K. Indonesia South America U.S.A.

Area sq.km. 476000 196000 2176000 217000 7782000 725000 190000 230000 427000 227000 793000 218000 127000 11000 10500

Location Atlantic Ocean Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Arctic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Indian Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean Pacific Pcean

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Questions based on the above

1O. Which normally? (a) Pacific (c) Indian 2G. (a) (b) (c) (d) is the (b) (d) busiest ocean (a) (c) Atlantic Indian (b) (d) Pacific Arctic

Atlantic Arctic Ocean

How did Atlantic get its name? From Atlanta in U.S.A. From lost Continent Atlantis From word Atlas From Atlas Mountain

11A. Which continent is mostly covered with mountains on its land? (a) N. America (b) S. America (c) Europe (d) Asia 12O. Which River flows near Ajmer, India? (a) Ganga (b) Luni (c) Chambal (d) Shipra 13O. Which mountain range is oldest one? (a) Aravalli (b) Satpura (c) Himalaya (d) Sahyadri 14D. Which of the following rivers crosses the Equator twice? (a) Amazon (b) Congo (c) Nile (d) Murray Darl. 15N. Which name is not a synonym of river Ganga during its entire journey? (a) Padma (b) Meghna (c) Tsangpo (d) Hooghly 16B. Where would you find the Roof of the World? (a) Tsang-po Valley (b) Tibetan Himalaya (c) Kunlun Mountains (d) Pamir Plateau in Tibet 17B. What percentage of the Earths Area is covered by Antartica? (a) 15% (b) 25% (c) 10% (d) 2% 18N. Andhra Pr. is surrounded by Bay of Bengal, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Chhatisgarh and .? (a) Madhya Pr. (b) Orissa (c) Jharkhand (d) Kerala 19O. By how many States is Madhya Pradesh surrounded? (a) Five (b) Six (c) Seven (d) Eight

3L. Which State of India has the largest Forest Area? (a) Uttranchal (b) Andhra Pr. (c) Kerala (d) Assam 4L. Which of the following has the highest Wind Velocity? (a) Typhoon (b) Hurricane (c) Cyclone (d) Tornado 5N. Which river is also called Yellow River? (a) Hwang Ho (b) Brahmputra (c) Damodar (d) Mississippi 6A. Name the State where only Five Rivers passes other than Punjab? (a) Goa (b) Andhra Pr. (c) Karnataka (d) Tamil Nadu 7G. How many countries are there all over the world? (a) 82 (b) 124 (c) 171 (d) 196 8L. Out of total what percentage of Mountains? (a) 40% (c) 25% 9N. in the (a) (b) (c) (d) 30% land on earth, land is covered with (b) (d) 30% 50%

Which is the second largest river world? Amazon (South America) Nile (Egypt) Murray Darling (Australia) Ganga (India)

10L. Which water body surrounds the North Pole?

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20G. Indias Forest covered area is approximately? (a) 10% (b) 20% (c) 30% (d) 40% 21L. Out of the total land area on Earth, what percentage of area is covered by Asia Continent? (a) 16% (b) 20% (c) 33% (d) 48% 22N. Which is the main Hill Station in Palani Hills? (a) Kotagiri (b) Coonoor (c) Munnar (d) Kodaikanal 23B. Where are Simlas major Skislopes? (a) Kufri (b) Kullu (c) Manali (d) Kangra 24B. What mountain range overlooks Jaipur? (a) Vindhyas (b) Aravalli (c) Satpura (d) Mahadeo 25G. every (a) (c) What is the time difference for degree of Longitude? 8 minutes (b) 4 minutes 10 minutes (d) 12 minutes

(a) (c)

Gobi Thar

(b) (d)

Sahara Kalahari

31N. Which is the first East States of India? (a) Assam (b) Nagaland (c) West Bengal (d) Arunachal Pr. 32O. Which river forms part of the boundary between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh? (a) Banas (b) Mahi (c) Chambal (d) Luni 33N. Which Union Territory of India is the largest in area? (a) Delhi (b) Puduchery (c) Andaman & Nicobar (d) Chandigarh 34B. World (a) (b) (c) (d) The largest Continent is? North America South America Europe Asia in the

26N. What is the total surface area of the Earth? (a) 510 millions sq.km. (b) 610 millions sq.km. (c) 710 millions sq.km. (d) 81 millions sq.km. 27B. Antarctica is surrounds by which Ocean? (a) Indian (b) Southern (c) Pacific (d) Atlantic 28B. Which States of India has the largest network of National Highways? (a) Andhra Pr. (b) Madhya Pr. (c) Uttar Pr. (d) Rajasthan 29G. Which River serves the largest cultivable area? (a) Godavari (b) Ganga (c) Krishna (d) Saryu 30N. Which one is the largest Desert?

35O. Which of the following rivers is not one of the Sapt Sindhu Rivers? (a) Sindhu (b) Ganga (c) Saraswati (d) Jhelum 36B. Which Indian State do Bhutan and Nepal almost completely sandwich? (a) West Bengal (b) Sikkim (c) Meghalaya (d) Assam 37B. Which State of India is the largest supplier of Firewood? (a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Madhya Pradesh (c) Andhra Pradesh (d) Bihar 38B. In which Polluted Air hangs (a) Mumbai (c) Chennai Metro Cities, the above like a Cloud? (b) Kolkata (d) Delhi

39N. Where is the only Volcano in India? (a) Nagaland (b) Lakshdeep (c) Daman & Diu (d) Andaman N.

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40L. Which is the hottest place on the Earth? (a) Libya (b) Australia (c) India (d) Male 41B. Which Mountain is situated in Pakistan? (a) Dhaulagiri (b) Kanchenjunga (c) Annapurna (d) Nanga Parwat 42N. Except this mountain, all other mountains are situated on Nepal-China Border? (a) K2 (b) Makalu (c) Chooyu (d) Lhotse 43A. As per Hindu mythology, Ganga river once enters into another river before merging into Bay of Bengal during Tulaa Month, to wash herself free from pollution caused by bathing of people. Name the river? (a) Kaveri (b) Krishna (c) Mahanadi (d) Godavari 44G. By how many other Chhatisgarh is bordered with? (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 States,

45G. Name the river which originates from Bunder Poonchh? (a) Ganga (b) Yamuna (c) Brahmputra (d) Godavari 46N. How do you identify Yamuna river at Sangam, Allahabad? (a) Black water (b) White clear (c) Yellow silted (d) Blue water 47B. Which Desert is not in Asian country? (a) Gobi (b) Thar (c) Kalahari (d) Taklamakan 48O. Which is third largest continent areawise on the earth? (a) Asia (b) S. America (c) N. America (d) Africa 49N. Lake Baikal is a lake which have its presence in? (a) N. America (b) Africa (c) S. America (d) Russia 50B. Which country is known as Land of Thousand Lakes ? (a) Canada (b) Norway (c) Finland (d) Nepal

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Scoring System:
The questions are divided into ten slabs of rating, as usual which has a numeral value. These letters are A, B, D, E, G, H, L, N, O and S.

Answers:
1b 9a 17 c 25 b 33 c 41 - d 49 - d 2b 10 d 18 b 26 a 34 d 42 a 50 - c 3d 11 d 19 a 27 b 35 b 43 a 4d 12 b 20 b 28 c 36 b 44 - d 5a 13 a 21 c 29 b 37 b 45 - b 6a 14 a 22 d 30 b 38 d 46 - d 7d 15 c 23 a 31 d 39 d 47 - c 8c 16 d 24 b 32 c 40 a 48 - c

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Bibliography:
When I compiled this chapter, I took help of some websites related to it. The following quotes and references were visited. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_dams_in_the_world http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_by_area http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbors_of_the_Pacific_Ocean http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbours_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbours_of_the_Indian_Ocean http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts_by_area http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waterfalls CD of Manorama Guide upto the years 2011.

Thank You!
Hope you enjoyed to read the book The Key to Success Part I : The Universe Part II : Oerview of Automobile Industry. Now in this part of book which is based on the Beauties of Earth i.e. Mountain, River, Continent, Lake, Ocean and Sea, Dam, Desert, Water Fall etc. I tried to give you as much information as possible regarding the above subject. I even know that there is too much to write on this topic but I tried my best to provide only the most relevant information. Again I will request you all to share it with your friends too. You may buy the complete book with all the issues together at a discounted rate as well from various online services released separately.

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