Aalto University School of Science and Technology/ Chemical Engineering

HEAT EXCHANGER

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Work done

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Made by

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Student number

MARKINGS: Specification given in: Specification examined: ___ / ___ 201__ ___ / ___ 201__ ___ / ___ 201__ ___ / ___ 201__ ___ / ___ 201__ Specification passed: ___ / ___ 201__ RET / PASS RET / PASS RET / PASS RET / PASS

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1. INTRODUCTION Heat transfer was studied in this laboratory work both in shell and tube and plate heat exchangers when water was used as hot and cold fluid. The temperatures before and after the exchangers were measured as the fluid flow rates in both sides. The hot water flow rate was kept constant and the cold-water flow rate varied in measurements. The inlet water temperatures were kept constant too by adding fresh water to the feeding tanks. In this specification the heat balances for both the heat exchangers are calculated from the measured data. The heat transfer coefficients and the overall heat transfer coefficient from the correlations for the heat transfer, the mean temperature gradient and the heat transfer rate are calculated for the tube heat exchanger. For plate heat exchanger are only calculated the heat transfer coefficient from the heat transfer rate. 2. BALANCES The heat rate from the hot phase and to the cold phase is calculated from the measured inlet and outlet temperatures and from the flow rates of hot and cold water when the physical properties of water are known. If heat losses are negligible (as in this case) these quantities should be the same. The transferred heat in the measurement ___________ is calculated in the following. The mean temperatures of water in different phases are: Tave,h = Tave,c =

The heat capacities of water in these temperatures are: cp,h = cp,c =

The heat flow rates are: Qh =

Qc = The summary of calculations on the sheet 10-lamm.xls.Taseet is shown in appendix 1. 3. THE DIMENSIONS OF THE SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER In this work hot water flowed in the outer tube against normal practice (safety and heat losses). The external diameter of the outer tube was Du,u = 75 mm, the external diameter of the inner tube was Ds,u = 33 mm, the wall thickness of the both tubes was S = 1.5 mm and the length was L = 2.0 m. With this information the velocity of the fluids can be solved. The inner diameter of the outer tube Du,s =

The cross-sectional area of the outer tube APPu,s =

The cross-sectional area of the inner tube APPs,u =

The cross-sectional area of the flow in the annulus AVA =

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The inner diameter of the inner tube Ds,s =

The cross-sectional area of the flow in the inner tube AVs =

For counting the Reynolds number, all the characteristic dimensions of the flow channel in the annulus and the inner tube are needed. The characteristic dimension for the annulus is the difference between the diameters of the inner and the outer tube and for the inner tube this dimension is the same as the inner diameter. These are marked with subindexes c and h in order to avoid confusion:

Dh = Deq,A =

Dc =Ds,s = Also the cross-sectional area AQ is needed: External surface area Ao,u =

Inner surface area Ao,s = The logarithmic mean area is used here:

AQ =

The summary of calculations on the sheet 10-lamm.xls.Putki-Dimensiot is shown in appendix 1. 4. SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER: HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS Next, an example of calculations is shown for measurement ___________ .

4.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND THE PRANDTL NUMBER The Prandtl number is a function of the physical properties of the fluid only and it is defined: Pr

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The physical properties of water in the mean temperature of the phase are: Table 1: The mean physical properties and the Prandtl number c p, T Tave roo(Tave) eta(Tave) cp(Tave) lam(Tave) o C kg/m3 Pas J/kgK W/mK Hot Cold

Pr Pr(Tave)

4.2 REYNOLDS NUMBER The Reynolds number characterizes how turbulent the flow is and is defined: Re The flow velocities are:

uh =

uc =

Reynolds numbers in the mean temperatures:

Reh =

Rec =

4.3 THE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS The Nusselt number, which includes the heat transfer coefficient of the phases, is defined: Nu

The Nusselt number is calculated from correlations, which are functions of the Reynolds number and the Prandtl number Nu=f(Re,Pr). Here, the Nusselt number is calculated from the following correlations Nuh =

Nuc =

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From these correlations the Nusselt numbers can be estimated: Nuh =

Nuc =

The mean heat transfer coefficients can now be estimated from the definition of the Nusselt number:

hh =

hc =

The summary of calculations on the sheet 10-lamm.xls.Putki-h is shown in appendix 3. The heat transfer coefficients of the phases as a function of the cold-water inlet flow are shown in a graph in appendix 6. 5. HEAT TRANSFER RATE An example of calculations is shown in the following section for measurement ___________ .

5.1 OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT The estimations of the overall heat transfer coefficients are always based on a cross-sectional area, which can even be chosen arbitrary. Since this area is often unspecified, the external and inner surface areas cannot be used, but the logarithmic mean area A is used. The overall heat transfer coefficient is calculated from the heat transfer coefficient with the equation:

U=

Here the altering of the heat transfer area nor the resistance to the heat transfer in the tube are ignored, so the mean overall heat transfer coefficient is:

U=

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5.2 TEMPERATURE GRADIENT The temperature gradient used in the flux equation is in general

T = F T LM = F LMTD

(1.)

A 1-1 exchanger was used in this work, so the correction factor is F = 1 and T = LMTD. In this experiment the temperature gradient T is: T = LMTD =

5.3 HEAT TRANSFER RATE The heat transfer rate of the exchanger is estimated from the flux equation: Q=

In this case the heat transfer rate is: Q=

5.4 HEAT TRANSFER RATES The heat transfer rates for the cold and hot side and the overall heat transfer rate are estimated for measurement __________ in the following: Qh =
Qc

Q= The fractional difference based on balances (maximum when compared to the smaller value and minimum when compared to the bigger value) is:

Qh Qc Q

=
MAX

Qh Qc = QMIN

Qh Qc Q

=
MIN

Qh Qc = QMAX

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The fractional difference between the heat transfer rates estimated from the flux equation and from the balances (compared to the rate which was estimated from the balances) is: QQ = Q The summary of calculations on the sheet 10-lamm.xls.Putki-U,LMTD,Q is shown in appendix 1.

6. THE PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER The heat transfer area of the plate heat exchanger is 0.5 m2 and the transferred heat can be estimated from the balances as in the tube heat exchanger. The plate heat exchanger used in this work had only one passing through for both fluids and the connection approaches pure countercurrent connection between the plates in the plate heat exchanger, so the temperature gradient used in the flux equation is T on T = LMTD. The heat transfer rate of the heat exchanger is calculated from the flux equation. In this case the flux equation is used to estimate the overall heat transfer coefficient: U= and for measurement ___________

U=

The summary of calculations on the sheet 10-lamm.xls.Levy-U,LMTD,Q is shown in appendix 5. A graph of the overall heat transfer coefficients of the tube and plate heat exchangers is shown in appendix 7 as a function of cold-water inlet flow.

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7. INCORRECT ESTIMATE AND EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS

8. APPENDIXES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Sheet 10-lamm.xls.Balances Sheet 10-lamm.xls.Tube-Dimensions Sheet 10-lamm.xls.Tube-h Sheet 10-lamm.xls.Tube-U,LMTD,Q Sheet 10-lamm.xls.Plate-U,LMTD,Q