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AIR CONDITIONING AND REFREGIRATION

A full research project on design of office airconditioning Based on Lerotholi Polytechnic Building(s)

Compiled by: Mr. N.S. MARAKE Diploma in Mech.Eng. 2009 Edition

Table of contents
Chapters Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Tittles introduction Air Conditioning system Design Basic operation Types of air conditioners Refrigeration Vapour compression cycle Vapour Absorption refrigeration cycle compressor Heat exchangers evapourators Condenser Air circulation ducts Friction chart for circular ducts Air cleaning methods Sizing air conditioner Load calculations Duct sizing Fan sizing Full design diagram Recommendations Conclusion

Chapter 1 Introduction
It has been discovered that most of LP offices do not have air conditioning devices, the idea is to design the air conditioner which will be efficient with minimum energy consumption. The research will include air conditioning processes, required size of individual components of the air conditioning system which can be suitable for all the offices in Lerotholi Polytechnic. Refrigeration may be defined as the process of achieving and maintaining a temperature below that of the surroundings, the aim being to cool some product or space to the required temperature. One of the most important applications of refrigeration has been the preservation of perishable food products by storing them at low temperatures. Refrigeration systems are also used extensively for providing thermal comfort to human beings by means of air conditioning. Air Conditioning refers to the treatment of air so as to simultaneously control its temperature, moisture content, cleanliness, odour and circulation, as required by occupants, a process, or products in the space. The subject of refrigeration and air conditioning has evolved out of human need for food and comfort. The history of refrigeration is very interesting since every aspect of it, the availability of refrigerants, the prime movers and the developments in compressors and the methods of refrigeration all are a part of it. Problem statement Make a full research on air conditioning processes and decide on which suitable device will be employed for the offices of Lerotholi Polytechnic. Sub problems A research on air conditioning system Explore on individual component of the system chosen in sub-problem 1 Select the appropriate size Limitations and assumptions limitation installation of the air conditioning devices. The building of offices. The Electrical analysis design of the components The assumptions All the offices have the same volume and wall are build from the same material. All the offices accommodate the same number of people and the equipment in all the offices are the same. Heat transfer is constant throughout the wall. Walls were build from the constant wall thickness.

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

 Rooms are of a standard dimensions. Preliminary ideas Single zone system

Chapter 2 Air conditioning system design

Air conditioning is a simultaneous control of temperature, humidity, motion and purity of the atmosphere in a confined space. The important factors involved in the complete air-conditioning are; Temperature control Humidity control Air movement and circulation Air filtering, cleaning and purification

Figure 1,

Stoecker Jones refrigeration and air conditioning 2nd edition

Terminal reheat All air conditioners have four basic components: a pump (compressor), an evaporator, a condenser, and an expansion valve. All have a working fluid (refrigerant) and an opposing fluid medium as well. Two air conditioners may look entirely dissimilar in both size, shape, and configuration, yet both function in basically the same way. This is due to the wide variety of applications and energy sources available. Most air conditioners derive their power from an electrically-driven motor and pump combination to circulate the refrigerant fluid. Some natural gas-driven chillers couple the pump with a gas engine in order to give off significantly more torque.
Figure 2,

Stoecker Jones refrigeration and air conditioning 2nd edition

Dual duct system/ multi zone system

As the working fluid or refrigerant circulates through the air-conditioning system at high pressure via the pump, it will enter an evaporator where it changes into a gas state, taking heat from the opposing fluid medium and operating just like a heat exchanger. The working fluid then moves to the condenser, where it gives off heat to the atmosphere by condensing back into a liquid. After passing through an expansion valve, the working fluid returns to a low pressure state. When the cooling medium (either a fluid or air) passes near the evaporator, heat is drawn to the evaporator. This process effectively cools the opposing medium, providing localized cooling where needed in the building. Early air conditioners used Freon as the working fluid, but because of the hazardous effects Freon has on the environment, it has been phased out. Recent designs have met strict challenges to improve the efficiency of a unit, while using an inferior substitute for Freon Basic operation All air conditioners have four basic components: pump, evaporator, condenser, and expansion valve. Hot refrigerant vapour is pumped at high pressure through the condenser, where it gives off heat to the atmosphere by condensing into a liquid. The cooled refrigerant then passes through the expansion valve, which lowers the pressure of the liquid. The liquid refrigerant now enters the evaporator, where it will take heat from the room and change into a gaseous state. This part of the cycle releases cool air into the air-conditioned building. The hot refrigerant vapour is then ready to repeat the cycle. The process is shown in the figure below.

Figure 3,

Stoecker Jones refrigeration and air conditioning 2 edition

nd

Evaluation of ideas The terminal reheat seems to have good facilities in terms of the costs and the energy consumptions also in the efficiency as compared to the other two systems

Packaged central air conditioner In a packaged central air conditioner, the evaporator, condenser, and compressor are all located in one cabinet, which usually is placed on a roof or on a concrete slab next to the houses foundation. This type of air conditioner also is used in small commercial buildings. Air supply and return ducts come from indoors through the homes exterior wall or roof to connect with the packaged air conditioner, which is usually located outdoors. Packaged air conditioners often include electric heating coils or a natural gas furnace. This combination of air conditioner and central heater eliminates the need for a separate furnace indoors. Air conditioning systems Single zone system Terminal reheat system Types of air conditioners The basic types of air conditioners are room air conditioners, split-system central air conditioners, and packaged central air conditioners. Room Air Conditioners Room air conditioners cool rooms rather than the entire home. If they provide cooling only where theyre needed, room air conditioners are less expensive to operate than central units, even though their efficiency is generally lower than that of central air conditioners. Smaller room air conditioners can be plugged into any 15- or 20-amp, 115-volt household circuit that is not shared with any other major appliances. Larger room air conditioners need their own dedicated 115-volt circuit. The largest models require a dedicated 230-volt circuit. Central Air Conditioners Central air conditioners circulate cool air through a system of supply and return ducts. Supply ducts and registers carry cooled air from the air conditioner to the home. This cooled air becomes warmer as it circulates through the home; then it flows back to the central air conditioner through return ducts and registers. A central air conditioner is either a split-system unit or a packaged unit. Split-system central air conditioner In a split-system central air conditioner, an outdoor metal cabinet contains the condenser and compressor, and an indoor cabinet contains the evaporator. In many split-system air conditioners, this indoor cabinet also contains a furnace or the indoor part of a heat pump. The air conditioner s evaporator coil is installed in the cabinet or main supply duct of this furnace or heat pump. If your home already has a furnace but no air conditioner, a split-system is the most economical central air conditioner to install. Terminal reheat The schematic diagram of the terminal reheat is shown in a diagram below. All the air is cooled to a temperature to ensure dehumidification and the thermostat in each controls the heat associated with the zone. Single zone system The elements of the air conditioning system that will provide the heating (and humidification) or cooling (and dehumidification) are shown in the figure below. Dual duct system

how much shade is on your homes windows, walls, and roof; how much insulation is in your homes ceiling and walls; how much air leaks into your home from the outside; and how much heat the occupants and appliances in your home generate. An air conditioner s efficiency, performance, durability, and initial cost depend on matching its size to the above factors. Locating Air Conditioners If air conditioner is installed correctly, or if major installation problems are found and fixed, it will perform efficiently for years with only minor routine maintenance. However, many air conditioners are not installed correctly. As an unfortunate result, modern energy-efficient air conditioners can perform almost as poorly as older inefficient models. When installing a new central air conditioner the following measures should be taken in to consideration: - allows adequate indoor space for the installation, maintenance, and repair of the new system, and installs an access door in the furnace or duct to provide a way to clean the evaporator coil. - uses a duct-sizing methodology such as the Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA). - ensures there are enough supply registers to deliver cool air and enough return air registers to carry warm house air back to the air conditioner. - installs duct work within the conditioned space. - locates the condensing unit where its noise will not keep you or your neighbours awake at night. - places the condensing unit in a shady spot, if possible, which can reduce your air conditioning costs by 1% to 2%. - verifies that the newly installed air conditioner has the exact refrigerant charge and air flow rate specified by the manufacturer. The terminal reheat seems to have good facilities in terms of the costs and the energy consumptions also in the efficiency as compared to the other two systems. Sizing Air Conditioners Air conditioners are rated by the number of British Thermal Units (Btu) of heat they can remove per hour. Another common rating term for air conditioning size is the ton, which is 12,000 Btu per hour. The size of an air conditioner depends on: how large your home is and how many windows it has; - locates the thermostat away from heat sources, such as windows, or supply registers.

Dual duct system/ multi zone system The air from the supply fan divides, part of the air flows through the heating coil and the other through the cooling coil. The thermostat in each zone regulates the mixing box that proportions the air flow rate of warm and cool air. The schematic diagram is shown in a figure below.

Chapter 3 Refrigeration
It has been discovered that air conditioning is achieved by means of components put together to build up a system, which intern could be expressed as a cycle. The choosing of the type will depend on the operation of the cycle, also basing on factors like global warming, technology, modernity and many other factors There are basically several types of refrigeration cycles. The cycles discussed will be those that will be applicable for the offices. Refrigeration cycles Commonly used air conditioning cycles are vapour compression cycle, and vapour absorption cycle. Modern refrigeration technology including absorption refrigeration has coexisted with the more standard type of vapour compression systems ever since the beginning of refrigeration. Absorption refrigeration mainly requires a heat source to drive its cooling cycle. Only in the USA and Japan is absorption refrigeration widespread in the market, a market tendency of the last decades. Concerns regarding the Global Warming Potential and the more recently defined Thermal Equivalent Warming Impact is an opportunity to further explore the applications of absorption refrigeration Vapour Compression cycle: The basis of modern refrigeration is the ability of liquids to absorb enormous quantities of heat as they boil and evaporate. Professor William Cullen of the University of Edinburgh demonstrated this in 1755 by placing some water in thermal contact with ether under a receiver of a vacuum pump. The evaporation rate of ether increased due to the vacuum pump and water could be frozen. This process involves two thermodynamic concepts, the vapour pressure and the latent heat. A liquid is in thermal equilibrium with its own vapour at a pressure called the saturation pressure, which depends on the temperature alone. If the pressure is increased for example in a pressure cooker, the water boils at higher temperature. The second concept is that the evaporation of liquid requires latent heat during evaporation. If latent heat is extracted from the liquid, the liquid gets cooled. The temperature of ether will remain constant as long as the vacuum pump maintains a pressure equal to saturation pressure at the desired temperature. This requires the removal of all the vapours formed due to vaporization. If a lower temperature is desired, then a lower saturation pressure will have to be maintained by the vacuum pump. The component of the modern day refrigeration system where cooling is produced by this method is called evaporator. If this process of cooling is to be made continuous the vapours have to be recycled by condensation to the liquid state. The condensation process requires heat rejection to the surroundings. It can be condensed at atmospheric temperature by increasing its pressure. The condensation process requires heat rejection to the surroundings. It can be condensed at atmospheric temperature by increasing its pressure. A compressor is required to maintain a high pressure so that the evaporating vapours can condense at a temperature greater than that of the surroundings.

The figure above shows the arrangement of the typical single-stage vapor compression refrigeration cycle. The operation is as follows. Low-pressure liquid refrigerant in the evaporator absorbs heat from its surroundings, usually air, water or some other process liquid. During this process it changes its state from a liquid to a gas, and at the evaporator exit is slightly superheated.

The superheated vapour enters the compressor where its pressure is raised. The temperature will also increase, because a proportion of the energy put into the compression process is transferred to the refrigerant.

The high pressure superheated gas passes from the compressor into the condenser.

The initial part of the cooling process de-superheats the gas before it is then turned back into liquid.

The cooling for this process is usually achieved by using air or water. A further reduction in temperature happens in the pipe work and liquid receiver so that the refrigerant liquid is sub-cooled as it enters the expansion device.

The high-pressure sub-cooled liquid passes through the expansion device, which both reduces its pressure and controls the flow into the evaporator.

The thermodynamics expressions of the process.

1-2 Isentropic compression in a compressor

2-3 Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser

3-4 Throttling in an expansion device

4-1 Constant pressure heat absorption in an evaporator

The process can be expressed on a pressure enthalpy (P - h)diagram and also on a temperature entropy (T S)diagram as shown on the above diagrams. T - s diagram energy analysis Area under process curve = heat transfer Area under 4 - 1 = heat absorbed Area under 2 - 3 = heat rejected Steady Flow Process Refrigeration effect = h1 - h4 W compressor, in = h2 - h1 Q evaporator = h2 - h3 COP = refrigeration effect /W net, in COP = coefficient of performance at a low pressure (evaporator) COPHP = Q evaporator/W net, in COPHP = coefficient of performance at a high pressure The condenser has to be capable of rejecting the combined heat inputs of the evaporator and the compressor. In other words: There is no heat loss or gain through the expansion device.

Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Systems: This is the principle of removing the evaporated water vapour requiring no compressor or pump. H SO is an absorbent in this system that has to be recycled by heating to get rid of the 2 4 absorbed water vapour, for continuous operation. Water is a strong absorbent of NH . If NH 3 3 is kept in a vessel that is exposed to another vessel containing water, the strong absorption potential of water will cause evaporation of NH requiring no compressor to drive the vapours. 3 A liquid pump is used to increase the pressure of strong solution. The strong solution is then heated in a generator and passed through a rectification column to separate the water from ammonia. The ammonia vapour is then condensed and recycled. The pump power is negligible hence; the system runs virtually on low- grade energy used for heating the strong solution to separate the water from ammonia. These systems were initially run on steam. Later on oil and natural gas based systems were introduced. Figure shows the essential components of a vapour absorption refrigeration system. A heating based bubble pump was is for circulation of strong and weak solutions and hydrogen was used as a non-condensable gas to reduce the partial pressure of NH in the evaporator. The refrigeration systems are still widely used in cer3 tain niche applications such as hotel rooms etc. Figure 1.5 shows the schematic of the vapour absorption refrigeration system.

Pump: Pumping of the rich solution and raising its pressure to the pressure of the condenser Generator: Distillation of the vapour from the rich solution leaving the poor solution for recycling

The absorption chillier (absorber) is a machine, which produces chilled water by using heat such as steam, hot water, gas, oil etc. Chilled water is produced based on the principle that liquid (i.e. refrigerant, which evaporates at a low temperature) absorbs heat from its surroundings when it evaporates. Pure water is used as refrigerant and lithium bromide solution is used asabsorbent.Heat for the vapour absorption refrigeration system can be provided by waste heat extracted from the process, diesel generator sets etc. In that case absorption systems require electricity for running pumps only. Depending on the temperature required and the power cost, it may even be economical to generate heat / steam to operate the absorption system.Evaporative cooling in vapour absorption refrigeration systems There are occasions where air conditioning, which stipulates control of humidity of up to 50% for human comfort or for processes, can be replaced by a much cheaper and less energy intensive evaporative cooling. The concept is very simple and is the same as that used in a cooling tower. Air is brought in close contact with water to cool it to a temperature close to the wet bulb temperature. The cool air can be used for comfort or process cooling. The disadvantage is that the air is rich in moisture. Nevertheless, it is an extremely efficient means of cooling at very low cost. Large commercial systems employ cellulose filled pads over which water is sprayed. The temperature can be controlled by controlling the airflow and the water circulation rate. The possibility of evaporative cooling is especially attractive for comfort cooling in dry regions. This principle is practiced mostly in textile industries for certain processes. Advantages of the vapour compression over vapour absorption cycle regarding the current project, It has fewer components It is mostly applicable for smaller applications such as in home air conditioning not in the industries The vapour compression will be suitable for the LP offices air conditioning. Now that it was found that the vapour compression cycle will be used, the individual components will be discussed.

In a figure above the operation of the cycle is clarified showing how the fluid is been circulated throughout the cycle. The vapour absorption refrigeration system consists of: Absorber: Absorption of refrigerant vapour by a suitable absorbent or adsorbent, forming a strong or rich solution of the refrigerant in the absorbent/ adsorbent

Compressor The main function of the compressor is to compress the gas like air, hydrogen, nitrogen, refrigerant etc. The compressor compresses the gas and increases its pressure. The high pressure gas like hydrogen is filled in the cylinders, which can be used for various applications. The compressed air can be filled in the tubes of automobiles, it can be used for operating various electronic instruments, for operation of pneumatic machines, cleaning purposes and many other applications. On the other hand, the compressed refrigerant is a part of the refrigeration cycle, usually the vapor compression cycle.

Air conditioner compressors are the heart of the system because they pump the refrigerant through the system in a closed cycle in much the same way as the heart pumps blood through the bodys system. The other main function of the air conditioner compressor is to compress low pressure refrigerant gas from the evaporator converting it to a hot, high pressure gas. In doing this the compressor also removes vapour from the evaporator to help it maintain a constant temperature The purpose of the compressor in the vapour compression cycle is to accept the low-pressure dry gas from the evaporator and raise its pressure to that of the condenser. Compressors may be of the positive displacement or dynamic type. The general form of positive displacement compressor is the piston type, being adaptable in size, number of cylinders, speed and method of drive. It works on the two-stroke cycle. As the piston descends on the suction stroke, the internal pressure falls until it is lower than that in the suction inlet pipe, and the suction valve opens to admit gas from the evaporator. At the bottom of the stroke, this valve closes again and the compression stroke begins. When the cylinder pressure is higher than that in the discharge pipe, the discharge valve opens and the compressed gas passes to the condenser. Clearance gas left at the top of the stroke must reexpand before a fresh charge can enter the cylinder Components of Air Compressor:

Capacity Determination: The capacity of the refrigerating compressor determines the capacity of the whole refrigerating or air conditioning plant. The capacity of the air or gas compressor doesnt determine the capacity of the other plants. For instance, though the pneumatic tool depends on the compressed air for its operation, it has its own capacity. Relation to the other equipments: The refrigerating compressor is integral part of the cycle that includes other components of the cycle like condenser, expansion valve, and the evaporator. The working and proper functioning of each of these components depend on the working of other components. If the refrigeration compressor breaks down the whole system will collapse. There is no such dependency in case of the other compressors. If the air or gas compressor breaks down, the standby compressor can be started easily. There are three basic types of air compressors:

Reciprocating (Recip.) Rotary Screw (Screw) Rotary Centrifugal (Centrifugal) Reciprocating Reciprocating air conditioner compressors, are less popular in residential cooling systems because they are noisier than the other two types. This is because they utilize pistons that are driven by a motor to compress the gas in a cylindrical-shaped chamber. The gas is taken into the chamber at one end and pistons are pushed in to reduce the amount of space inside. This then compresses the gas which is released through the other end of the chamber and on into the condenser. Aside from being noisy these are not able to supply a smooth and steady flow of refrigerant as effectively as the others are. They are used more frequently in high pressure systems rather than conventional residential air conditioners Reciprocating air compressors are positive displacement compressors. This means they are taking in successive volumes of air which is confined within a closed space and elevating this air to a higher pressure. The reciprocating air compressor accomplishes this by using a piston within a cylinder as the compressing and displacing element. The reciprocating air compressor is considered single acting when the compressing is accomplished using only one side of the piston. A compressor using both sides of the piston is considered double acting. The reciprocating air compressor uses a number of automatic spring loaded valves in each cylinder that open only when the proper differential pressure exists across the valve. Inlet valves open when the

Figure above is the elastrator of the arrangement of components of a compressor, the diagram has been designed for claritys sake hence the arrangement will somehow differ from the practical compressors used in air conditioning cycles.

pressure in the cylinder is slightly below the intake pressure. Discharge valves open when the pressure in the cylinder is slightly above the discharge pressure. A compressor is considered to be single stage when the entire compression is accomplished with a single cylinder or a group of cylinders in parallel. Many applications involve conditions beyond the practical capability of a single compression stage. Too great a compression ratio (absolute discharge pressure/absolute intake pressure) may cause excessive discharge temperature or other design problems. For practical purposes most plant air reciprocating air compressors over 100 horsepower are built as multi-stage units in which two or more steps of compression are grouped in series. The air is normally cooled between the stages to reduce the temperature and volume entering the following stage. Reciprocating air compressors are available either as air-cooled or watercooled in lubricated and non-lubricated configurations, may be packaged, and provide a wide range of pressure and capacity selections Principle of Working of the Reciprocating Compressors Apart from the piston and the cylinder arrangement, the reciprocating compressor also comprises of the crankshaft, connecting rod and other small connecting elements. The crankshaft is connected to the electric motor directly by coupling or by belt and driven by the pulley arrangement. The rotary motion of the crankshaft is converted into the reciprocating motion of the piston inside the cylinder through the connecting rod. Let us see the various strokes of the piston inside the cylinder (refer the figures below): Working of Reciprocating Compressor

starts reducing, that means the refrigerant starts getting compressed and its pressure starts increasing. Due to high pressure of the refrigerant inside the cylinder, its suction valve closes. Due to crankshaft motion the piston continues moving upwards and compressing the refrigerant. The pressure of refrigerant goes on increasing as it gets more and more compressed. At the end of the compression stroke the discharge valve opens and the refrigerant is delivered to the discharge pipeline or tubing of the refrigeration or the air conditioning system. Due to the rotary motion of the crankshaft the reciprocating motion of the piston continues inside the cylinder and it finally reaches the TDC position, where all the compressed refrigerant inside the cylinder is delivered to the discharge line and the discharge valve closes. From here on the piston starts moving again to the BDC position and the operation of the compressor continues. When moving from BDC to the TDC position, the piston does not touch the cylinder at the top position, rather some volume is remains vacant between the top position of the piston and the cylinder, this volume is called as the clearance volume. Such clearance volume is also present at the bottom BDC position. Thus there are two strokes of the piston inside the cylinder, the suction stroke and the compression stroke. For each revolution of the crankshaft one suction and one discharge stroke of the piston inside the cylinder is produced. Rotary Screw Compressors A rotary screw compressor is a type of gas compressor which uses a rotary type positive displacement mechanism. The mechanism for gas compression utilizes either a single screw element or two counter rotating intermeshed helical screw elements housed within a specially shaped chamber. As the mechanism rotates, the meshing and rotation of the two helical rotors produces a series of volume-reducing cavities. Gas is drawn in through an inlet port in the casing, captured in a cavity, compressed as the cavity reduces in volume, and then discharged through another port in the casing. Rotary screw compressors are used in a diverse range of applications. Typically, they are used to supply compressed air for general industrial applications. Trailer mounted diesel powered units are often seen at construction sites, and are used to power air operated construction machinery. The screw compressor is often popular because of its simple design. It usually consists of two intermeshed, screw shaped rotors or spindles that will rotate in opposite directions. The refrigerant gas enters the enclosed chamber where it is trapped and compressed between the intermeshed spindles. The opposed rotary directions of these spindles is what causes the gas to move from entrance (suction) to the exit (discharge) where it is moved on to the condenser. This design provides quiet and continuous flow. The effectiveness of this mechanism is dependent on close fitting clearances between the helical rotors and the chamber for sealing of the compression cavities. Rotary air compressors are positive displacement compressors. The most common rotary air compressor is the single stage helical or spiral lobe oil flooded screw air compressor. These compressors consist of two rotors within a casing where the rotors compress the air internally. There are no valves. These units are basically oil cooled (with air cooled or water cooled oil

Piston at Top Dead Center (TDC) Position:

Let us suppose that initially the piston is at the top position inside the cylinder; this is called as the top dead center (TDC) position of the piston. At this position the refrigerant that has already been compressed is delivered from the discharge valve. From the top dead center position the piston starts moving towards the downward direction. At this instance the discharge valve is already closed, while the suction valve opens due to suction pressure of the refrigerant from the suction pipeline. The refrigerant from the suction pipeline is taken inside the cylinder of the compressor via the suction valve. As the piston moves downwards, the amount of the refrigerant taken inside the cylinder increases. When the piston reaches bottom most position it is said to be in bottom dead center position (BDC). At this position the maximum amount of the refrigerant is sucked by the cylinder or compressor. Piston at Bottom Dead Center (BDC) Position: At the BDC position the maximum amount of the refrigerant has been taken inside the cylinder from the suction line of the refrigeration or air conditioning system. The piston now starts moving in the upward direction due to which the volume of the refrigerant inside the cylinder

coolers) where the oil seals the internal clearances. Since the cooling takes place right inside the compressor, the working parts never experience extreme operating temperatures. The rotary compressor, therefore, is a continuous duty, air cooled or water cooled compressor package. Because of the simple design and few wearing parts, rotary screw air compressors are easy to maintain, operate and provide great installation flexibility. Rotary air compressors can be installed on any surface that will support the static weight. The two stage oil flooded rotary screw air compressor uses pairs of rotors in a combined air end assembly. Compression is shared between the first and second stages flowing in series. This increases the overall compression efficiency up to fifteen percent of the total full load kilowatt consumption. The two stage rotary air compressor combines the simplicity and flexibility of a rotary screw compressor with the energy efficiency of a two stage double acting reciprocating air compressor. Two stage rotary screw air compressors are available air cooled and water cooled and fully packages. The oil free rotary screw air compressor utilizes specially designed air ends to compress air without oil in the compression chamber yielding true oil free air. Oil free rotary screw air compressors are available air cooled and water cooled and provide the same flexibility as oil flooded rotaries when oil free air is required. Rotary screw air compressors are available air cooled and water cooled, oil flooded and oil free, single stage and two stage. There is a wide range of availability in configuration and in pressure and capacity. The design of rotary screw compressors The higher density gas or vapour fills a chamber of relatively small volume. The volume of this chamber increases with rotation thus reducing the fluid pressure. When the required lower exit pressure has been reached the gas or vapour leaves the expander. It is naturally pushed out of the expander after the volume of the individual chambers have reached their maximum value.

stead of using half the process just for filling or emptying the gas pockets in the compressor or expander, rotary vane compressors can combine the functions of compression and expansion in a single unit Scroll compressors A scroll compressor (also called spiral compressor, scroll vacuum pump and scroll pump ) is a device for compressing air or refrigerant. It is used in air conditioning equipment, as an automobile supercharger and it is known as a scroll type supercharger. A scroll compressor operating in reverse is known as a scroll expander, and can be used to generate mechanical work from the expansion of a fluid. Many residential central heat pump and air conditioning systems and a few automotive air conditioning systems employ a scroll compressor instead of the more traditional rotary, reciprocating, and wobble-plate compressors. Scroll air conditioner compressors are favoured for their efficiency as they move refrigerant gas along in a continuous flow. This means that the system runs smoother, quieter and has less leakage than the other types. This is due mainly to its efficient design which helps it to perform its functions more effectively. It also has some built in mechanisms to help prevent damage to the compressor. The refrigerant is then pushed along by air that is compressed between two spiral cogs that fit together in such a way that they form curved gas pockets. One of these cogs is continuously moving around the other in order to drive this air out through the exhaust. Gas is drawn into one of several pockets which become gradually smaller as the cogs continue to move round. This motion compresses the gas which becomes very hot. Once it is sufficiently compressed it is released and moved along to the condenser The design of the scroll compressors A scroll compressor uses two interleaved scrolls to pump, compress, or pressurize fluids such as liquids and gasses. The vane geometry may be involutes, or hybrid curves. Often, one of the scrolls is fixed, while the other orbits eccentrically without rotating, thereby trapping and pumping or compressing pockets of fluid between the scrolls. Another method for producing the compression motion is co-rotating the scrolls, in synchronous motion, but with offset centers of rotation. The relative motion is the same as if one were orbiting. Another variation, is with flexible (lay flat) tubing where the Archimedean spiral acts as a peristaltic pump, that operates on much the same principle as a toothpaste tube. They have casings filled with lubricant to prevent abrasion of the exterior of the pump tube and to aid in the dissipation of heat, and use reinforced tubes, often called hoses. This class of pump is often called a hose pump. Furthermore, since there are no moving parts in contact with the fluid, peristaltic pumps are inexpensive to manufacture. Their lack of valves, seals and glands makes them comparatively inexpensive to maintain, and the use of a hose or tube makes for a low-cost maintenance item compared to other pump types These devices are known for operating more smoothly, quietly, and reliably than conventional

A figure above shows a cross-sectional view of a conventional rotary positive displacement compressor. This shows more clearly than any other positive displacement compressor the possibility of combining the compression and the expansion process in a single machine. In-

compressors in some applications. Unlike pistons, the orbiting scrolls mass can be perfectly counterbalanced, with simple masses, to minimize vibration. However, mass that ensures proper position of the orbiting scroll cannot be balanced and thus its presence still results in inherent scroll compressor vibration. The scrolls gas processes are more continuous. Additionally, a lack of dead space gives an increased efficiency volumetrically. From the theory above the reciprocating compressor is found more suitable for the project. heat exchangers One of the widest use of heat exchanger is for air conditioning of buildings and vehicles, this class of heat exchangers is commonly called air coils, or just coils due to their often meandering internal tubing. On the liquid side of the heat exchanger, the common liquids are water, a water glycogen solution, steam and a refrigerant, for heating coils, hot water and steam are the most common and this heated fluid is supplied from the boiler or any other means of heating the fluid. For cooling coils, chilled water and refrigerants are commonly used, water is supplied from the chillier that is potentially very far away but refrigerant must come from the nearby condensing unit. When a refrigerant is used, the cooling coil is the evaporator in the vapour compression cycles. Evaporators The purpose of the evaporator is to receive low-pressure, low temperature fluid from the expansion valve and to bring it in close thermal contact with the load. The refrigerant takes up its latent heat from the load and leaves the evaporator as a dry gas. The evaporator is a machine generally consist of four sections, the heating section contains the heating medium, which can vary. Steam is fed in to the section. The most common medium consist of parallel tube but other have plates or coils. The concentrating and separating section removes the vapour being produced from the section. The condenser condenses the separated vapour, then the vacuum or pump produces pressure to increase circulation. Evaporators are classified according to their refrigerant flow pattern and their function. Types of evaporators Natural/forced circulation evaporator Evaporators in which circulation is maintained, regardless of evaporation rate or heat duty, by pumping the liquid through the heating element with relatively low evaporation per pass are suitable for a wide variety of applications. The forced circulation system is the easiest to analyze and permits the functions of heat transfer, vapour-liquid separation, and crystallization to be separated. Forced circulation systems are generally more expensive than natural circulation systems and are therefore used only when necessary. Natural circulation evaporators are based on the natural circulation of the product

caused by the density differences that arise from heating. In an evaporator using tubing, after the water begins to boil, bubbles will rise and cause circulation, facilitating the separation of the liquid and the vapor at the top of the heating tubes. The amount of evaporation that takes place depends on the temperature difference between the steam and the solution. Problems can arise if the tubes are not well-immersed in the solution. If this occurs, the system will be dried out and circulation compromised. In order to avoid this, forced circulation can be used by inserting a pump to increase pressure and circulation. Forced circulation occurs when hydrostatic head prevents boiling at the heating surface. A pump can also be used to avoid fouling that is caused by the boiling of liquid on the tubes; the pump suppresses bubble formation. Other problems are that the residing time is undefined and the consumption of steam is very high, but at high temperatures, good circulation is easily achieved.

Forced circulation evaporators offer these advantages:

high rate of heat transfer positive circulation relative freedom from salting scaling fouling- fouling occurs when a fluid goes through the heat exchanger, and the impurities in the fluid precipitate onto the surface of the tubes. Precipitation of these impurities can be caused by: Frequent use of the heat exchanger

Not cleaning the heat exchanger regularly Reducing the velocity of the fluids moving through the heat exchanger Over-sizing of the heat exchanger

Effects of fouling are more abundant in the cold tubes of the heat exchanger, than in the hot tubes. This is because impurities are less likely to be dissolved in a cold fluid. This is because, for most substances, solubility increases as temperature increases. A notable exception is hard water where the opposite is true. Fouling reduces the cross sectional area for heat to be transferred and causes an increase in the resistance to heat transfer across the heat exchanger. This is because the thermal conductivity of the fouling layer is low. This reduces the overall heat transfer coefficient and efficiency of the heat exchanger. This in turn, can lead to an increase in pumping and maintenance costs. ease of cleaning a wide range of application. Disadvantages include:

 High cost relatively high residence time necessary pumps with associated maintenance and operating costs. Forced circulation evaporators are best applied when treating crystalline products, corrosive products, or viscous fluids. They are also well adapted for vacuum service and for services requiring a high degree of concentration and close control of product concentration. Falling film evaporator This type of evaporator is generally made of long tubes (4-8 meters in length) which are surrounded by steam jackets. The uniform distribution of the refrigerant is important when using this type of evaporator. The refrigerant enters and gains velocity as it flows downward. This gain in velocity is attributed to the vapor being evolved against the heating medium, which flows downward as well. This evaporator is usually applied to highly viscous refrigerants so it is frequently used in the chemical, food, and fermentation industry. Rising film (Long Tube Vertical) evaporator

inside the tube creates an accessional flow enhancing the heat transfer coefficient. This type of evaporator is therefore quite efficient, the disadvantage being to be prone to quick scaling of the internal surface of the tubes. This design is then usually applied to clear, non-salting solutions. Tubes are usually quite long (4+ meter); sometimes a small recycle is provided. Sizing this type of evaporator is usually a delicate task, since it requires a precise evaluation of the actual level of the process liquor inside the tubes. Recent applications tend to favor the falling film pattern rather than this one. The long tube vertical evaporator offers several advantages: low cost, large units, low holdup, small floor space, good heat transfer over a wide range of services. Disadvantages include: high headroom, recirculation is frequently required, and they are generally unsuited for salting or severely scaling fluids. They are best applied when handling clear fluids, foaming liquids, corrosive fluids, large evaporation loads. Falling film units are well suited for heat sensitive materials or for high vacuum application, for viscous materials, and for low temperature difference. Plate evaporator

A rising and a falling film evaporator are sometimes combined into a single unit. When a high ratio of evaporation to feed is required and the concentrated liquid is viscous, a tube bundle can be divided into two sections with the first section functioning as a rising film evaporator and the second section serving as a falling film evaporator. The most concentrated liquid is formed on the downward passage. This system is also sometimes used when headroom is limited. Residence times are relatively low and heat transfer rates are relatively high.In this type of evaporator, boiling takes place inside the tubes, due to heating made (usually by steam) outside the same. submergence is therefore not desired; the creation of water vapor bubbles

Plate evaporators are formed by cladding a tubular coil with sheet metal, welding together two embossed plates, or from aluminium extrusions. The extended flat face may be used for air cooling, for liquid cooling if immersed in a tank. The major use for flat plate evaporators is to cool a solid product by conduction, the product being formed in rectangular packages and held close between a pair of adjacent plates. In the horizontal plate freezer, the plates are arranged in a stack on slides, so that the middle spaces can be opened and closed. Trays, boxes or cartons of the product are loaded between the plates and the stack is closed to give good contact on both sides.Plate evaporators have a relatively large surface area. During evaporation, steam flows through the channels formed by the free spaces between the plates. The steam alternately

climbs and falls parallel to the concentrated liquid. The steam follows a co-current, countercurrent path in relation to the liquid. The concentrate and the vapor are both fed into the separation stage where the vapor is sent to a condenser. Plate evaporators are frequently applied in the dairy and fermentation industries since they have spatial flexibility. A negative point of this type of evaporator is that it is limited in its ability to treat viscous or solid-containing products. Spiral-Plate Evaporators A spiral-plate exchanger is fabricated from two relatively long strips of plate, which are spaced apart and wound around an open, split centre to form a pair of concentric spiral passages. Spacing is maintained along the length of the spiral by spacer studs welded to the plates. In some applications both fluid-flow channels are closed by welding alternate channels at both sides of the spiral plate. In other applications, one of the channels is left completely open, the other closed at both sides of the plate. These two types of construction prevent the fluids from mixing. The spiral assembly can be fitted with covers to provide three flow patterns: (1) both fluids in spiral flow (2) one fluid in spiral flow and the other in axial flow across the spiral (3) one fluid in spiral flow and the other in a combination of axial and spiral flow. Spiral-plate evaporators may be used in place of tubular evaporators. They offer a number of advantages over conventional tubular equipment: centrifugal forces increase heat transfer; the compact configuration results in a shorter undisturbed flow length; relatively easy cleaning; resistance to fouling; differential thermal expansion is accepted by the spiral arrangement. These curved-flow units are particularly useful for handling viscous or solids-containing fluids. Multiple-effect evaporators

ing % equation can be used to estimate how much one will save by adding a certain amount of effects. The number of effects in a multiple-effect evaporator is usually restricted to seven because after that, the equipment cost starts catching up to the money saved from the energy requirement drop. There are two types of feeding that can be used when dealing with multiple-effect evaporators. Forward feeding takes place when the product enters the system through the first effect, which is at the highest temperature. The product is then partially concentrated as some of the water is transformed into vapor and carried away. It is then fed into the second effect which is a little lower in temperature. The second effect uses the heated vapor created in the first stage as its heating source (hence the saving in energy expenditure). The combination of lower temperatures and higher viscosities in subsequent effects provides good conditions for treating heatsensitive products like enzymes and proteins. In using this system, an increase in the heating surface area of subsequent effects is required. Another way to proceed is by using backward feeding. In this process, the dilute products is fed into the last effect with has the lowest temperature and is transferred from effect to effect with the temperature increasing. The final concentrate is collected in the hottest effect which provides an advantage in that the product is highly viscous in the last stages so the heat transfer is considerably better. The long tube vertical evaporator offers several advantages which makes it suitable for the design:

low cost, large units, low holdup, small floor space, good heat transfer over a wide range of services. Condenser A condenser involves the transformation of water vapour to liquid by mechanical means. Although water is one of the most of versatile liquids on earth, it can be difficult to isolate water going from one phase to another. In the initial assessment of condenser design, it became clear that the most popular type of condenser used is a simple shell and tube condenser. Therefore the initial start point for the design was a multi-pass cross flow condenser. This design however lacks sufficient surface area contact with the incoming water vapour, especially for the purposes of this project. Looking at other options led to the concept of a spray condenser. After doing the necessary research and information gathering, the option of designing a spray condenser with an additional external heat exchanger and external cooler was decided upon. The purpose of the condenser is to extract heat from the refrigerant to the outside air. The con-

Unlike single-stage evaporators, these evaporators can be made of up to seven evaporator stages or effects. The energy consumption for single-effect evaporators is very high and makes up most of the cost for an evaporation system. Putting together evaporators saves heat and thus requires less energy. Adding one evaporator to the original decreases the energy consumption to 50% of the original amount. Adding another effect reduces it to 33% and so on. A heat sav-

denser is usually installed on the reinforced roof of the building, which enables the transfer of heat. Fans mounted above the condenser unit are used to draw air through the condenser coils. The temperature of the high-pressure vapour determines the temperature at which the condensation begins. As heat has to flow from the condenser to the air, the condensation temperature must be higher than that of the air; usually between -12C and -1C. The high-pressure vapour within the condenser is then cooled to the point where it becomes a liquid refrigerant once more, whilst retaining some heat. The liquid refrigerant then flows from the condenser in to the liquid line. Types of condensers Water cooled condenser Air cooled condenser Evaporative condenser

Refrigeration effect factor = total heat rejection The thermodynamics expressions of the condenser Refrigeration effect = heat absorbed in the evaporator =4 h1 h W compressor = work done by a compressor, expressed in heat energy.

=1 h2 h The total heat rejection = (h1 h4) + (h2 h1)

Water cooled and air cooled condensers use a sensible only cooling process to reject heat. Evaporative condenser use both sensible and latent heat principles to reject heat. As condensers remove heat from the refrigeration system, like evaporator, the condenser is a heat transfer device. Heat from the high-temperature, high-pressure refrigerant vapour is trans medium that passes through the condenser coil. There are three things involved in the condensation process: 1. De superheat 2. Condense the hot refrigerant gas into the liquid 3. Sub cool the liquid refrigerant Condenser total heat of rejection The total heat to be removed in the condenser is shown in the ph diagram, indicated by the red highlighting line, (Figure ) and, apart from comparatively small heat losses and gains through the circuit, will be Heat taken in by evaporator + heat of compression

Condenser heat capacity = mass flow rate (h3 h2)

This latter, again ignoring small heat gains and losses, will be the net shaft power into the compressor, giving Refrigeration effect + W compressor = total heat rejection Condenser rating is correctly stated as the rate of heat rejection. Some manufacturers give ratings in terms of the evaporator load, together with a de-rating factor, which depends on the evaporating and condensing temperatures.

Chapter 4
Ducts

1. Solid particles such as pollen, dust, and smoke. 2. Liquid particles such as mist and fog. 3. Gases and vapours resulting in such odours as those from cooking, human occupancy, and by- products of combustion. 4. Bacteria, spores, and other living organisms. Dry Screen Filters No vicious materials or adhesives are used with this type of filter. It depends on the on the fineness of the mesh to screen out contaminants. Both cleanable and throwaway types are manufactured, but the big volume is in throwaway types for residential small commercial air conditioning systems. They are made of glass fibres or synthetic fibres. Electrostatic Air Cleaners These are probably the most effective of all air-cleaning devices, but their initial cost and their relatively high operating cost prevent them from being widely used. Owners of air conditioning systems for which nearly perfect air cleaning is required or for which the cost of the electrostatic cleaner can be balanced by savings in cleaning, painting, and redecorating bills, may find this type of air cleaner well suited to their needs. Air washers These have been previously described in connection with adiabatic cooling and humidifying of air. They are not among the better air cleaners, removing only about 60 percent by weight of air contaminants. Smaller particles and especially greasy ones are hardly removed.

Air circulation

Ducted air system can be grouped in to two categories with the following general characteristics: Low velocity system High velocity system Low velocity system have air flow of velocities less than 10m/s, pressure drop in the duct 500Pa and plant pressure drop to 500Pa. High velocity system use air flow in the range of 1m/s to 40m/s, pressure on the discharge range from 500 -2500 Pa on the fan suction up to 500Pa Friction chart for circular ducts The pressure losses due to friction may be obtained from the equations Or Where However it is more easier to make use of a duct friction chart, which will also help in conversion of circular to rectangular duct.

Air-Cleaning Methods There are four general types of air contaminants which should be removed by air-cleaning devices . These are

Chapter 5
load calculations

or gain, add the totals and use the values to determine the total estimated heat loss or gain and the required capacity of heating and/or cooling equipment. Heat load in summer (heating loads) The load calculations will be based on one room and the other will be found from the first room as all the rooms are defined to be identical. The calculations of total latent heat and the sensible heat. The total heat load = total sensible heat + total latent heat Sensible heat (summer) Q sensible = Q transmission + Q infiltration {Q people + Q bulbs +Q appliances }internal Transmission through the walls Where A = area of the wall

Sizing air conditioning system

Design Services Firm is a one stop solution for all HVAC (Heating, Ventilating & Air Conditioning) load calculation and system design requirements. An expert in-house team of mechanical engineers and draftsmen develop a custom tailored Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning load design, drawing and drafting services irrespective of complexity of the system. Heating, >Load mine Ventilating and Air Conditioning and load system design services and To include: deterair-flows.

Calculation latent and

(Cooling sensible

Heating) components

> Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Air Duct Design & Layout For investigating register locations and types and pressure drop calculations, duct lengths and connections, design and layout of accessories, floor plan. > Pipe sizing & its Layout To calculate required water flow, size of the pipes, fittings locations and dielectric isolators where needed, piping material and layout estimation of piping system. > Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning equipment Selection & Layout For Selecting equipments like Water Cooled or Air Cooled Condenser, Cooling Tower, Chillier Packages, Flooded Chillier, Refrigerant or water Coil, Pumps, Fans and other System Accessories and its layout. Procedure for estimating heat loads In estimating the heating loads for building, it is important to use an organised step by step procedure, the necessary steps can be outlined as follows: i. Select design values for outdoor winter and outdoor summer. ii. Select an indoor design temperature to the activities to be carried out in the space and minimum acceptable relative humidity. iii. Determine whether any special conditions will exist, such adjacent unconditioned spaces. Estimate temperature in the unconditioned spaces as necessary. iv. On the basis of building plans and specifications, calculate heat transfer coefficients and areas for the building components in each enclosing surface. Any surfaces connecting with spaces to be maintained at the same temperature may be omitted, i.e., interior walls. v. On the basis of building components, system design and operation, wind velocity, and indoor outdoor temperature difference, estimate the rate of infiltration and/or ventilation outside air. vi. Using the above design data, find the sum of all the latent and of the sensible heat losses

T = the difference in temperatures R can also be expressed in terms of thermal resistivity, heat thermal coefficient and the thickness of the wall. Where, x = the thickness of the wall l = the thermal resistance of the particular material 0 = the heat thermal coefficient of inside material Where 0 is 17w/m2k (from ASHRE standards) The table below shows the thermal resistance of different materials (l)

Material Brickwork Celluar concrete Dense concrete Plaster Sand cement Sand stone Heard board (standard)

Density(kg/m3) 1830 960 2320 110 1570 2000 900

l(w/mk) 0.82 0.26 1.5 0.14 0.53 1.3 0.13

=10oc The standard wall for a building should have the following perimeters. The sensible heat due to transmission through the wall in summer, = 9.925 kw (Side Side) 2.5m 2.5m x x Considering three load bearing walls and assuming no transmission through the non load bearing walls. Q total sensible walls =

material sandstone

Height 2.5m 230mm 10mm 15mm

= 29.775k w The sensible heat due to transmission through the ceiling in summer. = 0.1153 + 0.0588 = 0.1741 k/m A effective = area of the ceiling. =6.25m2 Ceiling = 10.88 kw

The total sensible heat transfer through transmission in summer is the sum of all the heat transfer through transmission. Where = 0.1 + 0.0588 = 0.1588 k/w An effective area is the area of the walls and of the ceiling, the transmission through the floor is being neglected. A effective(wall) = 6.25m2 The maximum temperature in summer in Lesotho up to so far is 34oc and the minimum temperature is -4oc. The room temperature is expected to be 24oc for a comfort of a human and the safety of the equipment used in the room Q total transmission =40.655 kw Sensible heat load from internal The sensible heat can also be experienced from the equipment we use, for example, computer and refrigerator, and the people themselves produce both sensible heat and latent heat depending on the activities they are doing. The table below shows the amount of heat produced per person. = Q walls + Q ceiling = 29.775 + 10.88

= T out T room = 34oc 24oc

Activity Sleeping Seated, quiet Standing Walking, 3km/h Office work Teaching Retail shop Industrial

Heat gain (W) 70 160 150 305 150 175 185 300 600

Sensible heat gain (%) 75 60 50 35 55 50 50 35

10 11

0.85 0.32

0.89 0.9

0.97 0.22

0.97 0.98

Fixture description: A, recessed light which are not ventilated. B, vented or free hanging lights Bulb rating = 60 watts Number of watts = 4 bulbs Fu = 11 hours per day(from 7am 6pm) = 844.8w Q computer = Q produced by a computer number of computers working hours Q produced by a computer = 240v 1.5A =360 watts Number of computes Working hours Q computers Q printer = 3 computers = 11 hours per day (7am - 6pm) = 360 3 11 = 11.88kw = Q produced by a printer number of printers working hours Q produced by printer Number of printers Working hours Infiltration Heat loss or gain due to the infiltration of the outside air into a conditioned space. Where : Cp T = volume of the confined space = density of air = specific heat capacity of air = temperature difference = 12w = 1 printer = 2 hours

As stated before the calculations will be based on one room and the results will be multiplied by the number of the rooms to be used as the rooms are assumed to be identical. Q people = Q per person number of people in the room working hours Q per person = heat gain sensible heat gain = 150 0.55 = 82.5w Number of people = 3 people Working hours = 2.7225kw Fu Fb = utilization factor = ballast factor, for fluorescent lambs = 1.2 = 11 hours per day (6 am 7 pm)

CLF = cooling-load factor, given in a table below No. Of working Fixture A, hours Hours of operation 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.8 0.62 0.66 0.69 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 16 0.19 0.72 0.75 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.87 0.88 Fixture B, Hours of operation 10 0.01 0.76 0.81 0.84 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.96 16 0.05 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96

Heat load in winter (cooling load)

The sensible heat due to transmission through the ceiling in winter. The calculation will be based on the winter minimum ambient temperature. Ambient minimum Room required = 24oc Heat loss due to transmission Where = 0.1 + 0.0588 = 0.1588 k/w An effective area is the area of the walls and of the ceiling, the transmission through the floor is being neglected. A effective(wall) = H W = 2.5m 2.5m = 6.25m2 The maximum temperature in summer in Lesotho up to so far is 34oc and the minimum temperature is -4oc. The room temperature is expected to be 24oc for a comfort of a human and the safety of the equipment used in the room. = -4oc Where = 0.1153 + 0.0588 = 0.1741 k/m A effective = area of the ceiling. =BW = 2.5m 2.5m =6.25m2 =30.47k j Total heat loss transmission = Q walls + Q ceiling = 83.37 + 30.47 = 113.84kj The heat load in this case is, the sum of heat loss minus the sum of the heat gains, i.e., the internal heat gains. Q load winter = the heating capacity of the heating coil Q heating = 98.3927kj The working refrigeration is the vapour compression cycle which was previously discussed. For refrigeration part of the system to work properly, all the components must be capable of overcoming any load in the system. Also the sizing of the components involve the sizing of the pipes and the expected mass flow rate as well as the volume flow rate. To achieve the sizing, the following are required. Components to be sized Compressor Condenser Evaporator Expansion valve Condenser temperature (condenser temperature) Evaporator temperature (room temperature) High pressure (condenser pressure)

= T out T room = 24oc (- 4oc) = 28oc

The sensible heat due to transmission through the wall in summer, = 6.25 28 0.1588 = 27.79 j Considering three load bearing walls and assuming no transmission through the non load bearing walls. Q total sensible walls =Q3 = 27.79 3 = 83.37 kj

Working temperature

Refrigerant pressure

Low pressure (evaporator pressure) Boiling temperature Condensing temperature

Neglecting the heat loss or gain through the connecting pipes h1 = 405kj/kg h2 = 431kj/kg h3 = 231kj/kg h4 = 231kj/kg

Refrigerant properties

Condenser capacity Compressor capacity Expansion valve operation Since the expansion valve does the throttling process there is no work done during this process, the duty of this device is to reduce pressure from high pressure to low pressure, i.e., from condenser pressure to evaporator pressure. This device will operate between 0.82 bars and 0.3 bars where: Condenser pressure = 0.82bars Evaporator pressure = 0.3bars Heat load = evaporator capacity From R134a refrigerant diagram the process is been sketched using the ambient temperature and the temperature of the conditioned space, ie the desired temperature. Duct sizing Methods of sizing a duct I. II. III. Constant velocity Constant friction Static regain

Design is based on the constant friction method because the use of other two will enforce the designer to use the different materials building a duct. Q each office = 200l/s Total length of a duct = 22.5 V main duct = 6m/s Dp/m = 0.5m D main duct = 250mm From the ASHRE standards diameter- rectangular duct which is restricted to 600mm width. The enthalpies for each point are as follows:

Diameter Rectangular Eqv. (m) (mm x mm) 250 600 x 100 540 600 x 450 457.41 600 x 300 415.71 600 x 250 374.28 600 x 225 332.85 600 x 175 291.42 600 x 150

Duct Branch off Main duct C E G L k

Q (l/s) 200 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400

V (m/s) 3.33 5.18 6.66 6.667 5.925 5.714 4.44

Fan sizing Fan size P elbows The standard 90o elbows will be used P elbows = 3.4258Pa A fan should overcome the above friction losses. Fan power Fan size = [(DP/m x longest run) +DP losses] x volume flow rate of air The full design diagram = [(DP/m x longest run) +DP losses] x volume flow rate of air

Chapter 6
Recommendations For the design to be effective and efficient also not to provide harm to the surrounding and to people as well the following should be taken in to consideration: Be used in Lesotho ambient temperatures. Maintained regularly by the qualified technicians Conclusion Since conditioned air is essential for our bodies, it is best if offices have air conditioners so that the service is delivered at best efficiencies Acknowledgements My utmost gratitude is forwarded to God Almighty for allowing and giving me the strength to perform this exercise to this end. My sincere thanks also goes to Lectures: Mr Matjelo Mr P. Mobe Mr Senamolele Also to my fellow classmates It would be amiss of me of not mentioning my family for their heartfelt support, financially, economically and with prayers that assisted me throughout the exercise. My God bless. References 1. www.engineering 2. Mr Senamolele 3. Mr P. Mobe 4. Stoecker Jones refrigeration and air conditioning 2nd edition 5. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Systems Handbook 6. Design of refrigerant recirculation systems. Proceedings of the Institute of Refrigeration 7. thermal engineering sixth edition by R. K. Rajput