PHYSICS UNIFIED By HAROLD ASPDEN Perhaps the greatest challenge in 20th century physics is that of discovering how electromagnetism and gravitation can be embraced by a unified theory compatible with Einstein’s formulae for the energy-mass relationship, mass increase with speed and the rate of advance of a planet’s perihelion. In this work Dr. Aspden shows how this unification emerges from a straightforward analysis of energy deployment in particle inter- action, confirming the intuitive prediction of Oliver Heaviside (1893) as later endorsed by Leon Brillouin (1970). However, an essential further step in Dr. Aspden’s thesis is the recog- nition that energy considerations are more fundamental than field concepts. A law of electrodynamics is derived which was, in fact, first suggested empirically by Maxwell and then discarded in favour of one deducible from his field equations. The unified theory based upon this new law of electrodynamics should have practical application since it can account for anomalies in the electron-ion energy transfer process currently observed in experiments relating to fusion power. Its appeal to the physicist will be the intriguing connection between the properties of elementary particles and the structured character of the vacuum medium, allowing exact theoretical evaluation of several fundamental physical constants. In its broader sense the work constitutes a general unification by providing a new insight into the processes of creation of the solar system. The event of the sun’s creation is shown to result from the onset of the gravitational state as the vacuum. became ordered, a phenomenon analogous with the onset of the ferromagnetic state as a ferromagnetic crystal cools below the Curie temperature. SABBERTON PUBLICATIONS PO Box 35, Southampton, England ISBN 0 85056 009 8 (cloth edition) ISBN 0 85056 010 1 (paper edition)PHYSICS UNIFIED BY HAROLD ASPDEN Doctor of Philosophy of Trinity College in the University of Cambridge SABBERTON PUBLICATIONS P.O. Box 35, Southampton, EnglandContents Introduction UNIFIED FIELD THEORY The Challenge of the Unified Field; Einstein's efforts to unify electrodynamic and gravitational theory; unification of force rather than field The Electrodynamic Force; self-action of interacting moving charge with energy conservation; reaction to avoid self-induced angular momentum The Neumann Potential; electrodynamic interaction between two moving electric charges; analysis of their vector component interactions The Law of Electrodynamics; general three-component law of force; Maxwell's empirical laws of electrodynamics; anomalous ion acceleration; Trouton and Noble experiment Inverse-Square Laws of Force; empirical analysis of spatial energy distribution; the two alternative forms of dis- tribution GRAVITATION AND MAG ETISM Retardation; spatial energy distribution in Coulomb inter- action; retardation effects due to finite speed of energy transfer The Law of Gravitation; derivation of Einstein’s law of gravitation; Mercury's perihelion anomaly; Gerber’s 1898 space-time gravitation propagation hypothesis Electromagnetism; displacement theory; Ampére formula; retardation of electrodynamic field action xiii 17 23 27 30viii PHYSICS UNIFIED The Gyromagnetic Reaction; nature of magnetic energy; free electron diamagnetism; half-field reaction and the gyromagnetic anomaly The Graviton; Dicke’s terminology; electrodynamic basis for gravitational action; role of graviton; formulation of G 3° THE STRUCTURE OF THE VACUUM Cosmic Radiation Anisotropy; electromagnetic and cosmic frames of reference; aether drag; Lodge experiment; Sagnac experiment; Michelson and Morley experiment; Earth rotation; Michelson, Gale and Pearson experi- ment; Townes maser experiment The Transverse Doppler Effect; Fitzgerald contraction; Kennedy and Thorndike experiment; time dilation; Ives and Stilwell experiment; thermal red shift; equivalence of mass and energy Aberration; Fresnel formula; lateral deflection of light; linear versus rotary motion; rotation of vacuum structure; Champeney experiment 4 THE ROLE OF ENERGY Relativistic Mass Increase; Jeans 1904 mass-energy trans mutation proposition; E= Mc? Energy Radiation; paradoxical aspects of classical radiation by accelerated charge; breakdown of space-time laws within an electron; Pauli non-radiation hypothesis; Schott energy; conflict with quantum theory The Energy-Mass Formula; Einstein analysis; Hasenohrl trapped radiation inertia hypothesis; Thomson derivation of Larmor formula; effect of accelerating field; non- radiation inertia hypothesis Charge Equivalence; Rowland experiment; Einstein depend- ence upon Maxwell theory; Schuster-Wilson hypothesis; meaning of c in E= Mc? 36 47 59 70 14 80 84CONTENTS 5 QUANTUM MECHANICS Universal Time; rhythmic nature of microcosmic world according to Einstein, Schroedinger and Dirac; C and G frame hypothesis; lattice particles of the structured vacuum Planck's Law; Heisenberg Principle of Uncertainty; electron spin; lattice rotation; photon units; derivation of E=hv. The Schroedinger Equation; derivation of the Schroedinger equation ; determination of standard photon unit angular momentum The Electron g-factor; derivation of the anomalous g-factor of the spin magnetic moment of the electron 6 THE VACUUM PARTICLES The Lattice Particles; particle mass formula; analysis of vacuum structure; determination of photon unit struc- ture; derivation of fine structure constant in terms of lattice geometry; determination of mass of lattice particle The Virtual Electrons and Positrons; conservation rules relating to energy, space and charge; lattice particle inter- action with electrons and positrons; numerical determin- ation of dimensionless fine structure constant; the dimuon ‘energy quantum; graviton decay processes and empirical derivation of 2:587 Gev graviton mass; evaluation of G The H-particles; energy formulation for charge pairing; the derivation of proton-electron mass ratio; charge inter- action stability; pair creation stability; the psi particles: experimental evidence of graviton energy quantum 7 PARTICLES OF MATTER The Deuteron; quark theory; deuteron structure; confirma- tion of Thomson mass-energy formula for electron; deuteron binding energy; ground state separation The Proton; the structure of the proton; deuteron decay; polarity inversion; inversion energy loss; evaluation of end point energy of beta spectrum in neutron decay The Pion; particle reactions leading to pion creation; evaluation of pion-electron mass ratio 87 96 99 103 110 1s 123 128 133PHYSICS UNIFIED The Muon; evaluation of muon-electron mass ratio; evalua- tion of muon anomalous g-factor; proton spin magnetic moment; evaluation of muon lifetime at rest; muon life- time as a function of speed Quarks; particle creation by half-synthesis process; the creation of the 2-587 Gev graviton; multiple charge quarks; the neutral pion; the MacGregor quarks THE COSMIC WORLD The Solar System; cyclic gravitation m relation to vacuum structure; the creation of the sun; satellite formation; the Earth-moon system Cosmic Space; induction of charge by vacuum rotation; induction of magnetic fields by vacuum rotation; mass density of lattice structure Space Domains; gravitational potential and angular momen- tum of vacuum medium; source of stellar angular momentum; domain structure in space; charge reversal at boundaries Geomagnetism; evaluation of geomagnetic moment; geo- magnetic field reversals; geological evidence of space domains; G variation linked with galactic motion GENERAL DISCUSSION The 2:7° Cosmic Background; black holes; time reversal theory; temperature of the space lattice in terms of local gravitational potential Gravitational Potential; spatial distribution of gravitational interaction energy The Gravitational Deflection of Light; depletion of lattice particle energy by local gravitational potential; effect on speed of light The Clock Paradox; flying clock experiment; Pound and Rebka experiment Mass-energy Equivalence; interaction energy; spectral emis- sion; the problem of the universal equivalence of mass and energy 136 149 156 159 164 168 175 177 180 182 184