1

..1896

Antoine Henri Becquerel
2
Nobel Prize in Physics 1903

(Th) (Ra)

(Po)


Pierre Curie Marie Curie

Becquerel 1903

X
X

6.67 x 10-27 kg
+2e 4-10 MeV

3-5 cm
0.025 - 3.5 MeV
1-3 m
0.04 - 3.2 MeV

..1920

(Be)


10 MeV

5 MeV

8
( 50 MeV)

James Chadwick
Nobel Prize in Physics 1935

(A)
(Z)
10

+ = (A)

= (Z)

U 238 238.05 u (1 u = 1.66 x 10-27 kg)

X A
Z ZA X 238
92 U
24 He 10 e
11H 01n

11

 (isotope)

U 234, U 235, U 238

Pb 210, Pb 214, Pb 206

12

 (mass spectrometer)

mv 2
= qvB
r
qBr
m=
v
qBB
m=
r
E

13

238
92

4
2

214
83

Bi + e +

214
82

Th + He

234
90

Pb

0
1

14



1.

(())

(())

238
92

206
82

2.

235
92

207
82

Pb

3.

232
90

Th

208
82

Pb

4.
4.

237
93

209
83

Bi

Np

Pb

: 1-3
4
15


238

238

238
92

234

234
90

,
234

234
91

,
234

230

Th
Pa

234
92

230
90

Th

4.51 x 109
24.1
1.18
2.48 x 105
8.0 x 104

16


238 ()

230

230
90

Th

,
226

226
88

,,
222

222
86

218

218
84

214

214
82

Ra

Rn
Po

Pb

8.0 x 104
1620
3.82
3.05
26.8

17


238 ()

214

,
214

214
82

Pb

214
83

Bi

,
214

214
84

210

210
82

Pb

210

210
83

Bi

Po

26.8
20.7
1.64 x 10-4
20.4
5.0

18


238 ()

210
,

210
,,
206

210
83
210
84
206
82

Bi

Po

Pb

5.0
138.4
-

19

1902


1.

2.

20

dN

= N
dt

dN/dt (A)

N t

21

 (Half life)
dN

= N
dt

N = N 0 e t

N0 =

t = 0
N = t

(T1/2)
T1/ 2 =

0.693

22

 (radioactivity )

(A) (Bq)
(Ci)
1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq
1 mCi = 3.7 x 107 Bq
1 Ci = 3.7
3 7 x 104 Bq

1 Ci
3.7

3 7 x 1010

23

24

24
131

32
35
60

14

15
8
14
87
5 3
5.3
5570
25

- 234 - 234 1.18

= 0.693/(1.18 x 60) = 1/100
1

1 100
1

26

A = A0 e t

m = m0 e

A0 (t=0)
A t
m0

N0
m t N

27

126 13.3
10

1. 126
2.5 (26.6 )
2. 20 126 (3.53 )

28

1
2

30

31

1 2
1

1

32

33

 (Nuclear force)

~ 3x10-1414 m

R A1/ 3
R = r0 A1/ 3

1.2 x 10-15 m < r0 < 1.5 x 10-15 m

((A=1)) 1.2 x 10-15 m
(A=197) 7.0 x 10-15 m

10-15 m

34

35

 (Binding Energy)

1 2.22 MeV

deuteron

36


1

= 2.014102 u
= 0.000549 u
= 2.013553 u

1 = 1.007276 u
1 = 1.008665 u
2 = 2.015941 u
0.002388 u (mass defect)
37

1 u = 1.6605 x 10-27 kg

1 u = 931.44
931 44 MeV
M V 931 MeV
MV

0.002388 u 2.22 MeV

2.22 MeV

2.22 MeV

+ 2.22
2 22 MeV
MV

E = mc 2

38

12 6 6 6
6 = 6 x 1.007825 u = 6.046950 u
6 = 6 x 1.008665 u = 6.051990 u
12 = 12.098940 u
12 = 12.000000 u
= 0.098940

0 098940 u
= 0.098940 u x 931 MeV/u = 92.1 MeV

39

40

41

2
1
14
7

H + 11H + 01n

N + 24 He 178 O + 11H

238
92

Th + 24 He

234
90

42



X + a Y + b X (a,b) Y
X
a
b

Y

(a,b) X

43

196
78

199
80

4
Hg + 12 H 197
79 Au + 2 He

196
78

1
Pt + 12 H 197
Au
+
79
0n

198
98
80

97
2
H + 01n 197
Hg
A
Au
+
79
1H

198
80

Pt + 01n 197
78 Pt +

1
Hg + 197
Au
+
79
1H

44

93

U +

U + 01n

239
92

239
93

238
92

239
92

Np + 10 e

45


14
7

N + 24 He 178 O + 11H

14
7
4
2

N 14.003074 u

He

4.002604

4 002604 u
18.005678 u

17
8

O 16.999134 u

1
1

1 007825 u
1.007825

18.006959 u

= 0.001281 u 1.19 MeV

14
7

N + 24 He + 1.19 MeV 178 O + 11H

46

147 N = 104.7 MeV

24 He = 28.3 MeV
178O = 131.8 MeV

= -1.2 MeV
=
47


7
3

Li + 11H 24 He + 24 He

7
3

Li 7.016005 u

4
2

1
1

1.007825

1 007825 u

4
2

8.023830 u

He 4.002604 u

4.002604
4 002604 u
He
8.005208 u

= 0.018622 u 17.3 MeV

7
3

Li + 11H 24 He + 24 He + 17.3 MeV

48

= 39.2
39 2 MeV
MV
3 Li
24 He = 28.3 MeV

= 17.4 MeV
=

49

() > ()

50

235
2


92
1
U + 01n 141
Ba
+
Kr
+
3
56
36
0 n + energy

235
92

1 25
25 150
150

51

235

52

Ba 139 La 140
53

54

1942

1 200 MeV

55

4 11H 24 He + 2 10 e + 26 MeV

56

2
1

2
1
3
1

H + 12 H 13 H + 11H + 4 MeV

H + 12 H 23 H
He + 01n + 3.3
33M
MeV
V

H + 12 H 24 He + 01n + 17.6 MeV

6 = 43.2 MeV
1 7.5 x 109 J
300
57

58

59