Mc lc

Trang

Phn 1 : h thng thy lc ........................................ 6

Chng 1 : c s l thuyt...................................................................... 6
1.1. Lch s pht trin v kh nng ng dng ca HTT thy lc................ 6
1.2. Nhng u im v nhc im ca h thng iu khin bng thy lc . 6
1.1.1. u im.................................................................................................... 6
1.1.2. Nhc im .............................................................................................. 6
1.3. nh lut ca cht lng................................................................................ 6
1.2.1. p sut thy tnh ...................................................................................... 7
1.2.2. Phng trnh dng chy............................................................................ 7
1.2.3. Phng trnh Bernulli ............................................................................... 7
1.4. n v o cc i lng c bn ................................................................... 8
1.3.1. p sut (p)................................................................................................ 8
1.3.2. Vn tc (v)................................................................................................ 8
1.3.3. Th tch v lu lng................................................................................ 8
1.3.4. Lc (F)...................................................................................................... 9
1.3.5. Cng sut (N) ........................................................................................... 9
1.5. Cc dng nng lng ................................................................................... 9
1.5.1. S thy lc to chuyn ng tnh tin ................................................. 9
1.5.2. S thy lc to chuyn ng quay..................................................... 10
1.6. Tn tht trong h thng truyn ng bng thy lc .............................. 11
1.7. nht v yu cu i vi du thy lc .................................................. 15
Chng 2 : c cu bin i nng lng v h thng
x l du.................................................... 17
2.1. Bm du v ng c du ........................................................................... 17
2.1.1. Nguyn l chuyn i nng lng ......................................................... 17
2.1.2. Cc i lng c trng.......................................................................... 17
2.1.3. Cng thc tnh ton bm v ng c du............................................... 19
2.1.4. Cc loi bm........................................................................................... 20
2.1.5. Bm bnh rng ....................................................................................... 20
2.1.6. Bm trc vt ............................................................................................ 22
2.1.7. Bm cnh gt.......................................................................................... 23
2.1.8. Bm pittng ............................................................................................ 24
2.1.9. Tiu chun chn bm ............................................................................. 27

2.2. Xilanh truyn ng (c cu chp hnh) .................................................. 27

2.2.1. Nhim v ................................................................................................ 27
2.2.2. Phn loi ................................................................................................. 27
2.2.3. Cu to xilanh......................................................................................... 29
2.2.4. Mt s xilanh thng dng ...................................................................... 30
2.2.5. Tnh ton xilanh truyn lc .................................................................... 30
2.3. B du ......................................................................................................... 32
2.3.1. Nhim v ................................................................................................ 32
2.3.2. Chn kch thc b du.......................................................................... 32
2.3.3. Kt cu ca b du ................................................................................. 32
2.4. B lc du ................................................................................................... 33
2.4.1. Nhim v ................................................................................................ 33
2.4.2. Phn loi theo kch thc lc ................................................................. 33
2.4.3. Phn loi theo kt cu............................................................................. 34
2.4.4. Cch lp b lc trong h thng............................................................... 35
2.5. o p sut v lu lng ............................................................................. 36
2.5.1. o p sut............................................................................................... 36
2.5.2. o lu lng........................................................................................... 36
2.6. Bnh trch cha........................................................................................... 37
2.6.1. Nhim v ................................................................................................ 37
2.6.2. Phn loi ................................................................................................. 37
Chng 3 : cc phn t ca h thng iu khin
bng thy lc ........................................ 41
3.1. Khi nim.................................................................................................... 41
3.1.1. H thng iu khin ............................................................................... 41
3.1.2. S cu trc h thng iu khin bng thy lc ................................. 41
3.2. Van p sut ................................................................................................. 42
3.2.1. Nhim v ............................................................................................... 42
3.2.2. Phn loi ................................................................................................. 42
3.2.2.1. Van trn v van an ton .................................................................... 42
3.2.2.2. Van gim p...................................................................................... 44
3.2.2.3. Van cn............................................................................................. 46
3.2.2.4. Rle p sut ...................................................................................... 46
3.3. Van o chiu ............................................................................................. 46
3.3.1. Nhim v ................................................................................................ 46
3.3.2. Cc khi nim......................................................................................... 46
3.3.3. Nguyn l lm vic................................................................................. 47
3.3.4. Cc loi tn hiu tc ng....................................................................... 48

3.3.5. Cc loi mp iu khin ca van o chiu ........................................... 49

3.4. Cc loi van in thy lc ng dng trong mch iu khin t ng .. 49
3.4.1. Phn loi ................................................................................................. 49
3.4.2. Cng dng .............................................................................................. 50
3.4.3. Van solenoid........................................................................................... 50
3.4.4. Van t l ................................................................................................. 51
3.4.3. Van servo................................................................................................ 52
3.5. C cu chnh lu lng .............................................................................. 58
3.5.1. Van tit lu ............................................................................................ 58
3.5.2. B n tc................................................................................................. 60
3.6. Van chn ..................................................................................................... 62
3.6.1. Van mt chiu ........................................................................................ 62
3.6.2. Van mt chiu iu khin c hng chn .......................................... 64
3.6.3. Van tc ng kha ln............................................................................ 64
3.7. ng dn, ng ni ........................................................................................ 65
3.7.1. ng dn .................................................................................................. 65
3.7.2. Cc loi ng ni...................................................................................... 66
3.7.3. Vng chn .............................................................................................. 66
Chng 4 : iu chnh v n nh vn tc....................................... 68
4.1. iu chnh bng tit lu ............................................................................ 68
4.1.1. iu chnh bng tit lu ng vo .................................................... 68
4.1.2. iu chnh bng tit lu ng ra ....................................................... 69
4.2. iu chnh bng th tch............................................................................ 70
4.3. n nh vn tc .......................................................................................... 71
4.3.1. B n tc lp trn ng vo ca c cu chp hnh............................... 72
4.3.2. B n tc lp trn ng ra ca c cu chp hnh ................................. 73
4.3.3. n nh tc khi iu chnh bng th tch kt hp vi tit lu ........... 73
Chng 5 : ng dng v thit k h thng
truyn ng thy lc ......................... 76
5.1. ng dng truyn ng thy lc ................................................................ 76
5.2. Thit k h thng truyn ng thy lc................................................... 81

Phn 2 : h thng kh nn .......................................... 92

Chng 6 : c s l thuyt.......................................................................... 92

6.1. Lch l pht trin v kh nng ng dng ca HTT kh nn ............... 92

6.1.1. Lch s pht trin.................................................................................... 92
6.1.2. Kh nng ng dng ca kh nn............................................................. 92
6.2. Nhng u im v nhc im ca HTT bng kh nn....................... 93
6.2.1. u im.................................................................................................. 93
6.2.2. Nhc im ............................................................................................ 93
6.3. Nguyn l truyn ng............................................................................... 93
6.4. S nguyn l truyn ng..................................................................... 94
6.5. n v o cc i lng c bn ................................................................. 94
Chng 7 : cc phn t kh nn v in kh nn ......................... 96
7.1. C cu chp hnh....................................................................................... 96
7.2. Van o chiu ............................................................................................. 97
7.2.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca van o chiu................................................. 97
7.2.2. K hiu van o chiu ............................................................................ 97
7.2.3. Cc tn hiu tc ng.............................................................................. 98
7.2.4. Van o chiu c v tr 0................................................................... 100
7.2.5. Van o chiu khng c v tr 0........................................................ 102
7.3. Van chn ................................................................................................... 103
7.3.1. Van mt chiu ...................................................................................... 104
7.3.2. Van logic .............................................................................................. 104
7.3.3. Van OR................................................................................................. 104
7.3.4. Van AND.............................................................................................. 104
7.3.5. Van x kh nhanh ................................................................................. 104
7.4. Van tit lu ............................................................................................... 104
7.4.1. Van tit lu c tit din khng thay i ............................................... 104
7.4.2. Van tit lu c tit din thay i .......................................................... 105
7.4.3. Van tit lu mt chiu .......................................................................... 105
7.5. Van iu chnh thi gian.......................................................................... 105
7.5.1. Rle thi gian ng chm .................................................................... 105
7.5.2. Rle thi gian ngt chm...................................................................... 105
7.6. Van chn khng........................................................................................ 105
7.7. Cm bin bng tia .................................................................................... 106
7.7.1. Cm bin bng tia r nhnh.................................................................. 106
7.7.2. Cm bin bng tia phn hi.................................................................. 106
7.7.3. Cm bin bng tia qua khe h .............................................................. 107
Chng 8 : h thng iu khin kh nn v in kh nn .. 108

8.1. H thng iu khin kh nn ................................................................... 108

8.1.1. Biu trng thi ................................................................................. 108
8.1.2. Cc phng php iu khin ................................................................ 108
a. iu khin bng tay................................................................................. 108
b. iu khin theo thi gian ........................................................................ 110
c. iu khin theo hnh trnh ...................................................................... 112
d. iu khin theo tng................................................................................ 113
e. iu khin theo nhp................................................................................ 115
8.2. H thng iu khin in kh nn........................................................... 117
8.2.1. Cc phn t in ................................................................................... 117
8.2.2. Mch iu khin kh nn ...................................................................... 118
a. Mch iu khin c tip im t duy tr.................................................. 118
b. Mch iu khin c rle thi gian tc ng chm................................... 119
c. Mch iu khin theo nhp c hai xilanh kh nn.................................... 120
Ti liu tham kho ........................................................................................ 121

Phn 1: h thng thy lc

Chng 1: c s l thuyt
1.1. lch s pht trin v kh nng ng dng ca h thng
truyn ng thy lc
+/ 1920 ng dng trong lnh vc my cng c.
+/ 1925 ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc cng nghip khc nh: nng nghip, my khai
thc m, my ha cht, giao thng vn ti, hng khng, ...
+/ 1960 n nay ng dng trong t ng ha thit b v dy chuyn thit b vi trnh
cao, c kh nng iu khin bng my tnh h thng truyn ng thy lc vi cng
sut ln.
1.2. nhng u im v nhc im ca h thng truyn ng
bng thy lc
1.1.1. u im
+/ Truyn ng c cng sut cao v lc ln, (nh cc c cu tng i n gin,
hot ng vi tin cy cao nhng i hi t v chm sc, bo dng).
+/ iu chnh c vn tc lm vic tinh v v cp, (d thc hin t ng ho theo
iu kin lm vic hay theo chng trnh c sn).
+/ Kt cu gn nh, v tr ca cc phn t dn v b dn khng l thuc nhau.
+/ C kh nng gim khi lng v kch thc nh chn p sut thy lc cao.
+/ Nh qun tnh nh ca bm v ng c thy lc, nh tnh chu nn ca du nn
c th s dng vn tc cao m khng s b va p mnh (nh trong c kh v in).
+/ D bin i chuyn ng quay ca ng c thnh chuyn ng tnh tin ca c
cu chp hnh.
+/ D phng qu ti nh van an ton.
+/ D theo di v quan st bng p k, k c cc h phc tp, nhiu mch.
+/ T ng ho n gin, k c cc thit b phc tp, bng cch dng cc phn t
tiu chun ho.
1.1.2. Nhc im
+/ Mt mt trong ng ng dn v r r bn trong cc phn t, lm gim hiu sut
v hn ch phm vi s dng.
+/ Kh gi c vn tc khng i khi ph ti thay i do tnh nn c ca cht
lng v tnh n hi ca ng ng dn.
+/ Khi mi khi ng, nhit ca h thng cha n nh, vn tc lm vic thay
i do nht ca cht lng thay i.
1.3. nh lut ca cht lng

1.2.1. p sut thy tnh

Trong cht lng, p sut (do trng lng v ngoi lc) tc dng ln mi phn t
cht lng khng ph thuc vo hnh dng thng cha.
a

pL

F A

F1

A1
l1

pF

pF

ps

l2
F2

A2

Hnh 1.1. p sut thy tnh

Ta c:
Hnh a: pS = h.g. + pL
F
Hnh b: pF =
A
l
A
F
F
F
Hnh c: 1 = pF = 2 v 2 = 2 = 1
l1 A1 F2
A1
A2

(1.1)
(1.2)
(1.3)

Trong :
- khi lng ring ca cht lng;
h- chiu cao ca ct nc;
g- gia tc trng trng;
pS- p sut do lc trng trng;
pL- p sut kh quyn;
pF- p sut ca ti trng ngoi;
A, A1, A2- din tch b mt tip xc;
F- ti trng ngoi.
1.2.2. Phng trnh dng chy lin tc
Lu lng (Q) chy trong ng ng t v tr (1) n v tr (2) l khng i (const).
Lu lng Q ca cht lng qua mt ct A ca ng bng nhau trong ton ng (iu kin
A2
lin tc).
Ta c phng trnh dng chy nh sau:
Q = A.v = hng s (const)
(1.4)
Vi v l vn tc chy trung bnh qua mt ct A.
A1
Nu tit din chy l hnh trn, ta c:
v1
v2
(1.5)
Q1 = Q2 hay v1.A1 = v2.A2
d 12 .
d2
= v2. 2
4
4
Vn tc chy ti v tr 2:

v1.

d2
v 2 = v 1 . 12
d2

(1.6)

1
2
Hnh 1.2. Dng chy lin tc

Trong :
Q1[m3/s], v1[m/s], A1[m2], d1[m] ln lt l lu lng dng chy, vn tc
dng chy, tit din dng chy v ng knh ng ti v tr 1;
Q2[m3/s], v2[m/s], A2[m2], d2[m] ln lt l lu lng dng chy, vn tc
dng chy, tit din dng chy v ng knh ng ti v tr 2.
1.2.3. Phng trnh Bernulli
Theo hnh 1.3 ta c p sut ti mt im cht lng ang chy:
.v 12
.v 22
p 1 + .g.h 1 +
= p 2 + .g.h 2 +
= const
2
2
Trong :
p1
p 1 + .g.h 1
p sut thy tnh;
p 2 + .g.h 2

v1
p2

h1

.v .v
,
: p sut thy ng;
2
2
= .g : trng lng ring.
2
1

(1.7)

2
2

h2

v2

Hnh 1.3. Phng trnh Bernulli

1.4. n v o cc i lng c bn (H mt)

1.3.1. p sut (p)
Theo n v o lng SI l Pascal (pa)
1pa = 1N/m2 = 1m-1kgs-2 = 1kg/ms2
n v ny kh nh, nn ngi ta thng dng n v: N/mm2, N/cm2 v so vi
n v p sut c l kg/cm2 th n c mi lin h nh sau:
1kg/cm2 0.1N/mm2 = 10N/cm2 = 105N/m2
(Tr s chnh xc: 1kg/cm2 = 9,8N/cm2; nhng dng tnh ton, ta ly 1kg/cm2 =
10N/cm2).
Ngoi ra ta cn dng:
1bar = 105N/m2 = 1kg/cm2
1at = 9,81.104N/m2 105N/m2 = 1bar.
(Theo DIN- tiu chun Cng ha Lin bang c th 1kp/cm2 = 0,980665bar
0,981bar; 1bar 1,02kp/cm2. n v kG/cm2 tng ng kp/cm2).
1.3.2. Vn tc (v)
n v vn tc l m/s (cm/s).
1.3.2. Th tch v lu lng
a. Th tch (V): m3 hoc lt(l)
b. Lu lng (Q): m3/pht hoc l/pht.
Trong c cu bin i nng lng du p (bm du, ng c du) cng c th dng
n v l m3/vng hoc l/vng.

1.3.4. Lc (F)
n v lc l Newton (N)
1N = 1kg.m/s2.
1.3.5. Cng sut (N)
n v cng sut l Watt (W)
1W = 1Nm/s = 1m2.kg/s3.
1.5. Cc dng nng lng
+/ Mang nng lng: du.
+/ Truyn nng lng: ng dn, u ni.
+/ To ra nng lng hoc chuyn i thnh nng lng khc: bm, ng c
du(m t thy lc), xilanh truyn lc.
1.5.1. S thy lc to chuyn ng tnh tin
A1 Fs A2
5

x1, v1
ti

p1 Q1

Q2

p2

Ft
Fc

pT
p0

Qb
1
Hnh 1.4. S mch thy lc chuyn ng tnh tin

Tnh ton s b:
+/ Thng s ca c cu chp hnh: Ft v v(v1, v2)
Chuyn ng tnh tin (hnh trnh lm vic)
A1

A2

x1, v1

D
Q1, p1

Ft

Q2, p20

+/ Cc phng trnh:
Lu lng: Q1 = A1.v1
Q2 = A2.v1
Lc:
Ft = p1.A1

(1.8)
(1.9)

Ft .v 1

[kW]
60.103
p .Q
Cng sut thy lc:
N = 1 13 [kW ]
60.10
Nu b qua tn tht t bm n c cu chp hnh th N Nbm
Nu tnh n tn tht th
N
( = 0,6 0,8)
N = Nc in =

Cng sut ca c cu chp hnh: N =

(1.10)
(1.11)

(1.12)

Chuyn ng li v (hnh trnh chy khng)

A1

A2

x2, v2

Fc

Q '2 , p '2 0 Q1, p2

Nu ti Ft = 0 p2 ch thng ma st p2.A2 Fc
Lu lng: Q1 = A2.v2

(1.13)

Q '2 = A1.v 2 Q2

Do A1 > A2 v2 > v1
1.5.2. S thy lc to chuyn ng quay
Mx

ti
J

n, Dm
p

pT
p
Qb

Hnh 1.5. S mch thy lc chuyn ng quay

10

M x .
(Mx = p.Dm)
102
M .2 .n M x .n
N= x
=
[ kW]
975
102.60

Cng sut ca c cu chp hnh: N =

hoc
Cng sut thy lc: N =

p1.Q
[ kW]
60.103

(Q = Dm.)

(1.14)

(1.15)

1.6. Tn tht trong h thng truyn ng bng thy lc

Trong h thng thy lc c cc loi tn tht sau:
1.6.1. Tn tht th tch
Loi tn tht ny do du thy lc chy qua cc khe h trong cc phn t ca h
thng gy nn.
Nu p sut cng ln, vn tc cng nh v nht cng nh th tn tht th tch
cng ln.
Tn tht th tch ng k nht l cc c cu bin i nng lng (bm du, ng
c du, xilanh truyn lc)
i vi bm du: tn tht th tch c th hin bng hiu sut sau:
(1.16)
tb = Q/Q0
Q- Lu lng thc t ca bm du;
Q0- Lu lng danh ngha ca bm.
Nu lu lng chy qua ng c du l Q0 v lu lng thc t Q = q. th hiu
sut ca ng c du l:
t = Q0/Q
(1.17)
Nu nh khng k n lng du d cc mi ni, cc van th tn tht trong h
thng du p c bm du v ng c du l:
t = tb. t
(1.18)
1.6.2. Tn tht c kh
Tn tht c kh l do ma st gia cc chi tit c chuyn ng tng i trong
bm du v ng c du gy nn.
Tn tht c kh ca bm c biu th bng hiu sut c kh:
(1.19)
cb = N0/N
N0- Cng sut cn thit quay bm (cng sut danh ngha), tc l cng sut cn
thit m bo lu lng Q v p sut p ca du, do :
p.Q
(kW)
(1.20)
N0 =
6.10 4
N- Cng sut thc t o c trn trc ca bm (do mmen xon trn trc).
(1.21)
i vi du: N0 = (p.Q)/6.104
Do :
c = N/N0
(1.22)

11

T , tn tht c kh ca h thng thy lc l:

c = cb. c

(1.23)

1.6.3. Tn tht p sut

Tn tht p sut l s gim p sut do lc cn trn ng chuyn ng ca du t
bm n c cu chp hnh (ng c u, xilanh truyn lc).
Tn tht ny ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
+/ Chiu di ng dn
+/ nhn thnh ng
+/ ln tit din ng dn
+/ Tc chy
+/ S thay i tit din
+/ S thay i hng chuyn ng
+/ Trng lng ring, nht.
Nu p0 l p sut ca h thng, p1 l p sut ra, th tn tht c biu th bng hiu
sut:
p p 1 p
(1.24)
a = 0
=
p0
p0
Hiu p p l tr s tn tht p sut.
Tn tht p sut do lc cn cc b gy nn c tnh theo cng thc sau:

l
lN
p = 10.. .v 2 . 2 = 10 4.. .v 2 . [bar ]
d
d m
2g
2g
Trong :
- khi lng ring ca du (914kg/m3);
g- gia tc trng trng (9,81m/s2);
v- vn tc trung bnh ca du (m/s);
- h s tn tht cc b;
l- chiu di ng dn;
d- ng knh ng.

(1.25)

1.6.4. nh hng cc thng s hnh hc n tn tht p sut

a. Tit din dng trn
Nu ta gi:
l
p- Tn tht p sut;
l- Chiu di ng dn;
- Khi lng ring ca cht lng;
Q
Q- Lu lng;
D- ng knh;
- nht ng hc;
Hnh 1.6. Dng tit din trn
- H s ma st ca ng;

12

LAM- H s ma st i vi chy tng;

TURB- H s ma st i vi chy ri.

Chy tng

8
l..Q 2
Tn tht: p = 2 ..
D5

256 D.
= LAM .
Q
0,316
4 Q
4
.
D.
4 Q
> 3000.
S Reynold: .
D.
b. Tit din thay i ln t ngt

Chy ri

= TURB.

Chy ri
Chy tng
Hnh 1.7. Chy tng v chy ri
trong ng dn

D 2 8 .Q 2
Tn tht: p = 1 12 . 2 . 4
D 2 D1
Trong :
D1- ng knh ng dn vo;
D2- ng knh ng dn ra.
c. Tit din nh t ngt

D1

D2

Hnh 1.8. Tit din thay i ln t ngt

D 22 8 .Q 2
Tn tht: p = 0,5.1 2 . 2 . 4
D1 D1
D1- ng knh ng dn ra;
D2- ng knh ng dn vo.

D1

D2

Hnh 1.9. Tit din nh t ngt

d. Tit din thay i ln t t

D 14 8 .Q 2
Tn tht: p = [0,12 0,2]1 4 . 2 . 4
D 2 D1

D1

< 80

D2

Hnh 1.10. Tit din thay i ln t t

d. Tit din nh t t
Tn tht: p = 0

< 80

Hnh 1.11. Tit din nh t t

13

f. Vo ng dn
Tn tht p sut c tnh theo cng thc sau:
8 .Q 2
p = E . 2 . 4
D
Trong h s tht thot E c chia thnh hai trng hp nh bng sau:

a
b

Cnh

H s tht thot E

Sc
Gy khc
Trn
C trc

0,5
0,25
0,06
<3

b
Hnh 1.12. Du vo ng dn

g. Ra ng dn
Tn tht p sut c tnh theo cng thc sau:
p = U .

8 .Q 2
.
2 D 4
H s tht thot U

4 Q
.
< 3000
D.
4 Q
.
> 3000
D.

2
Hnh 1.13. Du ra ng dn

h. ng dn gy khc
R
4
D

8 .Q 2
p = U . 2 . 4
D
H s tht thot U
Gc ,

= 20
= 40
= 60

0,06
0,2
0,47

= 20

0,04

R
Hnh 1.14. ng dn gy khc

14

 = 40
= 60
= 80
= 90

0,07
0,1
0,11
0,11

i. Tn tht p sut van

k. Tn tht trong h thng thy lc
1.7. nht v yu cu i vi du thy lc
1.7.1. nht
nht l mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng nht ca cht lng. nht xc
nh ma st trong bn thn cht lng v th hin kh nng chng bin dng trt hoc
bin dng ct ca cht lng. C hai loi nht:
a. nht ng lc
nht ng lc l lc ma st tnh bng 1N tc ng trn mt n v din tch
b mt 1m2 ca hai lp phng song song vi dng chy ca cht lng, cch nhau 1m v
c vn tc 1m/s.
nht ng lc c tnh bng [Pa.s]. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng n v
poaz (Poiseuille), vit tt l P.
1P = 0,1N.s/m2 = 0,010193kG.s/m2
1P = 100cP (centipoiseuilles)
Trong tnh ton k thut thng s quy trn:
1P = 0,0102kG.s/m2
b. nht ng
nht ng l t s gia h s nht ng lc vi khi lng ring ca cht
lng:

=
(1.26)

n v nht ng l [m2/s]. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng n v stc ( Stoke),

vit tt l St hoc centistokes, vit tt l cSt.
1St = 1cm2/s = 10-4m2/s
1cSt = 10-2St = 1mm2/s.
c. nht Engler (E0)
nht Engler (E0) l mt t s quy c dng so snh thi gian chy 200cm3
du qua ng dn c ng knh 2,8mm vi thi gian chy ca 200cm3 nc ct nhit
200C qua ng dn c cng ng knh, k hiu: E0 = t/tn
nht Engler thng c o khi u nhit 20, 50, 1000C v k hiu tng
ng vi n: E020, E050, E0100.

15

1.7.2. Yu cu i vi du thy lc
Nhng ch tiu c bn nh gi cht lng cht lng lm vic l nht, kh
nng chu nhit, n nh tnh cht ho hc v tnh cht vt l, tnh chng r, tnh n
mn cc chi tit cao su, kh nng bi trn, tnh si bt, nhit bt la, nhit ng
c.
Cht lng lm vic phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
+/ C kh nng bi trn tt trong khong thay i ln nhit v p sut;
+/ nht t ph thuc vo nhit ;
+/ C tnh trung ho (tnh tr) vi cc b mt kim loi, hn ch c kh nng xm
nhp ca kh, nhng d dng tch kh ra;
+/ Phi c nht thch ng vi iu kin chn kht v khe h ca cc chi tit di
trt, nhm m bo r du b nht, cng nh tn tht ma st t nht;
+/ Du phi t si bt, t bc hi khi lm vic, t ho tan trong nc v khng kh,
dn nhit tt, c mun n hi, h s n nhit v khi lng ring nh.
Trong nhng yu cu trn, du khong cht tho mn c y nht.

16

Chng 2: c cu bin i nng lng v h

thng x l du
2.1. bm v ng c du (m t thy lc)
2.1.1. Nguyn l chuyn i nng lng
Bm v ng c du l hai thit b c chc nng khc nhau. Bm l thit b to ra
nng lng, cn ng c du l thit b tiu th nng lng ny. Tuy th kt cu v
phng php tnh ton ca bm v ng c du cng loi ging nhau.
a. Bm du: l mt c cu bin i nng lng, dng bin c nng thnh nng
lng ca du (dng cht lng). Trong h thng du p thng ch dng bm th tch,
tc l loi bm thc hin vic bin i nng lng bng cch thay i th tch cc
bung lm vic, khi th tch ca bung lm vic tng, bm ht du, thc hin chu k
ht v khi th tch ca bung gim, bm y du ra thc hin chu k nn.
Tu thuc vo lng du do bm y ra trong mt chu k lm vic, ta c th phn
ra hai loi bm th tch:
+/ Bm c lu lng c nh, gi tt l bm c nh.
+/ Bm c lu lng c th iu chnh, gi tt l bm iu chnh.
Nhng thng s c bn ca bm l lu lng v p sut.
b. ng c du: l thit b dng bin nng lng ca dng cht lng thnh ng
nng quay trn trc ng c. Qu trnh bin i nng lng l du c p sut c a
vo bung cng tc ca ng c. Di tc dng ca p sut, cc phn t ca ng c
quay.
Nhng thng s c bn ca ng c du l lu lng ca 1 vng quay v hiu p
sut ng vo v ng ra.
2.1.2. Cc i lng c trng
a. Th tch du ti i trong 1 vng (hnh trnh)

Hnh 2.1. Bm th tch

Nu ta gi:
V- Th tch du ti i trong 1 vng (hnh trnh);

17

A- Din tch mt ct ngang;

h- Hnh trnh pittng;
VZL- Th tch khong h gia hai rng;
Z- S rng ca bnh rng.
hnh 2.1, ta c th tch du ti i trong 1 vng (hnh trnh):
V = A.h 1 hnh trnh
V VZL.Z.2 1 vng

(2.1)
(2.2)

b. p sut lm vic
p sut lm vic c biu din trn hnh 2.2. Trong :
p

+/ p sut n nh p1;

t = 6s

p3
p2

+/ p sut cao p2;

+/ p sut nh p3 (p sut qua van trn). p1

t
Hnh 2.2. S thay i p sut lm vic theo thi gian

c. Hiu sut
Hiu sut ca bm hay ng c du ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
+/ Hiu sut th tch v
+/ Hiu sut c v thy lc hm
Nh vy hiu sut ton phn: t = v. hm

(2.3)

hnh 2.3, ta c:
+/ Cng sut ng c in: NE = ME. E
+/ Cng sut ca bm: N = p.Qv (2.5) h
Nh vy ta c cng thc sau:
M E
NE
p.Q v
N
NE =
=
(2.6) n E
tb
tb

p h
Qv

MA
N A
nA

(2.4)

F
N A
v

v
v
+/ Cng sut ca ng c du:
v
NA = MA. A hay NA = tMotor.p.Qv (2.7)
Hnh 2.3. nh hng ca h s tn tht
+/ Cng sut ca xilanh:
n hiu sut
NA = F.v hay NA = txilanh.p.Qv
(2.8)
Trong :
NE, ME, E- cng sut, mmen v vn tc gc trn trc ng c ni vi bm;
NA, MA, A - cng sut, mmen v vn tc gc trn ng c ti;
NA, F, v - cng sut, lc v vn tc pittng;
N, p, Qv - cng sut, p sut v lu lng dng chy;
txilanh- hiu sut ca xilanh;
tMotor- hiu sut ca ng c du;

18

tb- hiu sut ca bm du.

2.1.3. Cng thc tnh ton bm v ng c du
a. Lu lng Qv, s vng quay n v th tch du trong mt vng quay V
(2.9)
Ta c: Qv = n.V
Q
QV
+/ Lu lng bm: Qv = n.V. v.10-3
(2.10) V
n
n.V 3
V
V
+/ ng c du: Qv =
.10
(2.11)
v

Trong :
Hnh 2.4. Lu lng, s vng quay, th tch
Qv- lu lng [lt/pht];
n- s vng quay [vng/pht];
V- th tch du/vng [cm3/vng];
v- hiu sut [%].
b. p sut, mmen xon, th tch du trong mt vng quay V
Theo nh lut Pascal, ta c:
M
p= x
V
M .
p sut ca bm: p = x hm .10
V
Mx
.10
p sut ng c du: p =
V.hm

(2.12)
(2.13)
(2.14)

Trong :
p
p
p [bar];
Mx
Mx
Mx [N.m];
V
V
3
V [cm /vng];
hm [%].
Hnh 2.5. p sut, th tch, mmen xon
c. Cng sut, p sut, lu lng
(2.15)
Cng sut ca bm tnh theo cng thc tng qut l: N = p.Qv
+/ Cng sut truyn ng bm:
p.Q v
N=
.10 2
(2.16)
6.t
+/ Cng sut truyn ng ng c du:
p.Q v .t
N=
.10 2
6
Trong :
N [W], [kW];
p [bar], [N/m2];
Qv [lt/pht], [m3/s];
t [%].

19

(2.17)

Lu lng ca bm v l thuyt khng ph thuc v p sut (tr bm ly tm), m

ch ph thuc vo kch thc hnh hc v vn tc quay ca n. Nhng trong thc t do
s r r qua khe h gia cc khoang ht v khoang y, nn lu lng thc t nh hn
lu lng l thuyt v gim dn khi p sut tng.
Mt yu t gy mt mt nng lng na l hin tng hng. Hin tng ny
thng xut hin, khi ng ht qu nh hoc du c nht cao.
Khi b lc t trn ng ht b bn, cng vi s tng sc cn ca dng chy, lu
lng ca bm gim dn, bm lm vic ngy mt n v cui cng tc hn. Bi vy cn
phi lu trong lc lp rp lm sao ng ht to, ngn v thng.
2.1.4. Cc loi bm
a. Bm vi lu lng c nh
+/ Bm bnh rng n khp ngoi;
+/ Bm bnh rng n khp trong;
+/ Bm pittng hng trc;
+/ Bm trc vt;
+/ Bm pittng dy;
+/ Bm cnh gt kp;
+/ Bm rto.
b. Bm vi lu lng thay i
+/ Bm pittng hng tm;
+/ Bm pittng hng trc (truyn bng a nghing);
+/ Bm pittng hng trc (truyn bng khp cu);
+/ Bm cnh gt n.
2.1.5. Bm bnh rng
a. Nguyn l lm vic

Bnh rng ch
ng

Bung y B

Bnh rng b
ng

nb

Thn bm

Bung ht A
Hnh 2.6. Nguyn l lm vic ca bm bnh rng

Nguyn l lm vic ca bm bnh rng l thay i th tch: khi th tch ca bung

ht A tng, bm ht du, thc hin chu k ht; v nn khi th tch gim, bm y du

20

ra bung B, thc hin chu k nn. Nu nh trn ng du b y ra ta t mt vt

cn (v d nh van), du b chn s to nn mt p sut nht nh ph thuc vo ln
ca sc cn v kt cu ca bm.
b. Phn loi
Bm bnh rng l loi bm dng rng ri nht v n c kt cu n gin, d ch
to. Phm vi s dng ca bm bnh rng ch yu nhng h thng c p sut nh trn
cc my khoan, doa, bo, phay, my t hp,.... Phm vi p sut s dng ca bm bnh
rng hin nay c th t 10 200bar (ph thuc vo chnh xc ch to).
Bm bnh rng gm c: loi bnh rng n khp ngoi hoc n khp trong, c th
l rng thng, rng nghing hoc rng ch V.
Loi bnh rng n khp ngoi c dng rng ri hn v ch to d hn, nhng
bnh rng n khp trong th c kch thc gn nh hn.
Bung y

Vnh khn

Bung ht

Bung ht

Bung y

Hnh 2.7. Bm bnh rng

a. Bm bnh rng n khp ngoi; b. Bm bnh rng n khp trong; c. K hiu bm.

c. Lu lng bm bnh rng

Khi tnh lu lng du, ta coi th tch du c y ra khi rnh rng bng vi th
tch ca rng, tc l khng tnh n khe h chn rng v ly hai bnh rng c kch
thc nh nhau. (Lu lng ca bm ph thuc vo kt cu)
Nu ta t:
m- Modul ca bnh rng [cm];
d- ng knh chia bnh rng [cm];
b- B rng bnh rng [cm];
n- S vng quay trong mt pht [vng/pht];
Z - S rng (hai bnh rng c s rng bng nhau).
Th lng du do hai bnh rng chuyn i khi n quay mt vng:
2.18)
Qv = 2..d.m.b [cm3/vng] hoc [l/ph]
Nu gi Z l s rng, tnh n hiu sut th tch t ca bm v s vng quay n, th
lu lng ca bm bnh rng s l:
Qb = 2..Z.m2.b.n. t [cm3/pht] hoc [l/ph]
(2.19)

21

t = 0,76 0,88 hiu sut ca bm bnh rng

d. Kt cu bm bnh rng
Kt cu ca bm bnh rng c th hin nh hnh 2.8.

Hnh 2.8. Kt cu bm bnh rng

2.1.6. Bm trc vt
Bm trc vt l s bin dng ca bm bnh rng. Nu bnh rng nghing c s
rng nh, chiu dy v gc nghing ca rng ln th bnh rng s thnh trc vt.
Bm trc vt thng c 2 trc vt n khp vi nhau (hnh 2.9).

Bung ht

Hnh 2.9. Bm trc vt

Bung y

Bm trc vt thng c sn xut thnh 3 loi:

+/ Loi p sut thp: p = 10 15bar
+/ Loi p sut trung bnh: p = 30 60bar
+/ Loi p sut cao: p = 60 200bar.
Bm trc vt c c im l du c chuyn t bung ht sang bung nn theo
chiu trc v khng c hin tng chn du chn ren.

22

Nhc im ca bm trc vt l ch to trc vt kh phc tp. u im cn bn l

chy m, nhp nh lu lng nh.
2.1.7. Bm cnh gt
a. Phn loi
Bm cnh gt cng l loi bm c dng rng ri sau bm bnh rng v ch yu
dng h thng c p thp v trung bnh.
So vi bm bnh rng, bm cnh gt bo m mt lu lng u hn, hiu sut th
tch cao hn.
Kt cu Bm cnh gt c nhiu loi khc nhau, nhng c th chia thnh hai loi
chnh:
+/ Bm cnh gt n.
+/ Bm cnh gt kp.
b. Bm cnh gt n
Bm cnh gt n l khi trc quay mt vng, n thc hin mt chu k lm vic
bao gm mt ln ht v mt ln nn.
Lu lng ca bm c th iu chnh bng cch thay i lch tm (x dch
vng trt), th hin hnh 2.10.
a

lch tm
Vng trt
Vng ht
Rto

Vng nn
Vng trt
b

L xo

iu chnh
lch tm du

iu chnh
lch tm

Pittng
Rto

Hnh 2.10. Nguyn tc iu chnh lu lng bm cnh gt n

a. Nguyn k v k hiu;
b. iu chnh bng l xo;
c. iu chnh lu lng bng thy lc.

c. Bm cnh gt kp
Bm cnh gt kp l khi trc quay mt vng, n thc hin hai chu k lm vic bao
gm hai ln ht v hai ln nn, hnh 2.11.

23

Bung y

Bung ht
Cnh gt
Stato
Chiu quay
Rto
Hnh 2.11. Bm cnh gt kp

d. Lu lng ca bm cnh gt
Nu cc kch thc hnh hc c n v l [cm], s vng quay n [vng/pht], th lu
lng qua bm l:
(2.20)
Q = 2.10-3..e.n.(B.D + 4.b.d) [lt/pht]
Trong :
D- ng knh Stato; B- chiu rng cnh gt; b- chiu su ca rnh; e-
lch tm; d- ng knh con ln.
2.1.8. Bm pittng
a. Phn loi
Bm pittng l loi bm da trn nguyn tc thay i th tch ca c cu pittng xilanh. V b mt lm vic ca c cu ny l mt tr, do d dng t c chnh
xc gia cng cao, bo m hiu sut th tch tt, c kh nng thc hin c vi p
sut lm vic ln (p sut ln nht c th t c l p = 700bar).
Bm pittng thng dng nhng h thng du p cn p sut cao v lu lng
ln; l my trut, my xc, my nn,....
Da trn cch b tr pittng, bm c th phn thnh hai loi:
+/ Bm pittng hng tm.
+/ Bm pittng hng trc.
Bm pittng c th ch to vi lu lng c nh, hoc lu lng iu chnh c.
b. Bm pittng hng tm
Lu lng c tnh ton bng vic xc nh th tch ca xilanh. Nu ta t d- l
ng knh ca xilanh [cm], th th tch ca mt xilanh khi rto quay mt vng:

24

.d 2
q=
.h [cm3/vng]
(2.21)
4
Trong : h- hnh trnh pittng [cm]
V hnh trnh ca pittng h = 2e (e l lch tm ca rto v stato), nn nu bm
c z pittng v lm vic vi s vng quay l n [vng/pht], th lu lng ca bm s l:
10 3. 2
.d .e.z.h [lt/pht]
(2.22)
Q = q.z.n.10 [lt/pht] =
2
Hnh trnh ca pittng thng thng l h = (1,3 1,4).d v s vng quay nmax =
1500vg/ph.
Lu lng ca bm pittng hng tm c th iu chnh bng cch thay i
lch tm (x dch vng trt), hnh 2.12.
-3

Du
Bung ht

lch tm e
Bung y
Rto

Hnh 2.12. Bm pittng hng tm

Pittng (3) b tr trong cc l hng tm rto (6), quay xung quanh trc (4). Nh
cc rnh v cc l b tr thch hp trn trc phn phi (7), c th ni ln lt cc xilanh
trong mt na vng quay ca rto vi khoang ht na kia vi khoang y.
Sau mt vng quay ca rto, mi pittng thc hin mt khong chy kp c ln
bng 2 ln lch tm e.
Trong cc kt cu mi, truyn ng pittng bng lc ly tm. Pittng (3) ta trc
tip trn a vnh khn (2). Mt u ca pittng l mt cu (1) t hi nghing v ta
trn mt cn ca a dn.
Rto (6) quay c ni vi trc (4) qua ly hp (5). iu khin lch tm e, ta
s dng vt iu chnh (8).
c. Bm pittng hng trc
Bm pittng hng trc l loi bm c pittng t song song vi trc ca rto v
c truyn bng khp hoc bng a nghing. Ngoi nhng u im nh ca bm

25

pittng hng tm, bm pittng hng trc cn c u im na l kch thc ca n

nh gn hn, khi cng mt c vi bm hng tm.
Ngoi ra, so vi tt c cc loi bm khc, bm pittng hng trc c hiu sut tt
nht, v hiu sut hu nh khng ph thuc v ti trng v s vng quay.
5. Pittng;
6. Xilanh;
7. a dn du;
8. nghing;
9. Pittng;
10. Trc truyn.

Hnh 2.13. Bm pittng hng trc

Nu ly cc k hiu nh bm pittng hng tm v ng knh trn phn b

cc xilanh l D [cm], th lu lng ca bm s l:
.d 2
.d 2
.h.z.n = 10 3.
.z.n.D.tg [lt/pht]
(2.23)
4
4
Loi bm ny thng c ch to vi lu lng Q = 30 640l/ph v p sut p =
60bar, s vng quay thng dng l 1450vg/ph hoc 950vg/ph, nhng nhng bm c
rto khng ln th s vng quay c th dng t 2000 2500vg/ph.
Bm pittng hng trc hu ht l iu chnh lu lng c, hnh 2.15.
Q = 10 3.

1. Thn bm;
2. Pittng;
3. a nghing;
4. L xo;
5,6. Tay quay iu
chnh gc nghing.

Hnh 2.14. iu chnh lu lng bm pittng hng trc

26

Trong cc loi bm pittng, khng ng u ca lu lng khng ch ph thuc

vo c im chuyn ng ca pittng, m cn ph thuc vo s lng pittng.
khng ng u c xc nh nh sau:
Q Q min
k = max
(2.24)
Q max
khng ng u k cn ph thuc vo s lng pittng chn hay l.
2.1.9. Tiu chun chn bm
Nhng i lng c trng cho bm v ng c du gm c:
a. Th tch nn (lu lng vng): l i lng c trng quan trng nht, k hiu
V[cm3/vng]. loi bm pittng, i lng ny tng ng chiu di hnh trnh
pittng.
i vi bm: Q ~ n.V [lt/pht],
v ng c du: p ~ M/V [bar].
b. S vng quay n [vg/ph]
c. p sut p [bar]
d. Hiu sut [%]
e. Ting n
Khi chn bm, cn phi xem xt cc yu t v k thut v kinh t sau:
+/ Gi thnh;
+/ Tui th;
+/ p sut;
+/ Phm vi s vng quay;
+/ Kh nng chu cc hp cht ho hc;
+/ S dao ng ca lu lng;
+/ Th tch nn x nh hoc thay i;
+/ Cng sut;
+/ Kh nng bm cc loi tp cht;
+/ Hiu sut.
2.2. Xilanh truyn ng (c cu chp hnh)
2.2.1. Nhim v
Xilanh thy lc l c cu chp hnh dng bin i th nng ca du thnh c
nng, thc hin chuyn ng thng.
2.2.2. Phn loi
Xilanh thy lc c chia lm hai loi: xilanh lc v xilanh quay (hay cn gi l
xilanh mmen).
Trong xilanh lc, chuyn ng tng i gia pittng vi xilanh l chuyn ng
tnh tin.

27

Trong xilanh quay, chuyn ng tng i gia pittng vi xilanh l chuyn ng

quay (vi gc quay thng nh hn 3600).
Pittng bt u chuyn ng khi lc tc ng ln mt trong hai pha ca n (lc
th l lc p sut, lc l xo hoc c kh) ln hn tng cc lc cn c hng ngc li
chiu chuyn ng (lc ma st, thy ng, ph ti, l xo,...).
Ngoi ra, xilanh truyn ng cn c phn theo:
a. Theo cu to
+/ Xilanh n
Li v nh ngoi lc

Li v nh l xo

+/ Xilanh kp
Li v bng thy lc

Li v bng thy lc c gim chn

Tc dng c hai pha

Tc dng quay

Kiu thc hin

28

+/ Xilanh vi sai
Tc dng n

Tc dng kp

b. Theo kiu lp rp
+/ Lp cht thn
+/ Lp cht mt bch
+/ Lp xoay c
+/ Lp g 1 u xilanh
2.2.3. Cu to xilanh

15

10

11

17 13 11 14 1

2 6

12

16

Hnh 2.15. Cu to xilanh tc dung kp c cn pittng mt pha

1. Thn; 2. Mt bch hng; 3.Mt bch hng;
4. Cn pittng; 5. Pittng; 6. trt;
7. Vng chn du; 8. Vng m; 9. Tm ni;
10. Vng chn hnh O; 11. Vng chn pittng; 12. ng ni;
13. Tm dn hng; 14. Vng chn hnh O; 15. ai c;
16. Vt vn; 17. ng ni.

hnh 3.29 l v d xilanh tc dng kp c cn pittng mt pha. Xilanh c cc b

phn chnh l thn (gi l xilanh), pittng, cn pittng v mt s vng lm kn.

29

2.2.4. Mt s xilanh thng dng

a. Xilanh tc dng n
Cht lng lm vic ch tc ng mt pha ca pittng v to nn chuyn ng mt
chiu. Chiu chuyn ng ngc li c thc hin nh lc l xo.

Hnh 2.16. Xilanh tc dng n (chiu ngc li bng l xo) v k hiu

b. Xilanh tc dng kp
Cht lng lm vic tc ng vo hai pha ca pittng v to nn chuyn ng hai
chiu.
a

Hnh 2.17. Xilanh tc dng kp

a. Xilanh tc dng kpkhng c gim chn cui hnh trnh v k hiu;
b. Xilanh tc dng kp c gim chn cui hnh trnh v k hiu.

2.2.5. Tnh ton xilanh truyn lc

a. Din tch A, lc F, v p sut p
+/ Din tch pittng

.D 2
. D 2 d 2
; A2=
A1=
4
4

(2.25)

30

A1

A2
Ft
d
m

Hnh 2.18. p sut p, lc F trong xilanh

+/ Lc
Ft = p.A

(2.26)

+/ p sut
p=

Ft
A

(2.27)

Trong :
A - din tch tit din pittng [cm2];
D - ng knh ca xilanh [cm];
d - ng knh ca cn [cm];
p - p sut [bar];
Ft - lc [kN].
Nu tnh n tn tht th tch xilanh, tnh ton n gin, ta chn:
F
p sut:
p = t .10 4
A.
.d 2
Din tch pittng:
A=
.10 2
4
d - ng knh ca pittng [mm];
- hiu sut, ly theo bng sau:
Bng 3.5
p (bar)
20
120
160
85
90
95
(%)
Nh vy pittng bt u chuyn ng c, khi lc Ft > FG + FA + FR
Trong :
FG- trng lc;
FA- lc gia tc;
FR- lc ma st.
b. Quan h gia lu lng Q, vn tc v v din tch A
Lu lng chy vo xilanh tnh theo cng thc sau:
Q = A.v
(3.16)

31

(2.28)
(2.29)

tnh ton n gin, ta chn:

Q = A.v.10-1

D
.D 2
.10 2
(3.17)
A=
4
Trong :
Q
D - ng knh [mm];
A - din tch ca xilanh [cm2];
Q - lu lng [lt/pht];
Hnh 2.19. Quan h gia Q, v v A
v - vn tc [m/pht].

v
m

2.3. B du
2.3.1. Nhim v
B du c nhim v chnh sau:
+/ Cung cp du cho h thng lm vic theo chu trnh kn (cp v nhn du chy v).
+/ Gii ta nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh bm du lm vic.
+/ Lng ng cc cht cn b trong qu trnh lm vic.
+/ Tch nc.
2.3.2. Chn kch thc b du
i vi cc loi b du di chuyn, v d b du trn cc xe vn chuyn th c th
tch b du c chn nh sau:
(2.30)
V = 1,5.Qv
i vi cc loi b du c nh, v d b du trong cc my, dy chuyn, th th
tch b du c chn nh sau:
(2.31)
V = (3 5).Qv
Trong : V[lt];
Qv[l/ph].
2.3.3. Kt cu ca b du
Hnh 2.16. l s b tr cc cm thit b cn thit ca b cp du cho h thng
iu khin bng thy lc.
1. ng c in;
2. ng nn;
3. B lc;
4. Pha ht;
5. Vch ngn;
6. Pha x;
7. Mt du;
8. du;
9. ng x.
Hnh 2.20. B du

32

B du c ngn lm hai ngn bi mt mng lc (5). Khi m ng c (1), bm

du lm vic, du c ht ln qua b lc (3) cp cho h thng iu khin, du x v
c cho vo mt ngn khc.
Du thng vo b qua mt ca (8) b tr trn np b lc v ng x (9) c t
vo gn st b cha. C th kim tra mc du t yu cu nh mt du (7).
Nh cc mng lc v b lc, du cung cp cho h thng iu khin m bo sch.
Sau mt thi gian lm vic nh k th b lc phi c tho ra ra sch hoc thay mi.
Trn ng ng cp du (sau khi qua bm) ngi ta gn vo mt van trn iu chnh
p sut du cung cp v m bo an ton cho ng ng cp du.
Kt cu ca b du trong thc t nh hnh 2.17.

Hnh 2.21. Kt cu v k hiu b du

2.4. b lc du
2.4.1. Nhim v
Trong qu trnh lm vic, du khng trnh khi b nhim bn do cc cht bn t
bn ngoi vo, hoc do bn thn du to nn. Nhng cht bn y s lm kt cc khe h,
cc tit din chy c kch thc nh trong cc c cu du p, gy nn nhng tr ngi,
h hng trong cc hot ng ca h thng. Do trong cc h thng du p u dng
b lc du ngn nga cht bn thm nhp vo bn trong cc c cu, phn t du p.
B lc du thng t ng ht ca bm. Trng hp du cn sch hn, t thm
mt b na ca ra ca bm v mt b ng x ca h thng du p.
K hiu:

2.4.2. Phn loi theo kch thc lc

Ty thuc vo kch thc cht bn c th lc c, b lc du c th phn thnh
cc loi sau:
a. B lc th: c th lc nhng cht bn n 0,1mm.

33

b. B lc trung bnh: c th lc nhng cht bn n 0,01mm.

c. B lc tinh: c th lc nhng cht bn n 0,005mm.
d. B lc c bit tinh: c th lc nhng cht bn n 0,001mm.
Cc h thng du trong my cng c thng dng b lc trung bnh v b lc tinh.
B lc c bit tinh ch yu dng cc phng th nghim.
2.4.3. Phn loi theo kt cu
Da vo kt cu, ta c th phn bit c cc loi b lc du nh sau: b lc li,
b lc l, b lc giy, b lc n, b lc nam chm, ...
Ta ch xt mt s b lc du thng nht.
a. B lc li
B lc li l loi b lc du n gin nht. N gm khung cng v li bng
ng bao xung quanh. Du t ngoi xuyn qua cc mt li v cc l vo ng ht.
Hnh dng v kch thc ca b lc li rt khc nhau ty thuc vo v tr v cng
dng ca b lc.
Do sc cn ca li, nn du khi qua b lc b gim p. Khi tnh ton, tn tht p
sut thng ly p = 0,3 0,5bar, trng hp c bit c th ly p = 1 2bar.
Nhc im ca b lc li l cht bn d bm vo cc b mt li v kh ty ra.
Do thng dng n lc th, nh lp vo ng ht ca bm. trng hp ny phi
dng thm b lc tinh ng ra.

Hnh 2.22. Mng lc li

b. B lc l, si thy tinh
B lc l l b lc dng nhng l thp mng lc du. y l loi dng rng ri
nht trong h thng du p ca my cng c.
Kt cu ca n nh sau: lm nhim v lc cc b lc l l cc l thp hnh trn
v nhng l thp hnh sao. Nhng l thp ny c lp ng tm trn trc, tm n trn
tm kia. Gia cc cp lp chen mnh thp trn trc c tit din vung.
S lng l thp cn thit ph thuc vo lu lng cn lc, nhiu nht l 1000
1200l. Tn tht p sut ln nht l p = 4bar. Lu lng lc c th t 8 100l/ph.
B lc l ch yu dng lc th. u im ln nht ca n l khi ty cht bn,
khi phi dng my v tho b lc ra ngoi.
Hin nay phn ln ngi ta thay vt liu ca cc l thp bng vt liu si thy tinh,
bn ca cc b lc ny cao v c kh nng ch to d dng, cc c tnh vt liu
khng thay i nhiu trong qu trnh lm vic do nh hng v c v ha ca du.

34

Hnh 2.23. Mng lc bng si thy tinh

tnh ton lu lng chy qua b lc du, ngi ta dng cng thc tnh lu
lng chy qua li lc:
A.p
[l/ph]
(2.32)
Q = .

Trong :
A- din tch ton b b mt lc [cm2];
p = p1 - p2- hiu p ca b lc [bar];
- nht ng hc ca du [P];
- h s lc, c trng cho lng du chy qua b lc trn n v din tch

lt
v thi gian 2

cm .pht
Ty thuc vo c im ca b lc, ta c th ly tr s nh sau:

lt
= 0,006 0,009 2

cm .pht

2.4.4. Cch lp b lc trong h thng

Ty theo yu cu cht lng ca du trong h thng iu khin, m ta c th lp b
lc du theo cc v tr khc nhau nh sau:
a. Lp b lc ng ht
b. Lp b lc ng nn
c. Lp b lc ng x
a

Hnh 2.24. Cch lp b lc trong h thng

35

2.5. o p sut v lu lng

2.5.1. o p sut
a. o p sut bng p k l xo
Nguyn l o p sut bng p k l xo: di tc dng ca p lc, l xo b bin
dng, qua c cu thanh truyn hay n by v bnh rng, bin dng ca l xo s
chuyn i thnh gi tr c ghi trn mt hin s.
A
B
A

Hnh 2.25. p k l xo

b. Nguyn l hot ng ca p k l xo tm
Di tc dng ca p sut, l xo tm (1) b bin dng, qua trc n by (2), chi tit
hnh y qut (3), chi tit thanh rng (4), kim ch (5), gi tr p sut c th hin trn
2
mt s.

1. Kim ch;
2. Thanh rng;
3. Chi tit hnh y qut;
4. n by;
5. L xo tm.

5
p
Hnh 2.26. p k l xo tm

2.5.2. o lu lng
a. o lu lng bng bnh hnh van v bnh rng
n

QV

VK

VK

Hnh 2.27. o lu lng bng bnh van v bnh rng

36

Cht lng chy qua ng lm quay bnh van v bnh rng, ln lu lng c
xc nh bng lng cht lng chy qua bnh van v bnh rng.
b. o lu lng bng tuabin v cnh gt
Cht lng chy qua ng lm quay cnh tuabin v cnh gt, ln lu lng c
xc nh bng tc quay ca cnh tuabin v cnh gt.
n

QV
n

QV

Hnh 2.28. o lu lng bng tuabin v cnh gt

c. o lu lng theo nguyn l chnh p

Hai p k c t hai u ca mng ngn, ln lu lng c xc nh bng
chnh lch p sut (tn tht p sut) trn hai p k p1 v p2. QV =
p1

p2

QV

Hnh 2.29. o lu lng theo nguyn l chnh p

d. o lu lng bng lc cng l xo

Cht lng chy qua ng tc ng vo u o, trn u o c gn l xo, lu cht
chy qua lu lng k t hay nhiu s c xc nh qua kim ch.

Hnh 2.30. o lu lng bng lc cng l xo

2.6. bnh trch cha

2.6.1. Nhim v
Bnh trch cha l c cu dng trong cc h truyn dn thy lc iu ha nng
lng thng qua p sut v lu lng ca cht lng lm vic. Bnh trch cha lm vic
theo hai qu trnh: tch nng lng vo v cp nng lng ra.
Bnh trch cha c s dng rng ri trong cc loi my rn, my p, trong cc c
cu tay my v ng dy t ng,... nhm lm gim cng sut ca bm, tng tin
cy v hiu sut s dng ca ton h thy lc.
2.6.2. Phn loi

37

Theo nguyn l to ra ti, bnh trch cha thy lc c chia thnh ba loi, th hin
hnh 2.31

Hnh 2.31. Cc loi bnh trch cha thy lc

a. Bnh trch cha trng vt;
b. Bnh trch cha l xo;
c. Bnh trch cha thy kh;
d. K hiu.

a. Bnh trch cha trng vt

Bnh trch cha trng vt to ra mt p sut l thuyt hon ton c nh, nu b
qua lc ma st pht sinh ch tip xc gia c cu lm kn v pittng v khng tnh
n lc qun ca pittng chuyn dch khi th tch bnh trch cha thay i trong qu
trnh lm vic.
Bnh trch cha loi ny yu cu phi b tr trng vt tht i xng so vi pittng,
nu khng s gy ra lc thnh phn ngang c cu lm kn. Lc tc dng ngang ny s
lm hng c cu lm kn v nh hng xu n qu trnh lm vic n nh ca bnh
trch cha.
Bnh trch cha trng vt l mt c cu n gin, nhng cng knh, thng b tr
ngoi xng. V nhng l do trn nn trong thc t t s dng loi bnh ny.
b. Bnh trch cha l xo
Qu trnh tch nng lng bnh trch cha l xo l qu trnh bin nng lng ca
l xo. Bnh trch cha lo xo c qun tnh nh hn so vi bnh trch cha trng vt, v
vy n c s dng lm tt nhng va p thy lc trong cc h thy lc v gi p
sut c nh trong cc c cu kp.
c. Bnh trch cha thy kh
Bnh trch cha thy kh li dng tnh cht nn c ca kh, to ra p sut cht
lng. Tnh cht ny cho bnh trch cha c kh nng gim chn. Trong bnh trch cha
trng vt p sut hu nh c nh khng ph thuc vo v tr ca pittng, trong bnh

38

trch cha lo xo p sut thay i t l tuyn tnh, cn trong bnh trch cha thy kh p
sut cht lng thay i theo nhng nh lut thay i p sut ca kh.
Theo kt cu bnh trch cha thy kh c chia thnh hai loi chnh:
+/ Loi khng c ngn: loi ny t dng trong thc t (C nhc im: kh tip xc
trc tip vi cht lng, trong qu trnh lm vic kh s xm nhp vo cht lng v gy
ra s lm vic khng n nh cho ton h thng. Cch khc phc l bnh trch cha
phi c kt cu hnh tr nh v di gim bt din tch tip xc gia kh v cht
lng).
+/ Loi c ngn

Hnh 2.32. Bnh trch cha thy kh c ngn

Bnh trch cha thy kh c ngn phn cch hai mi trng c dng rng ri
trong nhng h thy lc di ng. Ph thuc vo kt cu ngn phn cch, bnh loi ny
c phn ra thnh nhiu kiu: kiu pittng, kiu mng,...
Cu to ca bnh trch cha c ngn bng mng gm: trong khoang trn ca bnh
trch cha thy kh, c np kh vi p sut np vo l pn, khi khng c cht lng lm
vic trong bnh trch cha.
Nu ta gi pmin l p sut nh nht ca cht lng lm vic ca bnh trch cha, th
pn pmin. p sut pmax ca cht lng t c khi th tch ca cht lng trong bnh c
c ng vi gi tr cho php ln nht ca p sut kh trong khoang trn.
Kh s dng trong bnh trch cha thng l kh nit hoc khng kh, cn cht lng
lm vic l du.
Vic lm kn gia hai khoang kh v cht lng l v cng quan trng, c bit l
i vi loi bnh lm vic p sut cao v nhit thp. Bnh trch cha loi ny c
th lm vic p sut cht lng 100kG/cm2.
i vi bnh trch cha thy kh c ngn chia n hi, nn s dng kh nit, cn
khng kh s lm cao su mau hng.

39

Nguyn tc hot ng ca bnh trch cha loi ny gm c hai qu trnh l qu

trnh np v qu trnh x.

Hnh 2.33. Qu trnh np

Hnh 2.34. Qu trnh x

40

Chng 3: cc phn t ca h thng iu khin

bng thy lc
3.1. khi nim
3.1.1. H thng iu khin
H thng iu khin bng thy lc c m t qua s hnh 3.1, gm cc cm v
phn t chnh, c chc nng sau:
a. C cu to nng lng: bm du, b lc (...)
b. Phn t nhn tn hiu: cc loi nt n (...)
c. Phn t x l: van p sut, van iu khin t xa (...)
d. Phn t iu khin: van o chiu (...)
e. C cu chp hnh: xilanh, ng c du.
C cu
chp hnh
Phn t
nhn tn
hiu

Phn t
x l

Phn t
iu khin

Dng nng
lng tc ng
ln quy trnh

C cu to
nng lng

Nng lng iu khin

Hnh 3.1. H thng iu khin bng thy lc

3.1.2. S cu trc h thng iu bng thy lc

Cu trc h thng iu khin bng thy lc c th hin s hnh 3.2.
1.0

C cu
chp hnh

m
1.1

Phn t
iu khin
C cu to
nng lng

Dng nng
lng

T
0.3

0.2
T

0.1

Hnh 3.2. Cu trc thng iu khin bng thy lc

41

3.2. van p sut

3.2.1. Nhim v
Van p sut dng iu chnh p sut, tc l c nh hoc tng, gim tr s p
trong h thng iu khin bng thy lc.
3.2.2. Phn loi
Van p sut gm c cc loi sau:
+/ Van trn v van an ton
+/ Van gim p
+/ Van cn
+/ Van ng, m cho bnh trch cha thy lc.
3.2.2.1. Van trn v an ton
Van trn v van an ton dng hn ch vic tng p sut cht lng trong h thng
thy lc vt qu tr s quy nh. Van trn lm vic thng xuyn, cn van an ton lm
vic khi qu ti.
p1
K hiu ca van trn v van an ton:

p2

C nhiu loi: +/ Kiu van bi (tr, cu)

+/ Kiu con trt (pittng)
+/ Van iu chnh hai cp p sut (phi hp)
a. Kiu van bi
Vt /c

x0
L xo
( cng C)

p2

Vt /c

L xo
( cng C)
p2

x0
x

Bi tr
p1

Bi cu
p1
Hnh 3.3. Kt cu kiu van bi

Gii thch: khi p sut p1 do bm du to nn vt qu mc iu chnh, n s thng

lc l xo, van m ca v a du v b. iu chnh p sut cn thit nh vt iu
chnh pha trn.
Ta c: p1.A = C.(x + x0) (b qua ma st, lc qun tnh, p2 0)
Trong :
x0 - bin dng ca l xo to lc cng ban u;
C - cng l xo;

42

F0 = C.x0 - lc cng ban u;

x - bin dng l xo khi lm vic (khi c du trn);
p1 - p sut lm vic ca h thng;
A - din tch tc ng ca bi.
Kiu van bi c kt cu n gin nhng c nhc im: khng dng c p sut
cao, lm vic n o. Khi l xo hng, du lp tc chy v b lm cho p sut trong h
thng gim t ngt.
b. Kiu van con trt
Vt /c
4

x
x0

Flx
x
p1

p2

L gim
chn
3

Hnh 3.4. Kt cu kiu van con trt

Gii thch: Du vo ca 1, qua l gim chn v vo bung 3. Nu nh lc do p

sut du to nn l F ln hn lc iu chnh ca l xo Flx v trng lng G ca pittng,
th pittng s dch chuyn ln trn, du s qua ca 2 v b. L 4 dng tho du r
bung trn ra ngoi.
Ta c: p1.A = Flx (b qua ma st v trng lng ca pittng)
Flx = C.x0
Khi p1 tng F = p1 .A > Flx pittng i ln vi dch chuyn x.
p1 .A = C.(x + x 0 )
Ngha l: p1 pittng i ln mt on x du ra ca 2 nhiu p1 n
nh.
V tit din A khng thay i, nn p sut cn iu chnh p1 ch ph thuc vo Flx
ca l xo.
Loi van ny c gim chn cao hn loai van bi, nn n lm vic m hn. Nhc
im ca n l trong trng hp lu lng ln vi p sut cao, l xo phi c kch thc
ln, do lm tng kch thc chung ca van.
c. Van iu chnh hai cp p sut
Trong van ny c 2 l xo: l xo 1 tc dng trc tip ln bi cu v vi vt iu chnh,
ta c th iu chnh c p sut cn thit. L xo 2 c tc dng ln bi tr (con trt), l

43

loi l xo yu, ch c nhim v thng lc ma st ca bi tr. Tit din chy l rnh hnh
tam gic. L tit lu c ng knh t 0,8 1 mm.
Vt /c

L xo 1
( cng C1)
p2

Van trn
2

Bi cu
A2

L xo 2
( cng C2)
p3

Van an ton
Bi tr (con trt) (lm vic khi qu ti)
3

p1

L tit lu A3
Hnh 3.5. Kt cu ca van iu chnh hai cp p sut

Du vo van c p sut p1, pha di v pha trn ca con trt u c p sut du.
Khi p sut du cha thng c lc l xo 1, th p sut p1 pha di v p sut p2
pha trn con trt bng nhau, do con trt ng yn.
Nu p sut p1 tng ln, bi cu s m ra, du s qua con trt, ln van bi chy v
b. Khi du chy, do sc cn ca l tit lu, nn p1 > p2, tc l mt hiu p p = p1 - p2
c hnh thnh gia pha di v pha trn con trt. (Lc ny ca 3 vn ng)
A 2 .p1 > C 1 .x 02 v C 2 .x 03 > p1 .A 3

Khi p1 tng cao thng lc l xo 2 lc ny c 2 van u hot ng.

Loi van ny lm vic rt m, khng c chn ng. p sut c th iu chnh trong
phm vi rt rng: t 5 63 bar hoc c th cao hn.
3.2.2.2. Van gim p
Trong nhiu trng hp h thng thy lc mt bm du phi cung cp nng lng
cho nhiu c cu chp hnh c p sut khc nhau. Lc ny ta phi cho bm lm vic
vi p sut ln nht v dng van gim p t trc c cu chp hnh nhm gim p
sut n mt gi tr cn thit.
K hiu:
p1

p2

44

Vt /c

Flx
L
p1
P

p2
A

Hnh 3.6. Kt cu ca van gim p

V d: mch thy lc c lp van gim p

2

1
Vt /c

Flx
p1

p2

A
p1
p1 > p2

Hnh 3.7. S mch thy lc c lp van gim p

Trong h thng ny, xilanh 1 lm vic vi p sut p1, nh van gim p to nn p

sut p1 > p2 cung cp cho xilanh 2. p sut ra p2 c th iu chnh c nh van gim
p.
Ta c lc cn bng ca van gim p: p2.A = Flx (Flx = C.x)
C.x
A = const, x thay i p2 thay i.
p2 =
A

45

3.2.2.3. Van cn
Van cn c nhim v to nn mt sc cn trong h thng h thng lun c du
bi trn, bo qun thit b, thit b lm vic m, gim va p.
K hiu:

Flx
p1

p2

p2
p0

Hnh 3.8. Mch thy lc c lp van cn

Trn hnh 3.8, van cn lp vo ca ra ca xilanh c p sut p2. Nu lc l xo ca

van l Flx v tit din ca pittng trong van l A, th lc cn bng tnh l:
F
(3.1)
p2.A - Flx =0 p 2 = lx
A
Nh vy ta thy rng p sut ca ra (tc cn ca ra) c th iu chnh c ty
thuc vo s iu chnh lc l xo Flx.
3.2.2.4. Rle p sut (p lc)
Rle p sut thng dng trong h thng thy lc. N c dng nh mt c cu
phng qu ti, v khi p sut trong h thng vt qu gii hn nht nh, rle p sut s
ngt dng in Bm du, cc van hay cc b phn khc ngng hot ng.
3.3. van o chiu
3.3.1. Nhim v
Van o chiu dng ng, m cc ng dn khi ng cc c cu bin i nng
lng, dng o chiu cc chuyn ng ca c cu chp hnh.
3.3.2. Cc khi nim
+/ S ca: l s l dn du vo hay ra. S ca ca van o chiu thng 2, 3 v
4, 5. Trong nhng trng hp c bit s ca c th nhiu hn.

46

+/ S v tr: l s nh v con trt ca van. Thng thng van o chiu c 2 hoc

3 v tr. Trong nhng trng hp c bit s v tr c th nhiu hn.
3.3.3. Nguyn l lm vic
a. Van o chiu 2 ca, 2 v tr (2/2)

S ca
A

S v tr
L

P
Hnh 3.9. Van o chiu 2/2

b. Van o chiu 3 ca, 2 v tr (3/2)

A
b

a
P T

A
a

P T
b

P T
Hnh 3.10. Van o chiu 3/2

47

c. Van o chiu 4 ca, 2 v tr (4/2)

P
A B

A B
A B

P T
a

P T
b

P T
Hnh 3.11. Van o chiu 4/2

K hiu: P- ca ni bm;
T- ca ni ng x v thng du;
A, B- ca ni vi c cu iu khin hay c cu chp hnh;
L- ca ni ng du tha v thng.
3.3.4. Cc loi tn hiu tc ng
Loi tn hiu tc ng ln van o chiu c biu din hai pha, bn tri v bn
phi ca k hiu. C nhiu loi tn hiu khc nhau c th tc ng lm van o chiu
thay i v tr lm vic ca nng van o chiu.
a. Loi tn hiu tc ng bng tay
K hiu nt n tng qut
Nt bm

Tay gt

Bn p
Hnh 3.12. Cc k hiu cho tn hiu tc ng bng tay

b. Loi tn hiu tc ng bng c

u d

48

C chn bng con ln, tc ng hai chiu

C chn bng con ln, tc ng mt chiu

L xo
Nt n c rnh nh v
Hnh 3.13. Cc k hiu cho tn hiu tc ng bng c

3.3.5. Cc loi mp iu khin ca van o chiu

Khi nng van dch chuyn theo chiu trc, cc mp ca n s ng hoc m cc
ca trn thn van ni vi knh dn du.
Van o chiu c mp iu khin dng (hnh 3.14a), c s dng trong nhng
kt cu m bo s r du rt nh, khi nng van v tr trung gian hoc v tr lm
vic no , ng thi cng vng ca kt cu ( nhy i vi ph ti) cao.
Van o chiu c mp iu khin m (hnh 3.14b), i vi loi van ny c mt mt
cht lng chy qua khe thng v thng cha, khi nng van v tr trung gian. Loi van
ny c s dng khi khng c yu cu cao v s r cht lng, cng nh cng vng
ca h.
Van o chiu c mp iu khin bng khng (hnh 3.14c), c s dng phn ln
trong cc h thng iu khin thy lc c chnh xc cao (v d nh van thy lc
tuyn tnh hay c cu servo. Cng ngh ch to loi van ny tng i kh khn.

Hnh 3.14. Cc loi mp iu khin ca van o chiu

a. Mp iu khin dng;
b. Mp iu khin m;
c. Mp iu khin bng khng.

3.4. Cc loi van in thy lc ng dng trong mch iu

khin t ng
3.4.1. Phn loi

49

C hai loi:
+/ Van solenoid
+/ Van t l v van servo
3.4.2. Cng dng
a. Van solenoid
Dng ng m (nh van phn phi thng thng), iu khin bng nam chm
in. c dng trong cc mch iu khin logic.
b. Van t l v van servo
L phi hp gia hai loi van phn phi v van tit lu (gi l van ng, m ni
tip), c th iu khin c v cp lu lng qua van. c dng trong cc mch iu
khin t ng.
3.4.3. Van solenoid
Cu to ca van solenoid gm cc b phn chnh l: loi iu khin trc tip (hnh
3.15) gm c thn van, con trt v hai nam chm in; loi iu khin gin tip (hnh
3.16) gm c van s cp 1, cu to van s cp ging van iu khin trc tip v van th
cp 2 iu khin con trt bng du p, nh tc ng ca van s cp.
Con trt ca van s hot ng hai hoc ba v tr ty theo tc ng ca nam
chm. C th gi van solenoid l loi van iu khin c cp.
1

3
5

T AP B
A B

P T
Hnh 3.15. Kt cu v k hiu ca van solenoid iu khin trc tip
1, 2. Cun dy ca nam chm in;
3, 6. Vt hiu chnh ca li st t;
4, 5. L xo.

50

5
4.1
4.2
2
6

7
3

8
XT
B

A
a.X

b.Y
a
X

A
a

b
T

b
Y

b
X

Hnh 3.16. Kt cu v k hiu ca van solenoid iu khin gin tip

1. Van s cp;
2. Van th cp.

3.5.4. Van t l
Cu to ca van t l c gm ba b phn chnh (hnh 3.17) l : thn van, con trt,
nam chm in.
thay i tit din chy ca van, tc l thay i hnh trnh ca con trt bng
cch thay i dng in iu khin nam chm. C th iu khin con trt v tr bt
k trong phm vi iu chnh nn van t l c th gi l loi van iu khin v cp.

51

3 4

X
Y

13

12

11

A
A

P B X Y 10
B

T
P
Hnh 3.17. Kt cu v k hiu ca van t l

Hnh 3.17 l kt cu ca van t l, van c hai nam chm 1, 5 b tr i xng, cc

l xo 10 v 12 phc hi v tr cn bng ca con trt 11.
3.4.5. Van servo
a. Nguyn l lm vic
Cun dy 1

Cun dy 2

i1 +
ng n hi

i2 +

Phn ng
Nam chm
vnh cu
Cnh chn

Ming phun du
Cng n hi

Hnh 3.18. S nguyn l ca b phn iu khin con trt ca van servo

B phn iu khin con trt ca van servo (torque motor) th hin trn hnh 3.18
gm cc b phn sau:
+/ Nam chm vnh cu;
+/ Phn ng v hai cun dy;

52

+/ Cnh chn v cng n hi; +/ ng n hi;

+/ Ming phun du.
Hai nam chm vnh cu t i xng to thnh khung hnh ch nht, phn ng trn
c hai cun dy v cnh chn du ngm vi phn ng, to nn mt kt cu cng
vng. nh v phn ng v cnh chn du l mt ng n hi, ng ny c tc dng
phc hi cm phn ng v cnh chn v v tr trung gian khi dng in vo hai cun
dy cn bng. Ni vi cnh chn du l cng n hi, cng ny ni trc tip vi con
trt. Khi dng in vo hai cun dy lch nhau th phn ng b ht lch, do s i
xng ca cc cc nam chm m phn ng s quay. Khi phn ng quay, ng n hi s
bin dng n hi, khe h t cnh chn n ming phun du cng s thay i (pha ny
h ra v pha kia hp li). iu dn n p sut hai pha ca con trt lch nhau
v con trt c di chuyn. Nh vy:
+/ Khi dng in iu khin hai cun dy bng nhau hoc bng 0 th phn ng,
cnh, cng v con trt v tr trung gian (p sut hai bung con trt cn bng
nhau).
+/ Khi dng i1 i2 th phn ng s quay theo mt chiu no ty thuc vo dng
in ca cun dy no ln hn. Gi s phn ng quay ngc chiu kim ng h, cnh
chn du cng quay theo lm tit din chy ca ming phun du thay i, khe h
ming phun pha tri rng ra v khe h ming phun pha phi hp li. p sut du vo
hai bung con trt khng cn bng, to lc dc trc, y con trt di chuyn v bn
tri, hnh thnh tit din chy qua van (to ng dn du qua van). Qu trnh trn th
hin hnh 3.19b. ng thi khi con trt sang tri th cng s cong theo chiu di
chuyn ca con trt lm cho cnh chn du cng di chuyn theo. Lc ny khe h
ming phun tri hp li v khe h ming phun phi rng ln, cho n khi khe h ca
hai ming phun bng nhau v p sut hai pha bng nhau th con trt v tr cn bng.
Qu trnh th hin hnh 3.19c.
Mmen quay phn ng v mmen do lc n hi ca cng cn bng nhau. Lng
di chuyn ca con trt t l vi dng in vo cun dy.
+/ Tng t nh trn nu phn ng quay theo chiu ngc li th con trt s di
chuyn theo chiu ngc li.

53

T A P
b

T A P

T A P

Hnh 3.19. S nguyn l hot ng ca van servo

a. S giai on van cha lam vic;
b. S giai on u ca qu trnh iu khin;
c. S giai on hai ca qu trnh iu khin.

b. Kt cu ca van servo
Ngoi nhng kt cu th hin hnh 3.18 v hnh 3.19, trong van cn b tr thm
b lc du nhm m bo iu kin lm vic bnh thng ca van. con trt v tr
trung gian khi tn hiu vo bng khng, tc l phn ng v tr cn bng, ngi ta
a vo kt cu vt iu chnh.

54

Cc hnh 3.20, 3.21, 3.22, 3.23, 3.24 l kt cu ca mt s loi van servo c s

dng hin nay.

Nam chm
ng phun du
Cng n hi

Vt hiu chnh con

trt
Thn van

Lc du

Cun dy
ng phun

Li nam chm
ng n hi
Cng

Cng n hi

Lc du

L tit lu

Hnh 3.20. Bn v th hin kt cu v k hiu ca van servo

a, b. Bn v th hin cc dng kt cu ca van servo;
c. K hiu ca van servo.

55

Hnh 3.21. Kt cu ca van servo mt cp iu khin

1. Khng gian trng;
2. ng phun;
3. Li st ca nam chm;
4. ng n hi;
5. Cng iu khin in thy lc;
6. Vt hiu chnh;
7. Thn ca ng phun;
8. Thn ca nam chm;
9. Khng gian quay ca li st nam chm;
10. Cun dy ca nam chm;
11. Con trt ca van chnh;
12. Bung du ca van chnh.

56

Hnh 3.22. Kt cu ca van servo 2 cp iu khin

1. Cm nam chm; 2. ng phun; 3. Cng n hi ca b phn iu khin in
thy lc; 4. Xylanh ca van chnh; 5. Con trt ca van chnh; 6. Cng iu
khin in-thy lc; 7. Thn ca ng phun.

Hnh 3.23. Kt cu ca van servo 2 cp iu khin c cm bin

57

Van tit lu c th t ng du vo hoc ng ra ca c cu chp hnh.

Van tit lu c hai loi:
+/ Tit lu c nh
K hiu:
+/ Tit lu thay i c lu lng
K hiu:

V d: hnh 3.25 l s ca van tit lu c lp ng ra ca h thng thy

lc. Cch lp ny c dng ph bin nht, v van tit lu thay th c chc nng ca
van cn, to nn mt p sut nht nh trn ng ra ca xilanh v do lm cho
chuyn ng ca n c m.
A1

A2

Q1
p1

Q2
p2

Ax

Q2, p3
Hnh 3.25. S thy lc c lp van tit lu ng du ra

Ta c cc phng trnh:
Q2 = A2.v : lu lng qua van tit lu
p = p2 - p3 : hiu p qua van tit lu
Lu lng du Q2 qua khe h c tnh theo cng thc Torricelli nh sau:
Q 2 = .A x .

2.g
. p [m3/s]

hoc A2.v = .Ax.c.

v=

(3.3)
(c =

.A x .c. p
A2

2.g
= const)

(3.4)

Trong :
- h s lu lng;

59

.d 2
Ax - din tch mt ct ca khe h: A 1 =
[m2];
4
p = (p2 - p3)- p sut trc v sau khe h [N/m2];
- khi lng ring ca du [kg/m3].
Khi Ax thay i p thay i v v thay i.

p2

Q2

p3

p
Hnh 3.26. chnh lch p sut v lu lng dng chy qua khe h

Da vo phng thc iu chnh lu lng, van tit lu c th phn thnh hai loi
chnh: van tit lu iu chnh dc trc v van tit lu iu chnh quanh trc.
a. Van tit lu iu chnh dc trc
Ax = 2.rt.AB
AB = h.sin

p2

Ax

Ax

p1
Ax = .D.h

rt

h. sin
. cos
2
p2 h A 2 .h.r. sin
x
rt = r

p1 r

h. sin 2
. cos : VCB b qua)
2

Hnh 3.27. Tit lu iu chnh dc trc

b. Van tit lu iu chnh quanh trc

p1
p2

Hnh 3.28. Tit lu iu chnh quanh trc

3.5.2. B n tc
B n tc l cu m bo hiu p khng i khi gim p (p = const), v do
m bo mt lu lng khng i chy qua van, tc l lm cho vn tc ca c cu chp
hnh c gi tr gn nh khng i.
Nh vy n nh vn tc ta s dng b n tc.

60

B n tc l mt van ghp gm c: mt van gim p v mt van tit lu. B n tc

c th lp trn ng vo hoc ng ra ca c cu chp hnh nh van tit lu,
nhng ph bin nht l lp ng ra ca c cu chp hnh.
K hiu:

p1

p2

p4
Flx
p2
Q2
p3
A

Hnh 3.29. Kt cu b n tc

iu kin b n tc c th lm vic l: p1 > p2 > p3 > p4

Ta c phng trnh cn bng tnh:
F
A.p3 = p4.A + Flx p = p3 - p4 = lx
A
Q2 = .A x .c. p = k.

(3.5)

Flx
A

(3.6)

Q2 khng ph thuc vo ti m ch ph thuc vo Flx v n nh

p4
Flx
p2
Q2
p3
A

Hnh 3.30. S thy lc c lp b n tc

61

p1

3.6. van chn

Van chn gm cc loi van sau:
+/ Van mt chiu.
+/ Van mt chiu iu iu khin c hng chn.
+/ Van tc ng kho ln.
3.6.1. Van mt chiu
Van mt chiu dng iu khin dng cht lng i theo mt hng, v hng
kia du b ngn li.
Trong h thng thy lc, thng t nhiu v tr khc nhau ty thuc vo nhng
mc ch khc nhau.
K hiu:

Van mt chiu gm c: van bi, van kiu con trt.

Hnh 3.31. Kt cu van bi mt chiu

ng dng ca van mt chiu:

+/ t ng ra ca bm ( chn du chy v b).
+/ t ca ht ca bm (chn du trong bm).
+/ Khi s dng hai bm du dng chung cho mt h thng.

62

V d: s thy lc s dng hai bm du nhm gim tiu hao cng sut.

A1 A2

v1
FL
v2

Flx
T
p2
P
p1
Q2

Q1
p1
1

Hnh 3.32. S mch thy lc s dng hai bm du

Khi thc hin vn tc cng tc v1, bm 1 (Q1) hot ng: Q1 = A1.v1.

Khi thc hin vn tc chy khng v2 (pittng li v) th c hai bm cng cung cp
du (Q1, Q2):
Q1 + Q2 = A2.v2 (Q2 >> Q1).
Gii thch nguyn l:
+/ Khi c ti FL v thc hin v1 p1 > p2, van mt chiu b chn
Q
v 1 = 1 v Q 2 v b du.
A1
(A.p1 > Flx pittng i ln ca P v T thng nhau Q2 v b du).
+/ Khi chy nhanh vi v2 (khng ti): p 1 Flx p 1 .A pittng i xung m
ca P, ng ca T, lc ny p2 > p1 van mt chiu m cung cp Q2 v Q1 cho
xilanh thc hin v2.
Q + Q2
v2 = 1
A2

63

3.6.2. Van mt chiu iu khin c hng chn

a. Nguyn l hot ng
Khi du chy t A qua B, van thc hin theo nguyn l ca van mt chiu. Nhng
khi du chy t B qua A, th phi c tn hiu iu khin bn ngoi tc ng vo ca X.
a

b
c
b

a
x

a
b
x
a
b
Hnh 3.33. Van mt chiu iu khin c hng chn
a. Chiu A qua B, tc dng nh van mt chiu;
b. Chiu B qua A c dng chy, khi c tc dng tn ngoi X;
c. K hiu.

3.6.3. Van tc ng kho ln

a. Nguyn l hot ng
Kt cu ca van tc ng kho ln, thc ra l lp hai van mt chiu iu khin
c hng chn. Khi dng chy t A1 qua B1 hoc t A2 qua B2 theo nguyn l ca
van mt chiu. Nhng khi du chy t B2 v A2 th phi c tn hiu iu khin A1 hoc
khi du chy t B1 v A1 th phi c tn hiu iu khin A2.
a

B1

B2

A1

B1

A2

B2

A1

A2

A
A
Hnh 3.34. Van tc ng kha ln
a. Dng chy t A1 qua B1 hoc t A2 qua B2
(nh van mt chiu);
b. T B2 v A2 th phi c tn hiu iu khin A1;
c. K hiu.

64

v=

6.d .
4

.10 2

(3.10)

Kch thc ng knh ng dn l: d = 10.

2.Q
[mm]
3..v

(3.11)

3.7.2. Cc loi ng ni
a. Yu cu
Trong h thng thy lc, ng ni c yu cu tng i cao v bn v kn.
Ty theo iu kin s dng ng ni c th khng tho c v tho c.
b. Cc loi ng ni
ni cc ng dn vi nhau hoc ni ng dn vi cc phn t thy lc, ta dng
cc loi ng ni c th hin nh hnh 3.36
a

Hnh 3.36. Cc loi ng ni

a. ng ni vn ren;
b. ng ni sit cht bng ai c.

3.7.3. Vng chn

a. Nhim v
Chn du mg vai tr quan trng trong vic m bo s lm vic bnh thng ca
cc phn t thy lc.
Chn du khng tt, s b r du cc u ni, b hao ph du, khng m bo p
sut cao dn n h thng hot ng khng n nh.

66

b. Phn loi
ngn chn s r du, ngi ta thng dng cc loi vng chn, vt liu khc
nhau, ty thuc vo p sut, nhit ca du.
Da vo b mt cn chn kht, ta phn thnh hai loi:
+/ Loi chn kht phn t c nh.
+/ Loi chn kht phn t chuyn ng.
c. Loi chn kht phn t c nh
Chn kht nhng phn t c nh tng i n gin, dng cc vng chn bng
cht do hoc bng kim loi mm (ng, nhm). tng bn, tui th ca vng
chn c tnh n hi, ta thng s dng cc c cu bo v ch to t vt liu cng hn
(cao su nn vi, vng kim loi, cao su lu ha cng li kim loi).
d. Loi chn kht cc phn t chuyn ng tng i vi nhau
Loi ny c dng rng ri nht, chn kht nhng phn t chuyn ng. Vt
liu ch to l cao su chu du, chn du gia 2 b mt c chuyn ng tng i
(gia pittng v xilanh).
tng bn, tui th ca vng chn c tnh n hi, tng t nh loi chn kht
nhng phn t c nh, thng ta s dng cc c cu bo v ch to t vt liu cng
hn (vng kim loi).
chn kht nhng chi tit c chuyn ng thng (cn pittng, cn y iu khin
con trt iu khin vi nam chm in,...), thng dng vng chn c tit din ch V,
vi vt liu bng da hoc bng cao su.
Trong trng hp p sut lm vic ca du ln th b dy cng nh s vng chn
cn thit cng ln.

67

Chng 4: iu chnh v n nh vn tc
iu chnh vn tc chuyn ng thng hoc chuyn ng quay ca c cu chp hnh
trong h thng thy lc bng cch thay i lu lng du chy qua n vi hai phng
php sau:
+/ Thay i sc cn trn ng dn du bng van tit lu. Phng php iu chnh
ny gi l iu chnh bng tit lu.
+/ Thay i ch lm vic ca bm du, tc l iu chnh lu lng ca bm cung
cp cho h thng thy lc. Phng php iu chnh ny gi l iu chnh bng th tch.
La chn phng php iu chnh vn tc ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh cng sut
truyn ng, p sut cn thit, c im thay i ti trng, kiu v c tnh ca bm
du,...
gim nhit ca du, ng thi tng hiu sut ca h thng du p, ngi ta
dng phng php iu chnh vn tc bng th tch. Loi iu chnh ny c thc
hin bng cch ch a vo h thng du p lu lng du cn thit m bo mt
vn tc nht nh. Do , nu nh khng tnh n tn tht th tch v c kh th ton b
nng lng do bm du to nn u bin thnh cng c ch.
4.1. iu chnh bng tit lu
Do kt cu n gin nn loi iu chnh ny c dng nhiu nht trong cc h
thng thy lc ca my cng c iu chnh vn tc ca chuyn ng thng cng
nh chuyn ng quay.
Ta c:
Q = .A x .c. p

Khi Ax thay i thay i p thay i Q v thay i.

loi iu chnh ny bm du c lu lng khng i, v vi vic thay i tit
din chy ca van tit lu, lm thay i hiu p ca du, do thay i lu lng dn
n c cu chp hnh m bo mt vn tc nht nh. Lng du tha khng thc
hin cng c ch no c v n c a v b du.
Tu thuc vo v tr lp van tit lu trong h thng, ta c hai loi iu chnh bng
tit lu sau:
+/ iu chnh bng tit lu ng vo.
+/ iu chnh bng tit lu ng ra.
4.1.1. iu chnh bng tit lu ng vo
Hnh 4.1 l s iu chnh vn tc bng tit lu ng vo. Van tit lu (0.4)
t ng vo ca xilanh (1.0). ng ra ca xilanh c dn v b du qua van cn
(0.5). Nh van tit lu (0.4), ta c th iu chnh hiu p gia hai u van tit lu, tc
l iu chnh c lu lng chy qua van tit lu vo xilanh, do lm thay i vn
tc ca pittng. Lng du tha chy qua van trn (0.2) v b du.

68

Van cn (0.5) dng to nn mt p nht nh (khong 38bar) trong bung bn

phi ca xilanh (1.0), m bo pittng chuyn ng m, ngoi ra van cn (0.5) cn lm
gim chuyn ng git mnh ca c cu chp hnh khi ti trng thay i ngt.
Nu nh ti trng tc dng ln pittng l F v lc ma st gia pittng v xilanh l
Fms, th phng trnh cn bng lc ca pittng l:
A
F + Fms
(4.1)
p1.A1 - p2.A2 - FL - Fms = 0 p1 = p 2 . 2 + L
A1
A1
(4.2)
Hiu p gia hai u van tit lu: p = p0 - p1
Trong : p0 l p sut do bm du to nn, c iu chnh bng van trn (0.2).
Phng trnh lu lng: Q qua van tit lu cng l Q qua xilanh (b qua r du)
Q = A1.v = .A x .c. p

(4.3)

Qua y ta thy: khi FL thay i p1 thay i p thay i Q thay i v

khng n nh.
A1 1.0 A2
v
FL
p1

p2
1.1

0.2

0.4 P
Ax
0.3
p0

0.5
0.1
Hnh 4.1. S mch thy lc iu chnh bng tit lu ng vo

4.1.2. iu chnh bng tit lu ng ra

1.0 A2

A1

v
FL

p1

p2

1.1

A B

P
0.3 Q1

T
Q2

p0

0.2

Ax
0.1

0.4
p30

Hnh 4.2. S mch thy lc iu chnh bng tit lu ng ra

69

Hnh 4.2 l s iu chnh vn tc bng tit lu ng ra. Van tit lu m

nhim lun chc nng ca van cn l to nn mt p sut nht nh ng ra ca
xilanh. Trong trng hp ny, p sut bung tri xilanh bng p sut ca bm, tc l
p1=p0.
Phng trnh cn bng tnh l:
(4.4)
p0.A1 - p2.A2 - FL - Fms = 0
V ca van ca tit lu ni lin vi b du, nn hiu p ca van tit lu:
p = p2 - p3 = p2
A
F + Fms
p = p2 = p 0 . 1 L
(4.5)
A2
A2
Q 2 = v.A 2 = .A x .c p 2

(4.6)

Ta cng thy: FL thay i p2 thay i Q2 thay i v v thay i.

C hai iu chnh bng tit lu c u im chnh l kt cu n gin, nhng c hai
cng c nhc im l khng m bo vn tc ca c cu chp hnh mt gi tr nht
nh, khi ti trng thay i.
Thng ngi ta dng hai loi iu chnh ny trong nhng h thng thy lc lm
vic vi ti trng thay i nh, hoc trong h thng khng yu cu c vn tc khng
i.
Nhc im khc ca h thng iu chnh bng tit lu l mt phn nng lng
khng dng bin thnh nhit trong qu trnh tit lu, nhit lng y lm gim nht
ca du, c kh nng lm tng lng du r, nh hng n s n nh vn tc ca c
cu chp hnh.
V nhng l do , iu chnh bng tit lu thng dng trong nhng h thng
thy lc c cng sut nh, thng khng qu 33,5 kw. Hiu sut ca h thng iu
chnh ny khong 0,650,67.
4.2. iu chnh bng th tch
gim nhit du, ng thi tng hu sut ca h thng thy lc, ngi ta
dng phng php iu chnh vn tc bng th tch. Loi iu chnh ny c thc
hin bng cch ch a vo h thng thy lc lu lng du cn thit m bo mt
vn tc nht nh.
Lu lng du c th thay i vi vic dng bm du pittng hoc cnh gt iu
chnh lu lng.
c im ca h thng iu chnh vn tc bng th tch l khi ti trng khng i,
cng sut ca c cu chp hnh t l vi lu lng ca bm. V th, loi iu chnh
ny c dng rng ri trong cc my cn thit mt cng sut ln khi khi ng, tc l
cn thit lc ko hoc mmen xon ln. Ngoi ra n cng c dng rng ri trong
nhng h thng thc hin chuyn ng thng hoc chuyn ng quay khi vn tc
gim, cng sut cn thit cng gim.

70

Tm li: u im ca phng php iu chnh bng th tch l m bo hiu sut

truyn ng cao, du t b lm nng, nhng bm du iu chnh lu lng c kt cu
phc tp, ch to t hn l bm du c lu lng khng i.
v
FL

Hnh 4.3. S thy lc iu chnh bng th tch

Thay i Q bng cch thay i qb ca bm

Qb = qb.n
Trn hnh 4.3 ta thy:
Thay i lch tm e (x dch vng trt) qb s thay i Qb thay i.
4.3. n nh vn tc
Trong nhng c cu chp hnh cn chuyn ng m, chnh xc cao, th cc h
thng iu chnh n gin nh trnh by trn khng th m bo c, v n
khng khc phc c nhng nguyn nhn gy ra s khng n nh chuyn ng, nh
ti trng khng thay i, n hi ca du, r du cng nh s thay i nhit
ca du.
Ngoi nhng nguyn nhn trn, h thng thy lc lm vic khng n nh cn do
nhng thiu st v kt cu (nh cc c cu iu khin ch to khng chnh xc, lp rp
khng thch hp,..). Do , mun cho vn tc c n nh, duy tr c tr s iu
chnh th trong cc h thng iu chnh vn tc k trn cn lp thm mt b phn, thit
b loi tr nh hng ca cc nguyn nhn lm mt n nh vn tc.
Ta xt mt s phng php thng dng n nh vn tc ca c cu chp hnh.

71

 gim nh hng thay i ti trng, phng php n gin v ph bin nht l

dng b n nh vn tc (gi tt l b n tc). B n tc c th dng trong h thng
iu chnh vn tc bng tit lu, hay h thng iu chnh bng th tch v n c th
ng vo hoc ng ra ca c cu chp hnh. (Nh ta bit lp ng ra c
dng rng ri hn).
4.3.1. B n tc lp trn ng vo ca c cu chp hnh
A1

A2

p1

v
FL
p

p2

p0
p

p3
p1

FL

L(p2+pms)
v

p3

v0
Flx

A
B FL

p0

Hnh 4.4. S mch thy lc c lp b n tc trn ng vo

Ti van gim p ta c:
.D 2
.D 2
p1 .
Flx = 0
4
4
4
hiu p qua van tit lu.
p = p 3 p 1 = Flx .
.D 2
Q c..A x
m v =
=
. p = const
A1
A1
p3.

(4.7)
(4.8)
(4.9)

Gii thch: gi s FL p1 pittng van gim p sang tri ca ra ca van

gim p m rng p3 dn n p = const.
F
Trn th: p1 p2 + pms (pms = ms )
(4.10)
A1
+/ Khi p1 p3 p = const v = const.

72

+/ Khi p3 = p0, tc l ca ra ca van m ht c (ti A trn th), nu tip tc

FL p1 m p3 = p1 khng tng na p = p3 - p1 (p3 = p0) v v n khi
p1 = p3 = p0 p = 0 v = 0.
4.3.2. B n tc lp trn ng ra ca c cu chp hnh
A1

A2

v
FL
p
p0=p1

p2

p1= p0

Pms

Flx

p3

B FL

p0

p3

v0

A
B FL

p4 0
Hnh 4.5. S mch thy lc c lp b n tc trn ng ra

.D 2
+/ Ti van gim p ta c: p 3 .
Flx = 0
(4.11)
4
4
p = p 3 0 = Flx .
= const .
(4.12)
.D 2
+/ Gi s: FL p2 p3 pittng van gim p sang phi ca ra m rng
p3 p = const.
Trn th:
Khi FL = 0 p2 = p0 - pms v = v0.
Khi FL p2 van gim p duy tr p3 p = const v = const.
Nu tip tc FL p2 = p3 (ti A trn th), nu tng na p2 = p3 = 0
p = 0 v = 0.

4.3.3. n nh tc khi iu chnh bng th tch kt hp vi tit lu ng

vo
Lu lng ca bm c iu chnh bng cch thay i lch tm e. Khi lm
vic, stato ca bm c xu hng di ng sang tri do tc dng ca p sut du bung
nn gy nn.

73

A1

A2

v
FL

p2

p1

p0
Stato (vng trt)
F1

F2

e
Bung ht
Rto

Flx
Pittng iu chnh Bung nn

Hnh 4.6. n nh tc khi iu chnh bng th tch kt hp vi tit lu ng vo

Ta c phng trnh cn bng lc ca stato (b qua ma st):

Flx + p1.F1 - p0.F2 - k.p0 = 0 (k: h s iu chnh bm)
Nu ta ly hiu tit din F1 - F2 = k F1 = F2 + k
(4.13) Flx + p1.(F2 + k) - p0.F2 - k.p0 = 0
Flx = F2.(p0 - p1) + k.(p0 - p1)
Flx = (F2 + k).(p0 - p1)
F
F
p0 - p1 = lx = lx
F2 + k F1

(4.13)

(4.14)

Ta c lu lng qua van tit lu:

Q = .A x .c. p
p = p0 p1 =

(4.15)

Flx
F
= lx
F2 + k F1

(4.16)

74

 Q = .A x .c.

Flx
= .A x .c. p
F1

(4.17)

T cng thc (4.17) ta thy:

Lu lng Q khng ph thuc vo ti trng (c trng bng p1, p0).
Gi s: FL p1 pittng iu chnh s y stato ca bm sang phi e
p0 p = p0 - p1 = const.

75

Chng 5: ng dng v thit k h thng truyn

ng thy lc
5.1. ng dng truyn ng thy lc
5.1.1. Mc ch
Trong h thng truyn ng bng thy lc, phn ln do cc nh ch to, sn xut ra
v c nhng yu cu v cc thng s k thut c xc nh v tiu chun ha.
Mc ch ca chng ny l gii thiu cho sinh vin cc s lp ca h thng thy
lc trong cc my.
5.1.2. Cc s thy lc
5.1.2.1. My dp thy lc iu khin bng tay

m
1.0

1.2

P T
0.2

0.3

1.1
T
0.1

Hnh 5.1. My dp iu khin bng tay

0.1 Bm; 0.2 Van trn; 0.3 p k;
1.1 Van mt chiu;
1.2 Van o chiu 3/2, iu khin bng tay gt;
1.0 Xilanh.

Khi c tn hiu tc ng bng tay, xilanh A mang u dp i xung. Khi th tay ra,
xilanh li v.

76

5.1.2.2. C cu rt t ng cho quy trnh cng ngh c

1.0
1.0
P 1.3
1.2
1.1

B
1.1

P
0.2
T

T
0.3

0.2

0.3

0.1
T

0.1

Hnh 5.2. S mch thy lc c cu rt phi t ng

0.1 Bm; 0.2 Van trn; 0.3 p k;
1.3 Van mt chiu;
1.1 Van o chiu 4/2, iu khin bng tay gt;
1.0 Xilanh; 1.2 Van cn.

chuyn ng ca xilanh, gu xc i xung c m, ta lp thm mt van cn

1.2 vo ng x du v.
5.1.2.3. C cu nng h chi tit sn trong l sy

Hnh 5.3. C cu nng h chi tit sn trong l sy

77

1.0
m

1.0
B
m
1.1

1.2
A

X
A

1.1

0.2
T

0.3

P
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.1

Hnh 5.4. S mch thy lc nng h chi tit c sn trong l sy

0.1 Bm; 0.2 Van trn; 0.3 p k;
1.1 Van o chiu 4/3, iu khin bng tay gt;
1.2 Van mt chiu iu khin c hng chn;
1.0 Xilanh.

cho chuyn ng ca xilanh i xung c m v c th dng li v tr bt k,

ta lp thm van mt chiu iu khin c hng chn 1.2 vo ng nn ca xilanh.
5.1.2.4. C cu kp cht chi tit gia cng

Hnh 5.5. C cu kp cht chi tit gia cng

1. Xilanh; 2. Chi tit; 3. Hm kp.

Khi tc ng bng tay, pittng mang hm kp di ng i ra, kp cht chi tit. Khi
gia cng xong, gt bng tay cn iu khin van o chiu, pittng li v, hm kp m
ra.
cho xilanh chuyn ng i ti kp chi tit vi vn tc chm, khng va p vi
chi tit, ta s dng van tit lu mt chiu.
Trn s , van tit lu mt chiu t trn ng ra v van tit lu t ng
vo (hy so snh hai cch ny).

78

1.0

1.0

1.2
1.1

0.2

B
1.1

0.2

0.3

1.2

0.1

T
0.3

P
0.1

Hnh 5.6. S mch thy lc c cu kp cht chi tit gia cng

0.1 Bm; 0.2 Van trn; 0.3 p k;
1.1. Van o chiu 4/2, iu khin bng tay gt;
1.2 Van tit lu mt chiu; 1.0 Xilanh.

5.1.2.5. My khoan bn
A

Hnh 5.7. My khoan bn

79

H thng thy lc iu khin hai xilanh. Xilanh A mang u khoan i xung vi

vn tc u c iu chnh trong qu trnh khoan, xilanh B lm nhim v kp cht chi
tit trong qu trnh khoan.
Khi khoan xong, xilanh A mang u khoan li v, sau xilanh B li v m hm
1.0 (B)
kp, chi tit c tho ra.
2.0 (A)
A
1.3

P 2.4

1.2

1.1

A
P

2.2

2.5

P
B

2.1
2.6

0.2
T

2.3
T
B

0.1

Hnh 5.8. S mch thy lc c cu kp cht chi tit gia cng

0.1 Bm; 0.2 Van trn;
1.1. Van o chiu 4/2, iu khin bng tay gt;
1.2. Van gim p; 1.0 Xilanh A;
1.3. Van mt chiu;
2.1. Van o chiu 4/3, iu khin bng tay gt;
2.2. B n tc; 2.3. Van mt chiu;
2.4. Van cn; 2.5. Van mt chiu;
2.6. Van tit lu; 2.0. Xilanh B.

cho vn tc trong qu trnh khng i, mc d trng thay c th ti i, ta dng

b n tc 2.2.
p sut cn kp chi tit nh, ta s dng van gim p 1.2.

80

5.2. Thit k h thng truyn ng thy lc

5.2.1. Mc ch
Tt c cc b phn trong h thng thy lc u c nhng yu cu k thut nht
nh. Nhng yu cu ch c th c tha mn, nu nh cc thng s c bn ca
cc b phn y c la chn thch hp.
Cc c cu chp hnh, c cu bin i nng lng, c cu iu khin v iu
chnh, cng nh cc phn ln cc thit b ph khc trong h thng thy lc u c
tiu chun ha.
Do , vic thit k h thng thy lc thng thng l vic tnh ton la chn thch
hp cc c cu trn.
5.2.2. Thit k h thng truyn ng thy lc
Trnh t: c nhng s liu ban u v cc yu cu sau
+/ Chuyn ng thng: ti trng F, vn tc (v, v), hnh trnh x,...;
+/ Chuyn ng quay: momen xon MX, vn tc (n, );
+/ Thit k s thit b;
+/ Tnh ton p, Q ca c cu chp hnh da vo ti trng v vn tc;
+/ Tnh ton lu lng v p sut ca bm;
+/ Chn cc phn t thy lc (pb, Qb);
+/ Xc nh cng sut ng c in.
5.2.2.1. Tnh ton thit k h thy lc chuyn ng tnh tin
A1 Fs A2

d
p1 Q1

m
Q2

p2

Ft
Fms

pT
p0
Qb

Hnh 5.9. S mch thy lc chuyn ng tnh tin

T s thy lc ta c:
+/ Lc qun tnh: Fa = m.a
W
(Fa = L .a theo h Anh)
g

(5.1)

81

+/ Lc ma st: Fms = m.g.f

(Fms = WL.f theo h Anh)
+/ Lc ma st trong xilanh Fs thng bng 10% lc tng cng, tc l:
Fms = 0,10.F
+/ Lc tng cng tc dng ln pittng s l:
m.a
F=
+ Fms + Fs + Ft [daN]
1000
WL .a
+ Fms + Fs + Ft [lbf]
Theo h Anh: F =
32,2.12
Trong :
Ft - lc do ti trng ngoi gy ra (ngoi lc), daN (lbf);
m - khi lng chuyn ng, kg.s2/cm;
WL - trng lc, (lbf) ;
a - gia tc chuyn ng, cm/s2;
Fms - lc ma st ca b phn chuyn ng, daN (lbf);
Fs - lc ma st trong pittng - xilanh, daN (lbf).
Ta c phng trnh cn bng tnh ca lc tc dung ln pittng
p1.A1 = p2.A2 + F
i vi xilanh khng i xng th lu lng vo lu lng ra
A
Q1 = Q2.R vi R = 1 (h s din tch)
A2

(5.2)

(5.3)
(5.4)

(5.5)

(5.6)

T ta xc nh c ng knh ca xilanh (D), ng knh ca cn pittng (d)

C th:
ng knh ca xilanh: D = 2.

A1

A1 A 2

st p qua van s t l vi bnh phng h s din tch R, tc l:

p0 - p1 = (p2 - pT).R2
Trong :
p0 - p sut du cung cp cho van;
p1, p2 - p sut cc bung ca xilanh;
pT - p sut du ra khi van;
A1, A2 - din tch hai pha ca pittng.
T cng thc (5.5), (5.9) ta tm c p1 v p2

ng knh ca cn pittng: d = 2.

p 0 .A 2 + R 2 .(F + p T .A 2 )
p1 =
A 2 . 1 + R3

(5.7)
(5.8)

(5.9)

(5.10)

82

p 0 p1
R2
Tng t, khi pittng lm vic theo chiu ngc li th:
p1 = pT + (p0 - p2).R2

p2 = pT +

p 0 .A 2 .R + F + p T .A 2 .R
A 2 . 1 + R3

(5.11)

(5.12)

p2 =

(5.13)

Lu lng du vo xilanh pittng chuyn ng vi vn tc cc i l:

Q1max = vmax.A1 [cm3/s]
(5.14)
v
(5.15)
Q1max = max .A1 [l/ph]
16.7
Lu lng du ra khi h thng khi lm vic vi vmax l:
(5.16)
Q2max = vmax.A2 [cm3/s]
v
(5.17)
Q2max = max .A 2 [l/ph]
16.7
Lu lng qua van tit lu v van o chiu c xc nh theo cng thc Torricelli:
Q = .A x .

2.g
. p [cm3/s]

(5.18)

Trong :
- h s lu lng;
Ax - dit din mt ct ca khe h [cm2];
p = (p1 - p2) - p sut trc v sau khe h [N/cm2];
- khi lng ring ca du [kg/cm3].
Lu lng ca bm: chn bm da vo p v Q Nc in
Qb = n. V. v.10-3 [l/ph]
Trong :
n - s vng quay [vg/ph];
V - th tch du/vng [cm3/vg];
v - hiu sut th tch [%].
p sut ca bm:
M.hm
pb =
.10 [bar]
V
Cng sut truyn ng bm:
p .Q
N = b b .10 2 [kW]
6.t

(5.19)

(5.20)

(5.21)

Trong :
M - Mmen trn trc ng c ni vi bm [Nm];
hm - hiu sut c v thy lc [%];
t - hiu sut ton phn [%].

83

Cng sut cn thit ca ng c in l:

N
[kW]
N =
t

(5.22)

Tnh v chn ng dn (ng ht, ng nn, ng x)

+/ Chn vn tc chy qua ng:
ng ht: v = 0,5 1,5 m/s
ng nn: p < 50bar th v = 4 5 m/s
p = 50 100bar th v = 5 6 m/s
p > 100bar th v = 6 7 m/s
ng x: v = 0,5 1,5 m/s
+/ Chn kch thc ng knh ng:
Ta c phng trnh lu lng chy qua ng dn:
Q = A.v
Trong :

(5.23)

.d 2
Tit din: A =
4

(5.24)

.d 2
.v
4
Trong : d [mm];
Q [lt/pht];
v [m/s].
Q
.10 2
v=

6.d 2 .
4

Q=

(5.25)

(5.26)

Kch thc ng knh ng dn l: d = 10.

2.Q
[mm]
3..v

(5.27)

5.2.2.2. Tnh ton thit k h thy lc chuyn ng quay

H thy lc thc hin chuyn ng quay cng c phn tch nh h thy lc
chuyn ng thng.
Mmen xon tc ng ln trc ng c du bao gm:
+/ Mmen do qun tnh
(5.28)
Ma = J. [Nm]
J - mmen qun tnh khi lng trn trc ng c du [Nms2];
- gia tc gc ca trc ng c du [rad/s2].
+/ Mmen do ma st nht trn trc ng c du MD [Nm].
+/ Mmen do ti trng ngoi ML [Nm].
+/ Mmen xon tng cng Mx s l:
(5.29)
Mx = J. + MD + ML [Nm]

84

J
M L, M D
Q2

Q1
n, Dm
p1

p2

pT
p0
Qb

Hnh 5.10. S mch thy lc chuyn ng quay

Theo phng php tnh ton nh h chuyn ng thng, p sut p1 v p2 trong h

chuyn ng quay c xc nh theo cng thc
p + p T 10..M
[bar]
(5.30)
p1 = 0
+
2 Dm
p2 = p0 - p1 + pT [bar]
(5.31)
Lu lng lm quay trc ng c du vi nmax
n .D
Q1 = Q2 = max m [l/ph]
(5.32)
1000
Trong :
nmax - s vng quay ln nht ca trc ng c du [vg/ph];
Dm - th tch ring ca ng c du [cm3/vg].
Cng sut truyn ng ng c du
p .Q .
(5.33)
N = 1 1 2 t [kW]
6.10
(Phn tnh ton bm v ng ng tng t h chuyn ng thng)
Trong hai bi ton trn, qu trnh tnh ton cha tnh (quan tm) n tn tht p
sut v lu lng trong cc phn t v trong ton h thng.
5.2.2.3. Cc v d
V d 1: thit k h thng thy lc vi cc s liu cho trc:
+/ Ti trng: 100 tn
+/ Trng lng G = 3000 KG

85

+/ Vn tc cng tc: vmax = 320 (mm/pht)

+/ Vn tc chy khng: vmax = 427 (mm/pht)
+/ Pittng t thng ng, hng cng tc t di ln
+/ iu khin khin tc bng van servo.
A1 Fs A2

d
p1 Q1

Q2

p2

Ft
Fms

pT
p0
Qb

Hnh 5.11. S mch thy lc

Bi gii:
c Chn cc phn t thy lc:
+/ Xilanh ti trng
+/ Van servo
+/ c quy thy lc
+/ Lc cao p (lc tinh)
+/ ng h o p sut
+/ Van trn
+/ Bm du (bm bnh rng)
+/ Van cn.
d Phng trnh cn bng lc ca cm xilanh to ti trng
A1 Fmsp A2
v
v
ck

ct

Fmst

d
Fmsc

Fqt

Ft

Q2
p2
Q 1 p1
Ta vit phng trnh cn bng lc ca cm pittng xt hnh trnh cng tc (hnh
trnh i t di ln trn ca pittng)
(5.34)
p1.A1 - p2.A2 - Ft - Fmsc - Fmsp - G - Fqt = 0
Trong :

86

p1: p sut du bung cng tc

p2: p sut bung chy khng
.D 2
A1: din tch pittng bung cng tc A1 =
4

A2: din tch pittng bung chy khng A 2 =

. D 2 d 2
4

Ft: ti trng cng tc Ft = 1000 (kN)

G: trng lng ca khi lng m, G = 300 (KG)
Fmsp: lc ma st ca pittng v xilanh
Fmsc: lc ma st gia cn pittng v vng chn kht
Fmst: lc ma st gia khi lng m v bc trt
Fqt: lc qun tnh sinh ra giai on pittng bt u chuyn ng.
+/ Ta c lc ma st ca pittng v xilanh:
(5.35)
Fmsp = .N
Trong :
: h s ma st. i vi cp vt liu xilanh l thp v vng gng bng gang th
= (0,09 0,15), chn = 0,1.
N: lc ca cc vng gng tc ng ln xilanh v c tnh:
N = .D.b.(p2 + pk) + .D.b.(z - 1).pk
(5.36)
D: ng knh pittng (cm), theo dy gi tr ng knh tiu chun ta chn
D = 27 (cm)
b: b rng ca mi vng gng, chn b = 1 (cm)
p2: p sut ca bung mang cn pittng, chn p2 = 5 (KG/cm2)
z: s vng gng, chn z = 3
pk: p sut tip xc ban u gia vng gng v xilanh, pk = (0,7 0,14)
(KG/cm2), chn pk = 1 (KG/cm2)
.D.b.(p2 + pk): lc ca vng gng u tin
.D.b.(z - 1).pk: lc tip xc ca vng gng tip theo
Fmsp = 0,5.D
(5.37)
+/ Lc ma st gia cn pittng v vng chn kht
Fmsc = 0,15.f..d.b.p
(5.38)
f: h s ma st gia cn v vng chn, i vi vt liu lm bng cao su th
f = 0,5.D
d: ng knh cn pittng, chn d = 0,5.D
b: chiu di tip xc ca vng chn vi cn, chn d = b
p: p sut tc dng vo vng chn, chnh l p sut p2 = 5 (KG/cm2)
0,15: h s k n s gim p sut theo chiu di ca vng chn.
(5.39)
Fmsc = 0,029.D2
+/ Lc ma st gia khi lng m v bc trt

87

Fmst = 2..d.l.k
d: ng knh tr trt
l: chiu di ca bc trt
k: h s ph thuc vo cp vt liu ca tr v bc trt
Lc ny c th b qua, v bo m ch lp ghp v lm vic.
+/ Lc qun tnh
G.v
Fqt =
g.t 0

(5.40)

(5.41)

g: gia tc trng trng, g = 9,81 (m/s2)

G: khi lng ca b phn chuyn ng, G = 300 (KG)
v: vn tc ln nht ca c cu chp hnh, vmax = 320 (mm/ph) 5,3 (mm/s)
t0: thi gian qu ca pittng n ch xc lp, t0 =(0,01 0,5)(s),
chn t0 = 0,1(s)
Fqt = 1,62 (KG)
Thay cc gi tr va tnh vo (5.34) ta c:
p1 = 179,56 (KG/cm2), chn p1 = 180 (KG/cm2).
e Phng trnh lu lng
+/ Xt hnh trnh cng tc
(5.42)
Q1 = vct.Act

Q1 = vct.D2.
4
Q1: lu lng cn cung cp trong hnh trnh cng tc
vct: vn tc chuyn ng trong hnh trnh cng tc
( y ta ly gi tr vmax = 320mm/ph)
D: din tch b mt lm vic ca pittng (D= 270 mm)
Q1 18312480 (mm3/ph) 18,3 (l/ph).
+/ Xt hnh trnh li v (tng t)
f Tnh v chn cc thng s ca bm
+/ Lu lng ca bm: Qb
Ta c: Qb = Q 1 (b qua tn tht)
Qb = Qct = Q1 =18,3 (l/ph)
+/ p sut bm: pb
pb = p0 =p1 = 180 (KG/cm2)
p .Q
+/ Cng sut bm: N b = b b (KW)
612
180.18,3
5,38 (KW)
Nb =
612
+/ Cng sut ng c in dn ng bm

88

(5.43)

Ta c:

Nc =

Nb
d .b

(5.44)

Nc: cng sut ca ng c in

b: hiu sut ca bm, b = (0,6 0,9), chn b = 0,87
d: hiu sut truyn ng t ng c qua bm, chn d = 0,985 (theo gio
trnh chi tit my tp 2 ca Nguyn Trng Hip)
5.38
Nc =
6,24 (KW)
0,985.0,87
g Tnh ton ng dn
Ta c lu lng chy qua ng:
.d 2 .v
4
Q: lu lng chy qua ng (l/ph)
d: ng knh trong ca ng (mm)
v: vn tc chy qua ng (m/s)
Q=

. 10 3.d
C.thc (5.45)
4

Q
Q
d = 4,6.
3
v
10 .60

(5.45)

(5.46)

i vi ng nn th v = (6 7 m/s), chn v = 6 m/s

d n = 4,6.

18,3
= 8,03 ( mm )
6

i vi ng ht th v = (0,5 1,5 m/s), chn v = 1,5 m/s

d h = 4,6.

18,3
= 16,06 ( mm )
1,5

i vi ng x th v = (0,5 1,5 m/s), chn v = 1,5 m/s

d x = 4,6.

18,3
= 16,06 (mm )
1,5

V d 2: thc hin lng chy dao ca my t hp, trong trng hp ti trng

khng i, ngi ta dng h thng thy lc nh sau
S liu cho trc:
Lc chy dao ln nht:
Fmax = 12000N.
Lng chy dao nh nht:
smin = vmin = 20 mm/ph.
Lng chy dao ln nht:
smax = vmax = 500 mm/ph.
Trng lng bn my:
G = 4000 N.

89

y l h thng thy lc iu chnh bng tit lu. Lng du chy qua h thng
c iu chnh bng van tit lu t ng ra, v lng du ti thiu chy qua van
tit lu ta chn l Qmin = 0,1 l/ph.
Tnh ton v thit k h thng trn.
V d 3: Trong trng hp ti trng ca my thay i, hoc dao ng vi tn s
thp; cn phai lp b n tc. Ta xt trng hp lp b n tc trn ng vo ca h
thng thy lc
Cc s liu cho trc:
Ti trng ln nht:
Fmax = 20000 N.
Lng chy dao nh nht:
smin = vmin = 20 mm/ph.
Lng chy dao ln nht:
smax = vmax = 1000 mm/ph.
Trng lng bn my:
G = 5000 N.
H s ma st:
f = 0,2
Lng chy dao cn thit c iu chnh bng van tit lu ca b n tc v ta
cng chn lng du nh nht chy qua van tit lu l:
Qmin = 0,1 l/ph.
Tnh ton v thit k h thng trn.
V d 4: Trn my mi, thng dng h thng thy lc thc hin chuyn ng
thng i v ca bn my bng phng php iu chnh tit lu.
Cc s liu cho trc:
Ti trng ln nht:
Fmax = 800 N.
Vn tc nh nht ca bn my:
vmin = 100 mm/ph.
Vn tc ln nht ca bn my:
vmax = 20000 mm/ph.
Trng lng bn my:
G = 3000 N.
H s ma st:
f = 0,2
Ta chn lng du ti thiu qua van tit lu l:
Qmin = 0,2 l/ph.
Tnh ton v thit k h thng trn.
V d 5: Thit k h thng thy lc thc hin chuyn ng quay vi cc s liu cho
trc:

90

Mmen ln nht:
M = 20 Nm
S vng quay ln nht:
nmax = 500 v/ph
S vng quay nh nht:
nmin = 5 v/ph
Lu lng ring ca ng c du:
Q = 0,03 l/ph
Mmen ring ca ng c du:
M = 0,41 N/bar.

91

Phn 2: h thng kh nn
Chng 6: c s l thuyt
6.1. Lch s pht trin v kh nng ng dng ca h thng
truyn ng kh nn
6.1.1. Lch s pht trin
Nng lng kh nn c s dng trong cc my mc thit b vo nhng nm ca
th k 19, c th
+/ Nm 1880 s dng phanh bng kh nn
+/ ......
6.1.2. Kh nng ng dng ca kh nn
a. Trong lnh vc iu khin
+/ Vo nhng thp nin 50 v 60 ca th k 20, l thi gian pht trin mnh m
ca giai on t ng ha qu trnh sn xut, k thut iu khin bng kh nn c
pht trin rng ri v a dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau.
+/ H thng iu khin bng kh nn c s dng trong cc lnh vc nh: cc
thit b phun sn, cc loi g kp chi tit hoc l s dng trong lnh vc sn xut cc
thit b in t v iu kin v sinh mi trng rt tt v an ton cao.
+/ Ngoi ra h thng iu khin bng kh nn c s dng trong cc dy chuyn
ra t ng, trong cc thit b vn chuyn v kim tra ca thit b l hi, thit b m
in, ng gi, bao b v trong cng nghip ha cht.
b. H thng truyn ng
+/ Cc dng c, thit b my va p: cc thit b, my mc trong lnh v khai thc
, khai thc than, trong cc cng trnh xy dng (xy dng hm m, ng hm,...).
+/ Truyn ng thng: vn dng truyn ng bng p sut kh nn cho chuyn
ng thng trong cc dng c, g kp cht chi tit, trong cc thit b ng gi, trong
cc loi my gia cng g, trong cc thit b lm lnh cng nh trong h thng phanh
hm ca t.
+/ Truyn ng quay: truyn ng xilanh, ng c quay vi cng sut ln bng
nng lng kh nn.
+/ Trong cc h thng o v kim tra: c dng trong cc thit b o v kim tra
cht lng sn phm.

92

6.2. nhng u im v nhc im ca h thng truyn ng

bng kh nn
6.2.1. u im
+/ C kh nng truyn nng lng i xa, bi v nht ng hc ca kh nn nh
v tn tht p sut trn ng dn nh.
+/ Do kh nng chu nn (n hi) ln ca khng kh, nn c th trch cha kh nn
rt thun li. V vy c kh nng ng dng thnh lp mt trm trch cha kh nn.
+/ Khng kh dng nn, hu nh c s lng khng gii hn v c th thi ra
ngc tr li bu kh quyn.
+/ H thng kh nn sch s, d cho c s r r khng kh nn h thng ng dn,
do khng tn ti mi e da b nhim bn.
+/ Chi ph nh thit lp mt h thng truyn ng bng kh nn, bi v phn ln
trong cc x nghip, nh my c sn ng dn kh nn.
+/ H thng phng nga qu p sut gii hn c m bo, nn tnh nguy him
ca qu trnh s dng h thng truyn ng bng kh nn thp.
+/ Cc thnh phn vn hnh trong h thng (c cu dn ng, van, ...) c cu to
n gin v gi thnh khng t.
+/ Cc van kh nn ph hp mt cch l tng i vi cc chc nng vn hnh
logic, v do c s dng iu khin trnh t phc tp v cc mc phc hp.
6.2.2. Nhc im
+/ Lc truyn ti trng n c cu chp hnh thp.
+/ Khi ti trng trong h thng thay i, th vn tc truyn cng thay i theo, bi
v kh nng n hi ca kh nn ln. (Khng th thc hin c nhng chuyn ng
thng hoc quay u).
+/ Dng kh thot ra ng dn ra gy nn ting n.
6.3. nguyn l truyn ng
Th nng ca kh nn
P, Q

C nng lm chuyn
ng thng v quay

93

6.4. s nguyn l truyn ng

1.5

C cu chp
hnh
1.4 A
1.3

P1

0.7
0.6

A
P R

0.5
Van lc

Phn t x l
tn hiu

Phn t a
tn hiu

B phn lc
Van kha

i lng vo
p, Q

0.3
Bnh cha
kh

0.4
0.2
0.1

1.1

Bm

Phn t iu
khin

P R
P2

1.2

.C

Ngun cung
cp kh nn

Hnh 6.1. S nguyn l ca mch iu khin v cc phn t

6.5. n v o cc i lng c bn
6.5.1. p sut
n v o c bn ca p sut theo h o lng SI l pascal.
1 pascal l p sut phn b u ln b mt c din tch 1 m2 vi lc tc dng
vung gc ln b mt l 1 N.
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 Pa = 1 kgm/s2/m2 = 1 kg/ms2
1 Pa = 10-6 Mpa
Ngoi ra ta cn dng n v l bar.
1 bar = 105 Pa
6.5.2. Lc
n v ca lc l Newton (N).
1 N l lc tc dng ln i trng c khi lng 1 kg vi gia tc 1 m/s2.

94

1 N = 1 kg.m/s2
6.5.3. Cng sut
n v ca cng sut l Watt.
1 Watt l cng sut trong thi gian 1 giy sinh ra nng lng 1 Joule.
1 W = 1 Nm/s
m kg.m
1W=1 . 2
s s

95

Chng 7: cc phn t kh nn v in kh nn
7.1. c cu chp hnh
C cu chp hnh c nhim v bin i nng lng kh nn thnh nng lng c hc.
C cu chp hnh c th thc hin chuyn ng thng (xilanh) hoc chuyn ng
quay (ng c kh nn).
trng thi lm vic n nh, th kh nng truyn nng lng c phng php tnh
ton ging thy lc.
V d:
A
v
Cng sut: N = p.Q
(kh nn)
Ft
N
v=
Vn tc:
(c cu chp hnh)
Ft
Flx + Ft

p.A = Flx + Ft p = A
C th:

v = Q

A
Mt s xilanh, ng c kh nn thng gp:
Xilanh tc dng n (tc dng mt chiu)

Flx

Xilanh tc dng hai chiu (tc dng kp)

Xilanh tc dng hai chiu c c cu gim chn khng iu chnh c

Xilanh tc dng hai chiu c c cu gim chn iu chnh c

Xilanh quay bng thanh rng

96

ng c kh nn 1 chiu, 2 chiu

7.2. Van o chiu

Van o chiu c nhim v iu khin dng nng lng bng cch ng, m hay
chuyn i v tr, thay i hng ca dng nng lng.
7.2.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca van o chiu
Kh nn ra (2)

Thn van
Nng van
(pittng iu khin)

Tn hiu tc
ng (12)

L xo
Ni vi ngun X kh (3)
kh nn (1)
Hnh 7.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca van o chiu

Khi cha c tn hiu tc ng vo ca (12), th ca (1) b chn v ca (2) ni vi

ca (3).
Khi c tn hiu tc ng vo ca (12) (kh nn), lc ny nng van s dch chuyn
v pha bn phi, ca (1) ni vi ca (2) v ca (3) b chn.
Trng hp tn hiu tc ng vo ca (12) mt i, di tc dng ca lc l xo,
nng van tr v v tr ban u.
7.2.2. K hiu van o chiu
Chuyn i v tr ca nng van c biu din bng cc vung lin nhau vi cc
ch ci 0, a, b, c, ... hay cc s 0, 1, 2, ...
a

V tr 0 c k hiu l v tr, m khi van cha c tc ng ca tn hiu ngoi

vo.
i vi van c 3 v tr, th v tr gia l v tr 0, cn i vi van c 2 v tr, th v
tr 0 c th l a hoc b, thng v tr b l v tr 0.
Ca ni van c k hiu nh sau: Theo t/c ISO5599
Theo t/c ISO1219
Ca ni vi ngun kh
1
P
Ca ni lm vic
2, 4, 6, ...
A, B, C, ...
Ca x kh
3, 5, 7, ...
R, S, T, ...
Ca ni vi tn hiu iu khin
12, 14, ...
X, Y, ...

97

Bn trong vung ca mi v tr l cc ng thng c hnh mi tn, biu din

hng chuyn ng ca dng kh qua van. Trng hp dng b chn, c biu din
bng du gch ngang.
4(B)
2(A)
Ca ni iu khin12(X)

Ca 1 ni vi ca 4

14(Y) ca ni iu khin
Ca 1 ni vi ca 2

3(R) ca x kh khng c
5(S) ca x kh c mi ni
cho ng dn

mi ni cho ng dn

1(P)

Hnh 7.2. K hiu cc ca ca van o chiu

Mt s van o chiu thng gp:

Van o chiu 2/2

Van o chiu 4/2

Van o chiu 5/2

Van o chiu 3/2

Van o chiu 4/3

Hnh 7.3. Cc loi van o chiu

7.2.3. Cc tn hiu tc ng
Nu k hiu l xo nm ngay pha bn phi ca k hiu ca van o chiu, th van
o chiu c v tr 0. iu c ngha l chng no cha c tc dng vo nng
van, th l xo tc ng gi v tr .
Tc ng pha i din ca van, v d: tn hiu tc ng bng c, bng kh nn hay
bng in gi vung pha tri ca van v c k hiu 1.
a. Tn hiu tc ng bng tay

98

K hiu nt n tng qut

Nt bm
Tay gt

Bn p
b. Tn hiu tc ng bng c
u d
C chn bng con ln, tc ng hai chiu
C chn bng con ln, tc ng mt chiu

L xo
Nt n c rnh nh v
c. Tn hiu tc ng bng kh nn
Trc tip bng dng kh nn vo

Trc tip bng dng kh nn ra

Trc tip bng dng kh nn vo vi ng knh

2 u nng van khc nhau
Gin tip bng dng kh nn vo qua van ph tr

Gin tip bng dng kh nn ra qua van ph tr

d. Tn hiu tc ng bng nam chm in

99

Trc tip

Bng nam chm in v van ph tr

Tc ng theo cch hng dn c th

Hnh 7.4. Cc tn hiu tc ng

7.2.4. Van o chiu c v tr "0"

Van o chiu c v tr 0 l loi van c tc ng bng c - l xo ln nng van.
a. Van o chiu 2/2: tn hiu tc ng bng c - u d. Van c 2 ca P v R, 2 v
tr 0 v 1. V tr 0 ca P v R b chn.
K hiu
1

0 R

P
Hnh 7.5. Van o chiu 2/2

Nu u d tc ng vo, t v tr 0 van s c chuyn i sang v tr 1, nh

vy ca P v R s ni vi nhau. Khi u d khng tc ng na, th van s quay tr v
v tr ban u (v tr 0) bng lc nn l xo.
b. Van o chiu 3/2:
+/ Tn hiu tc ng bng c - u d. Van c 3 ca P, A v R, c 2 v tr 0 v
1. V tr 0 ca P b chn.
Ca A ni vi ca R, nu u d tc ng vo, t v tr 0 van s c chuyn
sang v tr 1, nh vy ca P v ca A s ni vi nhau, ca R b chn. Khi u d
khng tc ng na, th van s quay v v tr ban u (v tr 0) bng lc nn l xo.
K hiu:
1
A0

P R

100

Ca x
kh R

Hnh 7.6. Kt cu van o chiu 3/2

+/ Tn hiu tc ng bng tay - nt n

K hiu:
1
A0

P R
+/ Tn hiu tc ng bng nam chm in qua van ph tr
Z
Cun dy
Li st (pittng tr)

L xo

A0

P1
Van ph tr

P R
Van chnh

12 Pittng ph
L khoan
R
A
Nng van

Hnh 7.7. K hiu v kt cu van o chiu 3/2, tc ng

bng nam chm in qua van ph tr

Ti v tr 0 ca P b chn, ca A ni vi R. Khi dng in vo cun dy, pittng

tr b ko ln, kh nn s theo hng P1, 12 tc ng ln pittng ph, pittng ph b y
xung, van s chuyn sang v tr 1, lc ny ca P ni vi A, ca R b chn.

101

Khi dng in mt i, pittng tr b l xo ko xung v kh nn phn trn pittng

ph s theo ca Z thot ra ngoi.
c. Van o chiu 4/2:
+/ Tn hiu tc ng bng tay - bn p
K hiu:
1
0
A
B

P
R
+/ Tn hiu tc ng trc tip bng nam chm in
K hiu:
1
0
A
B
S
P
R
Ti v tr 0 ca P ni vi ca B, ca A vi R. Khi c dng in vo cun dy, van
s chuyn sang v tr 1, lc ny ca P ni vi ca A, ca B ni vi ca R.
d. Van o chiu 5/2
+/ Tn hiu tc ng bng c - u d
K hiu:
1 B 0 A

S P R
Ti v tr 0 ca P ni vi ca B, ca A ni vi R v ca S b chn. Khi u d tc
ng, van s chuyn sang v tr 1, lc ny ca P ni vi ca A, ca B ni vi ca S v
ca R b chn.
+/ Tn hiu tc ng bng kh nn
1 A 0 B
K hiu:
Z
S P R
Ti v tr 0 ca P ni vi ca A, ca B ni vi R v ca S b chn. Khi dng kh
nn Z tc ng vo, van s chuyn sang v tr 1, lc ny ca P ni vi ca B, ca A
ni vi ca S v ca R b chn.
7.2.5. Van o chiu khng c v tr "0"
Van o chiu khng c v tr 0 l van m sau khi tn hiu tc ng ln cui ln
nng van khng cn na, th van s gi nguyn v tr ln , chng no cha c tc
ng ln pha i din nng van. K hiu v tr tc ng l a, b, c, ...

102

Tn hiu tc ng ln nng van c th l:

Tc ng bng tay, bn p.
Tn hiu tc ng bng dng kh nn iu khin i vo hay i ra t 2 pha ca
nng van.
Tn hiu tc ng trc tip bng in t hay gin tip bng dng kh nn i qua
van ph tr. Loi van ny c gi l van o chiu xung, v v tr ca van c thay
i khi c tn hiu xung tc ng ln nng van.
a. Van o chiu 3/2
Tn hiu tc ng bng tay, c k hiu:
a
A b

P R
Khi v tr a, ca P ni vi ca A v ca R b chn. V tr b, ca A ni vi ca R
v ca P b chn.
b. Van xoay o chiu 4/3
Tn hiu tc ng bng tay, c k hiu:
a
b
c
A
B

P
R
Nu v tr xoay nm ti v tr a, th ca P ni vi ca A v ca B ni vi R. V tr
xoay nm ti v tr b, th cc ca ni A, B, P, R u b chn. V tr xoay nm ti v tr c,
th ca P ni vi B v ca A ni ca R.
c. Van o chiu xung 4/2
Tn hiu tc ng bng dng kh nn iu khin i ra t 2 pha nng van.
K hiu:
a
b
A
B
Y
X
P R
Khi x ca X, nng van s dch chuyn sang v tr b, ca P ni vi vi ca A v ca
B ni vi ca R.
Khi ca X ngng x kh, th v tr ca nng van vn nm v tr b cho n khi c
tn hiu x kh ca Y.
7.3. Van chn
Van chn l loi van ch cho lu lng kh i qua mt chiu, chiu ngc li b chn.
Van chn gm cc loi sau:

103

+/ Van mt chiu
+/ Van logic OR
+/ Van logic AND
+/ Van x kh nhanh.
7.3.1. Van mt chiu
Van mt chiu c tc dng ch cho lu lng kh i qua mt chiu.
K hiu:
A
B
7.3.2. Van logic OR
Van logic OR c chc nng l nhn tn hiu iu khin nhng v tr khc nhau
trong h thng iu khin.
A
K hiu:
P1
P2
Khi c dng kh nn qua ca P1, s y pittng tr ca van sang phi, chn ca P2
P1 ni vi ca A v ngc li.
7.3.3. Van logic AND
Van logic AND c chc nng l nhn tn hiu iu khin cng mt lc nhng v
tr khc nhau trong h thng iu khin.
A
K hiu:
P1

P2

Khi dng kh qua P1 P1 b chn. Ngc li dng kh qua P2 P2 b chn.

Nu dng kh ng thi qua P1, P2 ca A s nhn c tn hiu kh qua A.
7.3.4. Van x kh nhanh
Van x kh nhanh thng lp v tr gn c cu chp hnh (pittng), c nhim v
x kh nhanh ra ngoi.
K hiu:
A
P

7.4. Van tit lu

Van tit lu dng iu chnh lu lng dng kh.
7.4.1. Van tit lu c tit din khng thay i
K hiu:
A
B

104

7.4.2. Van tit lu c tit din thay i

K hiu:
A
B
7.4.3. Van tit lu mt chiu
K hiu:
A

7.5. Van iu chnh thi gian

7.5.1. Rle thi gian ng chm
K hiu:
Bnh cha

Van o chiu 3/2

A
X

0
A

t1
Van tit lu mt chiu
P R
Kh nn qua van mt chiu, cn thi gian t1 lm y bnh cha, sau tc ng
ln nng van o chiu, van o chiu chuyn i v tr, ca P ni vi ca A.
7.5.2. Rle thi gian ngt chm
K hiu:
Bnh cha

Van o chiu 3/2

A
X

0
A

Van tit lu mt chiu

t1

Rle thi gian ngt chm, nguyn l, cu to cng tng t nh rle thi gian ng
chm, nhng van tit lu mt chiu c chiu ngc li.
7.6. Van chn khng
Van chn khng l c cu c nhim v ht v gi chi tit bng lc chn khng, chn
khng c to ra bng bm chn khng hay bng nguyn l ng venturi.
K hiu:
R
P
U
Ta c lc ht chn khng:

105

.D 2
F=
.p (p = p a p u )
4
Trong : F - lc ht chn khng (N);
D - ng knh a ht (m);
pa - p sut khng kh ktc (N/m2);
pu - p sut chn khng ti ca U (N/m2).
Lc F ph thuc vo D v pu.

7.7. cm bin bng tia

Cm bin bng tia l loi cm bin khng tip xc, tc l qu trnh cm bin khng
c s tip xc gia b phn cm bin v chi tit.
Cm bin tia c 3 loi: cm bin bng tia r nhnh, cm bin bng tia phn hi v
cm bin bng tia qua khe h.
7.7.1. Cm bin bng tia r nhnh

Cm bin

C chn

K hiu
X

X
p
p

p sut ngun p, p sut r nhnh X v khong cch S.

Nu khng c c chn th dng kh i thng (X=0)
Nu c c chn th dng kh r nhnh X (X=1).
7.7.2. Cm bin bng tia phn hi
C chn
a

K hiu

Cm bin

p
X
p
X

Nu khng b chn th dng kh i thng (X=0)

Nu b chn th dng kh phn hi (X=1).

106

7.7.3. Cm bin bng tia qua khe h

Gm hai b phn: b phn pht v b phn nhn, thng b phn pht v b phn
nhn c cng p sut p.
Vt chn
B phn pht
B phn nhn
p

K hiu

p
X

Khi cha c vt chn (X=0)

Khi c vt chn (X=1).

107

Chng 8: h thng iu khin kh nn v in

kh nn
8.1. h thng iu khin kh nn
8.1.1. Biu trng thi
+/ Biu trng thi biu din trng thi cc phn t trong mch, mi lin gia cc
phn t v trnh t chuyn mch ca cc phn t.
+/ Trc ta thng ng biu din trng thi (hnh trnh chuyn ng, p sut,
gc quay, ...), trc ta nm ngang biu din cc bc thc hin hoc thi gian hnh
trnh. Hnh trnh lm vic c chia thnh cc bc, s thay i trng thi trong cc
bc c biu din bng ng m, s lin kt cc tn hiu c biu din bng
ng nt mnh v chiu tc ng biu din bng mi tn.
+/ Xilanh i ra k hiu du (+), li v k hiu (-).
+/ Cc phn t iu khin k hiu v tr 0 v v tr 1 (hoc a, b).
+/ Mt s k hiu biu din biu trng thi:
p

Phn t p sut

Phn t thi gian

Phn t tn hiu
tc ng bng c

Lin kt OR

Lin kt AND

Tn hiu r nhnh

8.1.2. Cc phng php iu khin

Bao gm cc phng php sau
+/ iu khin bng tay: iu khin trc tip v iu khin gin tip
+/ iu khin theo thi gian
+/ iu khin theo hnh trnh
+/ iu khin theo tng
+/ iu khin theo nhp.
a. iu khin bng tay
+/ iu khin trc tip

108

1.0

+
-

1.2
X

1.1

1
P

Biu trng thi

K hiu

Tn gi

V tr

Xilanh mt
chiu
Van o
chiu 3/2

1.0
1.2
1.1

Trng thi
3
4
5

(+)
(-)
1
0
1
0

Nt n 3/2

+/ iu khin gin tip

1.0

+
-

1.3
X

1
P

1.1
1
P

R 1.2

A
1
P

Biu trng thi

109

0
R

K hiu

Tn gi

V tr

Xilanh mt
chiu
Van o
chiu 3/2

1.0
1.3
1.2

Nt n 3/2

1.1

Nt n 3/2

Trng thi
3
4
5

(+)
(-)
1
0
1
0
1
0

b. iu khin theo thi gian

1.0

+
-

1.3
X

B
Y

1.2
S
A

1.1
1
P

PR
X

0
P

Biu trng thi

K hiu
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.1

Tn gi
Xilanh hai
chiu
Van o
chiu 5/2
Phn t thi
gian
Nt n 3/2

V tr

(+)
(-)
1
0
1
0
1
0

110

Trng thi
3
4
5

iu khin theo thi gian c chu k t ng

1.0

1.4
X
1.2

1
P

B
Y

1.3

PR

1.1

1
P

Biu trng thi

K hiu
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1

Tn gi
Xilanh hai
chiu
Van o
chiu 5/2
Phn t
thi gian
Phn t
thi gian
Nt n 3/2

V
tr
(+)
(-)
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

Trng thi
3 4 5

t
t

111

c. iu khin theo hnh trnh

1.0

1.4
X

A
1

0
PR

1.3

A 1.2

1.2

1.3

1
P

1.1

1
P

Biu trng thi

K hiu
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1

Tn gi
Xilanh hai
chiu
Van o
chiu 5/2
Cngtchnh
trnh3/2
Cngtchnh
trnh3/2
Nt n 3/2

V
tr
(+)
(-)
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

112

Trng thi
3 4 5

d. iu khin theo tng

+/ Mch iu khin 2 tng
I
e1, e2 l tn hiu iu khin vo
Tng
II
a1, a2 l tn hiu iu khin ra
Khi tng I c kh nn, th tng II s khng c kh
e1
nn v ngc li.

+/ Mch iu khin 3 tng

I
e1, e2, e3 l tn hiu iu khin vo
a1, a2, a3 l tn hiu iu khin ra Tng II
III
Khi tng I c kh th tng II v III khng
c kh, ngha l khi 1 tng c kh th 2 tng cn li
khng c kh.

a1

a2
e2

a1

a2

a3
e2

e1

e3

+/ Mch iu khin 4 tng

I
II
Tng III
IV
a1

a2

a3 a4
e2

e3

e1

113

e4

V d:
A

S1

S2

S3

1.2

1.3
1

0
P

P
S3

S2
1

S0

1.1
1

S4

1
S1
1

Biu trng thi

Tn gi
Xilanh A
Xilanh B

V tr
(+)
(-)
(+)
(-)

Trng thi
3 4 5

S2

S1
S4
S3

114

S4

e. iu khin theo nhp

Yn+1

1.2
AND

1.1
Yn

On

OR

P
Zn
L

P
Zn+1
L
Xn

Mch logic ca chui iu khin theo nhp

A1

A2

A3

A4

Zn
S

R 1

R 2

R 3

R 4

Yn

Zn+1
Yn+1
&

&

&

&

X1

X2

X3

X4

Biu din n gin chui iu khin theo nhp

A1
Yn

A2
1

A3
2

A4
3

Yn+1
P

Zn

Zn+1
L

L
X1

X2

X3

115

X4

V d:
A

S1

S2

S3

P
A1
Yn

A2

A3

A4

Yn+1

Zn

Zn+1
L

L
X1

X2

X3

X4

1
1

0
1

Biu trng thi

Tn gi
Xilanh A
Xilanh B

V tr
(+)
(-)
(+)
(-)

Trng thi
3 4 5

S2

S1
S4
S3

116

S4

8.2. h thng iu khin in kh nn

8.2.1. Cc phn t in
a. Cng tc
2

4
1

Cng tc chuyn mch

Cng tc ng - m
b. Nt n
3

2
1

4
Nt n ng - m

Nt n chuyn mch

c. Rle
+/ Rle iu khin
A1

K
A2

+/ Rle thi gian tc ng mun

A1

K
A2

+/ Rle thi gian nh mun

B1
B2
K
A2

d. Cng tc hnh trnh

S

4
1

d. n bo hiu

117

8.2.2. Mch iu khin kh nn

a. Mch iu khin c tip im t duy tr
+/ Mch kh nn
1.0

+
-

1.1

A
1

B
0

Y5

b
S

+/ Biu trng thi

Tn gi

V tr

Trng thi
2
3

(+)

Xilanh
1.0

(-)

+/ Mch in iu khin
(+)

S1
Xilanh li v
S2
Xilanh i ti

K
K2 Tip im t2
duy tr
A1

(-)

K2 A2 H3

Y5

118

b. Mch iu khin c rle thi gian tc ng chm

+/ Mch kh nn
1.0

+
-

S2

1.1

B
0

1
Y6

b
S

+/ Biu trng thi

Tn gi

V tr

Trng thi
2
3

(+)
Xilanh 1.0
(-)
1

Van /k
5/2

0
1

Ctc hnh
trnh S2

0
1

Rle thi
gian K2

0
t

+/ Mch in iu khin
1
2
(+)

Xilanh li v
K2

S2

S4

K4

K4

Xilanh i ti
A1

(-)

K2 A2 H3

A1
K4 A2 H5

119

Y6

c. Mch iu khin theo nhp c 2 xilanh kh nn

S1

S2

Y1

S1
Y2

Xilanh

A+

B+

B-

A-

KT

Cng tc hnh trnh

S5

S2

S4

S3

S1

Nam chm in

Y1

Y2

Mch in iu khin
(+)
S1
S5

K1 S2

K2

S4

S1
K3

S3

SET

K1

K4
K4

K2

K3

K4

K5

(-)

120

SET quy trnh

tr v v tr
ban u
K2

K3

K4

K5
K1

S2

Y1

Y2

Ti liu tham kho

[1]. H thng iu khin bng thy lc - Nguyn Ngc Phng, Hunh Nguyn
Hong, nh XBGD, 2000.
[2]. Truyn ng du p trong my ct kim loi - Nguyn Ngc Cn, HBK HN,
1974.
[3]. iu khin bng kh nn trong t ng ha k ngh - Nguyn Thnh Tr bin
dch, nh xut bn Nng.
[4]. H thng iu khin t ng thy lc - Trn Xun Ty, nh XBKH v KT, HN
2002.
[5]. H thng iu khin bng kh nn - Nguyn Ngc Phng, nh XBGD, 1999.
[6]. Herbert E.Merritt, Hydraulic control systems, Printed in USA, 1967.
[7]. Claude Ducos. Olo - Hydraulique. Technique et documentation, Lavoisier,
Paris 1988.
[8]. M.Guillon, Hydraulic servo systems analysis and design, London,
Butterworths, 1969.
[9]. Pneumatics, Basic Level TP 101, Festo Didactic, 1989.

121