"!$#% &('*)*+-,/0 . ) 1324)52467986:,<;
=>(?A@CBED<FHGJIKG-LAFJIEMANODQPSREGUTWXV GJ@CY<IKG9Z\[KF]R^B_@C`]REY<@^IKV >baADQNOD<Yc`]FHIKGH`dReV `]@CY^RfaADc`]Yegih3>AIKG-D<>AYQIK>j`]F]RePkIKGlYQIK>(T\mfD<FJn<REG
oReLdmARED(FJDQ?AY<DQDQLp> DQ>A>d?AReD<`]>qmfF]?fRED<NCPkNlDQ@O>j>wBK`JDQDSFJGHDQIr> ?AD<D(N~LANsRtFJIK?AMf@ONOGuD<`vPkRE>fRxY<[E@sR*D<IKDQP>w`JDQV FJ`JDxFJ@OYQ?AI}IKGy?ADSY<mA?ADQDQFJ`JLzD<IKFJG<Pygq@O>A{REIKFGyDQLzGH`vIKR5NO@C>A?fIK@OGHPy`]RE@OIK>AG|YQ@sRx?AD}@C>j{BKDQD<[KFHD<G]Rf>Aa?fFJNCID
YQmdRENNCIKGUB_@O>AYQmANsRYQIK>x>wmAPyD<FHIKG]ReG-GH@C`JmdREY<@CIK>ADQG-?fD9@C>j`]D<F_D<V GTuXV GH@OYQIAg
IK>fGJ@O?fD<FJDQPkIEG?AIKGF]Re?A@OIKG^ o mAD"mA>fD<>(mA>$LAmA>j`]IkY<IK>$?AIKGLfmA>j`]IKGQadSaAFHD<GHLpDQYQ`]@BeR
PyD<>j`JDE
A
r0
.c

om

aA

ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

{R?A@OGu`vRE>fY<@sR3 D<Gu`R3V ?dRE?dR3LzIKF<

e U ^dY<IKGz
Dcd>dREPyIKG

YQIKG 99
@^l(^e aAGJD4`J@OD<>fD


^ 
@aALzIKFD<NYQIK>j`]FJREFJ@CIAaf^%af(Ke<-


< ^
%K

 }< /~Ej lW-(c-$4--:4

=> REPMzIKG9Y^REGHIKG<aNsR$GJD<[EmA>A?dR}T\FJREY<YQ@%IKV >D<GNOR(Py@OGHPSRFJDQGJmAN`vRxGHD<F|LAFJDQY<@OGJREPyD<>j`]DNOR$T\mf>AY<@^IKV >
[ED<>ADQF]Re`JFJ@On4?fD|NCIKGULzIKNO@C>AIKPy@OIKG~?AD9{D<[KDQ>A?AFJDeg
jj_ _b

Z h ^ % p Z hJ
Z ^ g h

]sEj< |dQj<w j" Uz K j|wHdQjj Z hQ

MAGJDQFHBED<PyIKG o mAD Z vhLAmADQ?ADU GHD<FDLdRE>A?A@C?dRDQ>GJDQFJ@CD ?AD~R^_NOIEFDQ>D<NRE FJ[EmAPkDQ>j`]IZ h
Z h:
Z h l Z h  Z  h
 
Z q hJ   
NCI3Y<mdREN>fIKGlLpDQFJPy@C`]D/D<>AYQIK>j`]F]ReF-DLAFJDQGJ@OIE>AD<G-DcLANXV Y<@`vREGLAREF]RNOIEGLpIKNC@O>AIEPk@CIKG ?fD|{DQ[KD<>A?fFJDE

Z h:
Z % g Rjh
Z % g Mh
 ZZ h:h: Z q h/
Z % g Y%h

Z % g ?h
 Z h: Z  h ^^
IK>AGH@O?ADQF]RE>f?AIkDQNbY^ReGJIyLdREFH`J@OYQmANsREF D<>rZ ^ g hc

Z h ^ l   % Z hJ
{mADQ[KI

Z ^ g h
Z h  k
 >REV NOIK[KREPkDQ>j`]DEa_`]IKPkRE>A?fI 9

Z 9 h ^ l   % Z 9 hH
{mADQ[KI

Z 9 hZ | h  S
Z ^ g h

REPMA@cD<V >$D<Gl@O>fPkDQ?A@sRe`JIDQBeRENCmdREF Zjhc

Z
#
h
$
"
"
Zfvh ^ l     Z 9 h  !Z !qh#"$"  % ZKhJ
 
ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

^E

ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

e j&%-: 9 c (4- -:
^ 
NCmAD<[EI

ZZjjhh'Z GHh @   Z (DQG@CPk LAh#"$RE" F<a GJ@ a

%Zjh | Z ( h#"$" *)

"!$#,+ -2/.<7+, 0 )52/02152 624+-'*6:6:2)*+,<7

hUD<FJ@BKDQPkIKG9Z % g hFJDQGJLzD<Yc`]IkRSKg

3 Z  h54  Z h
%  Z hJ 4 

3
^

DQGl?AD<YQ@OF

Z h 3 Z h 6$
7 >j`JFJI_?AmAY<@CD<>A?fI*NsR}DfLARE>AGJ@^IKV > Z % g h"D@O[KmARENsRE>f?AI}YQIDcdY<@CD<>j`]DQGy?fD$ a:GJDIEMf`]@CD<>ADNOR}FJDQNsREYQ@%IKV >?AD
FHD<YQmAFJFHD<>AYQ@sR


Z  h 8  Z h Z 9 h Z h  4  Z h~6 :)
Z % g;ERKh

Z % g;eMdh
 '
hU=:GHY<FH@OMdREPyIKGNCIKGLpIENO@O>fIKPk@CIKG~?AD9{DQ[KD<>f?A FJD9D<>( NsRT\IKFHPS R

Z ^ g h
Z h: < >= ? < <
@lD<DQPkLfNsREn<RE>A?AIDQ>Z % g h Y<IEPkLdReF]RE>A?fIyYQIDc dY<@CD<>j`]DQG?fD < 8  GHD"GJ@O[EmAD o mfDE
Z  h =>A 8 B ? A 8 B Z C h = ?
CD q

Z ^ g;EEh
= < ? < D = < 4  ? < 4  D2)
=V Gu`vRD<G(mA>dRFJD<NOREY<@^IKV >q?ADtFJDQY<mAFHFJDQ>AY<@ORDQ>w`JFJDNOIKGYQIDcdY<@CD<>j`]DQGxGHmALAFHD<PyIKGx?fDNCIKGLzIKNO@C>AIKPy@OIKGy?AD
{DQ[KD<>A?fFJDEgGFmADQGH`]I o mAD = FHD<NOREY<@CIK>AD<G9Z % g hHadGHD9GH@O[KmfD o mAD
J K ^L  ^^

= I
= J = I K %/

^ K
D<>([KD<>ADQF]REN

}< /~Ej lW-(c-$4--:4

ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

< Z 9 h,"M" Z C h#"

Z ^ g  h
=  " Z  "h
hUD<FJ@BeRE>A?AIxZ ^ g hFJD<GHLpDQYQ`JISR GHD9 IE Mf`]@CD<>ADe

Z ^ g&OKh
/N Z h LN 4  Z h:  Z h
D<FH@CBeRE>A?fIZ % g;Kh"FJDQGJLzD<YQ`JIrR arY<IKPMf@O>lREV >f?AIKNsR(Y<IK> Z % gPOjh9LdReF]R5D<NC@OPy@O>dReF9DQN`DQV FJPy@O>AI}D<>
N Z hc

Z % g Kh
N 8  Z h N 4  Z h:Z C h Z h
@lD<GH`]RE>A?AI}Z ^ g&OKh~rZ % g jhv

Z % g K h
N 8  Z h N Z h: Z  h Z h
"!$#RQ S 0 2UT+-,<24)82/0V152/.XW 0 .<,^) 0ZY , 0 [ J\#]_^
IE>AGJ@C?AD<FHD<PyIKG|Z % g h DLdRE>A?dRePkIKG Z hDQ>}GJDQFJ@CD4?AD"R^_NOIKFQ a
Z h: ` Z h a cb |d e Z  h
?fIK>A?AD
9 Z 9 h#" f
b d e d "sZ  d h," d "OZ  d h,"
FIEFGJm}LAREFH`JDEa
a a
g a g
Z h g^ b hd e Z h 4
?fD9PyI_?AI o mfD
a

a g a g
Z h: a g< b 9d e b hd e Z / h 4 8
D<R  d h g:=>w`JIK>A YQD<G
a
a

Z h: a ^ a b 9d e b $d d>e Z / h 4
D<GHD^REPyIKG@C>w`JD<FHY^REPMf@sREFUDQNIKFJ?fD<>(?AD"NsREGGHmAPSReG<gGFREFJRD<NONCIIKMAGHD<FHBED<PyIKG-NsRGJ@C[KmA@ODQ>j`]Dd[KmfF]Rf

ejjiw lk W:3~}4: Wlxc nm Zpoh

^ E

n
k=n
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

= T\D<Yc`]mdReF4NsRS?AIEMANODGHmAPSRD o mA@CBeRENCDRGJmAPkREFGHIKMAFHDNOIKGLAREFJDQG4IKFJ?ADQ>dRE?AIEGyZ d  h@O>f?A@OY<RE?AIKGYQIK>

LfmA>j`]IKG-D<>xNsRd[KmAFJRfg =:NIEFJ?ADQ>}D<> o mAD|GHD|FHD^RENC@On<RE>NsREGlGHmAPSReG-YQIKFJFHD<GHLpIK>f?ADR3?AD<GHLANsRen^REFH>AIKGlGJIKMfFJD
DQNpDIqHDsrfIKFJ@Cn<IK>j`vReNawD<GHY<IK[KDQFmA>kBEReNOIKF:?AD d a_yNCmAD<[KI|?AD<GHLANsRen^REFH>AIKGGHIKMAFHD/D<NzDqHD-BKDQFH`]@CY^RENawFJD<YQIKFJFH@ODQ>A?AI
NCIKG"BEReNOIKFHD<G9?AD  D<>j`]FHD  d  d g(= o mA@CBeRENCD<>j`]DQPkDQ>j`]DEaLpI_?AD<PyIKG9?AD<GHLANsRen^REFH>AIKGLfFJ@OPyD<FHI
GHIKMAFHDD<NbDIqHD/BKDQFH`J@OY^ReNafDQGJYQIK[KD<Fmf>$BeRENCIKF~ ?AD  a_NOmfD<[KIFHD<YQIKFJFHD<FNOIEGLAmA>j`JIKGtrAIKFH@On<IE>w`]RENOPyD<>j`JD/D<>j`JFJD
NCIKGNXV Pk@`]DQG d uZ  hJ  d  g  G<XV aANOR?AIKMANCD4GJmAPkRGJD9LAmAD<?f D9DQa GJYQ FJ@OMf @OF<
Z h~ % a b 9d e b d d>e Z / h 4
wv5x(z y 
?fIK>A?AD
{
  GH@  D<GlLdREFQa
{ |~}
  GJ@  D<Gl@OPyLdREFQg
|~}
IEPkLdReF]RE>A?fIyYQIK>Z % g haA@O?fD< >j`]@dY^REPy IKG
a

|d e d d>e Z h 4
a

Z
:
h

b
vxz y  b
Dcd>A@CD<>A?AI h  d afDQNN XV Py@C`JDU@O>T\D<FJ@CIKF:?AD-NsR"GJmAPkR|YQIKFJFHD<GJLzIK>A?fD4R h | Z  hJ p
 a
?fD9PyI_?AI o mAD
9  h g g
Z h: g^ vz  b  h e b h e Z h 4 4
I3MA@CD<>
g
g^vz  Z | h Z 9 h h#" g
Z % g h
Z h Z $ h h,"sZ  h h," h " 4
Dy Z % g hD<GTeREV YQ@ONb?fD<?AmAYQ@OF o mADE
Z hUDQG-LAREFlGJ@  D<GlLdREFQg
Z hUDQG-@CPkLAREFUGJ@  DQG-@CPkLAREF<g
ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

 }< /~Ej lW-(c-$4--:4

- 0 1*6:,<1y'52/0

g Z 9 h h#" g
A 4 B Z  h h#" 4
Z % g hGHD9LfmAD<?AD9FJDQD<GHY<FJ@CMA@OFDQ >xNORT\IKFJPkRf
g
g

v

<
g

Z h: Z 9 h h "OZ  h h#" A 4 B
g
g

v

"
 " g^ Z | h h "sZ  h "ih A 4 B

 " Z h

IEMf`]DQ>A@cDQV >A?AIKGHD|NORUlC #$/J!,$!R
Z q h
Z
:
h

Z % g % h
 "

{R$TeIEV FJPmANOR(?fD~@lI?fFJ@O[EmAD<G9>AIKG9LpDQFJPy@C`JDy?fD<PyIKGH`JF]REF"TeREV Y<@CNOPyD<>j`]D3?A@BKDQFJG]ReGLAFHIKLA@ODQ?dRE?ADQG?ADyNOIEG

LzIKNC@O>AIKPy@OIEG ?AD9{D<[ED<>A?AFHDEaY<IEPkIBKDQFJDQPkIKGlDQ>xNOREGGJ@C[KmA@ODQ>j`]D<GlGHD<Y<YQ@OIK>fD<G<g
"!$#, +-'57+-,/0 . ) 1*,K24624)*+-,<7.152 2/1y2):1*6:2
-IKG/@C>j`]D<FHD<GJRR!rAIKFJRk?ADc`]DQFJPy@O>dREF-NsR3D<YQmdREYQ@%IKV >5?f@CT\ D<FHD<>AYQ@sRE N?AD|NsR3Y<mdReNNCIKGLzIKNC@O>AIKPy@OIEGU?AD{DQ[KD<>A?fFJD
GHIK>(GJIKNCmAY<@^IKV >bg D<R

Z hZ q h
=>j`]IE>AY<DQG

Z h~  Z q h 4 
Z h N Z h~ 9 Z h C Z h
8  Z q h Z N h- 8  9 Z h
8 
8
DQG] REFHFJIKNCNsRE >f?A INsREG ?fD<FJ@BeRE?dREG?AD"LA FH I?f mAYQ`JIK G-RyRePMpIEGNsRE?AIE G ?AD" D<GH`]RyDLAFJDQGJ@%IEV >b
Z q h A 8 BuZ h b  e A 8 BHZ h b  e A BJZ h~

8
Z
h



B
9


A b e 9 A B Z h4

Z h A 8 B Z h A 8 B Z h  Z q h A B Z h:'
{mADQ[KIAadYQIK>Z % g % hvaAIKMf`JD< >ADQPkIEG-NOR R ## C ! #5##!/ # !5
Z q h /N Z h /N Z h  Z  h Z h:'
Z % g ^ h
ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

^ 
"!$# & 0 . 6 Y ':.<7 152
FmADQGH`JI o mAD

ejK- -~(S~l(4 m Zoh

^ O
"!$#v! '51376:20 )$':. 0 0152 [  \]_^

 jw _b Z h`]@CD<>A D"NOmf[jRE FJDQG >w mANOIKGGH@OPyLANODQGD<>(D<N@C>w`JD<FuBEReNOI(Z 9 hcg

djw D<R Z h:Z $ h g Z h`]@ODQ>ADNOmf[jREFJDQG>wmANCIKG ?ADPmfNC`]@CLANO@CY<@C?dRE?  D<> a

NCmAD<[EIA

Z hUGJD|RE>wmANsRmA>AR3BED<n9D<>rZ 9 h
N Z h GJD|RE>wmANsR?AIEGlBED<YQD<G-D<>rZ 9 h
gg
N
A B Z hUGJD9RE>wmANOR  BED<Y<DQG/DQ>Z | h
o g DEg ?bg

ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

"!$## -2/.<7+,/0 . ) 152 0 68 0 1 0 )57.^,1571

mALpIE>A[jRE PyIKGJ
D  aAIKMAGHD<FuBKD<PyIKG o mADEadLzIKFNsRTeIKV FHPmANOR?AD@-I_?AFH@O[KmADQG9Z % g % h



 ", < Z hA 6 < A B Z hA
4  4 
?fIK>A?AD Z hZ h g7 >j`]D<[EF]RE>A?fIkLzIKFlLdREFu`]D<GQ


 ", < Z hA < A 4 B Z hC D  < 4  A 4 B Z hA

4  4  4 

=N:`DQV FJPy@O>AIx?ADSMzIKFJ?fDSD<GY<D<FHI5LAmADQG A < B Z hVxGH@ D  g  >lREV NCIK[jREPyD<>j`JDEa@C>j`]D<[EF]RE>A?fI}LzIKF
LAREFH`JD<G D BED<Y<DQG<



 " < Z hA Z 9 h < D " A 4 < B Z hA Z 9 h < D " A 4 < 4 B Z h  (

4

4 
4 
{mADQ[KI Z hD<G(IKFH`JIK[KIK>dReN4R`JI?fILzIKNO@C>AIKPy@OI?fD[KFJRE?AI D  D<> DQN"@O>j`]DQFHBeRENOI6 | aD<>
LAREFH`J@OY<mfNsREFR < Z hcg
=>(D<NY^ReGJI D  aAD<NLAFH I ?fmAYQ`J Ik @C>w`JD<FH>AI3D<>j`]FHD|NCIKGLpIENO@O>fIKPk@CIKG~?AD9{DQ[KD<>f?AFJD"D<GQ
Z  "h  Z hA  A B Z h A B Z hA
4 4
7 >j`JD<[KFJRE>A?AIyLpIEFLdREFH`JD<GQ

Z  "h  Z hA A B A 4 B  A 8 BHZ h A 4 BuZ hA  A 8 BuZ h A 4 BHZ hA

4  4 
4

4

ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

E!
}< /~Ej lW-(c-$4--:4
LfmA D<G-D<Nb`D<V FJPy@O>fI?AD"MpIKFH?AD"D<Gl >wmANOIf g  G<XV aA@O >j`JD<[KFJRE>A?AIyLpIEFLdREFH`JD<G  BKDQY<D<GQ

Z  "h  Z hA Z | h  A B Z h Z hA

4
4 

Z | h Z q h ~Z q h mAG]Re>A?AIA Z h -Z 9 h#"

4 

Z | h Z 9 h#" Z | h Z l h
4


Z 9 h," Z - h Z h
4

7 >j`JD<[KFJRE>A?AIyLpIEF-LAREFH`JD<G<

Z h8 


Z  "h Z hA Z 9 h,"wZ l h     Z h 4  Z h 8 
4  4 

4

H
Z 9 h,"    Z h 4  Z h 8 
4

 >l REV NCIK[jREPyD<>j`]DeaA@O>j`JD<[KFJRE>A?AI3LzIKFLdREFu`]D<G  BKDQY<DQG<



Z
<
h
Z
h



q





J

/

Z  "h Z hA Z 9 h," Z  h<Z  h   J9 J Z h

4
4   Z  "h 8 
"


Z 9 h,"  " Z 9 h#" 9 Z h 8 9 9
4 
Mf`JD<>ADQPkIEGReG^XV NsR 5#$# C C,IC!j
 Z h Z hA
Z % g Eh
4  < 9 > <
"!$#R 6W*62/0, 0 )52/0,^)8 21y67.<202W576:7 [  \#]_^
REMpDQPkIEG<afLzIKF~D<NpDQIKFJDQPSR9?AD REmAYRrjEa o mfDmA>dR|T\mf>AY< @^IKV >RE>AREN @V `]@OY<R4GJDLAmfD<?ADDQGJYQFJ@OMf@OFDQ>S`DQV FJPy@O>AIEG
?fD9mf>dRy@C>j`]D<[EF]RENb?fD9YQIK>j`]IKFH>AIA

BA Zjh:  f" Z Z Kh h 8 

D^R

ZKh~  " Z h
=>j`]IE>AY<DQG/NOIEGLpIKNC@O>AIEPk@CIKG ?fD|{DQ[KD< >A ?fFJD"GJD9LAmADQ?AD<>xD<GJYQFJ@CMA@OF DQ>xNORT\IK FJPk Rf

" Z q h


Z
j

~
h


Z
j

:
h

B
A
f  " Z jh 8 

ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

e jjw -~c/~xW3-l p nm Zpoh

E
IEMf`]DQ>A@cDQV >A?AIKGHD9NORlC #$/R

Z q h

Z
K

Z % g % h
f Z jh 8 

7 >j`]DQ[KFJDQPkIEG-GHIKMAFHD9mf>dRyYQ@OFHY<mA>f T\DQFJDQ>AY<@ORy?AD"YQD<>j`]FHI~F]Re?A@OIdg:=>j`]IK>AYQD<G
/j  f
j Z jhu
NCmAD<[EI

q ! j j
;

Z q h94; !4 j
?fD9PyI_?AI o mAD

H Z q h94; !4 j

Z
j

~
h

f H Z h 4j ! j
@ LpI_?ADQPkIKGU`JIKPkREFt q aAYQIK>xNCI3Y<mdRENNORFJDQNsREYQ@%IKV >$RE>j`J D<FJ@CIKF o mAD<?ARf

H Zj94jeh !(

Z
j

f {

f H Z j 4j h ! |
f YQIKG C
D9IEMf`]@CD<>AD"REG<XV NsR 5#$# C :/#$R

H / q Y<IKG

Z
K

~
h

Z % g EEh
f

FREF]R' `JD<>ADQPkIKGlGH@OPyLANODQPkDQ>w`JD

Z h:Z h
Z h  k   | 
djw D^R  | g  ?fIKLf`vRePkIKG"NOR$YQIK>jBKDQ>AY<@^IKV >r?AD o mADSNORF]RAXV nY<mdRE?fF]RE?dR(D<G9mA>
>/mfV PkDQFJILzIKGJ@`]@CBEIAaD<GJYQFJ@CMA@OPyIKG

q l |

ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

E
}< /~Ej lW-(c-$4--:4
=N@C>w`JD<[KFJRE>A?A I3DQ>Z % g EK hG]R`]@OGuTREY<De

l Y<IKG Z l h YQIKG } l

NCmAD<[EI

b - YQIKG e 

 G^XV a

H
Z h f l zY<IEG } f H

o g DEg ?bg
FIE>A@ODQ>A?AI| YQIKG-DQ>Z % g EKhva q GHD<>-a"GJDIEMf`]@CD<>ADQ >|NOR-FHD<LAFHD<GJDQ>j`vREYQ@%IKV >Re?A@OYQ@OIK>dReN

H ZY<IEGl GJDQ>/ YQIKGKh

\
Z
<
Y
K
I

G
E

:
h

Z\Y<IKG- GJD<>- YQIKGKh

\
Z
<
Y
K
I
z
G
E


h

Z % g  h
f

"!$#R 246:,<2 152 21324):1*62

{IKG:LzIKNO@C>AIKPy@OIKG?AD-{D<[ED<>A?AFHDEawGJ@CD<>A?fI9IEFH`]IE>AIKFJPkRENCD<G DQ> awGJIK>3Y^Re>A?A@O?ARe`]IKG:R4GHD<F:mA>dR4MdREGHDlD<>
DQGJD@C>w`JD<FuBEReNOIAaz?A DPyI?fI o mAD mA>dRyT\mA>AY<@^IKV >*REFHMA@C`JF]REFH@sR3LpI_9?AF< XV Rk GHD<FDQGJYQFJ@C`]RY<IKPyISmf>dRY<IKPMA @O>d ReY<@%IEV >
NC@O>AD<REN ?fD9NCIKG g~= GH`]mf?A@ODQPkIKGDQGH`]RyLzIKGJ@CMA@ONC@O?dRe?bg
@:NsRGHD<FJ@CD  =   Z h"YQIK>jBKD<FH[KDSmf>A@CT\IKFHPkDQPkDQ>j`]D3D<> 9 :tFHD<LAFHD<GJDQ>j`vR5RENCN XV R Z hcaDQG
?fD<Y<@CF<a

Z h: =   Z h

DQ>j`]IK>AYQD<G

 Z h Z hA =    Z h Z hA =   9 9 =

4
 4

=>j`]IE>AY<DQGSNOIEG R##R~nC,# ?AD Z hFHD<GJLzD<Yc`]IrRNCIKGLpIENO@O>fIKPk@CIKG9?AD}{DQ[KD<>A?fFJD(D<GH`dREV >
?ARE?AIKGlLzIKF<

Z % g OKh
= b  e 4  Z h Z hA

ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

ejjf:lWq4-- : 4
E
 NORS@O>jBKDQFJGJRf D<R Z h/mA>dRST\mf>AY<@^IKV >*?dRE?dRaREY<IE`]RE?dRS}GJD<YQY<@CIK>dRENCPkDQ>w`JDY<IE>w`J@O>wmdRD<> | g
=>j`]IE>AY<DQGGHD|LAmfD<?ADQ>}Y^ReNOY<mfNsREFUNCIKGY<I_DQAY<@ODQ>j`]D<G-?ADdIK mAFH@OD<F =  FHD<GJLzD<Yc`]IkR  Y<IE>AGH`JFJmA@CF-NORGJDQFJ@OD
  Z h
 =
IKF>jREBEF]D<R3FJ[EG]D|REMzNOR3D<FHGHNOD<IAFHa@OD`]IKPy D<@PyY<IKIK>jGUBEDQD<NFJ[EPDEIKa V ?f mAFHD<NOILAFH?AD<DkGHD<Z>j`vRkg R Ojhv Z h
%

= b  e  Z h Z h
4
D^R_ PkR9 4  ? p Z h g IKPyI Z h a

= b  e Z 9 h
F IKFlIE`]FJR3LAREFH`JDEadGJ@ N Dc@OGu`]D" D<GlY<IE>w `J@O>wmd R3D<> 9 aADQ>j`]IK>AYQD<GLdREF]R  3GJD4`J@OD<>fD

= b  e 4  Z h Z hA
7 >j`JD<[KFJRE>A?AIyLpIEFLdREFH`JD<GQa

Z h Z hA   Z h Z hA


= b e
4  N N 4  4  N 4  N N
F D<FHIAad?AD"NsRFJDQNsREYQ@%IKV >?fD9FHD<YQmAFJFHD<>A YQ@sRxZ % g jhva

Z N hA N 9 8  Z h 4  Z h:
4

YQIK>(NOIY<mAREN

= 4  N Z h 8  Z h 4  Z h
 G^XV a



= 4 N Z h Z 8  Z h 4  Z h h 4 N Z h } N



?fIK>A?AD

N 9Pk 4 R p N Z h
?
@lD^ReNO@On<RE>A?AI9D<NzPy@OGJPyI9LAFJI_Y<DQ?A@OPy@ODQ>w`JI|GHmALzIK>A@ODQ>A?AI o mAD N DQGGHD<Y<YQ@OIK>ARENOPyD<>j`]DY<IK>j`J@O>wmdRDQ> 9 
GHD"IKMf`]@CD<>AD o mAD

= ! 

y=1

ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

E
}< /~Ej lW-(c-$4--:4

LAREF]^R  GHmfd YQ@OD<>j`JD<PyD<>j`]D3[KFJRE>A?ADea }Y<@ODQFH`]RSY<IK>fGH`vRe >w`JDEgcFIKF`vRE>j`]Ifa = YQIK>jBKDQFJ[KDeaNOmADQ[KI

= Z hUYQIK >jBKD<FH[KD9mA>A@CT\IEFJPyD<PyD<>j`]Deg
 rfIK%F] R>AIEG9 LfFJD<[EmA>j`vREPyIKG<4RE?dRmA>dRT\mA>fY<@%IEV > abY^RENCY<mANOREPyIKG/NCIKG4Y<I_DQdYQ@ODQ>w`JD< G = 5GJREMzD<PyIKG
o mAZ D hF REF]R= FHD<GJLzZ IK>Ah?fY<D<IKF<>jaBEYQD<IKFJ>A[EGJDS@C?AmAD<>AFHD<@T\PyIKFJIKPyGlD<NsPyR?AD<>j@T\`JD<DEFHg D<>A YQ@-@sRDQLAD<FJ>jDQ`]GJFHD<D|>jNO`]RRxGJD<DQGuFJ`v@OR(D4GJD<NOFHR@OD3T\mA?A>ADyYQ{@%IKV D<> [KDQ>AZ ?AFHhcDk NORT\mf>AY<@^IKV >

Z h Z h =   Z h

{IKGlYQIDcdY<@CD<>j`]DQG?ADdIKmAFH@ODQFU?AD Z hUGJIK>

b  e  Z h Z hA b  e I  Z h Z hA =    Z h Z hA
4

 4
4 
= =   6$

 AFJPkREPkIEG o mAD

Z h } $
djw mfLpIK>f[jREPyIKG o mAD Z h D<>*mA>*@C>w`JD<FuBEReNOI:
  9 g @C>5L D<V FH?A@O?AR?AD
[ED<>ADQF]RENC@O?dRE? apGHmALpIE>A[jREPyIKG4RE?fD<PREV G o mAD Z h/D<>*D<Gu`]D@C>j`]D<FuBeRENOIAg D^R fZ hlmA>*LpIENO@O>fIKPk@CI3?AD
[EF]RE?AI3?AIEGl`]REN o mADAZ hfZ
h AZ h DQ> 9 R
g 4FdRV dY^REPyD<>j`JDE

q
g

{mAD<[EI

+1

a a
a
  _
 


4    
F D<FHI Z hDQG-IEFH`]IE[KIK>dRENbR`JI?fIKGNOIKGLzIKNC@O>AIKPy@OIEG a Z hcaALzIKFU`vRe>w`JIyR3`JI?AI3LzIKNO@C>AIKPy@OIAajNCmAD<[EI
  6$
4
NCI o mfD9YQIK>j`]FJRE?A@OYQD">_mfD<GH`JFJIkFJD<GHmANC`]RE?AIyRE>j`]DQFJ@CIKF<g

ejCjk c b (4-l~4

F IKFlNOI`vRe>w`JI Z h } fg

E(
o g DEg ?bg

{mADQ[KIAa

ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

Z h: =   Z h4

"!$#% &('*)*+-, 0 )52/0 70 0 +-,<71570 152 21324):1*62
->dRPkRE>AD<FJR?AD4IKMf`JD<>ADQFNsRDQY<mdREYQ@%IKV >$ReGJI_Y<@sRe?dR?AD"{D<[KDQ>A?AFHD4D<GlLdREFu`]@OF ?AD4NsR|D<Y<mAREY<@^IKV >$FJD<[EmANsREF ?AD
{DQ[KD<>A?fFJDkZ % g ^ h

Z l h /N /N  Z  h 6
Z % g ^ h
"YQIK>9NsRlR^mf?dR?AD~NsRUTeIKV FHPmANORl ?fD{ D<@CMA>A@CnEa LdREFJR-NORl?fD<FJ@BeRE?d R  EDQV GJ@C PSR?AD~mA>9 LAFJI_?AmAYc`]I/?fD:T\mf>AY<@CIK>AD<GQa
Z huZ hIb  " 4  Z h  Z h
Z % g Kh

 Z  h#"(" 4  
?f@CT\D<FHD<>AYQ@sREFHNsR D BKDQY<D<GIKMf `JD<>A @CD<>A?AIf

Z h N Z D h N Z D hQZ  D h (
Z % g h
?fIK>A?AD
<
Z h } < Z h4
@lD<DQPkLfNsREn<RE>A?AI

< Z h

<
<

Z
:
h

Z
h
Z
:
h

Z
h


l

<

FHD<GHIKNCB_@ODQ>A?AI3LdREFJR ?A@T\D<FHD<>AYQ@sRE >A?fIAa

D

Z hR4 < 

N b{ N 9lD e D D Z D h

N N l N Z l chW | Z l h 4 < 
mAGH`J@C`]mKD<>f?AISDQ>xNORD<Y<mAREY<@^IKV >Z % g hvaA D<>fY<IK>j`]{FJREPyIKG o mfD GJRe`]@CGHTREYQD"NsRD<YQmdREYQ@%IKV >(?A@CT\DQFJDQ>AY<@OREN

Z - h N N  Z  h -D | '
Z % g K h
{RYQmdRENDQG4Y<IK>fIYQ@O?dRYQIKPkI $:R#># C C# #!5 gLFREFJR$FHD<IKM `]D<>fD<F4NsRkD<Y<mAREY<@^IKV >*?AD
{DQ[KD<>A?fFJDZ % g ^ hMdREGu`vRy`JIKPkREF D fg/REYQ@ODQ>A?AISDQNY<REPMA@CIk?fD|BeREFJ@OREMANCD Y<IKG_a IKM`]D<>fD<PyIKG

ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

E
}< /~Ej lW-(c-$4--:4
NORkDQY<mdREYQ@%IKV >}DcLAFJDQG]RE?AR$DQ>5Y<I_IKFH?AD<>dRe?dREGLzIKNsReFJD<GQa o mADD<GNOR3T\IKFHPSRymAGJmARENDQ> o mAD>AIKG/NsRBERePkIKG/R
DQ>AY<IE>w`JF]REF
{
GHD<>  Z  h D '
Z % g E h
GHD<>- w b w e
GHD<>dz |
{REGGJIENOmAYQ@OIK>ADQGlFJD<[EmANsREFHD<GQaA ?AD<>fIE`vRE?AREGl LpIKF < Z hadGJIK>b

< Z h

<
<

Z
:
h

Z
:
h

Z
h

Z % g e h

<

Y<REGJ@CIK>dRENCPkDQ>w`JDkNCIKG < Z hReLdREFJDQY<DQ> D<> GJm ?fDQd>A@CY<@^IKV >Y<IE>mA>TREYc`]IKFZ 9 h < a LzIKFDIqHD<PyLANOIxD<>

 $CR#!  R#5 9!R JRRC
D fgg KREY !wGHIK>baDQGH`]RxD<NCD<YQY<@%IEV >DQG|YQIK>AI_Y<@C?dRY<IKPyI

t!pC ?A

TReGJD(?AD#"xRE[K>wmAG34MzD<FrADQ`H`]@C>A[KD<F3I?AD IK>A?AIK> rAIKFu`]NCDQKgIEGJIE`JFJIKGy@O>AYQNOmA@CFJDQPkIKGD<GH`]RTREGHD

DQ>NOR?ADcd>A@CY<@%IEV >?AD(NOIEGkReFJPIKV >A@OYQIKGD<GuT%D<V FH@OY<IEG<aRENDQGH`J@ONOIGJDQ[KmA@C?AIDQ%> $ !#Z!! $ #C C
&
?f(D *g )/g  Fu+T !EDQ>(, 9-g f/g .rDQMpDQF<g  LpDQG]REFl?AD mAD"DQNbTREYQ`JIKF?ADTREGHD9GHD
@C>j'`]FJI_#?A#mA #YQDD<>3nC?A@CGH,`]@C>j`] IK!G pLfmAC>j `]IKG: ?ADNOREG ?ADcd>A@OYQ@OIK>fD<G NCIKGREFHPIKV >f@OY<IEGD<GuT%D<V FH@OY<IEG~o FHD<GHmANC`]Re`]DQGGJIK>3@O[EmdRENODQG<g
 NC[KmA>AIEGDqHD<PyLANCIKG?AD4T\mA>AYQ@OIK>ADQG-REGJI_Y<@ORE?dREG?AD9{D<[ED<>A?AFHD
  ZZ h:h: Z l Z l h  h   GJ DQ>- $Y<IK G GHD<>-
Z h: Z h GJDQ> $
 Z h: Z  q hZ l h  Z Y<IEG hfGJDQ>-$
Z h:  Z l h:  Y<IEGGJDQ>
Z h: 3Z l h   GJDQ>
Z % g Eh
 Z h:  ZE  hlZ h5  ZE Y<IKG  YQIKGdEhfGJD<>

 
 Z h: Z E q hZ - h~  ZEYQIKG q hfGHD<>
  ZZ h:h: 3Z Z h h   GJ(D<> YQ IKGd GHD<>

 l

{R3FJDQNsREYQ@%IKV >DQ>w`JFJD < 4 < D<GQ

<

4 Z h:Z 9 h < ZZ  DD h#h#"" < Z h

Z % g E h
{RT\mA>AYQ@%IKV >$[KDQ>AD<FJRe`]FH@On4?AD"NsReGUT\mA>AY<@CIK>ADQGRe GJI_Y<@sRe?dREG?AD9{D<[KDQ>A?AFHD
Z 9D h#"OZ l h <  < Z h 
Z % g EEh
< D "OZ l h < 8     8 <
{REGlFHD<NsReY<@OIE >AD<G?AD"FHD<Y<mfFJ FJ DQ>AY<@OR o mAD9G]R`] @OGuTREY< DQ>$NsREGUT\mA>fY<@OIE>AD<G-RE GHIYQ@sRE?dReG?AD9{DQ[KD<>f?AFJD
< 8  Z l 9D ch  < '  Z  h D Z D q h < 4   Z % g  h
Z  D h < 4  Z D h < 8  Z C h < Z % g OKh

< 8  Z  D h<Z (D h < 4  Z h  < Z % g Kh

ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

ejCEK / l - l (~>k : l l
E(E

Z 9 h<Z h  < < 8 8   < 4 4  

Z % g f h
Z  D h<Z  Dq h < 4 4  
Z D h<Z D h < 8 4   Z % g j h
{RFJDQNsREYQ@%IKV >?fD9LAREFJ@C?dRE?$G]Re`J@OGuT\D<YRrdR3LpIEFNs REGUT\mA>fY<@OIE>A D<G-REGHI YQ@sRE ?dReG?AD9{DQ[KD<>f?AFJD9D<G
Z % g K h
< Z h:Z 9 h 8 < < Z h4
 ?AD<PREV GQadGJD"G]Re`J@OGuTREY<D"D<>(NOIEGUDc_`]FHD<PyIKG o mfD
<
Z % g E h
Z h: LdREFJR D ' f
{REG~T\mA>AYQ@OIK>ADQGUREGHIYQ@sRE?AREG ?fD{D<[KDQ>A?AFHDG]Re`J@OGJReTREY<DQ>S?A@CGH`J@O>j`vREG~FJDQNsREYQ@OIK>fD<G~?ADIKFu`]IK[KIE>dRENO@C?dRE??ADQLpDQ>
?f@OD<>f?AI3GJIKMAFHD"Y<mdRENXV >A?A@CY<D4GJD4`JIKPkDQ>bg:{RyLf FJ@OPy D<FJRf
 0 < Z h 1 < Z hA l 2Z2Z lDD h#h#"" 031
Z % g Eh
4
DQ>xYQIIEFJ?ADQ>dRE?dREGlLzIKNsReFJD<G
Z % g K h
0 < Z\Y<IKGEh 1 < Z\Y<IKGEhfGJDQ>w9 l +ZZ+DD h,h,"" 0/1
IKMAFJD"DQNIE`]FHI(XV >A?A@CY<D
a

 < Z h Z hQZ l hR4  Z  D h#" a

Z % g EEh
D Z $D h#" <
4 
"!$#%3 4 6 Y 0 . )*,^+ 0 0 2/0n44.2 6:,^+ 0 0
=>NsRtGJD<LAREF]REYQ@%IKV >?AD$BEReFJ@sReMANOD?ADxNsR*D<YQmdREYQ@%IKV >?AD5{RELANOREY<DeaDQ>NsRt?ADQLpDQ>A?AD<>fY<@sRD<GJLAREY<@ORENl?ADxNOR
DQY<mdReY<@%IEV > ?ADIK>A?ARfaD<> NOR}D<YQmdREY<@^IKV >?AD YRrA6F IK5 ?f@O>A[KDQF`]@CD<PyLpIx@O>A?fD<LzD<>A?A@CD<>j`]DSLdREF]R5mf> Y^REPyLpIx?AD
T\mfD<FJn<REGlY<DQ>w`JF]RENCD<G-RELdReFJD<YQD<>xD<Y<mAREY<@CIK>AD<Gl?ADQN`]@OLzI
7 9 8 d ZEh 8 6$
Z % g  h
{R?ADQLpDQ>A?AD<>fY<@sRyRE>A[EmANsREFQafB_@O>A@CD<>A?fIyDQ>j`]D<FJREPyD<>j`]D9?AD<NIELpDQF]RE?AIEFNsRELANOREY<@ORE>AIAa_D<G
:4Z h GHD<>- ' ;3ZEh ;3ZEh :4Z h  Z  <h ;3ZE<h :4Z h:6$
Z % g OKh
GHD<>- w b
w e GHD<>dp
->dR|YQIK>AGu`vRE>j`]D/?AD/GHD<LdREFJREY<@^IKV >S?fD/NsR4T\IKFHPSR Z h:YQIK> mA>D<>j`JD<FJIREGJDQ[KmAF]R mfD/NsR"GJIENOmAYQ@%IKV >yD<>
GHD<FH@OD"?AD"NsRDQY<mdREYQ@%IKV >(?AD9{D<[KDQ>A?AFHD9NCNODQ[KD"RGJD< Fl mA>(Lz IKNO@C>AIKPy @OIAgD4IE`]FJRPSRE>fD<F]R3o REPMdREGGJIENOmAYQ@OIK>ADQG
DQ>xGHD<FH@OD"?A@CBED<FH[KD<>(D<>(Y<IKG96 g~{R?AD<LzD<>f?AD<>AYQ@sRkREn<@CPmf`vReN G]R`]@OGuTREY<D
:4Z h D
Z % g Kh
:4Z h

E
YQIK>(GJIKNCmAY<@CIK>AD<G

}< /~Ej lW-(c-$4--:4

R < @?
Z % g A h
{REGlYQmdRENODQGlG]Re`J@OGHTReY<D<>(NsRYQIK>A?A@CY<@^IKV >?AD9IKFH`JIK[KIK>dReNO@O?ARE?
H :BA < y Z h<: < z Z hA H 94 < y 9 < z f < y < z
Z % g w h
=>tNsRPkR^KIKF<XV RS?fDNOIKGLfFJIKMANCD<PkREG/TuXV GJ@OYQIKGFHD o mAD<FH@OPyIKG o mAD D GJD^RmA>tDQ>w`JD<FHI(LAREF]R o mADC:4Z hcaGHD^R
mf>dR3T\mf>AY<@^IKV >$PkIK>fIBeRENCmdRE?dR?fD<N9REV >A[EmANOI3REnQ@OPm`vRENg4RE?dRNOR3FHD<NOREY<@^IKV >Z % g w h
: < Z h: f  <
Z % g j h

DQG4mA>*Y<IE>CqHmA>j`]I?ADT\mf>AY<@CIK>AD<G/IKFH`JIK>AIKFHPSRENCD<G-Y<IK>*FHD<GHLpDQYQ`]I(RNORS@O>j`]DQ[KF]ReY<@%IEV >}GJIEMAFJDDQNREV >A[EmANOIRen<@

Pmf`vREN g DQLdREFJRE>A?AINOR?AD<LzD<>f?AD<>AYQ@sR3REnQ@OPmf`]RENawNOR?AD<LzD<>f?AD<>AYQ@sRD<>$DQN"REV >A[KmfNOILzIKNOREFUYQIK>A?AmfY<D9R
mf>dRyDQY<mdReY<@%IEV >}REGHIYQ@sRE?AR?AD9{DQ[KD<>f?AFJD
{
GHD<> ' ;3ZKh  Z  h D ;3ZEh'
Z % g K h
GHD<> w b
w e
GHD<>dz |

{R*Y<mARENUD<G3GJRe`]@CGHT\D<YRrARtLzIKFNOREGT\mA>fY<@OIE>AD<GyREGHIYQ@sRE?dReG?AD${D<[KDQ>A?AFHDEa~D<GH`JIDQG<Da ;3ZKh3 < ZYQIKGKhg

FREF]Rk @O>AYQNOmA@CFlBeRENCIKFJDQG/PyD<[jR`]@CBEIKG D a >AIKGHIE`]FHIKGmAGJREPyIKG/NORyTeIKV FHPmANsR3?AD@-I_?AFJ@C[KmADQG/D<>}NsRk?fDQd>A@CY<@^IKV >
?fD < ZYQIKGKhg

<
Z - h <  < 8 Z q h K
D

Z
:
h

Z % g Eh
<8
"

-IKFJPkRENC@On^Re>A?AINOREGUT\mA>AYQ@%IKV >(REGHIYQ@sRE?dReG?AD9{DQ[KD<>f?AFJD

E < ZYQIKGKh: Z 9 h ZZ  DD h#h#"" < ZY<IEGKh st D


Z % g j h

{Rx T\mf>AY<@^IKV F> : Z h"DQGIKFH`JIK>AIKFHPSReNY<IK>FHD<GHLpDQYQ`]ItReNREV >f[KmANOIxREnQ@OPmf`]REN aLAmAD<Gu`]I o mADkNsR(T\mf>AY<@^IKV >

E < ZY<IEGKh/D<G"<IKFu`]IK>fIKFJPkREN Y<IK>tFJDQGJLzD<Yc`]IxRENREV >f[KmANOILzIKNOREF_gIEGJIE`JFJIKG`JIKPSRePkIKGD<N LfFJI_?AmAYQ`JI$?AD
RePMdREG?ADcd>A@CPkIKGNCIKG !, C RR # ,R

<
Z

h
Z
#
h
"
9

D
G < Z hH
G Z_ h } Z | h < f Z  D h#" < ZYQIKGKh <
Z % g EEh
IEMf`]DQ>A@ODQ>A?AIT\mA>fY<@OIE>AD<GxD<>NCIKGx?fIKGREV >f[KmANOIEG<a4NsReGxYQmdRENODQG}GHIK>IKFu`]IK>AIEFJPkRENODQG(GHIKMAFHDrNsRGJmALzD<FudY<@CD
DQGHT^DQV FJ@OY<Rfg~{R3@C>j`]D<[EF]RENbYQIKPyLANODc`vR?AD"IKFu`]IK[KIE>dRENO@C?dRE?
H G < y A Z_ hJG < z Z_ hfGHD<>- wE y z < y < z
Z % g  h
z
I y

IyMA@CD<>ba

< A <
G y y LZ KlMh G z z LZ KlhH Kq y z < y < z
Z % g OKh

ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

:4Z h:>=94 <

ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

e jCEK / l - l(~>k : l l
E!O
?fIK>A?ADNK DQGlD<N9REV >A[EmANOI3GdIEV NO@O?fIAg
 Y<IE>w`J@O>wmdREYQ@%IKV > aAmA>dR3NO@CGH`vR|?AD|NCIKGULAFH@OPyD<FHIKGlREFJPIKV >A@CY<IKGD<GHT^DQV FJ@CY<IKGQ
G Z_ h f

G   Z_ h P O  f GHD<>-!;
G  Z_ h O f Y<IEG$
G  4  Z_ h O  f GJDQ>/9 4j
Z % g;!Kh
G Z_ h O O  f GHD<> ! ;
G  Z_ h P O e f GJDQ> YQIKG!;
G Z_ h O  f YQIKG e
b
G 4  Z_ h O e  f GHD<>- Y<IEG!94j
G 4 Z_ h O O  f GHD<> !94 ;

FREFH`JD?ADNORy@CPkLzIKFu`vRE>AYQ@sR?ADNCIKGREFJPIKV >A@CY<IKGlD<GuT%D<V FH@OY<IEG/jREYQDD<>}NsRkLfFJIKLA@CD<?dRe?}?AD|Y<IKPyLANODc`]@`]mA?bg

=Gu`vRkLfFJIKLA@CD<?dRe?bapDQ>5D<Gu`]D|Y^REGHIAapGH@O[K>f@CdY<R o mAD|Y<mdREN o mA@ODQF-T\mA>fY<@%IEV > Z hcaY<IK>xNsREG-GJmdY<@CD<>j`]DQGLAFJI
Lf@OD<?ARE?AD<G?fD(YQIK>j`]@C>_mf@O?dRE? a~DcBeRENOmdRe?dR5GJIKMfFJD$NsR5GHmALpDQFHdYQ@OD?AD$NOR5D<GHT\DQF]R*LAmADQ?AD(GJD<FDLdRE>A?A@C?dR*D<>
mf>dRxmA>f@CT\IKFHPkDQPkDQ>w`JD3Y<IK>jBKDQFJ[KDQ>j`]D ?AIEMANOD3GJDQFJ@CDk?ADSREFJPIKV >A@CY<IKG4DQGHT^DQV FJ@OYQIKG<aY<IK>fIYQ@O?dR$Y<IKPyI(GJD<FH@ODy?AD
{RELfNsREYQDEa

Z h = < G < Z h/
Z % g; h

<
@ Z_ hDQGlY<IK>AI_Y<@C?dRfaANCIKGUYQIDcdY<@CD<>j`]DQGLAmfD<?ADQ? >}GJDQFl@O>APyD<?A@ORe`vRePkDQ>w`JD/DQ>AY<IK>j`JF]RE?AIEGLzIKFD<NmfGJI3?AD
NOR@O>j`]DQ[KF]ReNb?AD"IKFH`JIK[KIK>ARENO@C?dRE?tZ % g  hvg
->dRyLfFJIKLA@CD<?dRe?(@CPkLzIKFu`vRE>j`]D o mf D9GJRe`]@CGHTREYQD<>(NOIKGlReFJP IKV >A@OYQIKGUDQGHT^D<V FH@OYQIKGlD<G<
G4 < Z_ hZ | h < G < A Z_ h/
Z % g; h
IK>fGJ@O?fD<FJDQPkIEG"R$YQIK>j`]@C>_mAREY<@^IKV >t?AIKG4?A@CFJD<YQY<@CIK>AD<G"DQ>YQIIEFJ?ADQ>dRE?dREG"LzIKNsReFJD<G/D<GHT^DQV FJ@CY^REG"D<>tmA>D<GW
LAREY<@CIy`JFJ@O?f@OPyD<>AGH@OIK>dReNaZ   hlrZ hg=NREV >A[KmfNOIyD<>j`]FHDNsREGl?AIEG/?A@CFJD<YQY<@CIK>AD<GNOIy?AD<>fIE`vREPyIKRG Q g
=Gu`]DREV >A[KmfNOI3G]Re`J@OGuTREY<D4NOR3GH@O[Kmf@OD<>j`JD4@O?ADQ>w`J@O?dRe?$`JFJ@C[KIK>AIKP DQV `JFJ@CY^R
Y<IESG Q Y<IEG  YQIKG GJDQ>  GJDQ>/ YQIKGZ  h/
Z % g; h
=N IRC5#Z!# C Z>!~ c!, C R R # ,R RedFHPSR o mAD

Z % g; h
Z\Y<IK@G Q h: C < 4 Z 9 h < G < Z   Jh G4 < Z h

}< /~Ej lW-(c-$4--:4

Z
Q
Y
K
I
@Q h 9 f G < Z   Jh G < A Z h
G
Z % g;(Eh

< 4
=>$`DQV FJPy@O>AIKG?fD9NCIKGLzIKNO@C>AIKPy@OIKG~?AD9{D<[KDQ>A?A FJD

\
Z
<
Y
K
I
@Q h: Z\Y<IKG  h ZYQIKG h ZZ  DD h#h#"" < ZYQIKG  h < ZYQIKG hfY<IKG D Z  h4
G

< 
Z % g; h
{R3D<YQmdREY<@^IKV >Z % g; hD<GlmA>(Y^REGHIkDQGJLzD<Y<@OREN?AD"NsRDQY<mdReY<@%IEV >Z % g& hvg
"!$#%+ 21y'*):157 0 0 .<'*+,/0 . ) 152 .<7 24+-'57+-,/0 . ) 152 21324):1*62
{IKGLzIKNC@O>AIKPy@OIEG?AD"{D<[KDQ>A?AFJD4GHIK>$GJIKNCmAY<@^IKV >?AD4NORD<YQmdREYQ@%IKV >?A@T\D<FHD<>AYQ@sREN Z g hvglFDQFJID<V Gu`vRDQGmA>dR
DQY<mdReY<@%IEV > ?A D/GHD<[Kmf>A?AI[KFJRE?AIAaw3LzIKF~`]RE>j`]I?fD<MzD/Dc@CGH`]@CF Ie`]F]R"GJIENOmAYQ@%IKV >bawNC@O>A%D< RENO^Py D<>j`]Dl@C>A?AD<LzD<>f?A@ODQ>w`JD
R NCIKG Z hg { R DQ>AY<IK>j`JF]REFHD<PyIKG$IKMAGJDQFHBeRE>A?fI o mADtNOIEGLpIKNC@O>AIEPk@CIKGk?fDt{DQ[KD<>f?AFJDGJIK> mA>Y^ReGJI
LAREFH`J@OY<mfNsREFp?AD:NsRT\mA>AYQ@%IKV >/rf@OLzD<FJ[ED<IKPDQV `JFJ@OY<Rfg=>|DcT\D<Yc`]IAaY<IE>AGJ@C?AD<FHD<PyIKGNsRDQY<mdREYQ@%IKV >LrA@CLpDQFJ[KDQIKPDQV `]FH@OY<R
[ED<>ADQF]REN
Q Q T
T l N l

N l V
U Ne N
N b
b Z h<Z N F U h Z
h<
Z U N 4h Z X U QWhQQZ N h e Z Z 4hQhQZZ V U h<hQZZ UF U 4h h T '
YQIK>(GJIKNCmAY<@CIK>AD<G
]\^
Z\[
U Q
Y
Q _
N N N
IE>AGJ@C?AD<FJRE>A?AIyD<NY<REGJIyLdREFu`]@OYQmANsReF
| U a `
Z % g;(EEh
t' N 6

N (a Q$ K a Q N 
o mAD9G]R`]@OGuTREY<D4NORY<IK>A?f@OY<@^IKV > $ N

N V QV Q N aANOR3DQY<mdReY<@%IEV > rf@OLzD<FJ[ED<IKPDQV `JFJ@OY<R o mAD<?dR
T  Z  h T '
T - q
e N Z/ h<Z h
N b
DQG?fD<Y<@CF
Z q <h T N b T N  Z  <h T 6
Z % g;  h
o mAD9D<GlNOR R#># C ! #5##!/#!5 KRyDQ>AY<IK>j`JF]RE?dR3D<>rZ ^ g < hg
ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co


IyD o mA@BeRENODQ>w`JD<PyD<>j`]D

ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

ejC%fy b- 4 9 4l:/4-

{IKGlLzIKNO@C>AIKPy@OIKG~?AD9{D<[KDQ>A?AFJD9GJD"LAmfD<?ADQ>}D<GHY<FH@OMA@CFD<>j`]IK>fY<D<G-Y<IEPkI3NsRT\mf>AY<@^IKV >
]^

`
9

Z
[
Z % g;!OKh
ZKh~ Y    s  _
FREF]R3D<>AYQIK>j`]FJREFl mA>dR3MdREGJDeadLANsRe>w`JD^REPyIKGLdReF]RNsRIE`JF]RGJIENOmAYQ@%IKV >b

g @ T  Z hcadDQ>w`JIK>AYQD<G

T Z h: Z h 9 c Z hA

N N
g-D<G]ReFJFJIENONOIY<IK>(Y<DQ>w`JFJIyD<> aAB:D^V REGHD"MdREGJD9Y^Re>lIKV >A@CY^Rfg
g-D<G]ReFJFJIENONOIY<IK>(Y<DQ>w`JFJIyD<> YQIKFJFHD<GJLzIK>A?fDR9GHD<FH@OD<Gl ?AD"R^NCIKF<g
T Zjh'
Sa T N ZKh'faAGH@  DQGLAREFFJDQGJmAN`vR Z\ G]RENBKI3Y<IK>fGH`vRe>w`JD%hg
T Zjh'Sa T ZKh'
N faAGH@  DQG@CPkLAREFFHD<GJmfNC`vR ZG]ReNCBKI3YQIK>AGH`]RE>j`]D^hcg
g  d>x?fD"`JD<>ADQF/ReNO[KImf>A@CBeRENCD<>j`]D"D<> Y<IE>AGJ@C?AD<FHD<PyIKG
 Zh
d Zjh:
Z % g Kh
4

d ZjhUG]Re`J@OGuTREY<D"NsRDQY<mdReY<@%IEV >x?A@T\D<FHD<>AYQ@sRENb?fD|{DQ[KD<>A?fFJDEg~=>}DcT\D<Yc`]IAa



Z
h
Z q h d N Zjh d N Zjh: Z{ h Z h Z Z h hu
4   q Z h 4 
Z h Z h | Z hA
 Z h
4 

Z q h Z h Z h X Z h
4
4

7 >j`JD<[KFJRE>A?AIyLpIEFLdREFH`JD<GlNsRLAFH@OPyD<FJR{ @O>j`]DQ[KF]REN

Z h d N Zjh d N Zjh: Z q h Z h Z h | 


4 
Z q h N Z h Z hI Z h  Z Z h h
4  Z h Z h
4

Z h N
4

ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co


}< /~Ej lW-(c-$4--:4
7 >j`JD<[KFJRE>A?AIy>wmADQBeREPyD<>j`]D9LzIKFLd{REFu`]D<GQ

Z h d N Zjh d N Zjh: Z h N Z h Z h |  Z q h N Z h N Z h

4  4 

{mADQ[KI

Z h d N Zjh d N ZKh  Z  h d Zjh

 Z h N Z h N Z h  Z  h Z h
4

F D<FHIDQNU@O>j`]DQ[KF]Re>A?AItD<GLAFHD<YQ@OG]RePkDQ>w`JD$NsR5D<YQmdREYQ@%IKV >?AD${D<[ED<>A?AFHDEa o mfD(DQ GG]Re`J@OGuT\D<YRrdRtLpIEFNOIKG a
NCmAD<[EIyDQN@O>j`]DQ[KF]Re>A?AI3D<GlY<DQFJI3

Z % g f h
Z h d N Zjh d N ZKh  Z  h d Zjh:'
{REGT\mA>AYQ@OIK>ADQG d ZjhGJIK>kNsR !Cj# C U$_R#># C K#!5 gZ % g jh GJD-LAmADQ?AD
FHD<DQGJY<FH@OMA@CF<

d Zjh: Zjfh e Zjh d A Zf hA

Z % g j Rjh

4
YQIK>
e Zjh: 
Z % g j Mdh
4  ZKh Z h
d
A Zf h:
Z % g j Y^h

D"`J@ODQ>AD
epZjh: NO>Z h  NC>Z- h NO>Z q h NO> e
b
hg 4 
o mAD9D<GlmA>f@CBeRENOmARE?AID<>$`]I_?AI3D<NLfNsRE>Ag I3YQIKPkLfNODqHIfafG]ReNCBKI3DQ>xNOR3FHD<Yc`vR |" adNOmADQ[KI
epZjh~NC> /q e GJRENCBEIkDQ> 9| g
Z % g K h
b

=N>wmAPyD<FJRE?AIKF/?AD d A DQGmA>*LzIKNO@C>AIKPy@OI?AD[EF]RE?AI  apxGJm*?fD<>AIKPy@O>ARE?AIKF-D<Gmf>*LpIKNC@O>AIEPk@CI?AD

[EF]RE?AI g D9LfmAD<?AD9PyIKGH`JF]REF o mAD d A D<GlmA>(LpIENO@O>fIKPk@CI?AD4[EF]RE?AI q D<> fg  G<XV aANOR3GHD<[Kmf>A?dR
@C>j`]D<[EF]RENbDQ>Z % g j RjhDQGlmA>xLzIKNC@O>AIKPy@OI9D<>y?fD9[EF]RE?AI q gl@O>dRENCPkDQ>j`]DEa

d Zjh: ZjhfNO> e  Zjh

Z % g E h

YQIKi>  ZjhUmA>(LpIENO@O>fIKPk@CI?AD"[KFJRE?AI q Y<IK>(Y<I_DQAY<@ODQ>j`]D<G-FJD<RENODQG<g

FReF]R | k j3 a Z % g E h >A IKGlLzD<FJPy@C`JD"Red FHPSREF o mfD
d lZ j- h: d +Z j  h f +Z jjh/
Z % g Eh

)REGH`]RyYQIK>AGJ@C?AD<FJREFD<NYQ@OFHY<mA@`]I3D<>$`]IKFH>AIyRENbLzIKNOIDQ>

ejC%fy b- 4 9 4l:/4-

-1

+1

m nCdjw @ D<GlFJD<RENa adD<>j`]IK>fY<D<G d Z h on g

djw )UReGH`vR(IKMAGHD<FHBeREF o mADSDQN~REFJ[KmfPkDQ>w`JI}?ADQN:NOIK[jReFJ@C`JPkISD<> Z % g E hD<G9GJ@CD<Py LAFJDyLpI
GH@C`J@CBKIfaLAmAD<G$DQN/>wmAPyD<F]Re?AIKFSD<N/?fD<>AIKPy@O>ARE?AIKFkGJIK>qLzIKGJ@`]@BKIKGtZ\>AD<[KRe`]@BKIKG]hkGJ@ Z hg
g DEg ?bg
o

DQ>AIKPy@O>dREPyIKGlRyNsREG-GJIKNCmAY<@CIK>ADQG d ?fDNsR3D<YQmdREYQ@%IKV >5?fD{D<[KDQ>A?AFHDEa #CR#!5

!D4 NOREGRIDcRLA#FH D<g GJ@CIK>ADQG/DcLANV YQ@C`vReG"Z % g j RjhaZ % g j Y^h rZ % g E hvaA>AIe`vREPyIKG mAD
X
o
d Zjh: NO> /q e
Z % g K h
b
d  Zjh: NO> q e
Z % g EEh
b

F I?ADQPkIEG-m`]@ONC@On<REF4Z % g jh LdReF]R3D<>AYQIK>j`]F]ReF-mf>dRyDLdRE>AGH@%IKV >(D<>(GJDQFJ@OD4LAREF]R d g:=>xDcT\D<Yc`]IAa

d Zjh:  l
Z hA
4 p
@ a
g




d Zjh: e Z hA
 4b
MAGHD< FuBKD<PyIKG o mfD-`JI?AIEG~NCIKG`DQV FJPy@O>AIKG:YQIK>  D<>kNsR4GJmAPkR"GJIK>kY<D<FHIAa_?AD<MA@C?AI|R9NOR9IKFu`]IK[EIK>dRENC@O?dRE?
?fD Z h  g~Mf`JD<>ADQPkIKG-REG<XV
8 8

d Zjh: 8  8  
YQIK>
g  g
4  Z hA
4 
=>(LdREFu`]@OYQmANsReF<a

8  Z hA
4 
w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

ww

}< /~Ej lW-(c-$4--:4

J   Z Cq h
Z h: J *     
GHD9`J@ODQ>ADEaA?ARE?dR3NsRIKFu`]IK[KIE>dRENO@C?dRE??fD Z hY<IK>(LzIKNO@C>AIKPy@OIKG~?AD"[KF]Re?AI3PkDQ>AIKF o mAD  a

8  J % J  * Z 9   q h  Z h Z hA t J  * Z 9   h 9
4
=G-?AD<YQ@OFQa

8  Z 9  " h#"$"

Mf`]DQ>A[jREPyIKGmA>AR3FHD<NOREY<@^IKV >$?AD"FJD<YQmAFJFH D<>AYQ@sR3LdREFJR d Zjhg =>([KD<>fD<F]ReNa

d
q p NO@Cq r P Zjh~6  6fa ^^

D<R ) g

Z  h d 8  dZ 9 h d  d 4 
Z  h 8 dZ C h  %NO> / ZLzIKNO@C>AIKPy@OIwhU


4  b e
=NbTREYc`]IKFDQ>j`]FJD9LdREF_D<V >j`]DQGJ@CGYQmdRE?AFJRE?AIKGlD<GlYQD<FJIfg D^R
` g:=>j`]IK>AYQD<G
 q p NC@Oq r P Z\LpIKNC@O>AIEPk@CIwhl
NCmAD<[EIyDQNLpIENO@O>fIKPk@CI|DQG>wmANCIAglFIEFl`]RE>j `]IAafLdREF] R`JI?AIZfa
Z  h d 8  dZ 9 h d  d 4  '
Z % g  h
sut< \ D^R 9 g:=>w`JIK>AYQD<G
% Z h

ReNPkDQ>AIKGD<> 9| g~{IEGY<I_DQdYQ@OD<>j`JD<G-?AD" NsRDcLdRE>fGJ@%IEV >xDQGH`ReV >x?dRe?AIKGlLpIEF


Z
h

= b  e 4  Z C h d Zjh
NCmAD<[EI
% Z 9 h Z h d Zjh
Z % g OKh

m nCdjw wZ v
x djw h-=:N?AD<GJREFJFHIKNONCI*Z ^ g OjhlDQGBREV NO@C?AISDQ>DQN@C>w`JD<FH@OIKF-?ADNORSD<NC@OLAGHD
YQIK>$T\IYQIKGlD<> o mAD9LdREG]R3LzIKFJf
ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co


IEPkI

ejCi_ 4zyU~ 4/ /o{c3|W 3



Im(t)
z

-1

Re(t)

ww

w.

Fi
s

ic

aA
.

co

"!$#%LQ }6 0C~ .<2 Y 7 152 8'*6 Y  , 0 '(,..<2 70 0 +-,<71 0

F I?fD<PyIKGlD<GJYQFJ@CMA@OFUNORD<Y<mAREY<@^IKV >$?AD{DQ[K{ D<>A ?fFJD"D<>(NsRT\IKFHPSR
Z h  k 36
Z % g;E!Kh

|
YQIK>(NsRY<IE>A?A@OYQ@%IKV >$?AD"MzIKFJ?fD
Z h~d>A@`]I$
Z % g;E h
=Gu`]I5YQIKFJFHD<GJLzIK>A?fD$RxmA> LAFHIKMANCD<PkRx?ADSREmf`]I%BeRENCIKFJDQG?ADkmA> IKLzD<F]Re?AIKF9?A@CT\DQFJD<>fY<@sReNREm`]IjRE?qHmA>j`]IAa
FHD<GHmANC`]RrGJDQFFJD<NCDQBeRE>j`]D}D<>qGJ@`]mdReY<@OIE>AD<Gk?AD*@O>j`]DQF_DQV GSTuXV GH@OY<Ifg  N-MAmAGHY^REFGHIKNOmAYQ@OIK>fD<G>AI`]FJ@B_@sRENCD<GyGJD
DQ>AY<mfD<>j`]FJR o mAD"NOIKGlRemf`]I%BeRENOIEFJD<G?fD<MzD<>}GJRe`]@CGHTREYQD<F
K Z  h/ 


Z % g;E h
o mADkNsREG9GJIKNCmAY<@CIK>ADQGY<IEFJFJDQGJLzIK>A?ADQ>RxNCIKG|LzIKNC@O>AIKPy@OIEG?AD{DQ[KD<>A?fFJDEa Z hcaLAmAD<GNOIKG d Z h">AI
GJRe`]@CGHTREYQD<>(NsRYQIK>A?A@CY<@%IEV >?AD|MzIKFH?AD4@OPyLAmADQGH`vRg