udka'gif;

udak 'gif;\ ppfyJG

armifxif

19

udka'gif;

udka'gif;um; aoavNyD/ udka'gif;onf oufawmf&m

ausmf n
S yf gapownf;/
owaA' tvdt
k m;jzifh ppf[o
l nf vdt
k yfaom "rwm
jzpfaMumif;ESihf owaA'zm;cGyJ garmuwu
Ykd qdMk uuke\
f / rdr\
d
rsKd ;qufjyefyY mG ;a&;twGuf vH;k yrf;aomtm;jzifh C&m0gotrIukd
ow0gwdYk jyKMuuke\
f / xkC
d &m0goudk taMumif;jyK vlOD;a&
wdk;aom tusdK;w&m;onf jzpfay:vm\/ vlOD;a&wdk;aom
tusdK;w&m;aMumifh obm0axmufyHhrIonf avQmhyg; vm&
avonf/ obm0tiftm; csdKUwJhonfESifhtrQ 0doravmb
xlajymvm&onf/ avmbaMumifh a'gorD;tSed f awmufonf/
a'gorD;avmifaomaMumifh arm[rIdif;wufonf/ xdktcg
avmb? a'goESihf arm[wdo
Yk nf oH;k OD;om; &ifqikd
f emewfo;D ESihf
ypfcwfMuav&m vlwo
Ykd nf aoausysupf ;D usuek \
f / vlO;D a&vnf;
avQmyh g;oGm;jyefonf/ ajrqDMoZmwdv
Yk nf; jyefwwfvmonf/
obm0tiftm;vnf; jyefBu;D rm;vmonf/ obm0axmufyhH
rIaMumifh wpfzefvOl ;D a&wd;k &jyefonf/ xkaYd Mumifh txufu
qdck o
hJ nfeh nf;twdik ;f *smat;udk olYtardkufonfh Zmwfvrf;
Bu;D udv
k b
Yl 0ZmwfBkH u;D vl[al om Zmwform;wdu
Yk y&dowfyJG
awmif;aomaMumifh aemufwpfcsDxyf ujy&jyefownf;/

ppfyGJ

ppfjzpfjcif;\taMumif;&if;onf ocFg&puf0dkif;twGif;
*smat;olYtardkufovdk w0JvnfvnfaeyHkudk udka'gif;vdk
awmom;ygrTm;u odkY aTPfawmf pl;pl;a&mufa&mufESifh
awG;rdrnf r[kwfacs/
udka'gif;awG;rdorQrSm ]igvacG;ES,f? omoemou&mZf
wpf0ufrrS usKd ;ao;bl;/ odMum;rif;&JU 0&Zdev
f ufeufu w,f
aqmfoa[h} [lownf;/
odkYaomf uREfkyfwdkYonf olYtmabmfudk rsufrSef; &rf;q
omajymEkid af wmhrnf/ uReaf wmf twwfoo
d rQrmS um; udak 'gif;onf
NyD;cJhaom urmppfBuD;udk GHUSmonf/ rkef;wD;onf/ tjrifuwf
onf/ urmppfBu;D \ aemufq,
G u
f uyfygvmaom rw&m;rI?
t"rrIwdkYudk atmhESvHk;emonf/
]t*Fvdyfajy;ya[h} [laom toHudkMum;onfESifh wpfNydKif
euf udka'gif;onf tSift*Fvdyftpdk;&rif;wdkY\ aus;awmfrsdK;?
uReaf wmfrsKd ;yDyD olt
Y Sio
f cifaumif;\ pHerlemud,
k
l anmif
vdrfbufodkY atmifjrifpGm qkwfcGmoGm;avownf;/
odEYk iS v
hf nf; t"rro
I nf udak 'gif;tm; rcHcsd tcHomjzpfatmif
rvGwfwrf; uvdvdkufao;onf/
xdktcsdeftcgum; cdk;udk;&mrJhaeaom tcsdeftcgwnf;/
t*Fvdyfvnf; pGefYvTwfcJhNyD/ *syefudk,fawmfjrwfvnf; ray:
vmao;/vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfqkdonfudkvnf; em;rQavoH
rMum;pzl;/ NrdKUtkyfNrdKUcsKyf ykvdyf ponfwdkYonfvnf; t*Fvdyf
vnf;aysmuf olwdkYvnf;aysmuf ajc&momvQifaemufum
usef&pfcJhavNyD/ tuGyftuJrSdonfhtcsdefumvjzpfav&um;
,kwrf mnpfywfaom vlBu;D vlaumif;wpfO;D onf ocifawGwuf
vmvQif cHcszdkYqdkNyD;udk;vHk;usnf? ajcmufvHk;usnfESifh usnfr
BuD;rsm;udk pkaeaomtcsdeftcg jzpfownf;/

udka'gif;

&yfay:Gmay:Sd wpf&mhu;kd wpf&mhwpfq,fwo

Ydk nf xkd
,kwrf maom vlBu;D vlaumif; ykvyd v
f x
l u
G \
f MoZmudck ,
H u
l m
wkw?f ukvm;? u&iftrd rf sm;udk wufp;D "m;jywdu
k &f if; vk,ufa&;
tzGJYBuD;udk wnfaxmifzGJUpnf;vsuf rMumjrifhaom tem*wf
vlrsdK;tcsif;csif; aoG;uGJrIrsm;udk zefwD;vsufSdavownf;/
xkdodkYaomtcgor,xJwGif udka'gif;\ yavuyf
vkcH snfonfvnf; rsKd ;zsu"f m;jy*dP
k ;f om;wd\
Yk vufcsurf S rvGwf
uif;EdkifSmay/ raumif;rIonf aumif;rI\ukyfudk cGpD;aeonfh
tcgudak 'gif;\ yavuyfvckH snrf mS odMum;ykq;kd wdrrf ;D cd;k r[kwf
acs&um; "m;jyaemufoYkd aumufaumufygatmif vdkufoGm;
Smonf/
wpfaeYaomf udak 'gif;onf abmif;bD*w
G u
kd o
kd m 0wfNy;D
vQif anmifvrd rf S uReaf wmfwx
Ykd H yke;f vQKd ;0Suv
f QKd ;ESihf vmonf/
udak 'gif;udMk unhyf g/ trJtw
l bufonf ol\ xdyaf jymifukd
vuf0g;BuD;tkyfxm;ygonf/ pGyfNyJtuFsD vnfyif;pkwfrSmrlum;
udak 'gif;\ jym;uyfaeaom &ifbwfuk d wG,
f xm;onf/ twGi;f cH
abmif;bDcw
G rkd mS wpfcgzl;rQ vlawmxJ rsuEf mS jyzl;onf rSad om
aMumifh Suu
f ;kd Suu
f ef;ESihf udak 'gif;\ cg;ywfywfvnfukd twif;
zufxm;onf/
olu
Y kd ta0;uaeNy;D aoaocsmcsmMunfv
h Qif b,f ol
ESifh wlovdkvdkSdonf/ odkYaomf trSwfwrJhMunfhvQifum;
udak 'gif;onf ukad 'gif;ESihf wax&mwnf;wlvyS g\/ tb,faMumifh
qdkaomf ol\rlydkifjzpfaom vufrwdkuav;u ol\ eef;Zmwd
kyftoGifudk tpOfyif azmfay;aomaMumifhjzpf\/
odEYk iS yhf if uREyfk v
f nf; &,fumarmumESihf udak 'gif;tm;
vHkcsnfrsm; ay;vkduf&ygao;onf/vHkcsnfxnfvJ&NyD;aemuf
udak 'gif;vnf; aygufrvmawmhyg/ rd;k wGi;f wpfr;kd wGi;f vH;k a,muBu;D

ppfyGJ

v,fudk pyg;aps;usonfhtywfESifh rDatmif ukef;vkyfae

onfukd od& uREykf rf mS rNyKH ;bJ 0g;vH;k uG&J ,fvu
kd rf yd gao;onf/
odkYaomf olESifh a&pufrukefEdkifyg/ 'dkYArmtpdk;&tzGJYwiG f aA'if
q&mu trIppf&mZ0wftyk v
f yk Nf y;D "m;jyrIppkH rf;jcif;aMumifh "m;jyawG
vGwfvyfa&;&aeaom avmu\tqifrajyyHkudk Munfh&if;
rwfwwf]rlw;l }wko
Yd nf uREyfk w
f \
Ykd Gmudk a&mufvmav&m uREykf rf mS
NrdKUa&;twGuf Asmyg&awG rsm;aeojzifh udka'gif;wpfa,muf
oufu,faomifoYkd vlysKd vn
S t
fh oGm;wGif avSmw
f wfEiS hf tckwf
cH&onfh Zmwfvrf;BuD;udk ar;jref;pHkprf; &rnfhudpudkyifvQif
rar;rjref;tm;yg/
wpfaeYaomf udka'gif;onf uRefawmfxHodkY qdkufqdkuf
NrdKufNrdKuf aygufvmNyD;vQif uRefawmfESifh awGYvQifawGYcsif;
cGufxdk;cGufvef &,favonf/
]]udk,fhvl bmjzpfvmwmwHk;}}
]][m-[m- rajymcsifygbl;uGm}}
udka'gif;\ ]rajymcsifygbl;} [laompum;rsdK;onf
tawmf aMumufp&maumif;onf/ rajymcsifygbl;uGmqdkNyD;
ajymrnfhajymawmh cifpdefudk rawmfwa&mfawG a&;qGJjycJhyHkudk
ajymwwfonf/
]]rajymcsifvJ aevAsm}}
]]r[kwfygbl;uGJU/ igu AdkvfwJrSm XmetkyfvkyfwJh
taumifeYJ ighyavuyfvcHk snu
f kd wku
d o
f mG ;wJh "m;jyacgif;aqmifu
*syefawGudk zufvSJwuif;eJY xrif;auR;aewmawGY&vdkYyg}}
]]a[h-vl? awmf-wef-wdw/f 'Dpum;rsKd ;rajymeJ/Y usKyw
f Ykd
wdkif;jynfrSm AdkvfuscsifwJhvlwdkif;[m *syefaom bmaom
nmaom ppfyGJppfOD;rSmqdk&if vlrdkufeJY vlBu;D vlaumif;xJu
vlq;kd vlru
kd u
f Akd v
kd x
f ifrmS csn;f yJ/ raumif;rI wGiu
f s,w
f ahJ cwfrmS

udka'gif;

,ck *syefvufxufu MoZmBuD;"m;jy AdkvfawG[m aemifb,f

olyJ jrefrmjynf0ifvmvm rsufESmBuD;MuOD;rSmyJ pdwfcs/ cifAsm;
odoavmufjrifoavmufajymoaGUawmh *syefa&aEG;t
avmif;cH&OD;rSmyJ}}
wkwfwjyuf "m;wjywfESifh acsmif;dkufwwfonfh
a,mufzavmif;rsm;tMum;rS atmifjrifpmG xGi;f azmufEikd af om
owo
d nfuakd 'gif; Sd ;kd rSeyf g\/ odaYk omf *syefa&aEG;oHMum;
&aom tcgol\ arSmifrnf;aomrsufESmrSm aoG;qkwfoGm;
ojzifh jzLa&miforf;vmygonf/
,ckrlum; udka'gif;onf 0#fuRwfayNyD/ rw&m;aom
ppfBu;D udk jrefrmvlrsKd ;taeESihf cHrwdu
k Ef ikd af omaMumifh uRef
acwftwGi;f uReZf mwfcif;cJ&h olyyD D ppfBu;D udk vufajrm uf
vdkuf&ayNy/D ,if;odYk vufajrm uftI;H ay;Ny;D onf\ tjcm;rJh
udka'gif;onf vlwkdif;vlwdkif; &tyfaomtcGifhta&;jzpfonfh
ajcmufaypwk&ef;rQSdaom ajrBuD;atmuf qdwfokOf;aom
okcudk wif;jynfu
h syjf ynfch pH m;um ajrwGi;f atmif;vQuf Syd gNy/D
odkYaomf 'kwd,urmppfBuD;wGif olonf cRif;csuf
rSd tHI;ay;vdkuf &onfrSefaomfvnf; xdkurmppfBuD;rsdK;xuf
tqt&mwpf a xmif r u jyif ; xef a om r[mppf y G J w G i f
udka'gif;onf AdkvfcsKyfvkyf awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf tEdkif,lum
atmifao atmifom;ukd qefeDt&ufESifhjrnf;&if; ususee
pm;cJhzl;ygonf/
twdwfudkaqmif&aomf odkYwnf;/
rdacsmonfvnfaumif;? cifpdefonfvnf;aumif;?
anmifvdrfolonfvnf;aumif; udka'gif;\ vufOD;q&mrrsm;
jzpfav&m udka'gif;\ uapmf&nfzHk;vTrf;aom OD;aESmufxJ
xdk q&mrrsm;\ t&dyfta&mifonf BudrfvHk;udk udkifum

ppfyGJ

tNrJwap wapajcmufjyvsufSdonf/
'Dvdkom igae&r,fqdk&if rjzpfzl;vuGm/ tcspfOD;
qdkwm vGJ&ifvGJwwfwmyJ/ 'DvdkvGJvdkY &ifxJ[mae&if igrae
wwfbl;uGJY/ 'DtMum;xJrSm tpfudkawG tpfrawGu wdkufwGef;
jyefawmh r*Fvmtcrf;tem;eJY ususee ykqdk;wef;wif tMuif
vifr,m;b0a&muf&jyefua&maygh}}
]]tvdkav;...udk,fhvlu ususee tdrfaxmifjyKcJhzl;
ao;oudk;/ tdrfaxmifuswm[m acsmufuswmyJ}}
trSefrSm uRefawmfonf udka'gif;ESifh rQ&if;ESD;yg
vsufESifh udka'gif; odkY tuster*FvmaqmifcJhzl;onf qdk
onfudk ,ckrS em;Sd qwfqwfMum;rdygonf/
]][m..[m udk,hfvlu rdef;r,lzl;ao;oudk;}}[k uRef
awmfu pvdkufygonf/ uRefawmfu 'DvdkceJYvdkufvQif ol
pdwfqdk;oGm;rnfvm; atmufarh prdjcif;jzpfygonf/olurl]]at;a[h- igrdkufrdwmygyJ/ 'grsdK;qdkwm wpfcgom
rkduf&rSmuGJU/ iguawmh rajymygeJY/ xyfcgxyfcg rdkuf&wJh
t&omuav;[m ylyltkduftdkufxJrSm [dkufpuif; pm;vdkuf
&ovdkyJuGJU}}
udka'gif;uJhodkYaom awmom;tzdkY tkdufpfu&if;vdk t
&omrsdK; vQmzsm;rSmvm awGY&onfrSm ukodkvftawmfxl;
vSygonf/
udka'gif; tdrfaxmifusonfhtcgwGif uRefawmfrSm ol
i,fESyfpm;tG,frQyif SdOD;rnf/ taMumif;tcGifhoifh uRef
awmf\arG;ordciftm; ar;Munho
f nft
h cg udak 'gif;\ rde;f rudk
a&;a&;rQrSef;qEdkifygonf/ ydefydefyg;yg;? zsufzsufvufvuf?
pum;oGufoGuf? tom;ndKndK udak 'gif;xuf touftenf;
i,fBuD;onf/ tqif;rvSaomfvnf; ,Of p pS d o nf [ l

udka'gif;

udak 'gif;u olrY ed ;f rudt

k rTe;f wifavho
dS nf/ odaYk omf uReaf wmf
rSwrf o
d aGUrSm olrY ed ;f r\rke[
Yf if;cg;onfpm; tawmfaumif;
onf/
uRefawmf\ OD;av;awmfwpfa,mufxHrS &Sdaom
owif;wpf&yftqdkrSm cspfpcifpb0wGif udka'gif;u rkefYBudwf?
udka'gif;u rkefYnpf? udka'gif;u rkefY[if;cg;[if;&nfcsuf?
udak 'gif;urke[
Yf if;cg;awmif;Bu;D udk aSUwpfqikd ;f aemufwpfqikd ;f
xrf;NyD;aps;odkY ta&mufydkYay;umrS udka'gif;rdef;ru EIwfoD;
aumif;vQmyg;aps;onftjzpfESifh rkefY[if;cg; a&mif;onf/
udka'gif;crsm tawmfyifyef;Smonf/ eHeufapmapm
tkPfrwufrD x&onf/ aps;trD rkefY[if;cg;ydkY&onf/ tjyef
rkefYBudwf&onf/ xrif;vnf; eHeufpmnpm rdef;rtwGuf csuf
&ao;onf/ yGJvrf;SdjyefvQif nudkyg tvkyfvkyf&jyefonf/
xdkYaMumifh olYtzdkY npOfnwdkif; ajcypfvufypf tdyf&onfrSm
tm;r&Edkif/ r,m;rSdwkef;rSm tpfudk\o&ufO,smOf0,fom
,mat;jraom t&dyfatmufwGif tem;,l&if;tdyfvdkuf ao;
onf/
udka'gif;rdef;rrSmum; qdkcJhonfhtwdkif; zswfzswfvwf
vwf? EIwfoGufoGufESifhrdkY &yfxJGmxJ a,mufsm;rdef;r tod
rdwfaqGtvGefrsm;onf/ vlysdKumvom;uav;rsm;udk ol
ydktav;ay;onf/ odkYESifhvnf; r,m;0wf ausyGefaomudk
a'gif;udrk u
l m;rsuEf mS om ray;acs/wpfcgwavav; auG;csnhf
eJYaom udka'gif;udk pdwfrSnf rkefY[if;cg;arTaom 'vufESifh
wpfcsufwpfcsuf dkufrdonf/ xkdtcg udka'gif;u rwkefrvIyf
ESihf ][J-[J} [k udak 'gif;&,fonf/ olrY ,m;u uEGu
YJ & yGwo
f ;D
yGwfoyf&,foHrsKd;[k r,lqEdkif/ udka'gif;uawmh oabmus
&,fonfqdkonf/ olYrdef;ru oufouf t&GJUwdkufonf[kqdk

ppfyGJ

onf/
tdrfrSm wukwfukwftvkyfvkyf&onfrSm NiD;aiGYzG,f
aumif;onf/ GmeD;csKyfpyf yGJvrf;obifrsm;odkY aps;a&mif;&ef
r[kwb
f J taysmt
f yg;oufouf yGo
J mG ;Munh&f onfrmS pdwaf jy
vufaysmufjzpfonf/ odaYk omf udak 'gif;vdk rwkerf vIyf ausmuf
kyfrsdK;u r,m;tm; onf;nnf;cHNyD; tvdkufoifh tvsm;oifh
aygif;oif;jcif;onfom Ni;D aiGzY ,
G af umif;onf/ yGv
J rf;obif
aysmfyGJTifyGJwdkYolYudk tazmfac:&vQif b,frSm aysmfp&m&SdEdkif
yghrwkef;/
xdkYaMumifh udka'gif;rdef;ru udka'gif;udk tdrftapmifh
cdkif;NyD;rdrdGmrS tjcm;wyg;odkY xGufxGuf vnfwwfonf/
xGufvnfNyD; tdrftjyefrSm udka'gif;u qlqlylylvkyfvdkufvQif
cspfpcifpMuifemp vifr,m;tjzpfESifh vQmESifhoGm;awGY &ef
jzpfvu
kd &f vQi
f avmuBu;D onf tawmfyif pnfpnfum;um;
&Sdrnf[k udka'gif;rdef;ru awG;rdonf/
yGJMunfhonfwGif aoQmifwpfapmif;xHk;xm;aom vl
ysdKBuD;rsm;? rkqdk;zdkrsm;ESifh awGY&onfhtcg udka'gif;rdef;ronf
tawmfauseyfrdonf/ txl;ojzifh rkqdk;zdkrsm;u olwdkYrdef;r
awGESifhvifr,m;&efjzpf owfMuykwfMuNyD; waysmfwyg;BuD;
aecJhyHkrsm;udkajymMum;vQif udka'gif;rdef;r\ taMumrsm;rSm
Sdef;wdef;wdef;zdef;wdef;wdef;ESifh "gwfvdkufoGm;wwfonf/ vlysdK
umvom;wdkYESihfvnf; awGYMuHKcJhzl;&onfrSm wpfcgESpfcgoHk;
av;cgqdkovdkjzpfonf/ 'DvdktaumifawG[m cspfvdkufrSjzifh
t&rf;csnf;yJ/twif;a&m t"r/ tdk-tuFsDawGpkwfukefyghr,f/
[Jh-igu vifeJY om;eJYaewm/ [Jh- tJovdk jynfGmrSm aMunm
xkwfwmawmifrS oif;wdkYaemufrqkwfbl;/
udka'gif;rdef;ronf vli,fvlG,f vlysdKBuD;rkqdk;zdkBuD;

udka'gif;

rsm; rdef;rESifhawGYvQif tb,frQtouf0ifvmonfudk pl;prf;

avhvmNyD; udka'gif;\ rwkefrvIyf ][J..[J..[if;. .[if;}
paom t"dym,f,wrSdaom tvmyewdkYudk EdIif;,SOfMunfhrd
aomtcg THUovdkvdk pufqkyfovdkvdk jzpfvmonf/
txl;ojzifh udka'gif;aSU olYbufua,musfm; rdwf
aqGrsm;ESifh wkef;kef; usDp,faeonfudkyifvQif udka'gif;u
w[J[Jw[if;[if;ESifh rwkefrvIyfaeonfhtcg udka'gif;
rdef;ru udka'gif;tm; ikwfusnfayGYESifh aygufvdkufcsifonf/
oif;wdkYu a,musfm;r[kwfava&mhovm;/ 'Du
avmufdk;vGef;? tvGef;? evGef;vQif a,musfm;vkyfaezdkYawmif
raumif;bl;/ [Jh-aumifr vmprf;/ 'g eifhvifawGvm;/
a,musfm;udkaSYrSm ajymifajymifxm;NyD; 'Duavmuf rEkD[
Zmwfcif;aewm igrodbl;rSwfovm;/ [Jh az[Jh? armif[Jh/
udka'gif;u tJovdkvdkqJqJNyD; ezl;uGJatmif? yg;usdK;atmif?
ab;atmifah tmif xd;k du
k f aqmifh qGNJ y;D t,kwt
ewawGEiS hf
ckEpS t
f rd Mf um; Spt
f rd Mf um;vlwumESihf orkwu
f m pGypf v
JG u
dk &f if
]r,m;aep aMumifaorS}qdkwJh t&omuav; awGY&rSmyJ/
tJovdk vifr,m;&efjzpfNyD;awmhrS r,m;uvifudk
]]udk,fr[kwfbJeJY rpGyfpGJeJYawmh}}qdkNyD; rsuf&nfcHxkd;um Sif;
vif;jyvdkuf&rnf/ tJ'Dawmhvifu ]]rdef;r&m igvufvGefoGm;
ygw,f/
b,fae&mxdovJ}}qdNk y;D xdyaf ygufacgif;uGaJ wGukd xH;k
eEGif;eJYodyfay;&rnf/ 'DawmhrS r,m;u ][ifh-[ifh-}eJY xyfcRJ
awmhudka'gif;ieJu aemifw&NyD; r,m;&ifcGifxJ acgif;uav;
xdk;xdk;ay;&if;ESifh odkY udka'gif;rdef;r pdwful;aumif;wkef;rSm
tvdkufrodwwfaom udka'gif;u ]][J..[J..xrif;usufNyD}}
qdkNyD; xrif;jyifNyD;aMumif;udk r,m;tm; vm oHawmfOD;wif

ppfyGJ

10

aeonf/
]]b,fuavmuf aomufjrifuwfp&maumif;wJh zdeyf
pmvJ}} [k udka'gif;rdef;ru pdwfxJwGif atmfqJvdkufonf/
udka'gif; onf[mrsdK;awGudk pdwful;aezdkYtcsdefrSd/
eHeufvif;vQif rkefY[if;cg;? aps;xGufcsdef rkefY[if;cg;? aps;odrf;
csdefrkefY[if;cg;? tdyf&m0ifcsdefrkefY[if;cg;[l pdwfpJGaeav&m
tdyfrufxJrSmyifvQif rkefY[if;cg;udk tuGif;vdkufjrifae&onf/
tdk;tdrfxlaxmifp tcgqdkonfrSm odkYuvdk tvkyfudk oJoJrJrJ
BudK;pm;rS om;orD; wdk;vdkYwGJavmif;rSm vleJYoleJYwlatmif
xm;Edik af yrnf/ olu ud,
k x
hf ufBu;D awmh olu
Y t
kd pfrBu;D t&mrSm
xm;rnf/ ol rkefY[if;cg;a&mif;wwfvdkYaygh? udk,fwpfa,muf
wnf;onfvo
kd m avmurSm pcef;oGm;&rnfq&kd if b,fjzpfEikd f
yghrvJ/
wpfaeYaomf rde;f ru taMumif;wpfck
dS GmwpfmG odYk
udak 'gif;udk apvTwv
f u
kd o
f nf/ bmudk &rnfmS Ny;D b,fuv
kd w
T f
vdkufonfudk uREkfyfrrSwfrd/ odkYaomf 'gu ta&;rBudD;/ odkY
jzpfrdef;rtBudKufvdkufum ajcjrefvufjrefESifh tvkyfudk Ny;D
pD;atmifvyk o
f nf/ tvkyrf mS rSe;f ajcxufapm Ny;D aomaMumifh
ae0if&Dwa&mrSm jyefvmonf/
,ckuREfkyfwdkY Hk;teD; o&ufyif usdK;wdk;usJwJ ae&m
onf ,cifu udka'gif;\ a,mufzawmfrsm;ydkifaom O,smOf
jzpfonf/ rSwfrdao;awmhonf/ xkdO,smOfae&mudk avsmfaMu;
ESifh tpdk;&u odrf;,laomtcg udka'gif;\a,mufzawmfrSm
ajypmwGif vufrw
S o
f m xk;d vdu
k &f onf/ b,faTUb,frQ &oif&h
xdkufonfudkrodvdkuf&[k qkdzl;onf/ odkYaomf pmtkyfzwfol
wdkUudk udka'gif;taMumif;ESifh olYrdef;rtaMumif; ajymjyzdkYom
vQif uREyfk f tcGit
hf a&;So
d nfjzpf&m udak 'gif;a,mufz avQmf

udka'gif;

11

aMu;&r& jyemudak b;csw

d x
f m;cJNh y;D udak 'gif;udk cyfow
k o
f w
k f
tdrfjyefcdkif;&acsawmhrnf/
cyfokwfokwfjyefygqkdorifhvnf; O,smOfodkY udka'gif;
a&mufonfh tcsed t
f cgum; oli,fww
d q
f w
d cf sed jf zpfonf/ xdn
k
awmfawmfuav; arSmifonf/ a,mufzawmfrSm O,smOfajrudk
tpdk;& tNyD;tydkifrodrf;rD GmxJ tdrfoGm;aqmufaeaom
aMumifh O,smOfxJ udka'gif;rdef;rwpfa,mufomSdonf/ rdef;
rudktdrfrSm xm;cJh&onfrSm pdwfrcszdkY tvGefaumif;yguvm;/
tckrSyJ awG;rdawmhonf/ odkYaomf udka'gif; pdwfrcsonfrSm
wapukd pdwrf csjzpfonf/ ocsKi ;f uke;f ESihf wpfzufprD Ykd rawmf
wq wapvmajcmufvQif b,fhES,fvkyf&ygh/
]]tJ'Dnu pdwfxJuawmh wpfrsKd;yJuGm/ rD;a&mifrSdwf
wkwu
f av;u ighu
h kd jrefjrefvmzdYk tcsuaf y;aeovdyk /J ig,smOf0
a&mufawmh a,musfm;oHvdkvdkMum;w,f/ tJ'geJY ajcoHrMum;
atmif eif;NyD; wHpufNrdwfatmufrSm cdk0ifvdkufw,fqdk&ifyJ
vm;-vm;-a[h tcef;xJu bmoHvaJ wmh rodb;l uGm/ [m;.[m;}}
odaYk omf udak 'gif;u onftxd olrY ed ;f rudk b,foEl iS rhf Q
rOyg'fao;yg/ olrSdwkef; aMumuf wpfa,mufa,mufudk
tazmf ac:tdyfonf[kxifrdonf/ xkdYaMumifh udk,fhtdrfrdkY
udka'gif;&J&Jwif;wif;BuD; wufvdkufonf/
tcef;0 rD;cGufrSm a&eHqDukefcgeD; rD;oD;rsm; a<u
aeonf/ tcef;0rS tdy&f modYk vSr;f Munfv
h u
kd af omtcg udak 'gif;
rde;f rrSm xbD&ifvsm;ESih f Sad eonf/ teD;wGif ,cifutdrv
f maeus
rkq;kd zdk ud[
k 'kd if;u nm'l;ay:wGif nmvufuw
kd ifum udak 'gif;
aomufaeus aq;ayghvdyfBuD;udk twGifzGmaeonf/ udka'gif;
rdef;ru oeyfcg;a&usJ vdrf;xm;aom rsufESmESifhudk[dk'if;
aq;vdyfaomufaeonfudk Munfhaeonf/

ppfyGJ

12

]]aq;vdyf aq;pyfuav;u w,faumif;wmyJ? olY

a,musfm; i,fi,fuav;twGuf apwemawGydkNyD; vdyfxm;
wm xifyg&JU}} [k a,musfm;u ceJYonf/
]]trav;awmf-olYtaMumif; xnfhrajymprf;ygeJY/ yg;
pyfxJ vufndK;xnfhvdkYawmif rudkufwwfwJhow0gBuD;rdkY
uRefrjzifhav Sifhudk tNrJawmifhwaewmyJ}}
um; udka'gif;rdef;rtoHjzpfonf/ udka'gif;u 'D
toHudk Mum;&aomtcg ]]ighrdef;rrS[kwf&JUvm;vdkY atmufarh
rdao;ouGJU/ trSefrSmawmh olighrdef;rr[kwfawmhbl;uG}}[l
uRefawmfhtm; aemufaMumif;jyef&if; ajymjyygonf/
odaYk omf olajymyHu
k cyfat;at;yif/ ESajrmwoaom
toHrygyg/ odaYk omfvnf; {uE udak 'gif;onf r pdwjf zifrh eT Nf y;D
'def;'vdef;ewfyl;um iSufBuD;awmif"m;udkqGJ rormaom
vl,kwfudk okwfoif&efoEd|mefjzifh csKyfwnf;xm;onf[k
uRefawmfxifrdonf/
udka'gif;rlum; xdktoHMum;onfESihfwpfNydKifeuf ][J[J}r&,fcsifh&,fcsif &,fvdkufonf/a,musfm;ESifhrdef;rrSm cg;
ydkufEIdufwkef; ykvdyfrdoGm;ovdk tHhtm;oifh Muufaoao
aeMuonf/
ESpfOD;om; ajy;aygufrSmEdkifawmhNyD/ olcdk;rSm cdk;xkyf
cdk;xnfESifhrdae tdrfSifoabmtwdkif; vkyfvQifcHzdkYyif Sdyg
awmhonf/olYpdwfxJwGif *wfudkjrif&onf/ *wfrSHk;udka&muf
onf/ Hk;wGifw&m;olBuD;u axmifwpfESpf xpfwpfaESmifvdkY
pD&ifcsufcsonf/ axmifuvGwf &yfxJGmxJ jyef0ifvm&m
r,m;cdk;[l uav;i,frStpvufnKd;xdk;Muonf/
][J-[J} [k udka'gif;u &,fvdkufrS r,m;cdk;rSm owd
jyefvnfvmonf/

udka'gif;

13

udka'gif;rdef;rurlum; wkwfwjyuf "m;wjyufjzpfNyD;

udka'gif;u a'goykefxvQif vifudk b,fvdkrlNyD;cRJ&yghrvJ[k
awG;aeonf/ toufrSdwJhxif;wHk;BuD; 'Dwpfcg touf0if
awmhrnf/ ckrS r,m;udkcspfrSef;odawmhrnf/ ckrS r,m;tvdk
rjynfhbl;qdkwm oif;odrnf/ oif; ighudk trSefcspfonf/
'gaMumifh 'Dvdktjzpfudk jrif&vQif 'def;'vdef;ewfyl;NyD; ightay:
&rf;um;awmhrnf/ yg;dkuf? zaemifhESifhayguf? vufoD;ESifhxdk;?
'l;ESifhwdkuf? vSdrfhuef? qHyifqGJ? tJovdk ol ighudk trsKd;rsKd;ESdyf
pufawmhrnf/olEydS pf ufv0Ykd awmhrS igu rsu&f nfcx
H ;kd Ny;D rm,m
wpfodef;tyvdef;teEeJY jrLNyD;qGvdkuf&&if 'DawmhrS ighvif
aysmhusoGm;NyD;]][J-[J-[J-[J}}[k avSnfqGJvdkufaom udka'gif;\
toHonf olrY ed ;f r\ npfywf,w
k rf maomtMuu
H kd ajymifacsmf
acsmfESifh oa&mfvdkufonf/ rdef;rrSm aigufceJ xxdkifonf/
rd;k BuKd ;ypfonf[k xifvu
kd o
f nf/ du
k yf w
k q
f q
J o
kd nft
h jzpfxuf
yd
k qd;k awmhrnfukd olov
d monf/ udak 'gif;u tNy;D tydik f 'DtrI
udk pD&ifNyD; ESpfOD;pvHk;udk owfrnfqdkvQif owfxdkufygonf/
udak 'gif;taMumif;udk udak 'gif;rde;f r aumif;aumif;od
onf/ &ufpufawmhrnfqv
kd Qif NrKH ppd Ed iS hf &,foaH y;wwfonf/
{uE aozdkYomjyifaya&mh/
]][J-[J- eifwEYkd pS af ,muftaMumif; tpu igrodv/Ykd
'Dvdkqdk apmapmu ajymygawmhvm;]]
[kwyf gw,f/ 'Dvt
kd &,frsK;d [m aorif;udk qifph mcsNy;D
ac:wJhtoHrsKd;yJ/ oif; ighudk t[kwfowfawmhr,f/ roum
udk,fhr,m;uav; wpfcgwavazmufjyefwm oabm&Sd dkuf
qHk;rzdkYyJ &Sdygw,f/ oabm&SddkufNyD;rS rSm;aMumif;0efcs&if
a,musfm;u tEl;tGwfcGifhvTwfzdkYvnf; Sdwmaygh/ 'Dvdk

ppfyGJ

14

cGifhvTwf&if aemifwpfoufvHk; udk,fhvifuvGJNyD; ]][J-[J- ujrif;r ightdyf&muxGuf/ [Jh-[dkaumifBuD;

'DtouftG,fBuD;eJYrsm;uGm Mumcdkw,fvdkY/ usKyfwdkYvli,fawG
ujrif;zdkY csefxm;ygOD;/ xGufqdkxGufv[m ESpfa,mufpvHk;}}
tif;...t,lcv
H aYkd wmh &r,fu
h pd r [kwNf y/D xdaYk Mumifh
rdef;rESifh a,musfm; ESpfOD;om; tjyifxGuf&onf/ olwdkY bmudk
b,fvv
kd yk Nf y;D jyefajym&rnfrod? udak 'gif;\ trdeu
Yf o
kd m emcH
wwfawmhonf/ trSefrSm ESpfa,mufpvHk; Zufpif;cdkif;NyD;
"m;ESiyhf ikd ;f owf... trav; rawG;0Hah wmhygbl;/ w&m;ydik rf if;
jrefjrefom pD&ifawmfrlygbk&m;/
ESpfOD;pvHk; udka'gif;MoZmudk wpfoa0rodrf; vdkufem
onf/
]][J-[J- usKyfapmapmuod&if apmapmu NyD;yg
w,f}}[kudka'gif;uqdk&if;ESifh olYtdyf&macgif;&if; "edyspfMum;
nyfxm;aom iSufBuD;awmif"m;udk Ekwf,lonf/
'k-o-e-aomBuD;u 'l;wkefoGm;onf/ olYyg;pyfrS
awmif;yeforH sm; rxGuw
f pfcsuf xGuw
f pfcsuf xGuv
f monf/
]]'Dvdkawmh rvkyfygeJYarmif&,f? rSm;wmvJ rSm;wmaygh?
jyKot
l opf jzpfot
l a[mif;qdw
k mvd.k ..}} ]]aomufpum;awG
<u,fraeeJ/Y acG;om;Bu;D oGm;-aSUu?[dak umifr eifv
h ifaemuf
uvdkufav/ bmai;aeovJ]][ludka'gif;u trdefYay;jyef
onf/
udk[dk'if;uaSUu? rdef;ruaemufu ESpfOD;om; &if
xJrmS zdv
k suEf iS hf jcjH yifbufavQmufc&hJ onf/ yg;uGut
f mPmom;
udka'gif;um; iSufBuD;awmif"m;udk vufudkifwkwfyrm ajrBuD;
axmufum [efvTJ&if; vdkufvmonf/
udak 'gif;a&SUrS trdu
k Ef pS af umifEiS hf y@m&aom tarSmif

udka'gif;

15

onf O,smOfywfvnf wpfavmuvHk;udk zHk;vTrf;vsuf Sdaomf

vnf; O,smOfaSUwllu awmwef;uav;\ [dkrSmbufSd
ocsKif;ay:u xHk;okwfNyD;p*lwpfckudkrl vHk;vHk;aysmufoGm;
atmif rvTr;f rd;k &Smay/ trdu
k Ef pS Of ;D wdYk oHo&mc&D; vrf;rrSm;
&atmif ocsKif;rSjzLazG;aom*lu rSwfwdkifozG,f jyvsuf
Sdonf/
0l [laom acG;tlorH mS wrifoufoufaighNy;D Snv
f sm;
pGm qGJ tlvdkufaomtoHESifh wlovdkvdk/
Aka'g ar o&PH? "arm ar o&PH? oHaCm aro&PH
[l a om avoH r sm;onf azmuf j ym;ol E S p f O D ; \ yg;pyf r S
zspfnpfum xGufay:vmonf/ oif;wdkYESpfa,muf udk,fh
taMumif;udk,fod? udk,fhuHMurm udk,fjrifNyD; udk,fhudk,f
ud,
k o
f &PH*P
k w
f ifaeMuNy/D odaYk omf udak 'gif;rSm xdt
k oHwu
Ykd kd
rMum;/
iguawmh om;rSwfrSwf r,m;rSwfrSwf aygif;cJhonf/
tdrfaxmifa&;qdko[m [dk[meJYcsnf;NyD;Muonfr[kwf/ vif
&,fr,m;&,fqdkNyD; vlwvHk; olwvHk;jzpfzdkYu ta&;BuD;onf/
iguawmh t[kwfrSwfaeonf/ awmfao;&JU/ apmapmu
ydkufqHrukefbJ taMumif;odvdkuf&onf/ odkY cyfqifqif
udka'gif;awG;aecdkuf O,smOf0odkY a&mufvmMuonf/
O,smOfaSUwnfw
h nfu
h vrf;aMumif;rSm ocsK i;f uke;f odYk
ydaYk qmifaom jzwfvrf;jzpfonf/ O,smOf\ b,fbufoYkd ajzmifh
wef;pGm pDaeaomvrf;rSm GmESihf ;kH udk qufxm;aomvrf;rBu;D
jzpfonf/
rdkufom;0olESpfOD;tzdkY &mZ0wfaumifwdkY oGm;&m
vrf;jzpfaom ocsKif;vrf;onfomvQif olwdkYoGm;zdkYvrf;
jzpf o nf [ l tonf ; pG J , l q xm;NyD ; jzpf a omaMumif h xd k

ppfyGJ

16

ocsKif;vrf;odkYqif;oGm;Muonf/
[J-[J ydkufqHrukefbJ taMumif;odvdkuf&NyD/ ydkufqH
rukefwJhtjyif olu ighudk rkefY[if;cg;a&mif;NyD;auR;vdkY vufxJ
rSmaiGtawmf pkaqmif;NyD; usef&pfvdkufao;onf/ edyf[/
onfae&mrSm udka'gif; oabmusoGm;NyD; [m;-[m;[m;-[m; [k pdwfxJu usdwf&,fvdkuf&m toHukefxGufoGm;
onf/
ocs K if ; uk e f ; vrf ; aMumif ; ud k vd k u f a eol E S p f O D ; rS m
udka'gif;\&,foHudkMum;&m vefYNyD; ESpfOD;om; &yfaeonf/
wGifrS udka'gif;onf ol\ &mZ0wfaumifESpfOD;
vrf;rBuD;ay:rSdbJ csKHykwfESpfckMum;u ocsKif;vrf;ay:a&muf
aeonf awGU&onf/
]][,f[,f[J- [m;[m;? eifwdkY b,fcsKHawmwdk;ae
wmvJ/ [dkaumifru vifpdwfrTefNyD; udk,faeYwdkif;oGm;aeus
Gmvrf;udkawmif rrSwfrdbl;vm;/ eifwdkYESpfa,muf 'DvdkyJ csKH
awmwdk;aeusrdkY aomufusifhrsm; ygvmwmvm;[Jh/ [m;[m;}}
udka'gif;u [uf[ufyufyuf &,fjyefonf/
]]odygbl;awmf usKyfu usKyfwdkYudk ocsKif;ukef;ac:NyD;}}
ae&m udka'gif;rdef;ru aSUqufajym&rSm aMumufGHUaom
aMumifh avjzwfxm;onf/
]][m;-[m;-[m;-[m; ocsKif;ukef;ac:NyD; eifwdkYudk
bmvky&f rSmvJ/ [m;-[m; ig ckraS wG;rdw,f eifwu
Ykd kd owfrvdYk
atmufarhovm;/ ighiu
S Bf u;D awmif"m;[m eifweYkd rYJ wefb;l [J?h
eifwdkYudk b,frSmowf&OD;rSmvJ/ eifwdkYudk 'PfcwfzdkY usefao;
w,f}}
'k-o-e-aomBuD;u rowfawmhbl;qdkonfudk em;
vnfvmojzifh pum;aumif;Mum;&rvm; atmufarhaewkef;

udka'gif;

17

'Pfcwfrnf Mum;&jyef pdwfr&Snf jzpfoGm;onf/

]]uJuG,f rif;ay;csifwJh'Pfay;yg}}
]][m-[m? usKyfu 'PfcwfzdkY tmPmrSdbl;/ w&m;
apmifhwJhewfawGu cwfvdrfhr,f/ cifAsm;wdkY toufSifaeorQ
umvywfvHk; avmui&JBuD;udk cHpm;&atmif usKyfvTwfvdkuf
awmhr,f}}
ud[
k 'kd if; &if0u tvH;k Bu;D usomG ;onf/ odaYk omf rde;f r
u 'Dv'kd PfcwfwmrsK;d r,HMk unfEikd /f 'Dvv
kd w
T v
f u
kd w
f ,fqw
kd m
olYtay:rSm udka'gif;u vHk;vHk;pdwfrukefao;vdkYyJ/
]]'Dvdkqdk&ifvJuG,f wpfcgwpfav rSm;wJhOpm olvJ
olYtdrfoljyef? udk,fvnf; udk,fhtdrfudkjyefaygh}}
]][m;-[m;-[m; bm&rvJ/ igajymNy;D ygyaum/ 'Dupd
apmapmu igod&if apmapmNyD;ygw,f/ eifhcspfolaemuf eif
vd k u f w migMunf j zLygw,f [ ,f / &S d B uD ; cd k ; yg&J U / rif ; igh
aemufawmh jyefrvdkufygeJY}}
rde;f ronf tu,f udak 'gif;u iSuBf u;D awmif"m;ESihf
ol\ tltonf;udak rT owfcv
hJ Qif olv
Y if tcspBf u;D vdYk trsuf
BuD;&onfqdkNyD; olY0rf;AdkufudkarTaom udka'gif;\vufudk om
,maomoabmjzifh yGwfoD;yGwfoyfvkyf&if; ausaus eyf
eyfBu;D toufxu
G o
f mG ;ayrnf/ ,ckvikd gMunfjzLygw,f[,f
[l a omypf y pf c gcgpum;onf ud k a 'gif ; \rd e f ; rud k iS u f
BuD;awmif"m;ESifh t&if;ydkif;rS ydkif;vdkufonfxuf qdk;aom
aMumifh udka'gif;\rdef;ronfarSmufxdk;vJavownf;/
umrabmifudk rdwfzGJU avmui&JxJ wpfvSrf;csif;
0ifvu
kd o
f l xdrk ed ;f ronf trdu
k \
f 'PfaMumifh arhajrmum usef
&pfcJhavonf/
udka'gif;um; NcHxJodkY 0ifvmcJhavownf;/

ppfyGJ

18

eHeufvif;aomf udka'gif;\tr*Fvmowif;onf
t&yfxo
J EYkd yYHS sH UoGm;avonf/ aemufwpfntzdYk udak 'gif;onf
C&m0gotaESmiftzGJUudkawmfvSef awmfvSefa&;udk t&
,laomtaMumif;udk ,dk;r,fzGJU o&ufO,smOf0,f tazmf
taygif;wdkYESifhtwlbl;oD;ESifh Muufom;qDjyefcsufum qefeD
t&ufjzifh pm;yGJxdkif&if;ppfolBuD;wdkif; atmifjrifEdkifcJaom
atmifyGJudk wcrf;wem; 0SJcsD;qif,ifusif;yjcif;tm;jzifh avS
um;oH k ; xpf q if ; NyD ; aom vl y sKd t jzpf \ tcsKyf t jcm
tmPmydik o
f abmudk vlod iS Mf um;aMunm vdu
k af v ownf;/

udka'gif;um; aoavNyD/ udka'gif;onf oufawmf&mausmf

Snfygapownf;/

armif x if ]ud k a 'gif ; } 0w K &S n f ? 1999 azazmf 0 g&D v ?

q|rtBudrf? yg&rDpmayrSxkwfEIwfwifjyonf/