Chng 15 THIT K IN CHIU SNG

B N 15.1 Nhng iu cn nhc trong thit k. a. Khi qut chung. Quan st hnh 13.1. Thit k phn in cho h thng chiu sng l nn tn cho qu trnh thi cng lp t cho h thng in. Vic thi cng lp t thc t phi c thc hin da trn nhng cn nhc c a ra t giai on thit k v phi c chp nhn l ph hp. Mt s khng gian yu cu chiu sng tng th thng nht, nhng khng gian ny c chiu sng theo phng php quang thng, ri trung bnh. Mt s khng gian khc li yu cu chiu sng cc b yu cu phi tnh ri im-im v mt s phng php khc c p dng cho nhng khu vc hn ch tnh ton. b. c im ca n. Cu to ca bng n hoc thit b chiu sng gm hai phn: phn v c nh,bo v v in kh ha ngun sng; th hai l phn trc quang iu khin nh sng ng ra ca n (ngha l chuyn hng nh sng pht ra ca n) bi v hu ht cc ngun sng pht ra nh sng u tt c mi hng. Cc c tnh ca b phn x, vch ngn, ng knh, ca l v nhng chi tit quan trng khc s c tho lun sau y. Tuy nhin, vi nhng i hi khng tng thch ca cc nghnh ngh khc nhau,vn la chn n i hi s cn nhc, so snh gia c im ca n v tnh hiu qu kinh t. dng. Thc hin mt la chn thng minh trong s hng trm cc thit b chiu sng thng mi, l iu hon ton cn thit m cc nh thit k cn lm i hi h phi am hiu c nhng yu cu c th ca ca ng dng v c im iu khin nh sng ca bng n ang c xem xt. 15.2 c im phn b thit b chiu sng. Lc ny ta nn xem li ng cong phn b cng sng (mc 11.14). Hai ng cong hnh 15.1a v 15.1b l kt qu th nghim thc t ca hai n hunh quang . Khng c mt thit k bng n no l l tng cho phn ln cc ng

Hnh 15.1a l n hunh quang y phng, cho thy n c kh nng chiu sng vi mt din tch rng, do cho php khong cch treo n cao t l (S / MH) (1:4) l thng nht chiu sng. nh sng c chiu xung tp trung th hn s sc nt. S lng nh sng trn 45 nh, ngha l hiu qu cao, c th tng ko sng ch l s khuch tn, t b chi bi nh sng khng b phn x li bi cc vt xung quanh. Hnh 15.1b l n hunh quang y trn chiu sng khng ng u v khong cch treo n l gn hn m bo tnh ng nht trong chiu sng quy nh ti mc 15.5. Hnh ny cho ta thy mt s lng ln nh sng chiu ngang (trn 45 ) cha ng nh sng chi tim nng do s tn x ca cc vt xung quanh. Cch chiu sng ny tng i khng hiu qu, v sn lng nh sng ngang suy gim nhiu bi s phn x trc khi n mt phng lm vic.

Hnh 15.1 n hunh quang chiu sng na trc tip.( hai n, mi n 32W, hnh lng tr) (a) nh sng tp trung xung di, sc nt, u theo chiu ngang. (b) nh sng khuch tn, rng v khng u theo chiu ngang.

450 Che chn vi vch ngn ngang

Hnh 15.2 Cc kt lun ny t c da trn s quan st: 1. Tnh ng nht ca chiu sng yu cu cng gc trn thp nht (00 tnh t chiu doc). be greater than the intensity at 0 so that location-points distant from the fixture centerline obtain the same illumination as those below the fixture (because illuminance varies inversely with the square of distance). This is exactly the case with the flat-bottom characteristics of Fig. 15.1a. Therefore, such fixtures can be spaced more widely than the units of Fig. 15.1b. 2. Chiu sng t hiu qu cao khi cho nh sng chiu thng xung mt phng lm vic (t 0 n 45 theo chiu dc). nh sng trn 450 chiu n tng v ch chiu n mt phng lm vic sau khi b suy gim. 3. S khuch tn tn ti khi nh sng chiu ti mt phng lm vic t nhiu hng. iu ny i hi nh sng b phn chiu t cc bc tng, sn nh ti mt phng lm vic. Do i hi n c nh sng u ra cao hn 450 so vi chiu doc.

4. chi trc tip gy ra bi nh sng pht ra mc cao gc (v d, trn 45 theo chiu dc). chi trc tip t n hunh quang tuyn tnh c th c gim thiu bng cch t song song vi trc di ng ngm 5 lowangle

Gi n

B N HUNH QUANG

Gc chn

Gc chn

Hnh 15.3 n hunh quang khng cn bc chn bi v sng ca n thp. i vi n T12 45 x 35 chiu ngang/ chiu dc c che chn nh hnh v l tuyt vi. i vi n T8 45 35 cn phi c che chn bi v sng c nh theo hng ngang (a) cao hn so vi hng dc(b). Ngi ta c th dng mi hoc vch ngn che chn.

15.3 iu khin nh sng ca n. a. n c bc chn. Tr mt s trng hp ngi ta mong mun s dng n trn to sng long lanh trong trang tr, tt c cc n trong ni tht phi c che chn .(hnh 11.19). Tt nhin n trn l sng nht v nh sng ca n c chiu xung trc tip v ty thuc vo gc nhn (gn hay xa mt, kch thc ca bng n), thch ng ca mt. Phm vi s dng n c cho bng 11.3. Theo nguyn tc chung, bng n si t 6 W v ln hn l ngun nh sng chi trc tip v cn phi trnh. Ch gi tr ghi trn chi n ng vi sng ca trn l 34-W. n ng hunh quang T12 (T12 fluorescent tube, which accounts for the fact that bare-lamp fluorescent fixtures are well tolerated. However, when such a fixture is relamped (and reballasted) with a more efficient, better CRI,) n hunh quang T8 c sng vt qu 10.000 cd/m2, n s tr thnh mt ngun ca nh sng chi trc tip gy chi lm suy yu kh nng th lc. Che chn cc loi n c thc hin bi v/cha , hoc tm chn v ca l (Xem hnh 15.2 , 15.3 v 15.4) n hunh quang cn c che chn nht khi c t ngay tm ngm, khi nh sng c ri trn ton b chiu di ca n. Nh vy n cn cc vch ngn theo chiu dc, v hoc ca l che chn.

Fig. 15.4 Shielding elements. (a) The most basic shielding element is the lamp reflector, which may double as the fixture body. (b) Shields perpendicular to the long axis of a linear fluorescent lamp are normally called baffles. They are less important than lengthwise shields (louvers) because endwise lamp luminance is lower than crosswise luminance. (c) Two-way shielding is most effective but significantly lessens luminaire efficiency. (From B. Stein. 1997. Building Technology, Mechanical and Electrical Systems, 2nd ed.; reproduced by permission of John Wiley & Sons.)

b. Cha iu quan trng l hiu c chiu tia sng ca n qua gng phn x. Cc hnh dng c bn v s sai lch ca chm sng c minh ha trong cc hnh. 15.5 n 15.7. Hnh 15.6 Fig. 15.6 that the so-called pinhole downlight requires an elliptic reflector to focus the light through this hole at point f2 in order to maintain even minimal fixture efficiency. Elliptic reflectors are large, and frequently the space above the ceiling is too restricted for their use. Lamps with integral elliptic reflectors can be utilized with a standard baffled reflect

Fig. 15.6 (a) Action of an elliptical reflector section. With the light source at focal point f1 the light converges at the other focal point, f2. This effect is useful in fixture design, as in (b). By projecting light up only (through the use of a silvered bowl lamp) the output light can be redirected through a constricted aperture at the other focal point, with little loss. This design is the basis of high-efficiency pinhole downlights.

c. Vt liu lm cha n. Cho n ngy nay vt liu lm cha n c hai loi: sn bng mu trng cho b phn ng vai tr phn x cho cha n v nhm phn quang. Xem hnh 15.5 n 15.7. H s phn x cho c hai vt lu trn l tng ng nhau, khong t 0.84 n 0.88 khi cn mi v sch Neither, however, is truly specular; the paint finish is actually primarily diffuse, whereas the aluminum is principally specular.

15.4 n khuych tn (n nh sng tn x)