ရခိုင္တန္ေဆာင္ေဆာင္းပါးမ်ား (ဦးဦးသာထြန္း)

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18
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30
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88
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4
&cdkifjrefrmy@dwfq&mBuD;
OD;OD;omxGef;\ twKywd

6
ajrmufOD;NrdKUbk&m;ordkif; (1301-ckESpfyHkESdyf)OD;&mZfawmif bk&m;BuD;ordkif;

(yHkESdyf)? ajrmufOD;NrdKUbk&m;ordkif;usrf; jyifqifjznfhpGufcsuf(yHkESdyf) (1952-53)?
&udKiftrsdK;orD; ol&Jaumif;twKywd (1953-54)(yHkESdyf)? &udKif&mZ0if oacF
yusrf; (1954-55)yHkESdyf? 0oJbk&m;ordkif; (yHkESdyf)? &Sifowfbk&m;ordkif; (yHkESdyf)
wdkYudk yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/
&udKifuAsmaygif;csKyf? &udKif&mZ0ifvuFmbmomjyef? &udKif'*Fg;rsm; bm
omjyef? &udKifjynf"mwfawmfbk&m;apwDrsm;ESifh ajrmufOD;NrdKUwefcdk;BuD;bk&m;rsm;
ordkif;usrf;pmrlrsm;udk a&;om;jyKpkNyD; b@ma&;0efBuD; qmOD;xGef;atmifausmf
odkY ay;tyfcJhonf/
tHawmfodrfbk&m;ordkif;usrf;? oJxufbk&m;ordkif;? xD;awmfrdk;bk&m;ordkif;?
abmif;'Gwef wfawmif bk&m;ordik ;f ? a0omvDb&k m;Bu;D ordik ;f ? odraf wmfBu;D bk&m;
ordkif;? r[mxD;bk&mordkif;? yg;awmfbk&m;ordkif;? bk&m;ay:bk&m;ordkif;? oQpf
aomif;bk&mordkif;? r*Fv"mwfa&Tulbk&m;ordkif;wdkYudk vuFmpum;ajyarmfuGef;
ponfwdkYjzifh a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/
"n0wDr*Zif;udk pmwnf;ESifh t,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0ef,lxkwfa0cJhonf/
"n0wDpmapmif? "n0wDr*Zif;? &cdkifwefaqmifr*Zif;? rEav;jynfolU*sme,f?
&efuek rf *Zif;? pHak xmufr*Zif;? ,Ofaus;rIpmapmif? &cdik rf *Zif;? ppfawGaumvdyf
r*Zif;? &cdkifjynfe,fpmapmif 0&mZfajrr*Zif;wdkYwGif OD;OD;omxGef;? OD;ol&d,
ponfhuavmiftrnfrsm;jzifh aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJhonf/
NrdKUapmifhewfa'0wmAvD ylaZmfusrf;? teed'gef; aq;usrf;? &cdkifpnfjyK
vkyfyHkESifh wD;uGufwD;vHk;rsm;? uAsmrsm;? pkaygif;pmwrf;? &cdkifxdrf;jrm;r*Fvm
yef;wsm; wD;vHk;wD;uGufESifh jyKvkyfyHk twdkif;twmpmwrf;? &cdkifowfyHkowfTef;
cGJxm;jcif;t"dym,fxGufyHkpmwrf;? &cdkifykavG(>yD)trsdK;rsdK;wdkYudk jyKvkyfyHktwdkif;
twmpmwrf;? Ak'ylZed,qDrD;cGuftu? oDcsif; uAsmponfwdkYudk a&;om;jyKpkcJh
onf/
qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIusrf; (rlMurf;)? &cdkif&mZ0if (rlMurf;)? &cdkiftu&mqif;ouf
vmyHkusrf; (rlMurf;)? &cdkifausmufpmaygif;csKyfusrf; (rlMurf;)? &cdkifjynfbk&m;
ordkif;usrf; (rlMurf;)? &cddkifrif;om; a'gif;rmwif(rlMurf;)? t&SifOD;jr0gusrf;
q&mBuD; OD;OD;omxGef;udk &cdkifjynfe,f? ajrmufOD;NrdKU anmifyifaps;&Gmae

(tb) OD;aumif;pH&TD? trd a':atmif<uZHwdkYrS 1917-ck Edk0ifbmv 23-&uf?
aomMumaeYwGif zGm;jrifcJhonf/ wpfOD;wnf;aomom; jzpfonf/
i,f&G,fpOfrSp tbdk;jzpfol &mZ0ifq&mBuD; OD;omxGef;atmifu &cdkif
&mZ0if? aq;usrf;? euwfusrf;? yl&mPfusrf;rsm;udk EIwfwdkuftm*HkoifMum;ay;
cJhonf/ e0rwef;wGif ynmoifMum;aepOf zcifuG,fvGefoGm;ojzifh ausmif;rS
EkwfxGufvdkuf&NyD;aemuf &[ef;yk*dKvf? vlyk*dKvfwdkYxH ou#? ygVd? ordkif;? tif;?
aA'ifESifh tjcm;avmuDynm&yfrsm;udk oifMum;avhvmqnf;yl;cJhonf/
1950-ckESpfrS 1955ckESpftxd rlvwef;ausmif;q&mtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyf
udkifcJhonf/ 1955-ckESpfrS 1977ckESpfxd ajrmufOD;NrdKUa&S;a[mif;okawoeXme
cGJwGif &cdkifjrefrmy@dwftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ ,ckvuf&SdajrmufOD;
a&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkufBuD;rSm q&mBuD;pkaqmif; wnfaqmufcJhaom
jywdkufBuD;jzpfonf/ 1977-ckESpfrS 1983-ckESpfxd ajrmufOD;NrdKUa&S;a[mif;
okawoe XmecGJwGif tMuHay;yk*dKvftjzpf qufvufwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
1980-ckESpfrS 1983-ckESpfxd wl;azmfcJhaom &cdkifa0omvDNrdKUa[mif; wl;azmf
rIvkyfief;wGif udk,fwdkifudk,fusyg0ifwl;azmf aqmif&GufcJhonf/
ordkif;jyKpk&mwGifvnf;aumif;? Ak'tEkynm Art of Ancierb Arakan pmtkyf jyKpk

&mwGifvnf;aumif; yg0ifulnDcJhonf/
1959-ckESpfwGif a&'D,dkrS &cdkiftoHudk pwiftoHvTifhcJhonf/ wdrfjrKyf
aysmufuG,fcJhNyDjzpfaom &cdkif,Ofaus;rI tarGtESpf &cdkifordkif;? &cdkifpmay?
&cdkifdk;&m"avhxHk;wrf;pOfvmwdkYudk urmuodatmif &SmazGpkaqmif; avhvm
azmfxkwfcJhonf/
xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcJhonf/
&cdkifol &cdkifom;rsm;wdkYudkvnf; &cdkif,Ofaus;rItarGtESpf &cdkifordkif;?
&cdkifpmay? &cdkifdk;&m"avhxHk;wrf;pOfvmwdkYudk &SmazGpkaqmif; avhvmazmfxkwf
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q&mBuD;um; &cddkif,Ofaus;rItarGtESpf? &cdkifordkif;? &cdkifpmay? &cdkifdk;&m
"avhxHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;udk topfwpfzef jyefvnfarG;xkwfay;cJhaom bcifBuD;
wpfOD;yif jzpfonf/
q&mBuD;onf 14-8-90 aeYwGif ppfawGNrdKU uG,fvGefoGm;cJhygonf/ q&m
BuD;ZeD; a':rpdefomESifhom; udkausmfxGef;atmiftjyif orD;av;OD;usef&SdaecJh
ygonf/
(rlMurf;)? &cdkifrif;orD;{csif; &Sif;vif;csuf(rlMurf;)? Asm,fpmwrf; (rlMurf;)?

ausmufawmfNrdKU aovm*D&Darm&yAwawmifajc&if;rS awGU&Sd&aom ausmufqpf
vuf&mrsm; okawoejyKcsuf (rlMurf;)ponfwdkYudk a&;om;jyKpkcJhonf/
MopaMw;vsEdkifiHtrsdK;om;wuodkvfokawoD PAMELA GUTMAN \
ANCIENT ARAKAN usr;f jyKp&
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a&mzwfqmAf&f (BERNOT) tm; &cdkifyHkjyif vdyfuefzm;r0wKESifh usD;jzL&Gm
pmwrf;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;? t*FvefEdkifiH ygarmuOD;vSodef; (ac: *ReftdkuJvf
tm; apwDtaqmufttHkESifh eef;taqmufttHkqdkif&mpmwrf;udk vnf;aumif;?
tar&duefEdkifiH tm&Sazmifa';&Sif; twGif;a&;rSL; a';ApfpwdrfAm;pftm; a0om
vD ausmufkyfwk qif;wkwdkY\ ESpfaygif;Mumanmif;rI wdkif;wmrIpmwrf;udk vnf;
aumif;? *syefEikd if yH garmu tdEk w
kd kd EI iS hf &cdik pf um;ajym av,lavodr;f toHxu
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oef;a&mif;0,fcJhMuyHk pmwrf;udkvnf;aumif; a&;om;jyKpkulnDcJhonf/
EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&,Ofaus;rIXmeESifh tjcm;yk*dKvfrsm;tm;vnf; OD;rif;Edkif\
jynfaxmifpktuya'ompmtkyf (1959-ck)&cdkifaw;oHpmtkyf (1965) &cdkif
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; jzpfpOfESifh "avhxHk;pHrsm;pmtkyf wdkif;&if;om;,Ofaus;
rI dk;&m"avhxHk;pHrsm;? &cdkifjynfe,f b@mwdkufBuD;rsm;usrf;? &cdkifdk;&mpnfESifh
wl&d,mwD;uGufrsm; pmwrf;? jrefrma0g[m&tbd"mefusrf; jyKpk&mwGif a0g[m&
pmvHk;rsm;ESifh t"dym,fzGifhqdkcsuf? usrf;udk;um;csufrsm; pmtkyfjyKpkjcif;? 197677ck &cddkifjynfe,faeY? &cddkifjynfe,fatmifvH? &cddkifjynfe,fwHqdyf? &cdkifdk;&m
usm;^r 0wfpHkpmwrf;? &cdkifjynfe,f jzpfpOfordkif;? ajrmufOD;NrdKU jzpfpOfordkif;?
ajrmufOD;vrf;TefponfwdkYudk yg0ifulnDa&;om; jyKpkcJhonf/
txufwef;ynmOD;pD;XmeTefcsKyf(Nidrf;)ygarmuOD;pHomatmiftm;vnf;
1972-ck? tbd"rm aumufEkwfcsuf yk&ydkufudk rdkufcdkzvif dkufESdyf&efvnf;
aumif;? *0du@ygoPusrf;ayrludk rdkufcdkzvif dkufEdkif&efvnf;aumif;? vQdKU
0Sufausmufpm*Pef;a&;enf; ayrludk rdkufcdkzvifdkuf&efvnf;aumif;? at'D
6-&mpkESifh ,if;rwdkifrD &cdkifjynfoHk; tu&mpmtkyf jyKpk&mwGifvnf;aumif;?
teEpjEm; &Spf&mpk &cdkifa0omvDpmtkyf jyKpk&mwGif vnf;aumif;? &cddkif'*Fg;rsm;
xkwfa0ol\ trSmpm

10
&cd k i f v S j rif h E S i f h n D r sm;
1986-ckESpfESifh 1987-ckESpfrsm;wGif &cdkifjynfe,f armifawmNrdKUe,f pmay

a[majymyGJrsm;udk uRefawmfudk,fwdkif BuD;Muyf jyKvkyfcGifh&&SdcJhygonf/
1986-ckESpfwGifusif;yaom pmaya[majymyGJodkY vma&mufa[majymEdkifcJh
ayonf/ odkYaomf ,if;wpfBudrfwnf;uyif uRefawmfh&ifxJwGif &Sifoefaeaom
&cdkiftrsdK;om;cspfpdwfudk tjcm;olrsm; &ifwGif;odkYvnf; rsdK;aphcsay;ygonf/
1990-ck? Mo*kwf(14)&ufaeY ppfawGNrdKUwGif tzdk;uG,fvGefoGm;cJhygonf
tpm; xdk;r&Edkifaom qHk;HI;rIBuD;wpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ owif;Mum;vQif Mum;csif;
uRefawmfh&ifwGif;wGif rD;NrdKufouJhodkY cHpm;cJh&ygonf/ tzdk;ESifhaemufxyf rawGU
Edik af wmhNy/D tzd;k r&Sad wmhaomfvnf; uReaf wmft
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&cdkiftrsdK;om;udk cspfvGef;onfh rsdK;cspfyk*dKvfjzpfaMumif; &udKifwpfrsdK;om;vHk;
odygonf/
tzdk;onf toufxif&Sm;&SdpOfu &udKifvlrsdK;wdkY\ ,Ofaus;rIpmayordkif;
taxmuftxm;wdkYudk &SmazGpkaqmif; azmfxkwfum ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm &cdkifvlrsdfK;
wdkYtwGuf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/ tzdk;a&;om;aom pmayyef;yGifhrsm;um;
ae&mtESHUjyefYBuJvsuf &Sdaeonf/ if;jyefUBuJaeaom yef;yGifhrsm;udk vSyaom
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onfudkawmh awG;rdwdkif; 0rf;enf;rdygonf/ ,cktcg EdkifiHawmftpdk;& rsdK;cspf
pdwf"mwf&Sifoefa&; pmayrsm; xkwfa0azmfjycGifhjyKaeNyDjzpf pmtkyfudk0rf;om
MunfEl;pGm azmfxkwfEdkifcJhygNyD/
aqmif;yg;rsm;onf tzdk;a&;om;cJhaom aqmif;yg;tm;vHk;[k rqdkEdkifyg/
uRefawmfpkaqmif;rdorQom jzpfygonf/
pmtkyfudk xkwfa0cGifhjyKoltzdk;\om; udkausmfxGef;atmiftm; vnf;
aumif;? rsufESmzHk;a&;qGJay;ol udkausmfomGefY(ajrmufOD;)tm; vnf;aumif;?
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aumif;? ykrsm;udk *kwpdkufzwfIay;ol q&marmifxGef; (ajrmufOD;)tm; vnf;
aumif; aus;Zl;wif&SdygaMumif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf/
1970-ckESpf? 0ef;usif rlvwef;ausmif;om; t&G,fwGif uRefawmfonf

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OD;omxGef;ESifh aumif;pGm&if;ESD;cJh&ygonf/
q&mBuD;tm; uRefawmfwdkYu cspfcif&if;ESD;pGm tzdk;[k ac:Muygonf/ tzdk;
\aemufrS wpfawm0ifwpfawmxGuf wpfawmifwuf wpfawmifqif;? bk&m;
apwD tqlqludkzl;arQmfMunfndK&if; ajrmufOD;NrdKUajrae&mtESHU a&mufzl;ygonf/
oGm;&if;vm&if; tzdk;ajymjyaom ordkif;yHkjyif? Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk em;axmif
&if; ,cifu &cdik v
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rMumcPqdkovdk wa&;a&; jrifa,mifrdygonf/ ESpfoufjrwfEdk;rIudk cHpm;&yg
onf/ txufwef;ausmif;om; b0wGif ajrmufOD;rSppfawGodkY ajymif;a&TU&onfh
twGuf tzdk;ESifh taea0;oGm;&onfhwdkif uRefawmfh&ifxJ tzdk;\tajym? tqdk
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tawGUtMuKH tzHzk kH b0wGif pHv
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\ pdwfxm;rsm; ajymif;vJroGm;cJhyg/
q&mOD;omxGef;xHrS jyefpm

12
ay;ydkdYvdkufaompmudk 14-9-51 aeYu &&Sdygonf/ uRefawmfonf vGefcJh

onfhESpfu tpfudkwdkY xkwf0cJhaom &cdkifwefaqmifr*Zif;udk zwfI&yg txl;
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rsm;\ t"dym ,fjyefcsurf mS tvGeyf if vGaJ csmaf eygonf/ ,if;uJo
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&wk? oQdK;vdkuf&wk? omcsif;? ompGav? [efpGav? {csif;? ysdKU tp&Sdaom &cdkif
pmaywdkYrSm azmfxkwfa&;ul;yHkESdyfxkwfa0ol r&SdbJ ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmf wm&Snf
pGm ysufpD;,dk,Gif;avjim;aomfvnf; jrefrmpmayxuf renf;vSay/
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jcif;udk cH&rnfrSmum; rvGJawmhay/ uRefawmhfxuf wwfodvdrma&;jcm;&SdcJhaom
pmaypkaqmif;vmMuonfh q&mBuD;wdkYrSm olwdkYaovGefonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf olwdkY
pkaqmif;xm;cJhaom pmaywdkYyg wygwnf; uG,faysmufoGm;&ygawmhonf/
av;pm;pGmjzifh
udak pmvSatmifoYkd ----
Nrd K Ua[mif ; Nrd K U/

17-9-51
uRefawmfrSm "n0wDpmapmif odkufNrdKufatmifjrifpGm xGufay:vma&;

twGuf BudK;yrf;&rnfhwm0efcHwpfOD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf "n0wD&cdkiftrsdK;om;
wdkY\ ,Ofaus;rISESifhywfoufonfh aqmif;yg;rsm; &&Sda&;udk txl;*kpdkuf &SmazG
MuHqcJhygonf/ &cdkifjynf a&S;tqufqufu wnf&SdvmcJhonfh &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkY\
,Ofaus;rIvuf&mrsm;udk tjrwfwEdk; &SmazGpkaqmif;xm;Muolrsm;um; ,cktcg
qdkvQif &SmrS&Sm;qdkovdkyif jzpfaeavNyD/ odkYaomf ydkufpdyfwdkuf &SmazGaxmufvSrf;
cJh&m xdkyk*dKvfrsdK;tcsdKUudk awGU&Sdvm&ayonf/ uRefawmfum; wtm;wufrdvm
awmhonf/ xdkyk*dKvftcsdKUxHodkY &cdkif,Ofaus;rIvuf&mrsm;ESifhywfoufaom
aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;ulnDMu&ef vIdufvSJpGm awmif;cHcJh&m NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUae
q&mOD;omxGef;xHrS pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom atmufygjyefpmudk &&Sdygonf/
11

14
OD ; omxG e f ;
anmifyifaps;? NrdKUa[mif;NrdKU/
vuF m ES p f y d k ' f u d k tpf u d k w d k Y jyif q if xnf h M uygav/
apmvS a tmif
"n0wDr*Zif; (1951-52)
odkYaom q&mOD;omxGef;\ jyefpmudk zwfI&olwdkif; &cdkif,Ofaus;rIESifh

twl pmay&yfrsm;\ xl;jcm;ajrmufjrm;pGm &SdaecJhonfhtaMumif;udk rSef;q
od&SdEdkifMuayvdrfhrnf/ tuREkfyfum; q&mOD;omxGef;tm; txl;aus;Zl;wifrd\/
q&majymonfhtwdkif; vuFm 2yk'fudk jyifqif&efum; PfrrDao;yg/ q&m\
arQmrf eS ;f awmifw
h tyfonfh yd#uwfwu
kd Bf u;D taumiftxnfazmfxw
k af &;udk &cdik f
vlrsdK;wdkif; ta&;wBuD; txl;*kjyKoifhaMumif;jzifhom EId;aqmfvdkuf&ygonf/
xdkYaMumifh &cdkifyd#uwfpmaywdkYESifh pmayvuf&mrsm; wnf&mjywdkufwpfck

jzpfajrmufygap[k awmifhw&ygonf/
,cktcg uRefawmhfrSm rtm;vyfEdkifatmifyif tvkyfjyif;jyvsuf &Sdaeyg
onf/ aemufaemifudk tpfudkwdkY vdkoa&GUaompmayrsm;? &cdkiftjrKawrsm;ESifh
tjcm;rnfonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;udkrqdk wwftm;orQ qufoG,fay;ydkYulnD&ef
toifh&Sdygonf/
tywf a&S;jzpf&mZ0ift& &cdkifrif;qufrsm; BuD;pdk;pOftcg ydkifqdkifcJh
aom e,fjynfrsm;taMumif;udk pDuHk;xm;onfh ompGavESpfydk'fudk azmfjya&;om;
ay;ydkYvdkufyg\/ vuFmonf ydk'fa& 55ydk'f &Sdygonf/ vuFmudk csDyHk-csyHk qdkyHk ? oHaeoHxm;ESifhwuG uRefawmfudk,fwdkifyif qdkjycsifygawmhonf/
]&cdkifom;av- ompGav}
omonf0aysm- wdkYjynfaMum0,f? rif;apmxdyfcs,f? pdk;cg0,f e,fy,f
owfrSwfydkifonfh&Xfum;? jrpfjrwf bm*D&e'D? 0J,mrSDom;? *Zd&m'g*g? armif
olZmESifh? AsLvTmpHy,f? q,fhESpfoG,fvQif? ajymus,fAknm rl',mESifh rl,mb'if?
oQLemuif[k? trnfomonf/ jynfcsmr@dKif&cdkifoma,mifhom,mpGav? ompG
av/ / &cdkifom;av ompGav/
/
omonf t rnf jrH K rif ; jynf E S i f h ? ouf j ynf w oD ; ? anmif ; wD ; [wd , m?
AuvmESifh? oQwfoQmp`Ezkwf? oD&dbkwfuvem? b*Fuvm uwLa&? waxG{u
a&m?waMumtoma&mif? e,fuek af tmifwnf;? a&SUaqmifjrefrm? pd;k onfrmS vnf;?
rdpm*D&d? o&ufxdvQif? csrf;NrdUr@dKif&cdkifoma,mifh om,mpGav/ / ompGav/
&cddkifom;av ompGav/
/
txufyg ]ompGav} aumufEkwfcsufrSm? avmif;MuufNrdKUawmf- rif;xD;rif;
Edkif ydkifcJhaom e,fedrdwfrsm;udk jyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ t"dym,fudk jyefqdkygu
,kwd,kwESifh EIdif;nd jyefqdk&rnfjzpf &Snfvsm;rnf pdk;ygonf/ rnfrQom
a&;cGifhjyKonf [lvnf; rod&ygojzifh rQESifhyif awmfMuygpdkY/
]rpm*D&d o&ufxd} qdkaompum;rSm rpm*D&d &cdkifdk;rawmifudk ausmf
o&ufNrKd Uxd ydik o
f nf[v
k nf; qdv
k u
kd o
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k cf u
kd af tmifjrif
cJhaMumif;udk jrefrmrSefeef;&mZ0ifwGifvnf; yg&Sdygonf/
13
raemf[&D uefawmfausmufpm

16
Came up again and retraced its Steps.)
Paduma Lilies. Immersing Itself into if and having filled itself with the Water, if
containing good and transparent Water, on which grew . The five kinds of
instinctively followed it slowly and cautiously. It finally went down into a tank
pump kin was seen jogging along by itself on the ground. Dumb-founded they
&cdkifjynfBuD;\twGif; pmaytrsdK;rsdK; xGef;um;cJhyHk? pmay&SdvQif vlrsdK;&Sdojzifh

vltrsdK;rsdK; pmayESifhwuG qufqHaygif;oif;cJhyHk? rnfonfhacwf? rnfonfhumv?
rnfonfhtcsdefwGif pmtrsdK;rsdK;udk toHk;csyHk? ,cktcgqdkaomf t*Fvdyfacwf
t*FvdyfpmoHk;yHk? jrefrmacwf jrefrmpmoHk;yHkwdkYjzifh odEdkif&monf/
xdktcsdeftcgwGif tb,faMumifh ausmufpmrsdK;udk oHk;cJhygoenf;[lrlum;
ajrmufOD;wnf rif;apmrGefrStp? rif;bmBuD;tqHk;&Sdaom rif;apmrGefquf 12
qufwikd w
f ikd f tdE,
d jynfol &wef;rif;ESihf txl;qufqcH
hJ vnf;aumif;? rif;apm
rGeftm; ol&wefrif;u ppfulay;zl;aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? ul;oef;a&mif;
0,fjcif; tdEd,jynfESifh om txl;wvnful;oef;a&mif;0,faomaMumifh vnf;
aumif;? bk&m;? a&uef? a&wGif;? aiGom;? '*Fg;? a&Tom; '*Fg;? armfuGef;ausmufpm
rSp tma&ADa&S;a[mif; ausmufpmrsdK;jzifh a&;om;cJhavonf/ ajrmufOD;wnf
rif;apmrGeBf u;D wnfcahJ om rkwaf v;qefapwDawmfwiG f (av;rsuEf mS apwD) a&;xd;k
cJhaom ausmufpmvnf; a&S;a[mif; tma&AD jzpfonf/ ,ckjywdkufxJwGif &Sd
onf/ apmrGefqufrsmoHk;cJhaom '*Fg;wdkYrSm ,ckwdkif &Sdao;\/
uefawmf\rlvtdik t
f jzpfrS bapmjzLapmrGeo
f nf rQBu;D us,pf mG jyKvyk f
cJhonfh avmif;MuufNrdKUacwfwkef;u ajrmufOD;udk rwnfrDtcsdefumvwGif uef
onf ewfa&tdik jf zpfaeonf/ jzpfaMumif;rSm avmif;MuufNrKd UawmfrS pdw& em&'&Sif
i,fnDaemifwdkY ynmoif&ef q&m&SmMupOf tdkifrSmyif vlrygbJ olcsnf;ouf
ouftouf&Sdovdk bl;awmif;uav;wpfvHk;onf a&cyfvm&m nDaemifESpfOD;
wdkYonf xl;jcm;aombl;awmif;uav;aemufodkY tpOfwpdkufvdkufygoGm;MuNyD;
ynm[doQif&aohESifhawGUavaMumif; &mZ0ifBuD;wGif awGU&Sd&onf/ taMumif;
udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh OD;pHazmfOD; a&;cJhonfrSm (A pot of Water Caurying dried.
raemf[&Duefawmfac: (uefvSuef-,ckNrdKUa[mif;NrdKUtv,fwGif&Sdonf/)
uefvSuefonf ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfa[mif;\ uefwpfckjzpfonf/ if;uefawmf
wGif a&;xdk;xm;cJhaom ausmufpmjzpf uJhodkYaom pmrsdK;jzifh awGU&onf/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ou&mzf 792-ckESpfwGif e&rdwfvSrif;apmrGefBuD;onf
ajrmufOD;udkwnf NrdKUwnfbk&m;? a&uef? a&wGif;wdkYudk jyKpkwnfaxmifcJhav
onf/
xdkrif;aemuf e&EkapmrGef\ om;awmf bapmjzL (Kalimah sah) onf
ou&mZf 817-ckESpfwGif eef;wufawmfrlonf/ if;rif;onf ou&mZf 817ckEpS w
f iG f raemf[&Duefac: ewfa&tdik Bf u;D udk av;axmifu
h efawmftjzpf wl;azmfchJ
avonf/ xdka&mtcg jA[DPbmomwdkY\"avhxHk;pHwdkYudk txl;ojzifh ,HkMunf
aeaomumvjzpf xHk;pHawmftwdkif; uefawmfudk ywfywfvnfausmufwHwdkif;
awG um&HNyD;vQif uefawmf\av;axmifh ewfuGef;wpfckpD wnfcJhav\/ xdkewf
uGef;wdkYwGif r[ma'0ewfkyfwpfckpDxm;cJh\/ ewfkyf\wnf&m yvif0dkif;ay:
wGif ,ckazmfjyygausmufpmudk a&;xdk;xm;cJhavonf/
if;ausmufpmudk ou&mZf 1299-ck? uqkefvtwGif; xyfrHwl;azmf&mwGif
&&Sd&m t*Fvdyf*syef'kwd, urmppfBuD;jzpfpOfu aysmufqHk;oGm;avaomaMumifh
wpfydkif;wpfprQom jyefvnfawGU&Sdygonf/
rpHkrvifwpfydkif;wpfpuav;yifjzpfjim;aomfvnf; t"dym,fudk &&Sd&efaomf
vnf;aumif;? zwfIMuapjcif;iSmvnf;aumif;? &nfoef azmfjy&jcif;r[kwf?
15
a&S;a[mif;aiGom;'*Fg;
wwd,ajrmufOD;acwf tv,fydkif;

18
r[m0D[Du&uyl&"n0wDjynfBuD;wGif xD;eef;ueufpOfqufjzefYrdk; tkyfpdk;

awmfrlaom rif;rsm;taygif;wdkYwGif ,ckazmfjyvwHUaom wwd,ajrmufOD;acwf
tv,fydkif;twGif;wGif acwftavsmuf oHk;pGJMuukefaom aiGom;'*Fg;a[mif;rsm;
udk tenf;i,frQ azmfjyvdkaom pdwfxm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfBuD;\
A[kow
k ajymifajrmufapjcif;iSm vnf;aumif;? wdrjf rKyaf ysmufu,
G af eaom okcrk
ynm&yfrsm;udk ay:xGufxGef;um;apjcif;iSmvnf;aumif; BudK;pm;&SmazGpkaqmif;
um azmfjy&ayownf;/
wwd,ajrmufOD;acwf tv,fydkif;[l acgif;pOfwyfNyD;vQif pDpOfa&;om;&
jcif;rSm ou&mZf 974-ck? oD&dok"r&mZm\ vufxuf oHk;pGJcJhaom aiGom;'*Fg;
a[mif;udk tpjyKNyD;vQif a&;om;azmfjy&jcif;aMumifh wwd,ajrmufOD;acwf
tv,fydkif;'*Fg;[laom acgif;pOfudk qifETJcJh&ayonf/ tb,faMumifh wwd,
ajrmufOD;acwf ac:wGif&oenf;[lrlum; ou&mZf 449-ckESpfwGif yxrajrmuf
OD;NrdKUawmfBuD;udk zefqif;wnfaxmifawmfrlavaom yJjzLrif;om;onf yxr
ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk wnfawmfrl\/ if;ou&mZfrSm cqyudef;udkNzdK a&wGufvm
aom ,ckaumZmou&mZf 792-ckwGif rif;apmrGefBuD;onf 'kwd,ajrmufOD;NrdKU
udk wnfawmfrlaomaMumifh 'kwd,ajrmufOD;NrdKU[k ac:wGifavonf/ wwd,
ajrmufOD;NrdKUac:wGifaMumif;um; ou&mZf 893-ckwGif b0&Sifrif;Am;BuD;onf
OD ; omxG e f ; ? Nrd K Ua[mif ; /

"n0wD r * Z if ; (152-53)
xdaYk Mumifh uefonf avmif;Muufacwfwek ;f u ewfa&tdik ?f ajrmufO;D acwf

wGif av;axmifu
h ef jzpfvmavonf/ taMumif;wdu
Yk kd bapmjzLrif;onf acwf
tvdkuf a&;om;aom ausmufpmjzifh armfuGef;wifcJhavonf/ a&S;a&S;aom &mZ
XmeDacwfwek ;f u wdik ;f wpfyg;rSvt
l rsKd ;rsKd ;wd\
Yk pmaytm;jzifh qufo,
G jf cif; vlrsKd ;
tcsif;csif;cdkuf&efa'gor&Sd aygif;oif;qufqHjcif;wnf;[laom ,Ofaus;rI? Nidrf;
csrf;om,mrIwdkYudk azmfjyvdkaompdwfxm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,f
aeaom &cdkifjynfwGif;&Sd pmaya[mif;wdkYudk ay:vGifapjcif;iSmvnf;aumif;?
ausmufpmav;wpfydkif;udk *kwpdkufazmfjyvdkuf&jcif;jzpfayonf/
17
qufvufazmfjyygOD;rnf[k tmoDo&SdcJhygaMumif;/
"n0wDjynfBuD;wGif OD;pGmtp'*Fg; ay:aygufvm&jcif;taMumif;&if;rSm
taemufrZdrae0ifwdk; wdkif;BuD;jynfBuD; taygif;wdkYESifh ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,f
a&;twGuf vSnfhvnfoHk;pGJjcif;tvdkYiSm a&T? aiG? aMu;'*Fg;rsm;udk cwfESdyfoHk;pGJMu
ukefownf;/ tb,fumvurS pwifjzpfay:oenf;[lrl &mZ0if0goemxHkolwdkY
onf a&S;tusqHk;jzpfaom NrdKUawmfa[mif;rsm;wdkYudk vdkufvH&SmazGMuaomtcg
&cdkifwdkif;wGif ta[mif;qHk;'*Fg;ac: qwfwHqdyf'*Fg;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ wcsdKU
aom &mZ0ifq&mwdkYu if;'*Fg;udk rm&,k'*Fg;[k t,ltq&SdcJhMuonf/ '*Fg;
wGifvnf; pmaytu&m trSwftom; wpfpHkwpfckrSryg? qwfkyfwpfckwnf;om
cwfESdyfvsuf yg&SdNyD;vQif '*Fg;\tem;ESifh tom;jyifwdkYrSm yGef;xdyJh&SNyD; uGJNydKvk
cref; jzpfaeonf/ ta[mif;qHk;'*Fg;awmh rSefygay\/ ou&mZf aeYpGJryg
ra0cGJEdkif? odkYaomf &mZ0ifoufBuD;awGu xifjrifcsufwpfckay; a&;om;rSwf
wrf;wifxm;cJhMuonfrSm ymNrdKUawmf rLodrfrif;onf (acwoifvnf;ac:\)
qwfwHqdyfcwfESdyftyfaom '*Fg;rsm;udk cwfESdyfoHk;pGJcJhzl;aMumif; &mZ0ifa[mif;
usrf;\ xGufqdkcsuft& [kwfrSefvdrfhEdk;jzifh rLodrf (acwoifac: wdkif;cspfrif;)
vufxuf oHk;pGJcJhaMumif;[lay\/
odkYaomf yxrazmfjy&if; rm&,k'*Fg;vnf; vGefvGef;onf/ tb,faMumifhqdk
aomf rm&,krif; a*gwrbk&m; yGifhawmfrrlrD umvuyif bkd;awmfteESifh
umVa'0dv&aowdkY rNzdKao;aom ou&mZf 6057-wGif rif;jzpfaomoljzpfaom
aMumifh xdkacwf xdkumvtcsdef '*Fg;udkum; roHk;pGJcJhMu? a&T'dkifcGuf aiG'dkifcGufudk
om oHk;pGJcJhMuaMumif; aCmouolaX;BuD;0wKudk axmufIEdkifonf/ xdkaMumifh
,kwdrxif&Sm;acs/ rLodrfac: wdkif;cspfrif;vufxufwGif oHk;pGJcJhaMumif; &mZ0if
oufBuD;wdkY azmfjycJhMuonfrSmvnf; aemufodkY qkwfvGef;onf[l xifrdonf/
tb,faMumifq
h akd om yxra0omvDNrKd Uawmfa[mif;wGif &SmazG&&Sad om '*Fg;tcsKd U
rSm ou&mZf -150ausmftwGif;u usa&mufNyD;vQif tu&mpmwdkYrSmvnf; a&S;
a[mif;ou|em*&Dt'l ?l tma&ADtu&moufoufjzifah omf vnf;aumif;? EGm;kyf
vlkyfjzifhaomfvnf;aumif; cwfESdyfxkvkyf awGU&Sd&ayonf/
xdkYaMumifh azmfjyNyD;jzpfaom qwfwHqdyf'*Fg;rSm pmayroHk;pGJrDumvuaomf
if;? rm&,krif;\ aemufqHk;tqufrS aomfvnf;aumif; ay:xGuf[efvuPm
&ay\/ xdt
k pOftcgrSp aiGom;'*Fg;? a&Tom;'*Fg;? aMu;jym;'*Fg;oH;k pGv
J mMuav
wwd,ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk wnfawmfrlaomaMumifh wwd,ajrmufOD;wGifavonf/

if;wwd,ajrmufOD;NrdKUwnf rif;Am;BuD; ou&mZf 893-ckrStp ou&mZf 974ckwGif ajrmufOD;rif;quf tv,fydkif;odkY usa&mufaeNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh ajrmufOD;
acwftv,fydkif;[laom trnfudk ay;cJh&avonf/
,ckazmfjyyg '*Fg;yHk 1-yHkrSm ou&mZf 974-ck oD&dok"r&mZmrif;vufxuf
wGif oHk;cJhonfh yHk 2-ou&mZf 1000-e&wdrif;BuD;/ yHk -3owdk;rif;w&m;/ if;
rif;udk bGm;jrifaomtcg ueu'gefxD;jzL tvdkvdkyGifhawmfrlaomaMumifh xD;jzL
yGifhrif;[l ac:\/ xdkYaMumifh if;rif;vufxuf oHk;pGJcJhaom'*Fg;wGif ueu'gef
xD;jzLyGifh[ef qGJvGJcsL&GufoPmef? wGJus[ef tem;&pfwdkYjzifh oGef;vkyfcJhonf/
yHk-4 pEok"r&mZm ou&mZf 1014 if;rif;vufxufwGif qifjzLocif qifeD
ocif[laom bGJUudky,f a&Teef;ocif[laom bGJUudkom cH,lMuonf/
tb,faMumifq
h akd omf if;rif;vufxufwiG f qifjzLawmf qefeaD wmfwYkd uG,f
cJhNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh b0oQifrif;zavmif;BuD; wnfaqmufawmfrlaomaMumifh
a&Tpiftwdcif;pDtyfonfh txG#fawmf rSefuif;rSonf ajrxJtkwfjrpftpwdkif
atmif a&Tom;twdNyD;aom eef;raqmifawmf\ A[dktaqmifawmf a&TtdrfuGrf;
ajymufBu;D udk *kP,
f o
l nft
h aejzifh a&Teef;ocif[al om bGUJ xl;udk cH,cl ahJ vonf/
yHk-5? pE0dZ,&mZm ou&mZf 1071/ yHk-6 ou&mZf 1093-ck pEol&d,&mZm/
yHk-7 ou&mZf 1099-ck r'&mZf&mZm/ yHk-8 ou&mZf 1109-ck tb,&mZm/
yHk-9 ou&mZf 1123-ck pEy&r&mZm/ yHk-10 ou&mZf pEokre&mZm/ yHk-11
ou&mZf 1144-ck r[morx&mZm/ yHk-12 ou&mZf 1146-ck tr&yl& qif
jzLrsm;&SifEdkifiH/ uJhodkY rdrdwdkY\*kPfxl;bGJxl;rsm;udk cH,lum aiGom;'*Fg;wGif
bGJUwHqdyfcwfESdyfMuukefonf/
wwd,ajrmufOD;acwftv,fydkif;wGif oHk;pGJcJhaom'*Fg;rsm; tpydkif;u oHk;pGJ
cJhaom '*Fg;rsm;wdkYrSm rif;qufaygif; 49-qufwGif aiG'*Fg;trsdK;aygif; 49-rsdK;
&Sd&rnfjzpf&m eef;oufwdkaom rif;rsm;tcsdKU '*Fg;cwfESdyf&ef r&cJhMuukef/ rif;
quf 40-quf aiG'*Fg; 40-jym;om awGU&Sd&onf/ if;'*Fg;wdkYrSm pkaqmif;
xm;cJhaomfvnf; t*Fvdyf-*syef 'kwd,urmppfBuD;twGif; ppfab;'PfaMumifh
ysufpD;,dk,Gif;cJhonfu w&yf? ajrmufOD;acwftv,fydkif;twGufomvQif azmfjy
vdo
k nfu waMumif;? odaYk om taMumif;rsm;wdaYk Mumifh 12-qufaom rif;pOf
'*Fg;wdkYudkomvQif azmfjy&ayownf;/ aemifacwfumvtavsmuf tvsOf;oifh
20
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OD ; omxG e f ;
&mZ0if q &m/
1954-? 1955? &cd k i f w ef a qmif r * Z if ; twG J ( 1)
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'*Fg;wdkYrSm 2-bufpvHk;wGif jrefrmtu&moufoufjzifh cwfESdyfcJhMu\/ &cdkifjynf
wGif ou&mZf 1144-ckESpf eef;wuf ou&mZf 1146-ckESpfwGif eef;usaom
r[morw&mZmtqHk;wGif tr&yl&bdk;awmfrif;w&m;BuD; odrf;ydkuftkyfpdk;awmf
rlavonf/ xdktcgwGif bdk;awmfrif;w&m;BuD;vnf; aiGom;'*Fg;cwfESdyfoHk;pGJawmf
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xm;avonf/ rQjzifh wwd,ajrmufOD;acwftv,fydkif;ESifh aemufqHk;ydkif t*Fg;
rsm;taMumif;udk tenf;i,fazmfjyjcif; jzpfayonf/ usef'*Fg;rsm;taMumif;udk
vnf; qufvufazmfjy&ef tmoDo&SdcJhygaMumif;/
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onfjzifh awGU&ayonf/
21

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24
&udKifwdkY\ qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIwGif urmay:&Sd vlrsdK;aygif;pHkwdkY\ qif,ifxHk;zGJU

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aumif;? qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIrsm;rSm tenf;i,fwlnDaeonfvnf; &Sd\/ rdrdwdkYMoZm
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0wfpm;rsdK;wdkYudk qif,ifxHk;zGJU&onfvnf; &Sd\/
tcgwpfyg;pDwdkY tcGifhta&;tm;nDpGm bk&ifrif;jrwfESifhwuG? rdzk&m;acgif
BuD; om;awmf orD;awmf tdrfa&SUOy&mrSL;awmfrwfawmf uawmfZkEwf avmo
uGufppfwyfppfcsD 'dkif;usD'kdif;usm;tp&Sdaom 0efBuD;rsm;? NrdKUpm;&Gmpm;rsm;ESifhwuG
taptyg;taygif;wdkYudk XmeumvESifhnDatmif 0wfpm;ay;oem;awmfrlonf/
xdkodkYaqmif&Guf&m rSL;BuD;rwfBuD; aoemywdBuD;wdkYonf wdkufckduf&m
vnf;aumif;? avQmufwif&mvnf;aumif;? qHk;jzwf&mvnf;aumif;? vGefuJ
xl;cRefcJhonf&Sdaomtcg aAmif;awmfpvG,fawmfwdkY tcReftwuf yef;cufyef;
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pvG,fawmfwdkYrSmvnf; xdkenf;wlyif jznfhpGuf&onf/
aAmif;awmfav;q,f
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vnf;aumif; cHcJh&onf/ csD;rTrf;jcif; tm;ay;jcif;wdkYudkvnf; cHcJh&onf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfvifhupm; aumif;aom tmoDowdkUjzifhom wifjy&jcif;aMumifh
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wyfxm;ygonf/ ,if;aqmif;yg;rSm tuRefvnf; ra&;yg/ trnfwljcif;om jzpf
ygonf/ tuRefr[kwfyg/ aqmif;yg;ydkif&SifESifhwuG? om;ajr;wdkY pdwfqdk;rmefyg
onf[k Mum;od&ygonf/ tuRefr[kwfaMumif; jyefMum;ygonf/ pdwfqdk;rmefyg
jcif;udk cGifhjyKMuyg/
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xkyaf wmfwu
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tp&Sdaom t0wftpm;wdkYwGifvnf; &wemrsdK;pHkwdkYudkvnf;aumif;? zsifykqdk;? ydk;yk
qdk;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;? pDjc,f0wfqif&onf/
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jyaom aAmif;awmfwdkYrSm &udKifjynf ajrmufOD;aejynfawmf aumif;pm;pOftcgu
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BuD;\ awmifpG,ftaygif;wdkYwGif wwd,ajrmuf awmifpG,f r[maAm"dapwD
awmfudk wnfxm;cJhonf/
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zGJUrIwGif ajrmufjrm;pGmyg0ifaeonf/ A[kokwyGm;rsm;ap&ef &nfoefaom pdwf
xm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,fvkrwwf jzpfaeaom &udKif,Ofaus;
rIudk wifjyjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? &Spfckaom aAmif;xkyfawmfwdkYudk wifjyjcif; jzpf
ygonf/
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vufawGUaAmif;xkyfrsm;udk a&S;a[mif;bk&m;*lwdkY awGU&Sdjim;aomfvnf; &mZ0if
ordkif;pmay uAsmvuFmwdkYESifh taotcsmEIdif;nd&ao;onf/ ,if;aemuf
eef;wGif; eef;jyifqif,ifxHk;zGJUrI ed'gef;pOfvmwdkYESifh ndEIdif;&ao;onf/ xdkodkYNyD;rS
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ygonf/
26
25
OD ; omxG e f ;
&cd k i f w ef a qmif
&cd k i f w ef a qmif r * Z if (1960-61)
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vufaumufESpfq,f? yef;oG,fig;rsdK;? qHxdk;&Spfck? yef;pH&Spfcsyf? ajcpGyfckepfyg;?
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y&dowfwdkY? wifhtyfqifh&m? tjzmjzmudk? vuFmodkY uHk;ownf;}} [laom &udKif
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trnfemr twGefYtwufwdkYudk azmfjyygu pmtkyfBuD;wpftkyf jzpfoGm;ayvdrfh
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27

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30
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qif;oufvmonf/ &cdkifjynfwGif wdkif;BuD;q,fhajcmufwdkif;? jynfBuD;q,fhajcmuf
jynf tygt0ifjzpfaom &ry&l jynf? &r0wDNrKd U? orkwad '0rif;qufrpS jzpfxeG ;f
vmcJhonf/ xdkrSwqifh r[m0d&rif;qufwdkY\ aysmfpH&m a0omvDNrdKUawmfBuD;
pjEm;rif;qufwdkYonf pdk;pHcJhMu\/
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awmfoHwpfckESifh od*pjEm;rif;\ arsmufom;awmf apmjynfhndKoDqdkaom oQdK;
vdkuf&wkac: &uefBuD;udk &cddkif&mZ0ifwGif awGUrd&onf/ if;wdkYrStxufydkif;
ou#? rm*"? &mu0Ptu&mwdkYESifh a&;xm;aom qef;vuFmwdkYjzifh pDuHk;xm;
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OD ; omxG e f ;
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wkwf? rGef? u&if? &Srf; jrefrm? ukvm;? t*FvdyfvlrsdK;rsm;uJhodkY urmolurmom;
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32
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36
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37

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uGef;[k ac:avonf/ ,cktcgrSm jrefrm jynfaxmifpk\ vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;
ESifh tvm;wljzpfayonf/
(3) kyfvHk;armfuGef; = armfuGef;onf bkef;wefcdk;awZmawmfjzifh xl;jcm;
pGm BuD;yGm;xGef;um;cJhMuukefaom bk&ifrif;jrwfwdkYESifh tmZmenfol&Jaumif;wdkY
\ kyfvHk;yHkawmfudk xkvkyfNyD; pdkufxlxm;cJhjcif;udk ac:onf/ tqdkyg kyfvHk;yHk
awmfwdkYonf ajrmufOD;acwf xl;uJcJhMuukefaom rif;Am rif;zavmif; rif;kyf
ausmufwdkifrsm;? 0rf;wD; ajrmufOD;tp&Sdaom ewfkyfvHk;rsm;? a0omvDacwfwGif
jA[okE&rif;kyf tp&Sd kyfvHk;armfuGef;rsm;udk ,ckwdkifrsm;pGm awGUjrifEdkifao;\/
,cktcgwGif AdkvfcsKyfOD;atmifqef;kyf? AEKvkyfrsm;ESifhtvm;wl jzpfayonf/
(4) urnf;ausmufpmarmfuGef; - armfuGef;rsdK;onf bk&m;wpfqlql\
taMumif;? r*Fvma&uefawmf\ taMumif;? usHK;awmf? qnfawmf NrdKUdk;cHwyf
taMumif;wdkYudk xif&Sm;odom&ef twKywdudkjzpfap? vSL'gef;axmufyHhay;xm;
aom v,f,m? a&Tajr ypnf;OpmwdkYudkjzpfap azmfjyyga&;xdk;aom armfuGef;
ausmufpmrsdK; jzpfonf/ ,cktcg xif&Sm;pGmjrifawGU&aom &cdkifjynf oQpfaomif;
awZm&rausmufpmrsm;udk yk*HjynfwGif jr0wDausmufpmwdkYuJhodkYyif jzpfayonf/
(5) taqmuftOD;armfuGef; - armfuGef;rsdK;onf wpfpHkwpfckaom
taMumif;\ xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk azmfjyvdk qifkyf? jrif;kyftp&Sdaom wd&pmef
kyfrsm;? *ljy'f acgif;avmif;tp&Sdaom ypnf;ESifh taqmuftOD;wpfckckjyKvkyf
cdkifcHhpGm wnfvkyfcJhMuonf/ yHkpHrSm ,cktcg jrefrmjynfwGif taxmif;bk&m;
tdk;tdk;? &cdkifjynfwGif rif;AmBuD;tdk;tdk; q&mjr0gtdk;tdk;wdkYuJhodkY taqmuf
tOD;rsm;udk qdkonf/
om;tpOfajr;quf pm;aomufqufcHap&ef urnf;armfuGef;pdkufxlxm;cJhav

onf/
v,frSxGufaom aumufyJoD;ESHwdkYudk ykPm;udk,fwdkif aumufiifjcif;rjyKap
bJ? bk&ifrif;jrwf\ a&SUawmfcHol&Jil;tmESifh i&J 2a,mufwdkYudk oGm;a&muf
aumufcHap ykPm;awmfwdkYtm; usDusb@moGif;ay;Mu&avonf/ xdkol&JBuD;
2 a,mufwdkYonf oHawmfcsonfxuftjyif? wefpdk;vufaqmifawmif;pm;,liif
jcif; r&Sdap&[k qdkvdkonf/
armfuGef;ausmufwdkif\ tjrifhrSm 6-ay? teHtus,frSm 3-ay? cGJ&SdNyD;vQif
txufydkif; 2-aycGJcefYeD;eD;udk armfuGef;wdkY\ xHk;pHtwdkif; bk&ifrif;jrwfwdkY\
kyfyHkawmfudk oD[oeyvifaqmifawmfESifhwuG yka&m[dwfykPm; ]]il;tmi&J}}wdkYyg trdefYawmfcs[efudk xkvkyfxm;avonf/ atmuf 1-2ydkif; 1-ydkif;
aycefYrSm armfuGef;pmxdk;xm;yg&Sd\/ 1-ay ausmfcefYrSm ajrwdkifpdkufxl&ef
ausmufom;yuwd jzpfavonf/
bk&ifrif;jrwf\tkyu
f kd xkvyk x
f m;jcif;rSm ,cktcgwGif H;k awmfrsm; wHqyd f
awmfdkufESdyfjcif;ESifh tvm;wljzpfayonf/ &cdkifjynfwGif armfuGef;trsdK;rsdK;&Sd&m
ausmufwikd af rmfueG ;f ? yk&ydu
k pf mvTmarmfueG ;f ? kyv
f ;kH azmfarmfueG ;f ? urn;f ausmuf
pm armfuGef;? taqmuftOD;armfuGef;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ armfuGef;qdkonfrSm xl;
jcm;aomtaMumif;t&mwpfckckudk ESpfvMum&SnfpGm cdkifcHhwnfNrJapjcif;iSm a&;xdk;
&jcif; jzpfayonf/
(1) ausmufwdkifarmfuGef; = armfuGef;rsdK;udk &cdkifESifh tdEd,jrefrmrif;wdkY\
ydkifqdkifaom NrdKUjyjynf&G,frsm;udk wpfjynfESifhwpfjynfjcm;emodomap&ef &mZ
"rw&m;ESifhnDpGm pdkufxlxm;aom ausmufarmfuGef;wdkifrsdK;udk qdkvdkonf
(2) yk&ydkufpmvTmarmfuGef; armfuGef;rsdK;onf yk&ydkufpmvTmudkjzpfap?
aMu;jym;? a&Tjym; tp&SdaomowK? yk&ydkufvTmjym;wGifjzpfap a&;xdk;xm;NyD;vQif
&cdkifjynfwGif;&Sd ol&Jaumif;? rsdK;dk;ynm&SdrsdK;dk;? &GmaxmifjynfaxmifaomrsdK;dk;
tp&Sdonfh armfuGef;ac: acgif;ydkif;wGif qwfwHqdyfdkufESdyfxm;aom armfuGef;
udk rsdK;dk;pOfquf ay;tyf&avonf/ xdkqwfarmfuGef;rSm ,ckwdkif odrf;qnf;&Sd
ao;aomolwdkY\ vufwGif; txift&Sm; awGU&SdEdkif\/
54
53
OD ; omxG e f ; (ajrmuf O D ; )
&cd k i f w ef a qmif p mapmif (pm-134 rS 135 xd )
vGw
J wfav&m ESprf sm;Mumavav tu&mrsm;ajymif;vGv
J mavav jzpfavonf/
xdkYaMumifh ausmufpmwdkYwGifvnf; wpfckESifhwpfck rwlbJ uGJjym;Muonf/
ausmufpmwGif &? e? twdkYrsm;pGm uGJvGJMuonf/ om;pOfajr;quf (om;pdkifNrD;
quf) pm;apyg (pm;pDyg)tay:xufjyif (taygufxufjAif)? oHawmfcs (toH
csonf) wefp;kd vufaqmif (tawmif;trSw)f ay;\ (yD;\)? paomtu&mwdo
Yk nf
&cdkifoHoufoufjzifh a&;om;xm;onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh &cdkifwpfjynfvHk;&Sd
ausmufpmwdkYwGif &ckdifjrefrmtu&mjzifh a&;onf&Sdaomf &cdkifoHoufjzifhom
rsm;pGma&;avh&Sdojzifh acwftvdkufpmaywwfolwdkYrSm vwfwavm a&Smifwcif
tm;jzifh zwfI&ef a0cGJr&Edkifatmifyif &Sdaernfjzpf&m ynm&Siftaygif;wdkYtm;
&cdkifoHudk owd&pGmjzifh zwfIMuyg&ef armfuGef;pmtm;jzifh &efukefwuodkvf
ausmif;awmfol ausmif;awmfom; taygif;wdt
Yk m; A[kow
k pmvTmtjzpfjzifh ulnD
ay;ydkYtyfygonf/
A[kokwyGm;rsm;Muap&ef &cdkifjynf&Sd a&S;a[mif;tEkynmausmufpm?
urnf;? &mZ0ifpmayESifh taqmuftOD;wdkYonfvnf; wpfaeYwpfjcm; ysufpD;,dk
,Gi;f aeonfrS ynm&Sit
f aygif;wd\
Yk vufwiG ;f odo
Yk ufqif;usa&muf oH;k oyfa0zef
EdkifMuygapownf;/ urnf;yg yka&m[dwfrlPD"gwfuJhodkY rSefuefpGm wifBudK
a[mpGrf;Edkifaom ynm&Sifrsm; xGef;um;yGm;Edkifygapownf;/
uJhodkY armfuGef;wdkY\taMumif;udk tenf;i,fazmfjyNyD; ,ckazmfjyyg

armfuGef;&Sd a&;xdk;xm;aom pmay\taMumif;udk tenf;i,fazmfjyaytHh/
armfuGef;pmonf kyfvHk;ESifhausmufpmarmfuGef;rsdK;jzpfNyD;vQif &cdkifoHoufoufjzifh
a&;xd;k xm;aompmom; jzpfonf/ &cdik jf ynf&dS a&;xd;k avh&adS om ausmufpmrsKd ;rsm;
rSm a&S;a[mif;pmayusrf;*eft& ajcmufq,f&Spf(68)rsdK;cefY &cdkifoHjzifh &Sdav
onf/
EdkifiHjcm;tu&mjzifh b*FvD? ou#? em*&D? a'0em*&D? tl&wl? tma&ADESifh
trnfay;&efrQ rod&ao;aompmrsm;udk NrdKUa[mif;ac: ajrmufOD;NrdKUESifha0om
vDtp&Sdaom a&S;NrdKUawmfa[mif;wdkYwGif ,ckwdkif awGUjrif&avonf/ ajrmufOD;
NrdKUeef;awmfukef;ay:&Sd ausmufpmESifh kyfvHk;a[mif;ypnf;rsm; pkaqmif;xm;&m
jywdkufxJwGif rsm;pGmawGUjrifEdkifMuygonf/ if;jywdkufBuD;rS ,cktcg "edacgifrdk;
rsm; ysufpD;aeygojzifh rsm;pGm,dkusNyD; ysufpD;vkcref; jzpfaeygonf/ pmay0go
emygolwdkif; apmifhxdef;&ef oifhavsmfMuygonf/
&cdkifjynfNrdKUawmfa[mif;rsm;wGif&Sdaom &cdkifjrefrmtu&mjzifh a&;xdk;xm;
aom urnf;pmrsm;rSm ,cifazmfjyygausmufpma&;enf; (68)rsdK;&SdonfwGif ,ck
azmfjyyg ausmufpmrsdK;udkom rsm;pGma&;xdk;avh&SdMuonf/ ajrmufOD;acwfwGif
tma&AD? em*&D? ou#rsm;udkvnf; a&;xdk;Muonf/ xdkrif;rsm;vufxuf oHk;pGJ
Muaom aiGom;'*Fg;rsm;wGif ta&;tom;rsdK;ESifh wpfrsdK;? b*FvDem*&Djzifh
wpfrsKd ; xkvyk o
f ;kH pGcJ MhJ uonf/ (ae&m aiGom;'*Fg;yHrk sm;udk azmfjyvdak omfvnf;
bavmufyHkrsm;aernfpdk; razmfjycJhNyD/)
a&S;a[mif;'*Fg;rsm;wGif rif;apmrGefacwfrS rif;Am;BuD;wdkif ou#tu&m
wdwdjzifh cwfESdyfMuonf/ rif;wdurS rif;&mZmwdkif &cdkifpmwpfzuf? em*&Dwpf
zuf cwfESdyfMuonf/ rif;carmif;rS orwwdkif &cdkifoHoufoufjzifh cwfESdyfMu
onf/ a0omvDtp&Sdaom a&S;NrdKUawmfa[mif;rsm;pGmrSm qwf? EGm;? vltp&Sd
aom kyfyHkrsm; cwfESdyfMuonf/
urnf;pma&;om;&m a&S;a&S;u tu&mESifh ,cktu&mrsm; uGJvGJaeonf
rSm rsm;pGm&SdMuonf/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl vufa&;rljzpf aypmjzpfap?
ausmufpmjzpfap? wpfqifhwpfqifh umva&GUvsm;aomaMumifh a&;om;jcif; uGJ
56
55
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&cdkifjynfe,f 10-ESpfc&D;ESifh

58
twGif; qufvufaqmif&GufcJhonf/ ,Ofaus;rIa&;&mrsm;udk azmfxkwfaqmif

&Guf&mwGif &ckdifjynfe,ftaejzifh ordkif;0ifa&S;a[mif;taqmufttHkrsm;udk
jyKjyif xdef;odrf;jcif;? a&S;a[mif;tarGtESpfrsm;udk azmfxkwfxdef;odrf;jcif;? ESpf
pOfdk;&myGJawmfrsm;udk usif;yay;jcif;? EdkifiHjcm;okawoDrsm;tm; {nfh0wfausyGef
pGm ulnDTefjyay;jcif;? &cdkif,Ofaus;rIjycef;rsm;udk zGifhvSpfjyojcif;ponfhvkyfief;
rsm; yg0ifayonf/
&cdkifjynfe,f ay:aygufvQif ay:aygufcsif; yxrqHk;aom ,Ofaus;rI
aqmif&Gufjcif;[k qdktyfaomvkyfief;rSm &cdkifjynfe,faeY wHqdyf? tvHawmfESifh
0wfpHkwdkYudk owfrSwfEdkif&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;yif jzpfonf/
&cdkifjynfe,faeY wHqdyf? tvHawmfESifh 0wfpHkwdkYudk owfrSwfEdkif&ef jynfe,f
jynfolUaumifpDtzGJUu wm0efay;tyfaomyk*dKvfrsm;ESifh uRrf;usifolyef;csDq&m
rsm; yg0ifaom tzGJUonf &cdkif&[ef;ynm&Sdrsm;? vlynm&Sdrsm;ESifh txyfxyf
tcgcg ndEIdif;wdkifyifvsuf a&G;cs,fowfrSwfcJhMuonf/
odkYwm0efay; a&G;cs,frIrsm;udk &cdkifjynfe,f jynfolUaumifpD 6-vywf
tpnf;ta0;wGif trsm;oabmwl axmufcHtwnfjyKcJhavonf/ odkYaqmif
&GufrIrsm;aMumifh 'DZifbm (15)&ufaeY eHeuf 7em&D 20rdepfonf &cdkifjynfe,f
\ r*Fvmtcgor,aeYESifh tcsdeftjzpfvnf;aumif;? &cdkifa&S;tarG a0omvD
'*Fg;yg0ifaom atmifvHwHqdyfonf vnf;aumif;? &cdkif,Ofaus;rIudk tajccH
aom 0wfpHkwdkYonfvnf;aumif; ay:xGufvmcJhayNyD/
&cdik w
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l ay:aygufvmjcif;ESit
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rS &cdkifydkif;tpDtpOfudk wpfaeYvQif rdepf 30uspD vTifhxkwfvmojzifh &cdkifbmom
pum;ESifh aw;*DwwdkYudk wdkif;&if;om;vkyfom;jynfolrsm; tvG,fwul odEdkifay
NyD jzpfayonf/ &cdkifbmompum;udk &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;wdkY udk,fwdkif avvIdif;oH
rS Mum;&ojzifh vGefpGmrSyif aomreyDwd jzpf&ayonf/ onfrSm &cdkifjynf
e,f jzpfay:vm&jcif;\ tusdK;qufwpfckyif r[kwfygavm/
EdkifiHa&;t& &cddkifjynfe,f[l ay:aygufvmojzifh &cddkifjynfe,ftaMumif;
udk wdkif;&if;om;vkyfom;jynfolrsm;u od&Sdem;vnfoabmaygufaeovdk &cdkif
,Ofaus;rItaMumif; od&Sdem;vnf&efvnf; vdktyfaeao;onf/ &cdkdif,Ofaus;rI
vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;\ ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfrsm;onf raysmufaumif; rysuf

aumif;ay/ jynfolUtusdK;jyK aqmif&Gufavhr&Sdaom e,fcsJUt*FvdyfacwfwGif
&cdkif,Ofaus;rIrsm;onf rsufESmi,fi,fESifh &SdcJhaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyf
a&;&NyD;acwfwGifrl ,cifuxuf ta&;w,l jyKpkjcif;udk cHcJh&onf/
txl;ojzifh 1962-ckESpfwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDay:aygufvmNyD;aemuf
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI azmfxkwfrIrsm;rSm wpfESpfxufwpfESpfwdk;wufvmonfudk tm;&
p&m awGU&ayonf/ 1966-ckESpf awmifBuD;NrdKUusif;yaom jynfaxmifpkaeYwGif
&cdkifwdkif;&if;om;dk;&m oQdKif'dkiftuESifh Ak'ylZed,tursm;udk azmfxkwfwifquf
EdkifcJhNyD;aemuf &cdkif,Ofaus;rI*kPfowif;onf jynfaxmifpktESHUwGif arT;BudKif
oGm;avonf/
,if;tcsdefrSp &cdkif,Ofaus;rIazmfxkwfrIrsm;udk &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;wdkY
udk,fEdIufu jyefvnfpdwf0ifpm;vmMuonf/ ESpfpOfjynfaxmifpkaeYwdkif;vnf;
&cdkifuuGufrsm;udk BudK;pm;wifqufcJhonf/ xdkYjyif &cdkifpmayordkif;ESifh "avh
xHk;pH,Ofaus;rIrsmudkvnf; jyKpkvmMuayonf/
1974-ckEpS w
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57
MopMovsEdkifiHrS okawoDrpufyrDvma*gwrDonf yg&*lbGJUpmwrf;twGuf

ajrmufOD;NrdKUodkY ESpfBudrfwdkifwdkif a&muf&SdcJhavonf/ rpufa*gwrDonf &cdkifa0
omvDcawfoHk; ou#pmayrsm;? ordkif;kyf<uif;rsm;udk tajccH a&S;a[mif;&cdkif
vlaerItaMumif;udk okawoejyKcJhNyD; bGJU,lcJhavonf/
jyifopfEdkifiHrS ygarmu rpufbmaemhqdkolonfvnf; &cdkifyHkjyif0wKESifh
,Ofaus;rIudk avhvm&ef &cdkifjynfe,fodkY ESpfBudrfwdkifwdkif a&muf&SdcJhao;onf/
rpufbmaemhonf &cdkifoltdk olrrsm;xHrS &cdkifkd;&m0wKyHkjyifrsmudk toHoGif;
rSwfwrf;,lNyD; pum;wpfvHk;csif;\ teuft"dym,f? 0wKyHkjyif\ &o&nf&G,f
csufwdkYudk tao;pdwfavhvmoGm;onf/ olronf &cdkifjynfe,fodkY ra&mufrD
,cif ta&SUygupwef&Sd &cdkif,Ofaus;rIudk *CePavhvmNyD; jyifopfbmom
jzifh pmtkyfpmwrf;xkwfa0cJhaMumif; od&Sd&ayonf/
yk*dKvfESpfOD;tjyif tjcm;EdkifiHjcm;okawoDrsm; avhvmolrsm; vma&muf
&mwGif oufqdkif&m&cdkifjynfe,f jynfolUaumifpDESifh NrKdUe,fjynfolUaumifpDwdkY
onf {nfh0wfausyGefpGm ulnDTefjycJhayonf/
&cdkifjynfe,f q,fESpfoufwrf;umvtwGif; vkyfom;jynfolrsm;tm; &cdkif
,Ofaus;rI todPfudk jzefYcsdtay;EdkifqHk; aqmif&GufrI wpf&yfrSm &cdkif,Ofaus;
rI jycef;rsm;jyojcif; jzpfonf/ &cdkif,Ofaus;rIjycef;udk 1975-ck? 'DZifbmv
(15)&ufaeY yxrtBudrf &cddkifjynfe,faeY tcrf;tem; (ppfawG) pwifzGifhvSpf
ay;cJhonf/ aemuf (2)ESpfqufwdkuf tvm;wljyoEdkifcJhonf/ wpfzef 1983-ck
wGif &cdkif,Ofaus;rIjycef;udk ppfawGNrdKU ESpfBudrfwdkifwdkif jyoEdkifcJhjyefonf/
jycef;udk ppfawGNrdKUwGif crf;em;pGm usif;yovdk ESpfpOf &efukefusdKuqH
uGif;wGif usif;yaom jynfaxmifpkyGJrsm;wGifvnf; &cdkif,Ofaus;rIudk &cdkifjynf
e,f jynfolUaumifpDu BuD;Muyfjyovsuf &Sdayonf/
,Ofaus;rIypnf;rsm;udk jyo&mwGif &cdkifjynfe,ftESHU xdef;odrf;xm;&Sdaom
a&S;tarGtESpfrsm;xJrS oifhawmfzG,f&mrsm;udk a&G;cs,fNyD; jyojcif;jzpfayonf/
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&m NrdKUe,fjynfolUaumifpDrsm;\ yHhydk;rIrsm;aMumifh rodrjrifem;rvnfao;aom
&cdkif,Ofaus;rIudk trsm;jynfolrsm; ESpfpOfavhvmEdkifayNyD jzpfonf/
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wpfzGJUudk trsm;olig avhvmEdkif&ef wifjyjcif;vnf; yg0ifayonf/
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDXmecsKyfrS wdkif;&if;om;,Ofaus;rIdk;&m"avh
xHk;pHrsm; (&cdkif)pmtkyfudkxkwfa0&ef &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm; yg0ifaom tzGJUwpfzGJU
udk zGJUpnf;NyD; &cdkifjynfe,ftESHU oGm;a&mufapvTwfcJhonf/ ,if;tzGJUonf &cdkif
jynfe,ftESHUodkY oGm;a&mufavhvmNyD; &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;rsm; a&SUrD? aemufrDyk*dKvf
rsm;ESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG; a&;om;jyKpkcJhayonf/
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rsm; &cdkif,Ofaus;rIESifh oabmobm0udk ydkem;vnfvmEdkifMuayonf/
jyKjyifxdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufrItydkif;wGifvnf; ,cifuxufydkrdkaqmif&Guf
vmonf/ &cdkifjynfe,fwGif a&S;a[mif;ypnf;tarGtESpfrsm; ayg<u,f0&m t&yf
um; ajrmufOD;NrdKUyifwnf;/ ajrmufOD;NrdKUwGif &cdkifordkif;0if taqmufttHkrsm;
rSm ysufpD;,dk,Gif;vsuf &SdcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm MumjrifhcJhavonf/ trsdK;om;
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60
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61
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65
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&yf&GmvlBuD;wdkYxH aiG'*Fg;tenfi,fudk a&mif;csNyD; wpfjcm;ypnf;rsm;udk odk0Suf
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ydkif&Sifa&mif;aomtcg 0,f,lxm;vdkufolu "m;jy&efudk aMumufvefY NrdKUay:
odkY xGufajy;vm&m yifyef;EGrf;e,fojzifh okawoDwpfOD;xH a&mif;csygonf/
84
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jzpfNyD; wpfcsdKU&aohrSm rEef0dZmrsm;jzpfMuonf[k yg&Sdonf/ xdkpOftcg &wem
rdk;udk &GmoGef;apaom &aohwdkYtm; kyfwk? qif;wk? wHqdyfcwfESdyf ylaZmfMuonf
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,aeYwdkif&Sdao;onf/ awmifudkazmufxGif;NyD; tkwf*lrsm; jyKvkyfxm;onf/
taMumif;rsm;udk &nf&G,f (oD&dyg*kP)'*Fg;onf a0omvD'*Fg;yifavm[k ,lq
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pdkufxm;aom yk*dKvfwpfOD;onf ykwD;vHk;BuD; ESpfqifhqGJvsuf rkwfqdwfMuifpG,f
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aumfaZmwpfckwGif rDS;tHk;rSD ab;xdkifxdkifum 0JbufvufwGif wkwfwHi,f
wpfckay: usD;wpfaumifudk em;aeap pum;ajymae[ef yg&Sdonf/ OD;acgif;
wGif aZmf*sOD ;D xkyu
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jcnfpuf0dkif;rS wefcdk;owd&Sdaom yk*dKvfwdkYudkomvQif azmfjyavh&SdMuonf/
ausmbufrsufESmwGif opfyifwpfyifatmuf &aohwpfyg;onf oifjzL;cif;
vsuf xdkifaeonf/ udk,f0wf? aygif;xkyf? vufaumuf 0wfqifxm;onf/ vusfm
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jzpfygonf/ rif;wdkY\trnfudkom '*Fg;wGif cwfESdyfavh&Sdygonf/ ,if;aMumifh
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q&mayavm? ylaZmfcs;D ajrm ufv
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(3) oD&dacrm0&oQif&aoh? (4) oD&dok'dAoQif&aoh? (5) oD&dokr*FvoQif&aoh
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86
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bk&m; oGef;vkyf&ef ynm&Sdaom yka&m[dwf[l;&m;wdkYonf jynfpdk;BuD;trwfESifh
wdkifyif toifhjrwfqHk;aom aeY&uftcgwdkYudk wGuf wefcdk;BuD;xif&Sm;aom
bk&m;? odrfawmfapwD teD;jzpfap oifhjrwfaom ae&mwpfckjzpfap? nDnmaom
ajrwpfvif;udk jyKvkyf ajrcJjzifh vdrf;usH&onf/ oJjzLoJeDcif;&onf/ tarT;eHU
om &wemckepfyg; a&;qD;yufzsef;&rnf/ oHCmawmftoQifjrwfrsm;udk yifhzdwf
qGrf;auR;&onf/ udk;yg; (0g) 27-yg;aom oHCmawmfwdkYu y&dwfur0g &Gwf
zwf&rnf/ um; ajroefYpifjcif;wnf;/
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rsm;udk xm;&rnf/ eHYompaom tarT;tBudKif xif;ESifhrD;aoG;rsm;udk xm;&Sd&rnf/
rvHkNcHKaomae&mjzpf yk*dKvfESifh ae&yfudk razmfjyvdkufjcif; jzpfygonf/

pdefom;'*Fg;yif qdk&rnfavm? odkYwnf;r[kwf aus;Zl;&Sif q&mawmf&aoh
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87
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em;yefawmfyg&rnf/ em;awmfESifh ycHk;rxd&/ em;awmif;wGifvnf; bk&if0wfrnfh
em;awmif;rsdK;udkom 0wfqif&rnf/ yvifajcrS ajccsufvQif (jAZoerkj'yHk)? ajc
xyfvQif (y'*Foerkj'yHk) jzpfonf/ vufESpfzufudk yvifacGaygifrSm wif jzefY
xm;NyD;vQif wyfxm;onf/ vufrESpfacsmif;udk axmifxdxm;onf/ vuf0g;
tv,fwGif tNrdKuftdk; (0g) yef;tdk;ESifhyef;pdkuf (0g) &wema&TcGuf (0g) &wem
a&Ttdk;wdkY wifxm;onf/ opmt"d|mefjyKaeaomyHk jzpfonf/
wcsdKUqif;wkawmf\ nmbufvufawmfudk nmbuf'l;awmfwifvsuf
vufndK;awmfudk tenf;i,fusHKUvsuf r[myx0DajrBuD; oufaojyKaeyHk (blrd
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tcsdKUqif;wkawmfrSm vuf0g;awmf ESpfzufpvHk;jzifh vuf0g;awmfESpfzufudk
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rsm;udk jyefvnfNy;D tpDtpOftus qufvufvyk u
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a&G;NyD; tcsdefrSefpGm xnfhavmif;oGef;vkyfMu&onf/
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pOf [l;&m;jzL? [l;&m;ndKwdkYu *gxmrEefrsm; &GwfqdkusL;&ifhae&rnf/ a&Tayguf
ayguf? aiGaygufaygufjzifh BuJjzefYNyD; taeuZmwd oHom&Hpaom*gxmrsmudk
usL;&ifh&GwfqdkMu&onf/
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toD;jzifh jynfhpHkapaom iSufaysmyifpdkuf&rnf/ (tm;vHk; (12)yif pdkuf&rnf)
twGif;&mZrwf ywfvnfwGif ydwfjzLum&HNyD; tjyif&mZrwfESpfxyfwGif zsifeD
umxm;&rnf/
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oDvNrJaom [l;&m;jzL av;a,muf? [l;&m;ndKav;a,mufwdkYonf oefYpifaom
t0wfjzLudk0wfqif ywjrm;pDaom vusfm&pf ckoif;udkifNyD;vQif &mZrwfuGif;
&Sd wdkif&Spfwdkif wkyfum tcgaphonf[k tcsufjyonfESifh wNydKifeuf ckoif;rIwf
jcif;? N*dK[fapmifhewf pwkavmuygvewf? omoemapmifhewf? jynfawmfapmifh
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#maZ,s*gxmawmf? o&PmoD&doQdEblrdZmv*gxmawmfESifh wpfjcm;*gxmawmf
rsm;ESifh rEefawmfrsm;udk &Gwfzwf&rnf/
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&mZrwfum&Hxm;aom pnf;twGif;odkY tjcm;vlrsm; r0ifap&/ udk;&ufwdkifwdkif
pnf;twGif;rSm ae&rnf/ pnf;twGif;rS vlrsm;onf udk;&ufwdkifwdkif tjyifodkY
rxGuf&/ tpma&pmtjynfhESifh ae&rnf/ pnf;twGif;rSvlrsm; oDvNrJ&rnf/
tjyifvl twGif;odkY xGuf0ifjcif; rjyK&atmif ol&JolcufwdkY apmifhMuyf&rnf/
xuf0ef;usift&yfrsm;u vlwdkYudk apmifhMuyf&rnf/
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twGif; jyifqifjznfhxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ udk,fvufokwfoif&ef tjyifpnf; jyKjyif
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90
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jcif; ponfwdkY &SdMuayonf/
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wpfcsdefpnfwD;aomtcg wpfy[dk&f[k qdkonf/ 4y[dk&fwD;wpfarmif;jynfh

onf/ 4y[d&k w
f pfarmif;[k qdak omaMumifh armif;Bu;D wpfv;kH udk wpfcsed w
f ;D &onf/
taMumif;ESifh pyfvsOf; y[dk&fpifawmfwGif armif;oHk;vHk;&Sdao;onf/ ]'l} [k
toHxGufaom armif;wpfvHk;wdkY jzpfonf/ 'larmif;ESpfvHk;wGif ]'l[l[l} [l
[def;oHxGufaom armif;wpfvHk;&Sdonf/ 'l----[l dk;dk;toHxGufaom armif;
ESifh ]aemif} [l dk;dk;toHxGufaom armif;wpfvHk;wdkYrSm twdkif;twmtwlwl
jyKvyk &f onf/ d;k d;k armif;ESpv
f ;kH onf twdik ;f twm 4awmifywfvnfpD &So
d nf/
]'l[l[l} [l [def;oHxGufaomarmif;BuD;rSm 6awmif ywfvnf&Sdonf/ 4y[dk&f
wpfarmif;jynfhwdkif; vufwH&Snfc&mBuD;udk wpfBudrfpDrIwf&onf/ wpfy[dk&fjynfh
pnfawmfw;D yHk
102
101

104
ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmf\ A[dk&fpifawmfem&D aqmufcJhaom &Grf;awmfawmifxdyf

armif;wpfcsufwdkYudk wD;cwfjcif;tm;jzifh aemif---'l----aemif('dkif;)'def;----[def;
wGif pma&;oli,fpOf ausmif;om;b0 tajccHausmufwHk;rsm; &Sdao;onf/
----[def;----[def;----[def; [l xGufay:vmonf/ tajrmufypfNyD;onfhaemuf
NAdwdoQacwfwGif ajrmufOD;rS vlBuD;tcsdKUwdkYonf taysmfwrf;uvyf (Club) wpfck
pnfBuD; 5-rsdK;ESifh wl&d,mrsdK;pHkwdkYudk wD;rIwfNyD;vQif wpfcsdefwnf;vufwH&Snfac:
c&mBuD;udk rIwf&onf/
zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifcJhonf/ ysOf;uwdk;wdkif? oGyfrdk;ysOfum taqmufttHkwpfck
em&dwdkif;&ef cGuf(zvm;)wdkY jyKvkyf&mwGif twdkif;twmrSm tvGefnDGwfrQ
aqmufonf/ ,if;taqmufttHak qmuf&eftwGuf tqdyk gausmufw;kH Bu;D rsm;udk
wrI vdktyfygonf/ ,if;taMumif;udk azmfjyxm;aom &cdkifem&Dusrf;wGif vuFm
NzKd zsu
f ta&SUbufoYkd wGe;f cscMhJ uonf/ tawmftwefuse&f adS eaom ausmufrsm;
jzifh (&cddkifoHjzifh) odkYa&;xm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
udkvnf; ausmif;om;tcsdKUu 'Hk;wdkufwrf;upm;onfqdkum awmifay:rS ausmuf
tcgem&D? jcifwGufvD? xHk;NyDodkY? vuFmysdKU? vlwdkYrsufpd? q,fEIduf[du?
wH;k Bu;D rsm;udk awmifatmufoYkd wGe;f cswrf;upm;cJMh uonf/ uReaf wmfvnf; ordik ;f
wpfcPom? rSwfukefygavmh? q,fcgcP? wv,swnf;? v,s 12-cg? wc&m
wefzdk; emrvnfao; wpfwHk;? ESpfwHk; wGef;cscJhrdonf/ tdrfodkYa&mufvQif
wnf;? tc&mq,fzef? wjyef[lonf? tjyefav;vD? wyDZem? rSefvSpGm\/ yg'f
uRefawmf\ tbdk;u qJqdkwm;jrpfNyD; ordkif;wefzdk;udk ajymjyojzifh em;vnf
rlav;vD? wpfem&DwGif? aMu;eDwjym;? q,fhajcmufom;udk? ,m0g;pHwl? auuif;
oGm;cJhygonf/ awmifatmufodkY a&mufoGm;aom ausmufrsm;udk tcsdKUyk*dKvfwdkY
o,f,o
l ;kH pJaG omfvnf; awmifajc&if;ESihf eHab;wGif Bu;D rm;vSpmG aom ausmufw;kH
ZlvD? vufoef;nDjzifh udk;opfcsuf? t0ef;apmufrSm? OyZmum;? oumpifppf?
ckepfopfvQif? cGufvkyfusifrS? 'l0dZmyg? wd,m\/ auomqHyif? q,fhajcmufyif
rsm;udk ,aeYxd&Sdaeygao;onf/ awmif\tajctaerSmvnf; ajrmufbufodkY
udk? 0ifavmufHkHk? azmufNyD;wHkrS? ,ifhrlcP? a&a0cs? odkYrSrSefpGm? EIdufwcgudk?
xdk;xGufaeaom awmifpG,frSm ausmufom;awmifjzpfonf/ ay-50cefY jrifhonf/
,if;awmifpG,fESifhwpfqufwnf; awmifbufodkY ay30-cefYtjrifhwGif A[dk&fpnf
wpfem&DrSwf? wpfarmif;cwfNyD;? oljrwfPf&Sif? A[dk&fpif[k? nvQifeHeuf? a&S
av;csufonf? a&wGuf 60trSefwnf;/
udk xm;cJhonf/ ajrom;awmif jzpfonf/ txJ ausmuftwd jzpfonf/ NAdwdoQ
[l &SpfaMumif;ayrl uD0rf;wpfrsufESmwGif qdkxm;onf/ tzGifhusrf;wGif
vufxufwGif awmifndKawmifpG,f\xdyfjyifonf tvsm;? teH ay100-ausmfpD
aMu;cGuf(zvm;)ppfppfudkomvQif jyKvkyf&rnf[k qdkxm;onf/ ,if;aMumifh aMu;
&Sdonf/ awmifudkNzdK vrf;cif;jcif;aMumifh 3-yHk 2-yHkcefY ysufpD;onf/ awmifxdyf
zvm; 0rf;wnfhwnfhwGif taygufi,f rdef;rwdkYqHyifwpfq,fhajcmufyif 0ifHkom
BuD;rSmum; e*dktwdkif;&Sdao;onf/ rlvyxrrif;apmrGeftrnf orkwfcJhpOfu
azmuf&rnf[k qdkayonf/ em&Dwdkif;wmaom aMu;tyftifwHkoHk;vHk;wGif yxr
(1) ayoulawmif? (2) A[dk&fpifawmf wnfaqmufNyD;aemuf &Grf;awmif (,Grf;
tifwHk aMu;zvm;wdkY xnfh&onf/ taygufi,frS 0ifaoma&rsm; jynfhvmaom
awmif)? (3) NAdwdoQvufxuf uvyf (Club) aqmufaomtcg uvyfawmif?
tcg aMu;zvm;epfoGm;onf/ epfvQif wpfem&Djynfhonf/ epfvQifepfjcif; 'kwd,
(4) uvyfNyKd Ny;D aemuf rlvemrnftwdik ;f &Gr;f awmif (,Gr;f awmif)trnfwiG af eyg
tifwHkwGif vlu zvm;wpfvHk; xnfhvdkuf&onf/ yxrvlu jrKyfaeaom aMu;
onf/
zvm;udk ,laepOf tcsdefMuefYMumjcif;r&Sd&atmif 'kwd,vlu csufcsif;xnfh&
um; &cdkifwdkY\ A[dk&fpnfwD;cwfyHk? em&Da&wGufyHk emrnfrsm;tqifhqifh
jcif; jzpfygonf/ 'kwd,zvm;epfvQif wwd,zvm; xnfh&onf/ wwd,zvm;
ajymif;vJac:a0:yHk? taqmufttHk aqmufcJhyHk? NydKysufoGm;jcif;ESifh awmifxdyf\
epfvQif yxrvlu jyefponf/ enf;tm;jzifh tcsdefem&Drsm;udk wdwdusus
xdyfjyif usOf;ajrmif;oGm;jcif;ponfwdkY jzpfygonf/ okawoDwdkYonf ay? y&ydkuf?
wdik ;f ,ljcif; jzpfonf/ aeYyikd ;f wm0efusaomolwEYkd iS hf nydik ;f wm0efusaom olwu
Ykd kd
vufa&;rlwdkY a&;om;xm;cJhMuaom ordkif;pOfrsm;udk zwfIum ajrmufOD;NrdKUodkY
cGJjcm; cefYxm;&onf/ odkYvQif a&S;acwf&cdkifwdkY\ A[dk&fem&Drsm;udk wD;
uGif;qif;avhvmMuonf/ pmqdktwdkif; wpfckrQ r[kwfygwum;/ rnDGwfyg
cwfcJhMuavonf/
103
rGef;wnfh tajrmufypf
wpfcsuf ypfazmuf&onf/
uRefawmf i,fpOfu ppfawGNrdKUwGif--rGef;wJh(12)em&DwD;vQif ppfawGNrdKU azmifawmfBuD;rS
tajrmufBuD;
rGef;wnfhcsdefESifh oef;acgiftcsdef usa&mufvQif---tcsdefaphem&D wD;NyD;aemuf----
106
OD;omxGe;f
&cdkifa&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI vuf&mrsm;
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI a&S;a[mif;vuf&mrsm;rSm NrdKUa[mif;ac: ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmf

a[mif; teD;ywf0ef;usif t&yfa'owdkYwGif ajrmufjrm;pGm awGU&SdEdkifonf/
if;jyif ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfa[mif;\ ajrmufbuf ajcmufrdkifcefYtuGmwGif
a&S;NrdKUawmfa[mif;jzpfaom a0omvDNrdKUawmfa[mif;\teD;tem; t&yfa'owdkY
wGifvnf; ajrmufjrm;pGm awGU&SdEdkifonf/
uRefawmfwdkYi,f&G,fpOftcgu a&S;a[mif;okawoevkyf&yfrsm;udk tm;BudK;
rmefwuf aqmif&GufcJhzl;Muukefaom uRefawmfwdkY\tbdk; OD;omxGef;atmifESifh
vnf;aumif;? uRefawmf\q&m ausmufpm0efrif; OD;pHa&TbkESifhvnf;aumif;?
wpfjcm;aom &mZ0ifpmayvdkufpm;olyk*dKvfBuD;rsm;ESifh i,f&G,fpOfuyif 0goem
xHkonfESifhnDpGm a&S;NrdKUawmfa[mif;rsm;wdkYodkY vSnfhvnfMunfhIqnf;yl;cJhygonf/
xdkpOftcgu ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom &cdkif,Ofaus;rIa&S;a[mif;vuf&mrsm;
udk jrifawGUrSwfom;qnf;yl;cJhygonf/
,if;aeYup ,aeYxdESpfaygif; 20-ausmfcefYwGif taumiftxnftvdkuf
kyfvHk;kyf<ursm;udk azmfjya&;om;&ef tvGefyifcJ,Of;aeygonf/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufolr&SdaomaMumifhaomfvnf;
aumif;? rdk;a&rsm;t[kefaMumifh vnf;aumif;? ynmuif;rJhaom odkufq&mwdkY\
OD ; ol & d , (ajrmuf O D ; )
ok w ynm wd k ; yG m ;Muygap/
&cdkifr*Zif ;? 1987-ck
wum;[l txiftjrifrSm;oGm;rnf/ ,if;odkY tjrifrrSm;apjcif;iSm uRefawmfh

taeESifh ordkif;rSwfwdkifESifh ordkif;kyf<uif;rsm;udk pmawGU? ayawGUESifh rsufjrifawGU
&Sdaom tcsuftvufwdkYudk wifjyvdkuf&jcif;yif jzpfygonf/
105
wdkYonf pnfum;Muukef\/
,Ofaus;rIrsm; zvS,fEdkifMuukef\/
A[kokw ydkrdkrsm;jym;EdkifMuukef\/
xdkenf;wl? a&S;&mZ0ifa[mif;rsm;wGif &cdkifESifhtdEd,? &cdkifESifh jrefrm tp&Sd
aom ywf0ef;usif wdkif;jynfwdkYonf tcsif;csif;,Ofaus;rIzvS,fjcif;? qufqHjcif;
udk toHk;jyKcJhMuukef\/
yZmuJhodkY ,Ofaus;rIzvS,f aecJhygoenf;[k ar;ygjim;tHh? xdkpum;udk a&S;
NrdKUawmfa[mif;rsm;&Sd taqmuftOD;ESifh kyfvHk;? kyf<u yef;csD yef;ykwdkY\ &mpkESpf
tpOftwdkif; &SmazGMunfhIvdkufygu (1) taqmuftOD; trsdK;rsdK;wdkY\ yHkoPmef
onf tqifhqifh wpfrsdK;wpfrsdK;pD ajymif;vJvmjcif;? (2) pmay ta&;tom;
tu&mrsm; wpfqifhwpfqifh wpfrsdK;pD;wpfrsdK;pD ajymif;vJvmjcif;? (3)kyfvHk;
kyf<u yef;ykyef;csDrsm; wpfqifhwpfqifh qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIwdkYonf wpfrsdK;wpfrsdK;pD
ajymif;vJvmjcif; tp&Sdaom ajymif;vJcsufrsm;udk &mpkESpftwdkif; a0zefMunfhjcif;
tm;jzifh ,aeYwikd af tmif a&muf&adS eaom tqift
h wef; xd,w
k o
d ufaoom"u
wdkYudk xif&Sm;ay:vGifapEdkifonf/
xdkYaMumifh yxrOD;pGm &cdkifjynfwGif;odkY a&mufvmMuukefaom wdkif;jcm;vlrsdK;
rsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;vlrsdK;rsm; rnfrQaexdkifcJhMuoenf;/
rnfonfhbmomudk udk;uG,fcJhMuoenf;/
rnfonft
h cgumvuyif 0ifa&mufMuoenf;[laom ,kwt
d ud;k tum;rsm;
wdkYonf usrf;*efpmtkyf pmayrSm a&;om;xm;onfxuf a&S;a[mif;vuf&mrsm;
u ,kwdxifay\/
rnfuJhodkYyif a&TpmtkyfBuD;ESifh a&TpmvHk;BuD;wdkYjzifh a&;om;xmjim;aomfvnf;
oufaocH,kwdypnf;jzpfaom tEkynmvuf&mrsm;udk rwifjyEdkifygu ,HkMunfzdkY
t&monf vGefpGmcufvJrnf[k xifygonf/
tqdkyg vuf&mwdkYomvQif rjiif;y,fEdkifaom ordkif;armfuGef;pmayjzpfMu
ukef\/ xdkYaMumifh-- a&S;a[mif;&cdkif,Ofaus;rIvuf&m tEkynmpmayESifh
oufqdkiftusHK;0ifonfh tEkynmvuf&mwpfcktaMumif;udk azmfjy&ayownf;/
NzdKcGJrIaMumifh vnf;aumif; trsdK;rsdK;aom ppfab;ppf'PfwdkYaMumifhvnf;aumif;?

ysufpD;,dk,Gif;&acsonf/
,cktcg ausmif;uefbk&m;odrfawmfwGif;odkY vnf;aumif;? 0goemxHkaom
vlwdkY\ aetdrfodkYvnf;aumif;? NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUjywdkufwGif;odkY vnf;aumif;? ajymif;
a&TUodrf;qnf;xm;aomaMumifh tenf;i,frQaom a&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI vuf&m
rsm;wdkYonf usef&Sdao;ay\/
rajymif;ra&TU&ao;aom a&S;a[mif;tEkynmvuf&mrsm;ESifh pmaywdkYonf
tawmftwef &Sdaeao;onf/
wpfaeYwpfyg; if;ypnf;wdkYtm; apmifhxdef;MunfhIaeolwdkY uif;rJhcdkufwGif?
vufvSrf;a0;&m t&yfXme&Sdypnf;wdkYonf ysufpD;&ukefvwH? xdkrSwpfyg;
taqmuftOD;BuD;rsm; ysufpD;,dk,Gif;NyD;vQif zHk;tkyfaejcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;?
ESHYpyfatmif roGm;&ao;aom ae&yfXmewGifvnf;aumif;? ajrjyifrsm; zHk;vTrf;
aomfvnf;aumif;? ajrmufjrm;pGm &Su
d ek af o;\ trsKd ;rsKd ;aom ,Ofaus;rItaygif;wdYk
wGif t"du,Ofaus;rI[k ac:xdu
k o
f nfh (1) ud;k uG,o
f nfb
h momESihf kyv
f ;kH ky<f u
taqmuftOD;rsm; ,Ofaus;rI (2) yef;ykyef;ajymuf paom a&S;a[mif;vuf&mrsm;
,Ofaus;rI? (3) a<u&nfpOfh&nftp&SdonfwdkYjzifh pdrf;? eD? 0gjzLa&Ttp&Sdaom
ta&mifwdkYjzifh jc,fvS,fxm;onfh tdk;cGufvifyef;? kyfvHk;kyf<u yef;csDvuf&m
,Ofaus;rI? (4) okckr*DwoDcsif;uAsm tJtrf&wk pmaywdkYudk a&;om;pDuHk;rIESifh
Xmefu*dkPf;? rMwm'DC? &o? yvkw? *k? v[ktp&Sdojzifh oHaeoHxm; yDopGm
&GwfzwfoDqdkrIwnf;[laom *DwtEkynm,Ofaus;rI (5)wdkif;BuD;jynfBuD;t*FgwdkY
ESifh nDGwfpGm vlrsdK;aygif;pHkbmomaygif;pHkwdkYESifh aygif;oif;qufqHjcif;wnf;[l
aom *k"r*D[D 0De,a&;&m ,Ofaus;rI[l t"du,Ofaus;rI 5-&yf&Sdayonf/
,if;taMumif;rsm;aMumifh a&S;NrdKUawmfa[mif; NrdKU&GmwdkY jzpfap? ,ckNrdKUBuD;
jyBuD;wdkY jzpfap? vlrsdK;aygif;pHk? bmomaygif;pHkwdkY aeMuukef\/
,ck NrKd UBu;D jyBu;D wdw
Yk iG f vlrsKd ;aygif;pHk bmomaygif;pHw
k Ykd aygif;oif;qufqaH e
Muonfum; vufawGUyif jzpfonf/
uJhodkY wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; wpfrsdK;ESifhwpfrsdK;? wpfjynfe,fESifhwpfjynf? aygif;
oif;qufqHa&mif;0,fazmufum; aexdkifoGm;vmrI &SdrSomvQif NrdKUjyjynf&Gm
108
107
wlonf/ odkYaomf----ta&SUbufrsufESmwGif rkcfzGifhtaqmifwpfck ydkrdkavonf/

if;rkcfzGifhwdkYwGif *sdef;bmom? Ak'bmom? [dELbmomwdkY udk;uG,faom bk&m;
kyfwkawmfrsm; wpfqlpD tqifhqifhxkvkyfxm;avonf/
apwDawmfay:wGif BuD;rm;vSpGmaom opfyifcsHKEG,faygufa&mufjcif;aMumifh
MunfhIp&m r&avmufatmif ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aeonf/
odkYaomf----&cdkifwdkY\ xHk;wrf;pOfvmt& a&S;a[mif;apwDawmf wpfckpDwdkY
wGif tvm;wl apwDi,fwpfqlpD xkvkyf XmyemoGif;pNrJ jzpfonf/
vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; 20-cefUavmufu rormaom odkufq&mwpfpkwdkYonf
apwDawmfudk xGif;azmufwl;NzdKMu&m rnfuJhodkY tzdk;xdkufwefaomypnf;rsm;udk
&avonf[l rod&/ if;olwdkY wl;NzdKcJhaom ajrpmyHkay:rS tvm;wl apwDi,f
wpfqlESifh bk&m;qif;wki,frsm;? aiGom;'*Fg; 2-jym;wdkYudk awmif,mvkyfpm;ol
wpfOD; &&Sdavonf/ xdktcg if;apwDi,fudk a&S;a[mif;okawoe0goemygol
yk*Kd vBf u;D wpfO;D u wefz;kd ay; 0,f,o
l mG ;avonf/ ,ckb,fae&mrSm &Sad vrSe;f
rod&/ xdkyk*dKvf\ om;ajr;wdkYvufwGif &Sdvdrfhrnf[k xifrdonf/
aiGom;'*Fg;wGifum; a&S;a[mif;&mZ0ifwdkYESifh udkufnDpGm ou&mZf 1000ck? qifjzLr&Sif qifeDocif e&ywdBuD;[l yg&Sdonf/ onfudk axmufI
a0omvDNrdKUawmfrS e&ywdBuD;ajymif;a&TUwnfxm;cJhyHk xif&Sm;aeonf/
a,"rma[wkyw0g[laom ou#pmudk axmufIjcif;tm;jzifh a&S;acwf
pmay\ qif;oufykH ,Ofaus;rIukd ay:vGix
f if&mS aponfh taMumif;rlum; ou#
pmaywdkYonf &cdkifjynfwGif;odkY 3-&mpkESifh 8-&mpktwGif;u 0ifa&mufvmonf/
xdkacwfxuf OD;pGm 0ifa&mufvmaom pmayrSm jA[Dtu&mESifh ru"tu
&mrsm; jzpfonf/ xdkrSwpfqifh wHcGefvTm; xGufaom ru"pmudk &upm[k
ac:onf/
xdkrSwpfqifh ou#pmay? xdkrSwpfqifh &cdkifjrefrmpmayodkY qif;oufvmay
onf/ xdkodkY tqifhqifhpmaywdkYonf a&maESm,Sufwifum 0ifa&mufvmaom
*sed ;f bmomud;k uG,o
f nfh vlrsKd ;tcsKd Uwdo
Yk nf vnf;aumif;? [dEL vlrsKd ;tcsKd Uwdo
Yk nf
vnf;aumif; rdrdwdkY wdkif;&if;om;bmomudkvnf; rypfy,fEdkifbJ Ak't,lodkY ul;
ajymif;udk;uG,fMuavonf/
kyv
f ;kH onf a&S;a[mif;a0omvDNrKd UawmfrS ajrmufO;D NrKd UawmfoYkd a&Srif;rsm;
a&TUajymif;,laqmifvmaom kyfvHk;rsm;teuf wpfcktygt0ifjzpfayonf/
kyfvHk;udk oHk;ydkif;jcm; xkvkyfcJhonf/
atmufqHk;yvifydkif;wGif a&S;a[mif;yef;acG e*g; 2-aumif\ twGefYtvdrf
wdkYwGif yef;acG&Gufvdyfyef;wdkYjzifh jynfhpHkpGm xkvkyfxm;onf/
if;tay:wGif MumoGyftkd;wdkYjzifh wdkuftdrfyHkrkcfaygufoHk;ck &Sdonf/
a&SUrsufESmcH rkcfaygufwGif rdef;rkyf? ajc&if;wGif uav;wpfa,muf &yfae
[ef tkyf? vuf0Jvusfm rkcfaygufwdkYwGif a,musfm;kyfwpfzuf wpfkyfpHkxk
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ရခိုင္တန္ေဆာင္ေဆာင္းပါးမ်ား (ဦးဦးသာထြန္း)

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