Red Hat Linux


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26 2003


5 ....................................................................................................................
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7 ....................................................................................................................
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26 ..........................................................................................
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30 .....................................................................................................
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33 ..........................................................................
35 .....................................................................................................
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64 ...........................................................................................................
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93 ...................................................................................................
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175 ................................................................................................
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179 ..................................................................................................
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(.)Run Levels
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187 ..............................................................................
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(.)Mount Points
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203 ............................................................... 9
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206 ................................................................
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 Unix
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"Bell .
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( AT&T ) .


Free Software Foundation

.1984 ( )open source code
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. .
.


.Linux ( ).
: + = GNU

( + + GNU + GNOME + KDE
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.

GPL

.
GNOME KDE .
.

www.gnu.org

(GNU's Not Unix )GNU

www.kernel.org

Linux Kernel

www.xfree86.org

XFree86 Graphical User Interface

www.gnome.org

GNOME Desktop

www.kde.org

KDE Desktop

www.redhat.com

Red Hat Linux, USA

www.mandrakelinux.com

Mandrake Linux, France

www.suse.com

Suse Linux, Germany


9 .
9 6 .
( )Source Code .
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( )Red Hat Linux 9 CD#1
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DEL
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:
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.II .Workstation
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11

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12

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Use maximum available space :
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.
13

 :4
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C .
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() Red Hat Linux CD#1 :
cd D:
.D :
dir
.dosutils :
cd dosutils
:
fips.exe
. .
14

 . ( ) .
FIPS .
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Next
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.Grub Lilo Change
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.Win XP Edit .
Win XP . Red Hat Linux
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.Default Win XP :
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.Configure Advanced Boot Loader Options :
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15

 : ( )MBR
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16

 (.)Firewall
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 .
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18

 (.)root

( . )Administrator

19

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Details
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20

 .
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2 .3
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21

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.
. !!
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( .)Probe
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22

23

 .
. ( )Color Depth 24 -
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( ) . Exit
( )Grub Red Hat Linux .Enter
----------------------------------------------------------------------

24


. .Forward
. ( ahmed) ( Ahmed Jamal)
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. .Forward
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!
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. .
. (.)www.redhat.com
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. .Forward
. Forward .
----------------------------------------------------------------------

25


.
. :
(.)GNU
(.)kernel
(.)File System
(.)X Window System
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.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
( )GNU's Not Unix GNU 1984 ( )Unix
( .)Free Software ( .)www.gnu.org
. 1974 .
.MIT ( .)Emacs, gcc, gdb
1984 .

.
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( ) . ()
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MIT .
.
. .
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( )Free/Open .
( )GNU General Public License .GNU GPL
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( ) .
. .
. .
( ) .
( .)RAM
. . (.)Linux

26

 () . .
. . . .
. (gcc, glibc, gdb,
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1991 (.)2.6
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27

 .
. / Root File System .root
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X ! Fail Safe
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28

 . .
( )Gnome .KDE

( )Office Suite
( ) . .
.
.
.
.
.
.KDE
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----------------------------------------------------------------------

29


( )Graphical User Interface :

XFree86 ( ).
.
.
.
(.)Display Manager
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.
.
:
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.
.
.
.
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!
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Gnome KDE X

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XFree86
MIT
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X.Org IBM HP .Sun
X X.Org XFree86.org
. XFree86 X.Org .
.

30

 GNU/Linux GPL
XFree86
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31

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DISPLAYMANAGER=KDM

DISPLAYMANAGER=XDM
( 3) 5
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:

.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

32

 -
.
()Applications
: ( ls)
( )XFree86 xpdf .PDF
KDE
KDE .KDE
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kernel
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33


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XFree86
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34



.
KDE X
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KDE
.
KDE
.
( )X
.

.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

35

 KDE
.
.
.
.
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.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
X ( ) . X
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X
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.

. K Desktop Environment KDE.
KDE 1996 Matthias Ettrich .
KDE Qt ( )C++
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(.)Konqueror
(.)Konqueror
(.)Control Center
(.)KOffice

KDE ( )Panel ( )K Menu ( )
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.
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36


.
. ( ) . Applets
.
.Properties
KDE KDE
.

.
. ( )
( ) .
( )K Menu .
KDE Gnome .
. ( )
( ) . (
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37

 KDE .Klipper .
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38

 KDE

39

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40


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KDE .

41

 " ."Find Files

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( ) .
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42

 KDE
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43

 KDE .Country/Region & Language .

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44

 ( )Laptop Laptop Battery Show battery

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45

 1 2 3
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46

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47

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48

49

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50

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52

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53

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54

 " " ( ) .
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55

 KDE
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56

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57

 "" . " " .

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58

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59

60

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61

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62


KDE KDE
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Default Action After Logout .KDE
KDE " ".
----------------------------------------------------------------------

63


.
.
.
.
.
.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------
.KDE .
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KDE ! KDE Qt
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64


.
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65

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66

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67

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68

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69

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70

 (
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71

 :
Games

Internet

Graphics

Office
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Preferences

Programming

Sound & Video

System Settings

System Tools

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.
" " (.)Nautilus
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. .
.

72

 " " .
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Enter "".

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.

73


Preferences .

Preferences Control Center

.

74

 .
" "CD Properties
. .

" Mount CD when inserted
" Open file manager window
.Data CDs

"Run
command when CD is inserted ". Audio CDs

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.
.

75

 . mp3 .xmms
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!

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76

 " "About Myself

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.

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.

77

 " "
.
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78

79

 ( ) "" " "...

" ".
" "Sound Effects
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80

 "" . "
" "."Change Desktop Background

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81

 " "More Preferences "."CD Database

( ) " "FreeDB Round Robin


( ).
.

82


.
( )Nautilus
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. .

. .
. ( ) .
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100 + -
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83

 "" . .
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Background and Emblems .
.
.
" "Patterns . ""Color
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: " "icons " "Red Hat Pics

" "music . .

84

 " " Preferences

.
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" ".
. " Show hidden
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85

 ( )
. Single click to activate items.

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86

 "" . "" .
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87

 " " .
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88

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89

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90


( .)Session Management
.
:
.Save current settings
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( ) " "Save current settings .
.
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91

 " "Prompt on Logout

. .
----------------------------------------------------------------------

92


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93

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94

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95


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96

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97

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98

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99

 " "
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----------------------------------------------------------------------

100


.
.
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101

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102

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X .

103

104

 " Edit . " ."Find on this page

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" "Bookmarks .
.
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Mail & Newsgroups .Composer
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" "Help . " "Help Contents
( )Search .

105

 " Release Notes .

.Plugins :
. .

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. .
Composer Mail & Newsgroups .
.Appearance .Navigator
.
Fonts . ( )Western (
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106

 14 .

107

 ( )Colors . ( )Theme .
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. .
.

108

 Privacy & Security " ."Cookies

.
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109

110

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" "Manual proxy configuration
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111

 .
( )www.macromedia.com
. .install_flash_player_6_linux.tar.gz :
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tar zxvf install_flash_player_6_linux.tar.gz
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root .
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112

 :
"java version "1.4.2-beta
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plugins .
( .)/usr/lib/mozilla-1.2.1/plugins
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:
/home/loner/j2sdk.1.4.2
( ) :
cd /home/loner/.mozilla/plugins
ln -s /home/loner/j2sdk1.2.4/jre/jre/plugin/i386/ns-610/libjavaplugin_oji.so
( ) .
Help Plugins .
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ns-610 . (
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ln -s /home/loner/j2sdk1.2.4/jre/jre/plugin/i386/ns-610-gcc32/libjavaplugin_oji.so

113

 ( .)Open Source
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Help About Mozilla
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( .)20030624 2003 ( 6 ) .24

114

 .
9 ( )/usr/lib/mozilla/ ( .)/usr/bin/mozilla
( .)/home/loner/mozilla/
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

115

 Konqueror KDE
KDE .
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( )K .
KDE .
( )Home Page .

.
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Apply .
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116

117

 . " ."Enable Java globally

( .)java executable file "Path to
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.Clear History

118

 . " ."Enable cookies

"."Treat all cookies as session cookies
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".Use cache
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" ."Offline browsing mode
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" Disk cache size . .Clear Cache

119

 ()Cookies

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120

 .Proxy "."Use Proxy

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)http://(:
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121

 .Plugins "."Enable plugins globally

Scan for new plugins
( ) .

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( )Java Applets .

122

----------------------------------------------------------------------

123

 xmms
xmms . (ogg, mp3,
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mp3 mp3 .
xmms mp3 . mp3 :
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124

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125

xmms

126


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Fonts .
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127

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!
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128

 .View File Info

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xmms .
Add . .
./mnt/cdrom : .
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Options .Preferences .Audio I/O Plugins
CD Audio Player .Configure Devices .
.
CD Info .
( ) .

129

130

 xmms . .
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. ( ) Load List Save
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----------------------------------------------------------------------

131

 xine
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xine ( )xinehq.de . .DVD
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xine :
xine

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xine-lib-1.0.0-0.1.rc0a.fr
xine-0.9.22-1.fr
xine-skins-1.6-1.fr

132

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133

 . .
gui Configuration experience level .
( ) .
3.
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xine . .splash
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134

.xine

(
Sound & Video )Volume Control
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input . cdda_device
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cdda_use_cddb .
.
DVD dvd_device . ( )/dev/dvd
(.)/dev/hdc
VCD vcd_device . ( )/dev/cdrom
(.)/dev/hdc
135

DEL DELETE . .
( ) VCD .
DVD . .DVD
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ls -l /dev/dvd
:

8 Sep 14 12:43 /dev/dvd -> /dev/hdc

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root

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root

ls: /dev/dvd: No such file or directory

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0 1 . :
sbin/hdparm -d1 /dev/hdc/
136

 ( ) DVD ". The Matrix

DVD .Lagaan DVD .

.

137

----------------------------------------------------------------------

138

 gaim
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gaim . gaim
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139

 Protocol .
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loner-dude@yahoo.com :
loner-dude :
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140

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gaim Preferences Tools
141

 ( .)Buddy List .
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.

.Show timestamp on messages

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142

 Plugins
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.
.
Auto-Reconnect
gaim
gaim .

----------------------------------------------------------------------

143

 FTP gFTP
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144

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145

 Evolution
.
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Evolution Internet .Evolution Mail
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.
.Next
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Next
.

146

 .
Full Name
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147

 Evolution

Automatically
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148


.
Home
Account

.
Make this
my default account

Evolution.

149

 . .
Finish .

. Tools .Settings
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:
.Summary
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.Tasks
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Mail Summary . Outbox
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Inbox .
150

 .
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151

 Calendar . .
( ) . Evolution
15 Reminder .

Evolution Tools Settings .

152

 .
Mail Summary Summary Preferences
Mail . .
Inbox .Outbox
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Add .
.Remove

Mail Accounts :
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.Edit

153

Evolution 9 . .
Evolution Help .Table of Contents
----------------------------------------------------------------------

154

 gedit
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155

 Edit Preferences .gedit

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Add .

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156

 gedit
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157

 gedit
.Plugins
Manager
.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

158

 gtoaster
( )CD Writer gtoaster ( )backup
( Phex
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gtoaster (.)gnometoaster.rulez.org
gtoaster System Tools More system Tools .CD Writer
.root

( )
.
Preferences . Import
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Clear Disc (.)CD-RW
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Home ( .)root
:
.Unix Tree
CD-ROM Drives .
.

159

 : ( )
.
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( ) .
( )DVD-ROM . Add .
160

 : ( Device File )/dev/hdc

( Mount Point .)/mnt/cdrom Model Manufacturer
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161

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14 20 .
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mp3 .
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mp3
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which mpg123 :
./usr/local./bin/mpg123 :
162

 .gtoaster Preferences .Filetypes

mpg123 .Filtername
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mpg123 -r 44100 -s --stereo -q ( )which /usr/local/bin/mpg123 :
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163

 gtoaster ( 10) .
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164

----------------------------------------------------------------------

165


( ) .
() . :
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166

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167

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.
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man info
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168


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touch file2
touch file3
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rm -rf new-dir

169

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170

 cat .
cat file1
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171

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Enter .
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kill 4526

172

 .
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173

 ( )executable .
( )text files ( )executable files ( )Binary Code
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----------------------------------------------------------------------

174


.
(.)Source Code
RPM .
---------------------------------------------------------------------
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. .root
.

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( )Red Hat Linux 9 CD#1 or #2 or #3
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( )Red Hat Linux 9 CDs.
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175

 Details Office/Productivity

()Source Code
( )Binary Format .
( configure compile .)install
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Pentium Athlon MIPS) .
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tar ( gzip )gz
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:
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./configure
make
su
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176

 . README
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RPM
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foo-2003-9a.i386.rpm .foo
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177

 .
.
.
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grep .rpm | ( Enter)
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rpm -qa | grep name-i-am-searching
rpm :
rpm -Uhv *rpm
----------------------------------------------------------------------

178


.
(.)Run Levels
.
(.)Firewall
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( ).
System Settings .Users and Groups
( )User ( )Group . (
) root .

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Preferences ( Users )Groups
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( ).
( Identification .)ID
.
( ) .500
500 .
0 . root
179

 Add User .
.User Name
( )Capital Letters (
" )"- .
TheOne .

Ok
.

180

 .Properties
. User
Data .

Account Info
Enable
account expiration .

.User account is locked

Password Info

Days before
.change required

.

181

 .
Groups
.

.

.Add Group
.OK
.
.
.
.

.Properties
Group Data .
Group Users
.

182

 ()Run Levels
( )Services .
.
: ()
.
.
/sbin/init .
( )/etc/inittab .

6 ( init )
(.)/etc/rc.d
0 .6 5 init
( .)/etc/rc.d/rc5.d 3 init
(.)/etc/rc.d/rc3.d
183

.Shutdown

. root .

. ( .)NFS

. .

. . X .

.Reboot

/sbin/init .
:
/sbin/init 0
:
/sbin/init 6
( 3 ):
/sbin/init 3
( 1 ):
/sbin/init 1
( 5 ):
/sbin/init 5
( )myprog 3 ()/etc/rc.d/rc3.d
( )Shell Script (.)/etc/rc.d/init.d

. .
(.)/etc/rc.d
( )Default ( .)/etc/inittab ( )
:
:id:5:initdefault
( 5) .

184


/sbin/service ( stop
start restart .)status
xinetd :
/sbin/service xinetd restart
System Settings Server Settings .Services

Save Changes .File

.
( Stop Start )Restart .Actions
.Edit Runlevel
.
. () .
Start .
Save Changes .File
Description .
185

 Status . ( Process ID .)PID

( .)Stopped
xinetd (.)xinetd service
()Firewall
( HTTP MAIL )DNS
.
System Settings .Security Level
.
./sbin/iptables
65000 .
.
Security Level :
High
Medium
No Firewall
High .

.
Medium .
No Firewall .
.
(Use default firewall
.)rules (
) Customize
( eth0 ).
( 80 25)
.
( )Apache Web Server
( .WWW )HTTP (
).
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

186


( ).
.
( ).
.
.
.
.
(.)Laptops
---------------------------------------------------------------------
( )
. (
NT 4.0 2000 .)XP
.
( ).
( )Hardware Compatibility List
( .)www.redhat.com/hcl ( ) .
( )
. . Linux
.
.
. .
( )www.google.com ( ) Linux .
.
.

Low Level Hardware .
.
Intel AMD ( )Motherboards Intel
VIA MSI .
( .)2.4
( ) (
)rpm . ( )www.kernel.org .
( )
.
(.)Serial Port
( ) .
( ) . (.)www.linmodems.org

187


.
System Settings .Printing

( HP DeskJet 3820 USB ) .

.Edit ( )
.Default

New .


.
Apply .

.Forward

.Name

.Short description
.Forward

188

 Select queue type

(
)Locally-connected .

( /dev/lp0
)Parallel /dev/usb/lp0
( .)USB

.Forward

.
Select the printer
.manufacturer and model
. HP
.

.
.Forward

189


( ).
Back
.
.Apply

.Yes
(.)www.linuxprinting.org
HP (.)hp.sourceforge.net

( )CD Writer .gtoaster
cdrecord :
www.fokus.gmd.de/research/cc/glone/employees/joerg.schilling/private/cdrecord.html
. .

Graphics .Digital Camera Tool
Camera Add Camera .
Detect .

190


( )Scanner Graphics .Scanning
( )xsane Accept .
. . .

Help .

191

 ()Laptops
.
.
:
www.linux-laptop.net
tuxmobil.org
www.linux.org/hardware/laptop.html

.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

192

 ()Boot Loader
BIOS ( )Motherboard
( ) . ( )Sector 0
( ) ( .)RAM .
.
( )CPU .
( ).
9 .grub grub (.)/boot/grub/grub.conf
:
.
.
.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
( ) .
( )
. )Sector 0( 0
.
( )grub ( )Floppy Boot Diskette
(.)Red Hat Linux 9 CD#1
( ) . :
linux rescue
. .English Tab
OK ( )spacebar .
. .US Tab OK
.
. Tab NO
.
. Continue .
.

. .
:
chroot /mnt/sysimage
grub-install /dev/hda
:
exit

193

 grub .

.grub
grub .E grub () 3
.
( )kernel E .
. .
3 :
linux 3
Enter B .
.
(.)/etc/inittab

( ) .
.
( ) .
grub .
grub .
grub (.)/boot/grub/grub.conf

194

 98 ( .)dev/hda1 grub
:
title Microsoft Windows 98
(rootnoverify )hd0,1
chainloader +1
grub .

.M$ Windows 98
default ( 0 1
).
timeout grub .
grub ( .)default 10.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

195

 -
.
(.)Mount Points
(.)Singly Linked
(.)File Permissions
---------------------------------------------------------------------
.
C: D: E: .
.
( / ).
( )
./

./
( )
( )/home ( .)Partition .
( .)/dev/hda2
( )/home ( )/home .
(. )/home
. (.)/home
.
()Mount Points
( C .)D
( )network drive ( .)F
. D
( ) . ( ) .
( C) C:
( )Directory ( .)Partition
.
. ( .)mount
(.)Mount Points

(.)/etc/fstab
.mount root .

196

 mount :
mount option partition directory
( )options ( ext3 ext2 vfat).
( )partition ./dev/hda1
( )directory ./home
.
:1 .
/dev .root

/dev /mnt
.
( ) ./mnt/floppy
( ) ./mnt/cdrom
/mnt/floppy :
mount /mnt/floppy
:
umount /mnt/floppy
: ! /mnt/floppy
mount . mount
( .)/etc/fstab .
( )/etc/fstab mount . mount
/mnt/floppy /mnt/cdrom .
( )KDE .
:2 .
/mnt/cdrom :
mount /mnt/cdrom
( ) :
umount /mnt/cdrom
( )KDE .
. umount
.eject
197

 :3 .
. .
( XP FAT32) ./dev/hda1
:
( ).
mount .
( )/etc/fstab .
:root
mkdir /mnt/windows
:
mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt/windows
( )-t . FAT 32 vfat .
(.)/mnt/windows
. .
(:)/etc/fstab
0 0

defaults

vfat

/mnt/windows

/dev/hda1

. ./mnt/windows
XP NTFS .FAT32
( .)/etc/filesystems vfat NTFS
. NTFS ( ).
NTFS ( )recompile NTFS .
()Singly Linked
.
( )/dev/hda1 /winXP .3 :
mount -t ext3 /dev/hda5 /winXP
/winXP (.)/dev/hda5
( ) .
( )/dev/hda5 :
umount /dev/hda5
. .
.

198

 ()File Permissions
. .
ls ( )-l .

7 . :dir1
dir1

4096 Date&time

loner

loner

drwxrwxr-x

( ).
. .1 (
).
( )user .
( )group .
. 4096 .
.
. :ls
(.)-
(.)d
( )link (.)l
dir1 (.)d

:
.r
.w
.x
.

( gedit).

( )execute .

( cd ).

199


.chmod
chmod permissions file/dir
( )permission ( ) + -
.
+ - = =.
:
.u
.g
.o
.a
:
:1 .file1
chmod u+rwx,g-rwx,o-rwx file1
:2 .file1
chmod u+rwx,g=r,o=r file1

chmod a=r,u+wx file1

:3 :file1
chmod a=r file1

.
( rwx +) .
:
.r=4
.w=2
.x=1
. 7 .7 .4
.6
( u g )o ( ).
:1 :file1
chmod 700 file1

200

 :2 :file1
chmod 660 file1
:3 :file1
chmod 744 file1
. ( .)rwx 3 :
( Set User ID .)SUID
( Set Group ID .)SGID
(.)Sticky Bit
( . )executable files (
User ID )UID . UID
root . .umount :

( )User rws .rwx

s :
chmod u+s umount
. ( )UID
( )GID .
.
( ) file3 .644 .

( )Group r-S . r-x

S :
chmod g+s file3

201

 ( ) :
chmod 2644 file3
( )644 ( )rwx . 2
( )
( )Sticky Bit:
.4 --
.2 --
.1 --
.7 .
T x ( Other )o
.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

202

 9
.
.
.KDE
---------------------------------------------------------------------
. (
).
( ) System Settings .Language

. .OK
. .

( ) .
.
. .Fonts
ArabicFonts.
( )/usr/share/fonts cp .mv :
cp -R ArabicFonts /usr/share/fonts
. :
fc-cache /usr/share/fonts
203

 xfs :
/sbin/service xfs restart

.
chmod -R 755 /usr/share/fonts/ArabicFonts
.9

( ).

204

 KDE
( ) . KDE
.
KDE ( .)www.arabeyes.org kde-i18n-ar .
:
tar xjvf kde-i18n-ar*.tar.bz2
cd kde-i18n-ar
configure --prefix=/usr
make
su
make install
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

205



. .
.

.
.
24 .

.
.
. BBC
!

.
.
. 24 .
. .
. .
. .

.

. ( ) .
.
.
.

. .
()PORT
. 1234 .
. . 1234 15 .
. .
( ) () .

: . . .
. . .
.
Request For Comment RFC
.

206

 /
: .
. .
.
. . ( )
() . :
( ) .
.
.
( )Internet Protocol IP
. .IP
( )125.40.30.200 . 255-0
.
InterNIC ( .)www.internic.org
. .
.InterNIC .
( )Transmission Control Protocol TCP
. .
2000 . TCP .Packet
.
. TCP .
. 2000 300 .
.
.
( )Domain Name System DNS
IP .
.IP www.aljazeera.net IP
( .)120.54.104.15 DNS IP .
DNS
.IP
( )Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP
.
SMTP . !
.
( )Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP
. .
. .1991
. .
! .
. .
HTTP . .
Hyperlinks .

207

( )File Transfer Protocol FTP

.
. ftp:
ftp ftp.red.hat.com
username: anonymous
password: loner@localhost.com
. (
).
Telnet
.
. .:
telnet redhat.com
username: loner
******** password:
.
( )Secure Shell SSH
FTP telnet
.
. .
FTP Telnet . SSH Telnet :
.

.
. ( )www.ietf.org :
.Internet Engineering Task Force
----------------------------------------------------------------------

208

 -

. .
( )Documentation .
.
.
.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
.
( )Network Card .
( )Network Cables . ( .)Ethernet
.
( )Category 5 UTP (.)100Mbps
( HUB .)Switch
( .)Router
.Crossover Cable .

.
InterNIC IP ( ) . IP
. IP
( ).
( ) .
. .
( ) . .
.
. :
127.0.0.0
10.0.0.0
192.168.0.0
( )127.0.0.1 ( ) .
! IP .
( .)127.0.0.1 .
( )10.0.0.0 255 255 255 ( 16 ).
( .)192.168.0.0 255 255 ( 65
).

209


. System Settings
.Network
Devices
. eth0
eth1.
Hardware
( )eth0 .
( ) (
)Devices ()ethX
.

(
).

.Edit

New .

210

 Ethernet .OK

.Adapter
Device eth1
( .)eth0
(
) ( ).
.OK

.Hardware
Devices
(.)eth1

211

 Devices New
.
.
( ).
.Forward

( eth1 ).
DHCP ( )
Automatically obtain IP address DHCP . DHCP IP
.

Statically
.set IP addresses

.Addresses
Subnet Mask

.

( )Gateway
Default Gateway
.Address
.

.Forward

212

 .
.Apply

Devices ( )eth1 . . Activate

.Deactivate
.Edit
.

213


Activate device
.when computer starts

:
Allow all user to enable ...
.

DNS
.Primary DNS
DNS ( )
.Secondary DNS
DNS
.Tertiary DNS
DNS
.

214

 ( )127.0.0.1 .
Edit
.
New
.
IP .Address
.Hostname ( )
.Aliases
.OK .Hosts

( )Network service .
ping .
ping ( )packets
.
.
( .)Network unreachable
ping ( )-c .3 ping
( .)CTRL + C ( )-c 3 ping 3 .

215

----------------------------------------------------------------------

216

 :

faisaldsc@yahoo.com :
: 2003 . .
.
:
KWord KDE .OpenOffice.org Writer
.
.
.

(:-

Allez avec Dieu

217