CM BIN O NHIT

1. Khi nim chung

2. Nhit k gin n
3. Nhit k in tr
4. Cp nhit ngu
5. Ha k
1. KHI NIM CHUNG
1.1. Nhit :
Nhit l i lng vt l c trng cho trng thi
nhit ca vt cht nh hng rt ln n nhiu tnh cht
ca vt cht o nhit ng vai tr quan trng trong
cng nghip v nhiu lnh vc.
o nhit : gin tip, da vo s ph thuc ca tnh
cht vt liu vo nhit .

1.2. THANG O NHIT
a) Thang nhit ng hc: do Thomson Kelvin xy
dng trn c s nh lut nhit ng hc th hai: cng
trong chu trnh Cacn t l vi chnh nhit ch
khng ph thuc cht o nhit .
- im chun: im tan ca nc =273,15K.
- Mt K bng chnh nhit ng vi 1% cng
trong chu trnh Cacn gia im si ca nc v im
tan ca nc p sut bnh thng.

1.2. THANG O NHIT
Quan h gia nhit v cng:


Thang o nhit tuyt i c tnh cht thun ty l
lun, khng th th hin c trn thc t, nhng thng
nht c n v o nhit (do khng ph thuc cht o).
i vi cht kh l tng:
Nhit k kh chnh xc cao.

100 .
Q Q
Q
T
0 100

= (K)
100 .
V P V P
PV
T
0 0 100 100

= (K)
1.2. THANG O NHIT
b) Thang Celsius : do Andreas Celsius thnh lp (1742) .
n v
o
C.
im nc tan 0
o
C
im nc si 100
o
C.
Nhn xt:
- 1
o
C = 1K.
- T(
o
C) = T(K) 273,15
in chun:
1.2. THANG O NHIT
c) Thang Fahrenheit: do Fahrenheit thnh lp (1706).
n v
o
F.



Quan h gia
o
F v
o
C:


im chun:
im nc tan 32
o
F
im nc si 212
o
F

( ) ( ) 32 C T
5
9
F T
o o
+ =
1.3. NHIT CN O & NHIT O C
Nhit cn o (T
x
): nhit thc
ca mi trng.
Nhit o c (T
c
): nhit b
phn cm nhn ca cm bin.
Xt cm bin o tip xc (hnh v)
Sai s: AT = T
x
- T
c
= 0.
Sai s AT ph thuc:
- Trao i nhit gia cm bin v mi trng o.
- Trao i nhit gia b cm bin v bn ngoi.
T
x

T
1

t
t
t

=
t
x c
ke T T
A
mc
o
= t
Vi
T
1.4. PHNG PHP O NHIT
a) Phng php o tip xc: Khi o, cm bin tip xc
vi mi trng o, php o da trn cc hin tng:
+ Gin n ca vt liu.
+ Bin i trng thi ca vt liu.
+ Thay i in tr ca vt liu.
+ Hiu ng nhit in.

1.4. PHNG PHP O NHIT
b) Phng php o khng tip xc: Khi o cm bin
khng tip xc vi mi trng o, php o da vo s
ph thuc ca bc x nhit ca mi trng o vo nhit
:
+ o bng ha k bc x.
+ o bng ha k quang.

2. NHIT K GIN N
2.1. Nguyn l o: Da vo s gin n (hoc co li) ca
vt liu khi nhit tng (hoc gim).
Th tch: t - nhit

Chiu di:
( ) t 1 V t V
v 0
o + = ) (
( ) t 1 l t l
l 0
o + = ) (
2.2. NHIT K GIN N DNG CHT RN
Nhit k gm - kim loi (Dilatomet):



- Nguyn l: t tng At:


Al
k
>Al
g
u A ca thanh gm dch chuyn sang
phi: Al = Al
k
-Al
g
= f(At) o Al t.



A
B
2
1
Cu to
K
1. Thanh gm
2. ng kim loi
Thanh gm gin n :Al
g
ng kim loi gin n: Al
k
2.2. NHIT K GIN N DNG CHT RN
Nhit k kim loi - kim loi:



- Nguyn l: t tng At cc thanh gin n vi Al
1
>Al
2

do hai thanh lin kt vi nhau un cong u A dch
chuyn: Al = Al
1
-Al
2
= f(At) o Al t.
1. Kim loi 1:
1
2. Kim loi 2:
2
<

1

1
2
Cu to
A
2.2. NHIT K GIN N DNG CHT RN
c im:
- Cu to n gin.
- R tin.
- Tui th cao.
ng dng:
- o nhit < 700
o
C.
- Chuyn mch (rle nhit)
2.3. NHIT K GIN N DNG CHT LNG
Nhit k gm bnh nhit (1), ng mao
dn (2) v cht lng (3)
- V nhit k lm bng thu tinh c o
tt
=2.10
-5
/
o
C
- Cht lng thng dng l thy ngn c
o
Hg
=18.10
-5
/
o
C
Hoc du, ru, cn .
Khi t tng At cht lng gin n AV.
Cht lng t bnh nhit dng ln ng
mao dn mt khong:
Ah=f(AV) = f(At) o Ah t.


1
2
3
1. Bnh nhit
2. ng mao dn
3. Cht lng
2.3. NHIT K GIN N DNG CHT LNG
c im:
- Cu to n gin.
- R tin.
- chnh xc tng i cao.
- Kh bin i thnh tn hiu in.
ng dng:
- o nhit t - 50 600
o
C.
- Chuyn mch (rle nhit)

3. NHIT K IN TR
3.1. Nguyn l o: Da vo s thay i in tr ca vt
liu khi nhit thay i:

V d cm bin kim loi:


o R(T) T


( ) ( )
0 0
T T f R T R = .

( )
3 2
0
CT BT AT 1 R ) T ( R + + + =
3.2. NHIT K IN TR KIM LOI
a) Cu to: Ch to bng in tr kim loi.
- Loi in tr dy qun:









2
1
3
1 2
3
2
1
3
1. V 2. Dy in tr 3. Li cch in
3.2. NHIT K IN TR KIM LOI
Vt liu :
Thng s Pt Ni Cu W
T
f
(
o
C) 1769 1453 1083 3380
(W
o
C
-1
m
-1
) 73 90 400 120
x10
8
(Om) 10,6 10 1,72 5,52
o
R
x10
3
(
o
C
-1
) 3,9 4,7 3,9 4,5

100
/
0
1,385 1,617 - -
T
lm

vic
(
o
C) -200 1000 < 250 < 180 < 1600
Tnh bn nhit Bn Km bn Km bn Bn
Tnh n nh Cao Thp Thp Thp
tuyn tnh - - Cao Cao
3.2. NHIT K IN TR KIM LOI
Nhit k b mt:
- Cu to:


- Vt liu:
1. in tr
2. Tm vt liu
cch in

1
2
Tnh cht Ni Ni Fe Pt
nhy nhit
R
.10
3
(
o
C
-1
)

~ 5,0 ~ 5.0 ~ 4,0
Khong n. lm vic (
o
C) - 195260 - 195 260 - 260 1400
3.2. NHIT K IN TR KIM LOI
b) Nguyn l lm vic: Da trn s thay i in tr:

Khi bin thin AT nh:
H s: H s nhit in tr




( )
3 2
0
CT BT AT 1 R T R + + + = ) (
( )( ) T 1 T R T T R
R
o + = A + ) (
dT
dR
R
1
R
. = o
dT
ds
s
1
dT
dl
l
1
dT
d 1
dT
dR
R
1
R
. . . . +

= = o
3.2. NHIT K IN TR KIM LOI
t:


Do

>>
l

R
~

s thay i kch thc nh

hng khng ng k.

Vy: Khi nhit tng in tr sut vt liu tng
in tr tng o in tr nhit .




;
dT
d 1

= o

;
dT
dl
l
1
l
= o
l s
2
dT
ds
s
1
o = = o
l l l R
2
dT
dR
R
1
o o = o o + o = = o

. .

3.2. NHIT K IN TR KIM LOI
c) c im, ng dng:
- Kt cu n gin, d ch to
- chnh xc kh cao
o nhit thp v trung bnh (thng di 1000
o
C)
mi trng kh, lng, rn.
o nhit b mt.
3.3. NHIT K IN TR SILIC
a) Cu to: ch to t n tinh
th Si pha tp loi N, kch thc c
500x500x240 (m).
b) c trng: Trong khong
nhit (-55 200
o
C) h s nhit
in tr dng (~7.10
-3
/
o
C 25
o
C).
S ph thuc ca in tr vo nhit
biu din gn ng theo cng
thc:
500m
240m
5
0
0

m

T
o
C
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
-50 0 50 100
R(O)
( ) ( ) | |
2
0 0 0 T
T T B T T A 1 R R + + =
3.4. NHIT K IN TR OXYT BN DN
a) Cu to: c ch to t
hn hp oxit bn dn a tinh th
nh: MgO, MgAl
2
O
4
, Mn
2
O
3
,
Fe
3
O
4
, Co
2
O
3
, NiO, ZnTiO
4
.
Hn hp bt oxit c trn
theo t l thch hp c nn
nh dng thiu kt nhit
~ 1000
o
C. V bc bng thy tinh.


1
2
3
Cu to
1. V bc
2. in tr
3. Dy ni
3.4. NHIT K IN TR OXYT BN DN
S ph thuc ca in tr ca nhit in tr vo nhit
theo biu thc:


H s nhit in tr:

Gn ng: v

Vi B = 3.000 - 5.000K.

)
`

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
(

=
0
2
0
0
T
1
T
1
exp
T
T
R ) T ( R
2
R
T
b + |
= o
)
`

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
0
T
1
T
1
B R T R exp ) (
2
R
T
B
= o
3.4. NHIT K IN TR OXYT BN DN
b) c im:
- Kch thc nh c th o T theo im.
- Nhit dung nh thi gian hi p b.
- H s nhit in tr ln o c AT
min
=10
-4
- 10
-3
K.
o nhit trong khong 0 300
o
C.
3.5.MCH O V DNG C TH CP
a) Mch o dng logomet:
Cu to:
Nguyn l lm vic:
Khi R
t
= R
t0
:
I
1
= I
2
v:


Do 2 cun dy b tr i xng
B
1
= B
2


M
1
= M
2
Roto
ng yn.




N
S
I
1
I
2

R
p2

R
p1

R
t

R
1

R
2

1
2
3
M
1
M
2

1. Rto
2. Cun dy
3. Nam chm vnh cu
4. L xo cn
1 1 p t 2 2 p
R R R R R + = + +
1 1 1
i B k M . . =
2 2 2
i B k M . . =
3.5.MCH O V DNG C TH CP
Khi nhit tng ln R
t
> R
t0
:

Roto quay theo chiu ca M
1
M
1
gim, M
2
tng
Cho n khi t cn bng mi M
1
= M
2
:







Gc quay ca roto:





2 1 2 1 1 1 p t 2 2 p
M M I I R R R R R > > + > + +
( ) t f
B
B
f
1
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1 1 p
t p 2 p
t p 2 p
1 1 p
2
1
1
2
R R
R R R
R R R
E
R R
E
I
I
B
B
+
+ +
=
+ +
+
= = B
1
I
1
= B
2
I
2

3.5.MCH O V DNG C TH CP
b) Mch o dng cu cn bng:
S :

R
t

R
1

R
2

R
3

R
d1
R
d2

G
E
a
b
R
1

R
2

R
3

R
t

R
d1

R
d2

G
E
Cu hai dy dn
Cu ba dy dn
3.5.MCH O V DNG C TH CP
Cu cn bng gm 4 in tr: R
1
, R
2
, R
3
e t v R
t
e t.
- Khi t
0
=0
o
C v
- Khi t > t
0
R
t
> R
t0
R
1
R
2
< R
2
R
t

Cu mt cn bng:
iu chnh R
2
sao cho cu t cn bng mi, v tr (x)
ca con chy R
2
: x = f(U
ab
) = f(R
t
) = f(t)
o dch chuyn x t.
Cp chnh xc: 0,5.
0 t 2 3 1
R . R R . R =
0 U
ab
=
0 U
ab
>
3.5.MCH O V DNG C TH CP
Cu ba dy dn: khc phc nh hng ca in tr
dy dn. Vi cu 2 dy dn c k n in tr dy
ni:

Vi cu ba dy dn:

Do nh hng ca R
d
phn ra 2 v gim sai s.
Cp chnh xc: 0,2.

( )
2 d 1 d t 2 3 1
R R R . R R . R + + =
( ) ( )
1 d t 2 3 2 d 1
R R . R R . R R + = +
3.5.MCH O V DNG C TH CP
c) Cu cn bng in t :
R
Cu

R
m

R
k

R
H

A
R
t

R
m

R
P

AU
C
1
3
2
1. Cu cn bng
2. B khuch i
3. ng c
E
3.5.MCH O V DNG C TH CP
Nguyn l hot ng:
- Khi t = t
0
cu cn bng: AU = 0 ng c (3) v con
chy ca bin tr R
p
ng yn.
- Khi R
t
thay i, cu mt cn bng v AU=0 qua b
khuch i (2) vo ng c (3) ng c quay mt
mt lm quay kim ch, mt mt lm dch chuyn con
chy ca bin tr R
p
cho n khi cu t cn bng mi.
Cp chnh xc: 0,5.
4. CP NHIT NGU
4.1. Hiu ng nhit in
Hin tng: Xt mt mch kn gm
2 dy dn (A) v (B) khc nhau v
bn cht ha hc hn ni vi nhau
bng cc mi hn, khi nhit hai
mi hn l (t) v (t
0
) khc nhau th
trong mch xut hin mt sc in
ng E
AB
ph thuc chnh nhit
gia hai mi hn Hiu ng nhit
in.
t
0

t
A B
2
1
S nguyn l
4.1. HIU NG NHIT IN
Gii thch:
- u c nhit (t
0
)nng in t
trong A l N
A
(t
0
), trong B l N
B
(t
0
) .
Gi s N
A
(t
0
) > N
B
(t
0
) trn tip
gip, (e) khuch tn t A B hnh
thnh hiu in th e
AB
(t
0
).
- u c nhit (t) tng t c:
e
AB
(t)
N
A
(t
0
)
N
B
(t
0
)
+
+
+
-
-
-
E
AB
(t
0
)
N
A
(t)
N
B
(t)
+
+
+
-
-
-
E
AB
(t)
4.1. HIU NG NHIT IN
- Gia hai u mi dy dn c chnh lch nng : (e)
khuch tn hnh thnh e
A
(t,t
0
) v e
B
(t,t
0
).
- Trong mch kn:




Gi t
0
= const
) t , t ( e ) t , t ( e ) t ( e ) t ( e E
0 B 0 A 0 BA AB AB
+ + + =
) t , t ( e ) t , t ( e ) t ( e ) t ( e E
0 B 0 A 0 AB AB AB
+ =
) t ( e ) t ( e E
0 AB AB AB
~
) t ( f C ) t ( e E
AB AB
= + =
4.1. HIU NG NHIT IN
- Sc in ng ca cp nhit khng thay i nu chng
ta ni thm vo mch mt dy dn th ba v gi cho
nhit hai u ni ca dy th ba ging nhau.

t
2
3
t
0
t
0

A
B
C
1
2
3
t
0

t
1

A
B
C
1
t
4
t
1

B
S ni cp nhit vi dy dn th ba
4.2. CU TO V VT LIU
1
3
2
4
5
6
7
8
Cu to :
1. V bo v
2. Mi hn
3. Dy cc
4. S cch in
5. B phn lp t
6. Vt ni dy
7. Dy ni
8. u ni dy

4.2. CU TO V VT LIU
Vt liu ch to:
Yu cu:
- Sc in ng ln ( d dng ch to dng c o th
cp).
- C bn c hc v ho hc nhit lm vic.
- D ko si.
- C kh nng thay ln.
- Gi thnh r.

4.2. CU TO V VT LIU
Vt liu

Thnh phn T
lv.nh

(
o
C)
E
.Tmax
(mV)
T
lv. dh
(
o
C)


Platin-Roi / Platin (+) 90%Pt+10%Rd
(-) Pt
< 1600 16,77 <1300
Chromel / Alumel (+) 80%Ni + 10%Cr
+ 10%Fe
(-) 95%Ni + 5%(Mn
+ Cr+Si)
<1100

46,16

< 900
Chromel / Coben (+) 80%Ni + 10%Cr
+ 10%Fe
(-) 56%Cu + 44% Ni
<800 66,00 <600

4.3. MCH O V DNG C TH CP
a) S mch o dng milivn k
1
2
3
t
t
0
t
0

A
B
C
mV
C
1
2 t
1
t
2

3
4
t
0

t
0

A
A
B
mV
S vi sai
S thng dng
A
A A A
B
B B
B
mV
S ni tip
4.3. MCH O V DNG C TH CP
Nguyn tc lm vic: E
AB
(t,t
0
) (i) lm
khung dy ca milivn k quay i mt gc ():


i . S i .
k
k
2
1
= =
B . l . r . e . n . c k
1 1
=
Vi
k
2
- h s ph thuc vo cng ca l
xo cn
2
1
k
k
S =
nhy ca milivn k
Thang o ca milivn k khc theo nhit v
ng h ca cp nhit no i theo ng h o ca cp
nhit
4.3. MCH O V DNG C TH CP
Sai s khi o :
- Do nh hng ca nhit u t do
t
o
t
o
= 0
o
C.
- Do nh hng ca in tr mch o: R
t
, R
d
, R
v
.

4.3. MCH O V DNG C TH CP
nh hng ca nhit u t do:
- Khi t
o
= t
o
= 0
o
C:

- Khi t
o
t
o
= 0
o
C:




Khc phc bng cch b nhit
u t do

C
1
2
3
t
t

0

t
0

A
B
t
0

t
0

D
mV

) t ( e ) t ( e ) t , t ( E
0 AB AB 0 AB
=
) t ( e ) t ( e ) t , t ( E
'
0 AB AB
'
0 AB
=
) t , t ( E ) t , t ( E ) t , t ( E
0
'
0 AB
'
0 AB 0 AB
+ =
| | ) t ( e ) t ( e ) t , t ( E ) t , t ( E
0 AB
'
0 AB
'
0 AB 0 AB
+ =
E
AB
(t,t
0
)
t
o
C
E
t
E
AB
(t
0,
t
o
)
t
0
4.3. MCH O V DNG C TH CP
Phng php b nhit u t do:
- Dng dy b: C, D l dy b:

- Chn C, D sao cho:
Khi :

1
2
3
4
C
A
D
B
E
t 0
) t ( e ) t ( e ) t ( e ) t ( e E
0 CD
'
0 BD
'
0 CA AB
+ =
t
0

C
1
2
3
t
t

0
t
0

A
B
t
0

D
mV
) ( ) (
'
0
'
0
t e t e
DB CA
=
) t ( e ) t ( e E
0 CD AB
=
) t ( e ) t ( e E
0 AB AB
=
4.3. MCH O V DNG C TH CP
Dng cu b:
- Khi t
0
= 0
o
C, cu
cn bng U
cd
= 0.
- Khi t
0
0
o
C:
R
d
tng cu mt cn
bng: U
cd
0.
t
0

Es
R
d

R
1

R
2

R
3

C
C
mV
t
0
t
0

t
0

A
B
t
a
b
c d
) t , t ( E U ) t , t ( E
0 AB cd
'
0 AB
= +
Chn sao cho: U
cd
= E
AB
(t
0
,t
0
).

4.3. MCH O V DNG C TH CP
nh hng ca in tr
mch o:


Khi R
v
>> R
t
+R
d
, ta
c:
R
v
= R
kd
+ R
f
tng

R
d

1
2 3
t
t
1
t
1

A
B
t
0

t
0

R
t

R
V

+ + =
V d t
R R R R
V
d t
V
0 AB m
R R R
R
) t , t ( E V
+ +
=
) t , t ( E V
0 AB m
~
Rv thng chn R
P
>>R
kd
gim nh hng ca R
kd
. Rt
t nh hng (tr cp PtRd/Pt)

4.3. MCH O V DNG C TH CP
b) S mch o xung i
- S 1: Nguyn l hot ng:


khi

- Khi o iu chnh con chy ca R
sao cho I
P
= 0



G
t
- +
E
X

R
d

R
G

i
P

i
0

i
C

A B
R
c

E
R
x

R
) R R R ( I R I E
G x d P AB C X
+ + + =
) R R R ( I R ) I I ( E
G x d P AB P 0 X
+ + + + =
0
0
=
+ + +

=
G X d AB
AB X
P
R R R R
R I E
I
R
L
l
I R I E
AB X 0 0
. = =
C nh I
0
E
x
= F(l) tc l ph thuc vo v tr
con chy ca bin tr R.
E
X
= I
0
R
AB

4.3. MCH O V DNG C TH CP
S 2:
- Trc khi o iu chnh I
0
:
ng PK, iu chnh R
c

(G) ch khng.
- Khi o ng PD, iu
chnh R (G) ch khng.

G
K
D
E
X

E
E
M

P
R
c

R
R
M
A
B
R
L
l
I R I E
AB X 0 0
. = =
5. HA K
5.1. Ho k bc x ton phn:
a) Nguyn l ch to: Da trn nh lut Kic-khp:
(o l h s bc x)
b) Cu to v nguyn l hot ng:

4
T E o =
5
1
2
4
a) Loi c ng knh hi t
5
b) Loi c knh phn x
1
3
4
1) Ngun bc x 2) Thu knh hi t 3) Gng phn x
4) B phn thu nng lng 5) Dng c o th cp
5.1. HA K BC X TON PHN
c im:
- o khng tip xc gim nh iu kin lao ng.
- o c nhit cao >1000
o
C, sai s 27
o
C.
- Loi hi t tn tht nng lng ln (30 - 40%) nhng
t chu nh hng ca bi v m.
- Loi phn x tn tht nng lng b (~ 10%) nhng
chu nh hng ln ca bi v m.

5.1. HA K BC X TON PHN
iu kin o:
- Vt o phi c en xp x bng 1.
- T l D/L khng nh hn 1/16. Khong
cch o tt nht l 1 0,2 mt.
- Nhit mi trng 20 2
o
C.
Hiu chnh kt qu o khi c <1:
T T T
h o
A + =
c
1

c
2

c
3

AT
T
h

5.2. HO K QUANG
a) Nguyn l o: Da trn nh lut Plank
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

1 e
C
I
RT
C
5
1
2
T
I
T
- cng bc x n sc ng
vi bc sng nhit T(k).
R: hng s kh l tng.
C
1
, C
2
: Hng s.

I
T

T
1

T
2

T
3

0,65m
S ph thuc ca I vo v T
Hai vt c sng ng
vi mt bc sng nht
nh bng nhau th c
nhit bng nhau.
5.2. HO K QUANG
b) Cu to v nguyn l lm vic:
mA
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
R
b

6
K

1. Ngun bc x
2. Vt knh
3. Knh lc
4. Vch ngn

5. Bng n mu
6. Vch ngn
7. Knh lc nh sng
8. Th knh

Khi o hng ng knh v pha vt o v ng kha (K)
cp in nung dy tc bng n mu. iu chnh bin tr
R
b
iu chnh nhit dy tc cho n khi sng
ca dy tc bng n bng sng ca vt.
T
dy
< T
vt T
dy
= T
vt
T
dy
> T
vt
5.2. HO K QUANG
5.2. HO K QUANG
c) c im:
- o khng tip xc.
- o nhit cao (> 1.000
o
C)
- Kt qu o ph thuc vo kh nng nhn xt mu.
- nh hng ca khong cch o nh.
- Khi c <1 sai s, cng thc hiu chnh:


T T T
h o
A + =