1

Bi Tp Mn Cu Kin in T
H v tn : Hong Ngc Ph
Lp D11CQVT02
M s sinh vin : N112101104

Phn bi tp
Chng 1: GII THIU CHUNG V CU KIN IN T

Cu 1: Cc cch phn loi cu kin in t:
Phn loi da trn c tnh vt l gm 2 loi: cu kin in t thng thng v cu kin
quang in t.
Phn loi da theo lch s pht trin ca cng ngh in t gm 5 loi: cu kin in t
chn khng, cu kin in t c kh, cu kin in t bn dn, cu kin vi mch v cu kin nano.
Phn loi da trn chc nng x l tn hiu gm 2 loi: cu kin in t tng t v cu
kin in t s.
Phn loi da vo ng dng ca cu kin in t gm 2 loi: cu kin in t th ng
v cu kin in t tch cc.
Cu 2: Cc tnh cht vt l- in c bn ca cht cch in:
Tnh cht vt l: Cht cch in c in tr sut cao vo khong 10
7
: 10
17
m nhit
phng. Cht cch in gm phn ln cc vt liu v c cng nh hu c. Chng c th th kh, th
lng v th rn.
Tnh cht in:
thm thu in tng i( KH: ): biu th kh nng phn cc ca cht in mi.
=
0
C
C
d



tn hao in mi( P
a
): l cng sut in chi ph lm nng cht in mi khi
t n trong in trng.
P
a
= U
2
Ctg
bn v in ca cht in mi( E
d.t
):
E
d.t
=
d
U
dt

2
Nhit chu ng: l nhit cao nht m cht in mi gi c cc tnh
cht l ha ca n.
Dng in trong cht in mi( I): gm 2 dng in: dng in chuyn dch v dng
in r.
I = I
C.M
+ I
r

in tr cch in ca cht in mi: xc nh theo tr s ca dng in r
R
c.

=
CM
I I
U
E

Cu 3: Thng thng cht cch in c chia lm 2 loi l cht in mi
th ng v cht in mi tch cc
Cht in mi th ng cn gi l vt liu cch in v vt liu t in.
Cht in mi tch cc l cc vt liu c th iu khin c nh:
V in trng gm c: gm, thy tinh
V c hc c cht p in nh thch anh p in
V nh sng c cht huznh quang
Electric hay ci chm in l vt cht c kh nng gi c s phn cc ln v lu
di.
Cu 4: Cc tnh cht vt l- in c bn ca cht dn in l:
Tnh cht vt l: l vt liu c dn in cao. in tr sut ca cht dn in nm trong
khong 10
-8
: 10
-5
m. Trong t nhin cht dn in c th l cht rn, cht lng hoc cht kh.
Tnh cht in:
in tr sut:
= R
l
S
* .mm+; *+
H s nhit ca in tr sut( ): biu th s thay i ca in tr sut khi nhit
thay i 1C. Khi nhit tng th in tr sut cng tng ln theo quy lut:

t
=
0
(1 + t)
H s dn nhit( ): lng nhit truyn qua din tch b mt S trong thi gian t l:
Q = St
l
T
A
A

Cng thot ca in t trong kim loi (E
w
): l nng lng cn thit cp thm cho
in t n thot ra khi b mt kim loi.
3
in th tip xc: E
AB
= E
w2
E
w1
Cu 5: Cht dn in c chia lm 2 loi l cht dn in c in tr sut cao v cht dn in c
in tr sut thp
Cht dn in c in tr sut thp( hay dn in cao) thng dng lm vt liu in. Vd:
bc( Ag)
Cht dn in c in tr sut cao: cc hp kim c in tr sut cao dng ch to cc
dng c o in, cc in tr, bin tr, cc dy may so, cc thit b nung nng bng in. Vd:
Manganhin
Cu 6: Nhng yu t nh hng n dn in ca cht bn dn l: nhit v nng tp cht
c trong cht bn dn.
C 7: Trong ht bn n thn h mt loi tinh th nn nng ltron l trng bng
nhau.
Cu 8: Cht bn dn tp loi N( cht bn dn tp loi cho): Ta thm mt t tp cht l nguyn t
thuc nhm 5 ca bng tun hon Mendeleep vo cht bn dn Gecmani( Ge) hoc Silic( Si) nguyn
cht. Cc nguyn t tp cht s thay th mt s cc nguyn t ca Ge( hoc Si) trong mng tinh th
v n s a 4 in t trong 5 in t ha tr ca mnh tham gia vo lin kt cng ha tr vi 4
nguyn t Ge( hoc Si) bn cnh, cn in t th 5 s tha ra nn lin kt ca n trong mng tinh
th l rt yu. Mun gii phng in t th 5 ny thnh in t t do ta ch cn cung cp mt nng
lng rt nh khong 0,01eV cho Ge hoc 0,05eV cho Si. Cc tp cht ha tr 5 c gi l tp cht
cho in t ( Donor) hay tp cht N.
c im ca cht bn dn tp loi N l: nng ht dn in t ( n
n
) nhiu hn nhiu nng
l trng p
n
v in t c gi l ht dn a s, l trng c gi l ht dn thiu s n
n
>>
p
n
Cu 9: Cht bn dn tp loi P ( cht bn dn tp loi nhn): khi ta a mt t tp cht l nguyn t
thuc nhm 3 ca bng tun hon Mendeleep vo cht bn dn nguyn tnh Gecmani (hoc Silic).
Nguyn t tp cht s a 3 in t ha tr ca mnh to lin kt cng ha tr vi 3 nguyn t Ge
(hoc Si) bn cnh cn mi lin kt th 4 trng. in t ca mi lin kt gn c th nhy sang
hon chnh mi lin kt th 4 cn d. Nguyn t tp cht va nhn thm in t s tr thnh
ion m v ngc li nguyn t cht chnh va c 1 in t chuyn i s to ra mt l trng trong
dy ha tr ca n. Cc tp cht ha tr 3 c gi l tp cht nhn in t ( Acceptor) hay tp cht
loi P.
c im ca tp cht loi P l: nu tng nng tp cht nhn th nng ca cc l trng
tng ln trong di ha tr, nhng nng in t t do trong di dn khng tng. Vy cht bn dn
loi ny c l trng l ht dn a s v in t l ht dn thiu s P
p
>> P
n
Cu 10: Cht bn dn quang in c c im khc vi cht bn dn thng thng l: cht bn dn
quang l vt bn dn c cu trc in t c bit c th bc x quang t qu trnh ti hp ca
cc hp dn( bin i in sang quang) hoc hp th quang to ra cc ht dn in( bin i
in sang quang).
Cu 11: Cc tnh cht bn ca vt liu t l:
t thm tng i(
r
)
4
T tr( R
M
)
Tn hao t tr
Cu 12: Vt liu t c chia lm 2 loi: vt liu t cng v vt liu t mm
Vt liu t mm c t thm cao v lc khng t nh( H
c
nh v ln). Vd: st,
hp kim ca st- sili
Vt liu t cng c t thm nh v lc khng t cao( H
c
ln v nh). V: Frit
Cu 13:
Cu 14: Nhng tnh cht c bit ca thch anh p in l:
Cu 15: B
Cu 16: D
Cu 17: B


Chng 2: CC CU KIN IN T TH NG

Cu 1: Cc tham s c bn ca in tr l:
T s in tr v dung sai:
T s ca in tr l tham s c bn v c tnh theo cng thc:
R=
S
l

Dung sai hay sai s ca in tr biu th mc chnh lch gia tr s thc
t ca in tr so vi tr s danh tnh v c tnh theo %

% 100
.
. .
d d
d d t t
R
R R

Cng sut tiu tn danh nh (P
t.tmax
): l cng sut cao nht m in tr c th chu
ng c trong iu kin bnh thng, lm vic trong thi gian di khng b hng.
P
t.tmax
=RI
2
max
=
R
U
2
max

H s nhit ca in tr TCR: biu th s thay i tr s ca in tr theo nhit
mi trng.
5
TCR=
6
10 . .
1
T
R
R A
A



Cu 2: Cch phn loi in tr v ng dng: Phn loi in tr c nhiu cch. Thng dng nht l
phn hia in tr thnh hai loi: in tr c tr s c nh in tr c tr s thay i c( hay
bin tr).
in tr c tr s c nh thng c phn loi theo vt liu cn in nh: in tr than,
in tr than nhit gii ho than mng, in tr dy qun, in tr mng kim, in tr cermet.
in tr c tr s thay i c: c hai dng: dng kim sot dng cng sut ln dng dy
qun, chit p.
ng dng: ng dng ca in tr rt a ng: gii hn ng in, to st p, ng phn cc,
lm gnh mh, hia p, nh hng s thi gian,
Cu 3: Cc tham s c bn ca t il:
Tr s dung lng v dung sai:
Tr s dung lng (C): tr s ng lng t l vi t s gia din tch hu dng ca
bn cc S vi kgong cch gia 2 bn cc.
C=
d
S
r 0
c c

Dung sai ca t in: l tham s ch chnh xc ca tr s ng lng thc t so vi
tr s anh nh ca n.

in p lm vi: in p c i c th cung cp cho t in thng th hin trong thut
ng in p lm vic mt chi.
H s nhit: nh gi s thay i ca tr s nhit dung khi nhit thay i.
TCC=
6
10 .
1
T
C
C A
A
[ppm/
0
C]
Cu 4: Cc cch phn loi t in: c 2 cch:
T in c tr s in dung c nh. Vd: t mica, t gm
T in c tr s in ng thay i c. Vd: t Trimap
C 5: nh ngha n cm: l cu kin in t ng to thnh phn cm khng trong mch.
X
L
= 2fL=L ()
6
Cc tham s chnh ca cun cm:
in cm ca cun dy ( L):
L=
r

0
.N
2
.
l
S

H s phm cht ca cun cm( Q): Mt cun cm th khi ng in chy qua lun c
tn tht, l ng st in tn hao lm nng cun dy. Cc tn tht ny c biu th bi mt
in tr R
s
ni tip vi cm khng X
L
ca cun dy.
Q=
S
L
R
X

C 6: im ca cun dy li khng kh l:
in cm phi n nh tn s lm vic.
H s phm cht cao tn s lm vic.
in dung ring nh.
H s nhit ca in cm thp.
Kch thc v gi thnh phi hp l.
Phm vi s dng ca cun dy li khng kh: thng gp nht l cc cun cng hng lm vic tn
s cao v siu cao.
Cu 7: c im ca cun cm li Ferit: l cc cun dy lm vic tn s cao v trung tn.
Li Ferit c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau nh: thanh, ng, hnh ch E, ch C,.
Li trong cun dy c th c ch to iu chnh i o ho i ra khi cun y, Nh
vy cun cm ca cun dy s thay i.
Tuz thu o dy ca si dy s dng v vo kch thc vt l ca cun y ng in
c i c th khong t 50mA n 1A.
C 8: C c tnh ca cun dy li st t:
Li ca cun dy thng l st- silic v st- niken tuz theo m h ng dng. y l
cun dy lm vic tn s thp. Dy qun l y ng trng mn h in, qun thnh
nhiu lp c tm chng m sau khi qun.
Gi tr cm ng ca cc cun dy ny nm trong khong t 50mH n 20H vi ng in
mt chi n 10A in p h in n 1000V
Cu 9: Bin p l thit b gm 2 hay nhiu cun dy ghp h cm vi nha bin i in p. Cun
y u vo ngun l cun s p, cc cun y kh u vo ti tiu th nng lng in l cun
th cp.
Cc tham s chnh ca bin p:
7
H s ghp bin p K: s lng t thng lin kt t cun s p sang cun th cp c
nh ngha bng h s ghp bin p K.
K=
2 1
L L
M

in p cun s p v cun th cp: in p cm ng cun s p v th cp quan h
nhau theo t s:

Dng in s p ng in th cp: t s ng in cun s p v cun th cp l t s
nghh o in p cun s p v cun th cp, nn mt bin p tng p ng hnh l mt bin p
h dng v ngc li.

Hiu sut ca bin p: cc bin p th u c tn tht nn ngi ta a ra thng s hiu
sut ca bin p.
= % 100 % 100 .
1
2
1
2
tonthat
P P
P
P
P
+
=
Cu 10: Bin p cng hng:
y l bin p cao tn( dng trung tn v cao tn) c li khng kh hoc st bi hoc ferit.
Cc bin p ny ghp lng v c mt t in mc cun s p hoc cun th cp to cng
hng n. Thng thng tn s cng hng thay i bng h iu chnh v tr ca li hoc
bao li.
Nu dng hai t in mc hai cun dy hai bn th ta c th c cng hng kp hoc cng
hng lch
m rng di thng tn, ta dng mt in tr m mc song song vi mch cng hng.
L th chn lc tn s ca mch s km i.
Thit k cc bin p cng hng phi xt n mch c th, nht l c tnh ca cc linh kin
tch cc v phi lin h n in cm r in dung phn tn ca cc cun dy.
Cu 11: Cc yu cu v in p chnh ca bin p m tn:
Bin p m tn l bin p c thit k lm vic di tn s m thanh khong t 20Hz
n 2000Hz. Do bin p ny ng bin i in p m khng gy mo dng sng trong
sut di tn s m thanh, ng ngn h in mt chiu trong mch ny vi mh kh, bin
i tng tr, o pha
Cc yu t nh hng n bin p m tn cn ch {: p ng tn s v kh nng tryn ti
cng sut.
8
Cu 12: c im ca bin p ngun:
- in m n s p ao
- H s ghp K ao
Cu 13: D
Cu 14: D
Cu 15: C

Chng 3: IT BN DN
Cu 1: Cc tham s ca tip xc P- N khi trng thi cn bng l: lp tip xc c b dy k hiu l d,
in tr lp tip xc k hiu l R
P/N
, cng in trng tip xc k hiu l E
0
( hay cn gi l hng
ro th nng) tng ng vi n c h s tip xc l V
0
.
Cu 2: Cc hin tng vt l xy ra khi tip xc P-N phn cc thun v phn
cc ngc l:
Phn cc thun: chiu tc dng ca in trng ngoi ngc li vi chiu tc dng ca in trng
tip xc trong lp tip xc P-N nn lc ny lp tip xc P-N khng cn trng thi cn bng ng
na. in trng trong lp tip xc gim xung, hng ro th nng gim xung mt lng bng
in trng ngoi. Do phn ln cc ht dn a s d dng khuch tn qua tip xc P-N, kt qu
l ng in qua tip x tng kn. Khi in p thun c gi tr xp x vi V
0
, ng in chy qua tip
xc P-N thc s c khng ch bi in tr thun ca tip xc kim loi in tr khi tinh th.Do
vy c tuyn Vn- Ampe gn ging mt ng thng.
Phn cc ng: in p ngoi to ra mt in trng cng chiu vi in trng tip xc E
0
, lm
ho in trng trong lp tip x tng l, hng ro th nng ng ao hn. C ht dn a s kh
khuh tn qa ng in tch khng gian, lm cho dng in khuch tn qua tip xc P-N gim
xung so vi trng thi cn bng. ng thi , o in trng ca lp tip x tng ln s th y
qu trnh chuyn ng tri ca cc ht dn thiu s v to nn ng in tri c chiu t bn dn N
sang bn dn P.
Cu 3: cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca it bn dn l:
Cu to: it bn dn l cu kin gm c mt tip xc P-N v hai chn cc l ant( k hiu l A) v
catt( k hiu l K). Ant c ni vi bn dn P, catt c ni vi bn dn N, c bc trong v
bo v bng kim loi hoc nha tng hp.
Nguyn l hot ng: hot ng ca it da trn tnh dn in mt chiu ca tip xc P-N. Khi a
in p ngoi c cc dng o ant, m vo catt( U
AK
> 0) th it s dn in v trong mch c
ng in chy qua v lc ny tip xc P-N phn cc thun. Khi in p ngoi c c m a o
ant, cc dng a o att( U
AK
<0) it s kho v tip xc P-N phn cc ngc, dng in
ngc rt nh chy qua.
9
Cu 4: Gii thch v c tnh Vn- Ampe: c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca it biu th mi quan
h gia ng in qa it vi in p t gia hai chn cc ant v catt( U
AK
). y hnh l c
tuyn Vn-Ampe ca lp tip xc P-N, do vy ng in chy qa it c tnh theo cng thc sau:
I= I
0
(e - 1)
Cu 5: Cc tham s tnh ca it bn dn:
in tr mt chiu hay cn gi l in tr tnh: R
0

R
0
=
I
U

in tr ng: r
i
: l mt tham s quan trng v r
i
t l vi cotan gc nghing ca ng tip
tuyn vi c tuyn Vn- Ampe ti im lm vi tnh M a it
r
i
=
di
du

in dung ca it: C
d
in dung ca tip xc P-N gm c hai thnh phn l in dung ro
th( C
0
) in dung khuch tn( C
kt
)
C
d
= C
0
+ C
kt
in dung ro th C
0

C
0
=
dU
dQ
hoc C
0
=
d
S
r 0
c c

in dung khuch tn: C
kt
ch xut hin khi hin tng khuch tn xy ra.
in p ngc c i cho php( U
nguocmax
): l gi tr in p ngc ln nht c th t ln
it m n vn lm vic bnh thng
Khong nhit lm vic: l khong nhit m m bo it lm vic bnh thng. Tham
s ny quan h vi cng sut tiu tn cho php ca it.
Cu 6: cc ch ng ca it bn dn l: khi it lm vic trong cc ch tn hiu bin i ta gi
l h ng ca it. i vi it s tng ng khi n phn c thun v phn
cc ngc.
Cu 7: Cc c tnh chnh ca it xung l: gi tr ng in thun ng in ngc,
thi gian n nh in p thun t
0
, thi gian phc hi kh nng ngt t
p
.
ngha t l ca thi gian phc hi kh nng ngt t
p
l khong thi gian k t thi im khi
it dn ng in ngc cho ti khi dng ng t gi tr 0,1 ln gi tdidng ngc c i.
Theo tr s t
p
ngi ta hia it xung lm 3 loi chnh:
Loi t cao: t
p
< 10 nsec
Loi t trung bnh: 10nsec<t
p
< 100 nsec
10
Loi t thp c: t
p
>100 nsec
Cu 8:
Cu 9:
Cu 10:
Cu 11: A
Chng 4: TRANZITO LNG CC- BJT
Cu 1: Cu to v k hiu ca hai loi tranzito lng c l: Tranzito lng cc gm c hai tip xc P-
N c to nn bi ba min bn dn loi P v N xp xen k nhau. Nu min bn dn gia l bn
dn loai N th ta c tranzito lng cc loi P-N-P. Nu min bn dn gia l bn dn loi P th ta c
tranzito lng cc loi N-P-N.
Tranzito c ba chn cc l:
Cc Pht k hiu l ch E (Emitter) l ngun pht ra cc ht ti in trong tranzito.
Cc Gc k hiu l ch B (Base) l c iu khin ng in.
Cc Gp k hiu lsf ch C (Collector) c nhim v thu nhn tt c cc ht dn t
phn pht E qua phn gc B ti.
Hai tip xc P-N l tip xc pht- gc k hiu l T
E
(gi tt l tip xc pht), v tip
xc gp- gc k hiu l T
C
(gi tt l tip xc gp).
K hiu:
Cu 2: Nguyn l lm vic ca BJT ch tch ccl: khi ta cp in mt chiu sao cho tip xc
pht- gc phn cc thun v tip xc gp- pht phn cc ngc. ch tch cc, tn hiu ra bin
thin theo s bin thin ca ch vo nn ta cn gi l ch khuh i.
Cu 3: Nguyn l lm vic ca BJT ch ngt v ch bo ho l:
ch ngt: Tranzito lm vic ch ngt l khi ta cp in cho cc chn cc sao cho
hai tip xc P-N u phn c ngc. ch ngt tranzito khng dn in, c gp oi nh c
ni tt vi ngun cung cp v tranzito nh mt chuyn mch trng thi h.
ch bn ho: Tranzito hot ng ch bo ho khi ta cung cp in p vo cc
chn cc sao cho c hai tip xc P-N u phn cc thun. trng thi ny, cc pht v cc gp ca
tranzito coi nh c ni tt, dng in qua tranzito kh ln, st p gia cc gp- pht gn bng
khng vn v tranzito nh mt chuyn mch trng thi ng.
Cu 4: S mc cc gc chung:
C im ca s mc cc gc chung:
Tn hiu vo v tn hi ra ng pha nhau
Tr khng vo Z
V
nh khong vi ch n i trm m
11
Z
vo
=
S
1
30 300
Tr khng ra ln
Z
ra
= R
C
= 100K 1M
H s khuh i ng in cc pht
=
E
C
I
I
< 1 ( 0,95 0,999)
Nh y tranzito trong s mc cc gc chung khng c khuh i dng in.
H s khuh i in p:
K
u
=
vao
ganh
vao E
ganh C
vao
ra
Z
Z
Z I
Z I
U
U
~
A
A
=
A
A

H s khuh i in p ph thu o in tr gnh.
Cu 5: Cch mc cc pht chung: tn hiu a o gia cc gc v cc pht, tn hiu ly ra t gia
cc gc v c pht. Do , c pht l chn cc chung ca mch vo v mh ra ta s mc
cc pht chung.
im ca s mc cc pht chung:
Tn hiu vo v tn hi ra ngc pha nhau.
Tr khng vo nh nhng ln hn so i tr khng o trong s mc cc gc chung.
Tr khng ra ln nhng ln hn so i tr khng ra trong s mc cc gc chung.
H s khuh i ng in cc gc l t s gia ng in ra vi ng in vo:

o
o
o
o
|

= =
1 ) 1 (
E
E
B
C
I
I
I
I

H s khuch i in p:

) // (
CE C
vao
ra
u
r R S
U
U
K =
A
A
=

H s khuch i cng sut:

vao
ra
p
P
P
K =
Dng in r cc gp I
Ceo
nh nhng ln hn trong s mc cc gc chung.
Tn s lm vic gii hn tng i cao nhng thp hn so vi s mc cc gc chung v
in dung thng thng ln hn.
12
c s dng rng ri, ng thi mch kh n nh v nhit v c tn s lm vic gii
hn kh cao. Ngoi ra mch c tr khng vo v tr khng ra khng chnh lch nhiu nn trong vic
ghp cc mch vi nhau, ta c th dng kiu ghp bng in tr v t in rt n gin trong tnh
ton li n gin trong lp rp v gi thnh r.
Cu 6: Cch mc cc gp chung: tn hiu a vo gia cc gc v cc gp, tn hiu ly ra trn R
E
t
gia cc pht v cc gp, nn cc gp l chn cc chung ca mch vo v mch ra. Khi cp ngun,
dng in I
E
xut pht t dng ngun E
B
qua in tr ti R
E
v cc pht v n lp tip xc pht T
E
.
Ti y n chia thnh hai thnh phn l dng in cc gc I
B
chy qua R
B
v t v thnh phn dng
in cc gp I
C
chy qua cc gp xung t.
c im ca s mc cc gp chung:
Tn hiu in vo v tn hiu in ra ng pha.
Tr khng vo ln v tr khng ra nh.
H s khuch i in p:

BC
BE BC
BC
ra
vao
ra
u
U
U U
U
U
U
U
K
A
A
=
A
A
=
A
A
=
H s khuch i dng in cc gc:
| |
o
~ + =

= = 1
1
1
B
E
i
I
I
K
H s khuch i cng sut K
p
c tr s t vi chc ln n vi trm ln.
Dng in r c tr s tng ng nh s mc cc pht chung.
Tn s lm vic gii hn cng c gi tr ging nh s mc cc pht chung.
Cu 7: S Darlington: s Dlington gm c hai tranzito u theo kiu cc gp chung (CC) v n
c coi nh mt trazito mi vi cc chn cc C B E ' ' ' , , .
Cc tham s ca s :
H s khuch i dng in:
2 1 T T
| | | - = '
Tr khng vo:
C
T
BE E B vao
I
V
r r Z
'
' '
' = = = | 2 2
1

h dn:
T
C
V
I
S
2
'
= '
Tr khng ra:
2
3
2
CE E C ra
r r Z = =
' '

Cu 8: Khi nim: phn cc cho tranzito l vic cung cp ngun in mt chiu vo cc chn cc sao
cho tranzito lm vic ng ch (ngt, bo ha hay tch cc) v cc tham s ca tranzito khng
t qu cc gi tr gii hn.
13
Cu 9: Mch phn cc c nh: dng tranzito loi N-P-N nn c:
in tr R
B
, gi l in tr nh thin, c u t dng ngun E
C
v cc gc phn
cc thun cho tip xc pht- gc.
in tr R
C
, gi l ti, c nhim v dn in p t ngun dng E
C
qua R
C
v m ngun
E
C
. Dng in I
B
chy t dng ngun E
C
qua R
B
v m ngun E
C
.
V dng I
B
chn l mt hng s nn mch c gi l mch phn cc kiu c nh hay mch phn
cc nh dng cc gc. Dng I
B
c gi l dng in nh thin.
Cu 10: n nh v h s n nh ca mch nh thin cho BJT:
n nh ca mch nh thin: khi tranzito hot ng, cc tham s ca mch s thay i
do nhiu nguyn nhn, c bit l do nhit mi trng thay i. V vy, vic n nh im lm vic Q
chn l rt cn thit. Ta gi thit rng tranzito c thay bng tranzito cng loi khc nhng c h
s khuch i | ln hn v v I
B
gi khng i ti I
B2
bng mch phn cc bn ngoi, s dn n vic
im lm vic Q
1
phi di chuyn n Q
2
. im lm vic mi ny c th khng tha mn hon ton. c
bit n c th lm cho tranzito chuyn sang ch bo ha. Lc ny chng ta phi thay i dng in I
B

m bo ch lm vic cn thit cho tranzito.
H s n nh S ca mch nh thin: l tc thay i ca dng in cc gp so vi s
thay i ca dng in ngc bo ha gi cho h s khuch i | v in p U
BE
khng i.
Cu 11: Mch phn cc phn p:
Trong mch, hai in tr R
1
v R
2
ni tip nhau v u trc tip gia hai cc ca ngun cung cp E
c
s
to nn mch phn p, dng in phn p, dng in phn p I
p.

p
chy qua R
1
v R
2
khng ph thuc
vo s bin i theo nhit ca cc dng in v in p trn cc chn cc ca tranzito. Do , st p
do dng phn p to ra trn R
2
cng khng ph thuc vo hot ng ca tranzito. in p trn cc gc
chnh l st p trn in tr R
2
do dng in phn p to nn.
Cu 12: Mch phn cc hi tip: mch n nh c im lm vic tnh, nhng cn hn ch do in tr
hi tip a c thnh phn tn hiu v mch vo lm gim kh nng khuch i ca mch.
Cu 13:
Cu 15:
o
1
=0,98, o2=0,96, Vcc=24V, R
C
=120, I
E
=100mA
a. Ta c: I
C
= I
C1
+ I
C2
(1)
I
E1
= I
B2
= I
B1
+ I
C1
(2)
I
E
= I
E2
= I
E1
+ I
C2
= 100mA (3)




mA I I I
mA I I I
mA I I
mA I
mA I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
C C C
C E B
E C
E
E C
E
C
C
E
E
C
92 , 99 96 92 , 3
08 , 0 92 , 3 4
92 . 3 4 . 98 , 0 ) 4 (
4 96 100 ) 3 (
96 100 . 96 , 0
) 4 (
2 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1
2 2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
= + = + =
= = =
= = =
= =
= = = =
= =
o
o o
o
o
14






b. Ta c: I
C
R
C
+ U
CE
= V
CC
V U
CE
0096 , 12 120 . 10 . 92 , 99 24
3
= =


Cu 16: p dng K
2
cho 2 vng mch:
E I
I
I I I I I
I
I
I
I
V R I V R I
R R
V R
R I U R R I
C
C
C E B C E
C
B
B
C
CC E E EC C C
CC
E E EB B
)
1
1 (
) 2 (
) 1 ( ) // (
2 1
1
2 1
| |
|
|
+ = + = + =
= =
= + +
+
= + +


Cu 17:
Cu 18:
Cu 19: B
Cu 20: A
Cu 21:
Cu 22: C


15

Cch 1:


Ta : in p ti cc B transistor:


2
1 2
20
5 0, 95
100 5
cc
B
V
V R V
R R
= = =
+ +


V transistor rmani :

0, 2
BE
V V =

Nn ng ng in ti transistor l:


0, 95 0, 2
7, 5
0,1
B BE
E
E
V V
I mA
R

= = =

16
Tm ng ng in ti C transistor:


50
7, 5 7, 35
1 1 1 50
C
C E
E
I
I I mA
I
| |
| |
= = = =
+ + +


Tm ng ng in ti transistor:


7, 35
0,147
50
C
C B B
I
I I I mA |
|
= = = =

Tm in p
CE
U :

( ) ( )
CE cc C E cc C C E E
U V V V V I R I R = + = +

20 (7, 35.2 7, 5.0,1) 4, 55
CE
U V = + =

Tm h s n nh :


1
(1 )
1
B
E
B
E
R
R
S
R
R
|
|
+
= +
+ +
M:
1 2
1 2
.
B
R R
R
R R
=
+

Vy:

1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
. 100.5
1 1
( ). (100 5).0,1
(1 ) (1 50) 25
. 100.5
1 50 1
(100 5).0,1 ( ).
E
E
R R
R R R
S
R R
R R R
|
|
+ +
+ +
= + = + =
+ + + +
+ +



Cch 2:

17
Ta c:
B BE E
V V V = + (1)

Trong : . ( ) ( ) (1 )
E E E E B C E B B B E
V R I R I I R I I I R | | = = + = + = +

V:
n p 2
.
B ph
V I R = m:
n p
1 2
cc
ph
V
I
R R
=
+

Do :
2
1 2
.
CC
B
V R
V
R R
=
+
(2)


T (1)
2
1 2
.
(1 )
CC
BE B E
V R
V I R
R R
| = + +
+


Vy:
2
1 2
.
(1 )
CC
BE
B
E
V R
V
R R
I
R |

+
=
+

C B
I I | =

T (1) (2) tm c:


B BE
E
E
V V
I
R

= Trong ( bi cho): Transistor Gemani c : 0, 2

BE
V V =
Transistor Silicon c : 0, 6
BE
V V =
Tm in p
CE
U :

( ) ( )
CE cc C E cc C C E E
U V V V V I R I R = + = +


CE cc C C E E
U V I R I R =

Tm h s n nh :

18

1
.
1
E
E B
S
R
R R
|
|
+
=
+
+
Trong :
1 2
1 2
.
B
R R
R
R R
=
+



Nhn xt: V dng bi cho tr s linh kin, tm , , , ,
B C E CE
I I I U S ca mch transistor phn cc
kiu cu phn p

1. Phn trn cch 2 l chng minh ( bit t m ) ng thc. Ta c th thay s li
cho vo thng cng th (m ng) tm cc thng s lm vic ca mch. Cch ny thch
hp cho thi trc nghim cn kt qu nhanh chn.

2. Ch 1 hay h 2 u cho kt qu nh nha, ng p n trong sh bi ging. Tuy nhin.
Cng th tm hi i. Nn ng ng thc tnh S (mu vng) cch 2 gn hn.

3. Khi thay s vo cng thc ta khng cn qan tm n du tr (-) ca ngun in. Ch ly gi
tr tuyt i. V d (-20V), ta ch thay 20V vo cng thc vn ng kt qu. Bi v, du ngun
in l ty theo transistor loi PNP hoc NPN m phn cc cc mi ni P-N cho thch hp.
Nu ta thay c du ngun in th kt qu ca I v V s c du (-), biu th s phn cc ca
P-N trn mh transistor. Nhng iu ny khng cn thit y. ng chng l p n
trong sch vn khng c du tr (-).

4. Khi thay gi tr in tr v d 5KO
(
3
5 5000 5.10 KO= O= O). Ta ch ghi s 5 thi m khng
cn ghi
3
5.10 . V khi tnh ton
3
10 s b n gin ht. Tuy
nhin, ta phi ghi tt c cng mt n . V d: 0.1K phi
ghi l 0,1 ch khng ghi 100O. V nh l kt qu ca I l
mA. (Xem bi lm trn).

5. Nn dng my tnh khoa hc (Scientific Calculator) CASIO fx
570 ES tnh nhanh cc cng th ton nh l. (xm
hnh)







19
























20
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
CC B C C B BE E E B C C B BE B C E
C E B CC BE C E C
CC BE C E C
B
C E
V I I R I R V I R I I R I R V I I R
R R R I V V R R I
V V R R I
I
R R R
= + + + + = + + + + +
+ + = +
+
=
+ +
Ta c: (1 )
E B C B B B
I I I I I I | | = + = + = +
V:

( ) .
. .
( )
(1 )( )
CC C B C E E CE
CC C E E E CE
CC E C E CE
CC B C E CE
V R I I R I V
V R I R I V
V I R R V
V I R R V |
= + + +
= + +
= + +
= + + +


(1 )( )
CC CE
B
C E
V V
I
R R |

=
+ +
(1)

24 5
0, 04
(1 45)(10 0, 27)
B
I mA

= =
+ +


Tm tr s
B
R :

.
CE BE B B
V V R I = +


CE BE
B
B
V V
R
I

= (2)


3
5 0, 6
110
0, 04.10
B
R K

= = O

Tm h s n nh S:

Theo nh lut kicSp ta c:




21
( )
C E B
C B C E
R R dI
dI R R R
+
=
+ +
1 1 1 45
9, 5
10 0, 27
1 45 1 ( ) 1
110 10 0, 27
B C E
C B C E
S
dI R R
dI R R R
| |
| |
+ + +
= = = =
+ +
+ +
+ + + +



V V
cc
v V
BE
khng ph thuc vo I
C
v v I
B
nn tnh o hm I
B
theo I
C
ta c:





Theo cng thc tnh h s S ta c:










Nhn xt: V dng bi tm ,
B
R S ca mch transistor phn cc kiu hi tip.

1. Nh bn thy. lm c bi ny cn c 3 cng th trn. Nhng
trong sch bi ging ch c cng thc (3) tm S. Cn (1) v (2) th khng c. Bi
ging trong sch ch dy l thuyt ho s n gin khng c
E
R . Do mnh
hng minh a ra ng thc tng qt ho trng hp transistor c
E
R .
cc bn p dng cng th (m ng) lm cho nhanh khi thi trc nghim.
Tht ra, sch dy l l thuyt hng hi bi trn s n dng
gii bi tp kh. Nhng hng ta hc t xa (ch sh m thnhk s)
khng c ai ging dy lm sao m hiu m lm. Con g khng c m qu trng
ng khng ln!

22
2. Ch khi thay gi tr in tr cng thc (1). Ta khng cn ghi
3
10 , nn kt qu
ca I phi l mA. Nhng khi thay o ng thc (2). Ta phi ghi
3
10

(i ra
Ampe).




Tm
B
I :

3
3
( 1)
( 1)
1 (100 1)5.10
4, 95.10
100
4, 95
C B CBO
C CBO
B
B
I I I
I I
I
A
I mA
| |
|
|

= + +
+
=
+
= =
=

Tm
E
I :

(1 )
1
1(1 100)
1, 01
100
C C
E
E
E
I I
I
I
I A
| |
| |
+
= =
+
+
= =

Tm
B
R :
23

3
40 0, 2 1, 01.5
7020 7
4, 95.10
CC BE E E
CC BE B B E E B
B
B
V V I R
V V I R I R R
I
R K

= + + =

= = O~ O

Tm S:
1 100 1 101 S | = + = + =

15. Cho s nh hnh :
Cho bit
1
0, 98 o = ,
2
0, 96 o = ,
24
CC
V V = , 120
C
R = O ,
100
E
I mA = , B qa ng in
ngc bo ha ( 0
CBO
I = ). X nh:
a) C ng in
1 1 E1 2 2
, , , ,
C B C B
I I I I I
b)
CE
U


Tm
2 C
I :

2
2 2 2 E2
E2
. 0, 96.100 96
C
C
I
I I mA
I
o o = = = =

Tm
2 B
I :

2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
(1 )
1
96(1 0, 96)
4
0, 96
C C C
B
B
I I I
I
I mA
o
o
| o
o

= = =

= =

Tm
1 C
I :


1
1 1 1 E1
E1
. 0, 98.4 3, 92
C
C
I
I I mA
I
o o = = = =

Tm
1 B
I :
24


1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1
(1 )
1
3, 92(1 0, 98)
0, 08
0, 98
C C
B
B
B
I I
I
I
I mA
o o
|
o o

= = =

= =

Tm
CE
U :


1 2
3
. ( ).
24 (3, 92 96).10 .120 12
CE CC C C CC C C C
CE
U V I R V I I R
U V

= = +
= + =

Tm
C
B
I
I
:

1 2
1
3, 92 96
1249
0, 08
C C C
B B
I I I
I I
+ +
= = =

Tm
C
E
I
I
:


1 2
E2
3, 92 96
0, 9992
100
C C C
E
I I I
I I
+ +
= = =











Chng 5: TRANZITO HIU NG TRNG- FET
25

Cu 1: Cu to ca JFET: gm c mt ming bn dn mng loi N (gi l knh N) hoc loi P (gi l
knh P) gia hai tip xc P-N v c gi l knh dn in. Hai u ca ming bn dn c
a ra hai chn cc gi l cc mng (k hiu l D) v cc ngun (k hiu l S). Hai ming bn dn
hai bn ca knh c ni vi nhau v a ra mt chn cc gi l cc ca (k hiu l G). Cho nn,
cc ca c tch khi knh bng cc tip xc P-N. Cc tranzito trng JFET hu ht u l loi i
xng, c ngha l khi u trong mch c th i ch hai chn cc mng v ngun cho nhau th cc
tnh cht v tham s ca tranzito khng h thay i.
Nguyn l hot ng ca JFET:
Nguyn l hot ng ca tranzito trng JFET knh loi P v knh loi N ging nhau. Chng
ch khc nhau v chiu ca ngun dng in cung cp vo cc chn cc.
ho tranzito trng lm vic ch khuch i phi cung cp ngun in U
DS
c chiu
sao cho cc ht dn a s chuyn ng t cc ngun S, qua knh, v cc mng D to nn dng
in trong mch cc mng I
D
.
Cu 2: Cc tham s c bn ca tranzito trng:
+ dn in (k hiu l g
m
)
const U
ds
d
const U
GS
D
const U
GS
p
m
DS DS DS
u
i
u
i
u
i
g
= = =
=
A
A
~
c
c
=
+ Tr khng ra hay cn gi l in tr mng (k hiu l r
d
)
const U
p
ds
const U
p
DS
const U
p
DS
d
GS GS GS
i
u
i
u
i
u
r
= = =
=
A
A
~
c
c
=
+ H s khuch i in p

const I
GS
ds
const I
GS
DS
const I
GS
DS
D D D
u
u
u
u
u
u
= = =
=
A
A
~
c
c
=
Cu 3: Cc mc mch c bn ca JFET trong s mch khuch i l: s mc cc ngun chung,
s mc cc mng chung v s mc cc ca chung.
Cu 4: Cch phn cc c nh ca JFET: ngun in V
GG
c t vo cc ca v mch c gi l
phn cc c nh v c U
GS
= -U
GG
c gi th c nh. Nh vy, mun xc nh im lm vic Q thch
hp ta phi dng 2 ngun cung cp.
Cu 5: Phng php t phn cc ca JFET: cch phn cc khng ging nh i vi BJT v n l cch
phn cc hu hiu nht i vi JFET, trong cch phn cc ny th in p U
GS
= -I
D
R
S.
Cu 6: Cu to ca MOSFET knh sn: l loi tranzito m khi ch to ngi ta ch to sn knh
dn. Gm hai loi: knh loi P v knh loai N.
Nguyn l hot ng ca MOSFET knh sn: khi tranzito lm vic, thng thng cc ngun S c
ni vi v ni t nn U
S
=0. Cc in p t vo cc chn cc ca G v cc mng D l so vi chn
26
cc S. Nguyn tc cung cp ngun in cho cc chn cc sao cho ht dn a s chy t chn cc
ngun S qua knh v cc mng D to nn dng in I
D
trong mch cc mng. Cn in p t
trn cc ca c chiu sao cho MOSFET lm vic ch giu ht dn hoc ch ngho ht dn.
Cu 7: H c tuyn iu khin (knh P): kh nng iu khin dng in I
D
ca in p trn cc ca
U
GS
chnh l c tuyn truyn t ca MOSFET, ni cch khc, l mi quan h gia dng in I
D

vi in p U
GS
. cc ht dn l trng chuyn ng t cc ngun S v cc mng D, ta t mt in
p trn cc mng U
DS
= U
DS1
<0 v gi khng i. Sau thay i in p trn cc ca U
GS
theo chiu
dng hoc theo chiu m. Khi U
GS
= 0 th i tc dng ca in p U
DS
cc l trng chuyn ng
t cc ngun v cc mng to nn dng in I
D
.
H c tuyn ra: biu din mi quan h gia dng in I
D
vi in p U
DS
ng vi tng gi tr in p
U
GS
khc nhau. t tuyn xut pht t gc ta . iu chnh cho U
DS
m dn, vi gi tr s cn nh
th dng in I
D
tng tuyn tnh vi s tng tr s ca in p U
DS
v mi quan h ny c tnh theo
nh lut m. Ta c vng thun tr ca c tuyn. Khi in p U
DS
t ti tr s bo ha th dng
in cc mng cng t ti mt tr s gi l dng in bo ha. Lc ny, lp tip xc P-N chm vo
y ca lp oxit v knh c im tht ti cc mng.
Cu 8: Cch phn cc c nh cho MOSFET knh sn:
Cu 9: Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca MOSFET knh cm ng:
Cu to gm: , lp tip xc P-N, lp SiO
2
v lp kim loi.
Nguyn l hot ng: MOSFET knh cm ng l tranzito trng khng ch to knh dn in, m
knh s ch hnh thnh trong qu trnh tranzito lm vic. Mun tranzito dn in, ta phi cp
in ln cc ca to knh. Khi U
GS
=U
GSth
th knh mi to thnh. Sau khi c knh th dng in
trong tranzito do cc ht dn in t cc ngun v cc mng s chu s iu khin ca in p t
ln cc ca v cc mng.

Cu 12: Cch phn cc hi tip cho MOSFET:
Cu 15:
27












Tm
GS
U :




2
1
GS
D DO
GSngat
U
I I
U
| |
=
|
|
\ .


1
D
GS GSngat
DO
I
U U
I
| |
=
|
|
\ .



1
( 2) 1 2 2 0, 585 0, 6
2
GS
U V V
| |
= = + = ~
|
|
\ .

Tm
S
R :
28

3
0, 6
. 600
10
GS
GS D S S
D
U
U I R R
I

= = = = O




Cu 16:


Bi gii:

a. Transistor c m tho s DC Drain Common.
b. Mh nh thin kiu phn p.
c.
1 2
, R R : Cu phn p ly t ngun
D
V to in p phn cc cho G.

3
R : in tr cc S nhm n nh khuh i ca transistor.

1 2
, C C : T lin lc ly tn hiu vo v tn ra ca mch transistor.

29


Bi gii:
in p trn cc gc chnh l st p trn in tr
2
R o ng in phn p to nn.
Vy ta c
V:
n p 2
.
B ph
V I R = m:
n p
1 2
cc
ph
V
I
R R
=
+

Do :
2
1 2
. 35.5
1,129
150 5
CC
B
V R
V V
R R
= = =
+ +

T s ta c:

B BE E
V V V = +

Trong : . ( ) ( ) (1 )
E E E E B C E B B B E
V R I R I I R I I I R | | = = + = + = +

(1 )
B BE B E
V V I R | = + +

Tm
B
I :

1,129 0, 2
0, 0184
(1 ) 0, 5(1 100)
B BE
B
E
V V
I mA
R |

= = =
+ +

30
Tm
C
I :

100.0, 0184 1, 84
C B
I I mA | = = =

Tm
E
I : Transistor Gemani c : 0, 2
BE
V V =


1,129 0, 2
1, 858
0, 5
B BE
E
E
V V
I mA
R

= = =
T in
CE
U :

35 1,84.2, 5 1,858.0, 5 29.47
CE cc C C E E
U V I R I R V = = =

T h n nh :

1 2
1 2
. 150.5
4, 838
150 5
B
R R
R K
R R
= = = O
+ +


1 1 100
9, 74
. 100.0, 5
1 1
0.5 4, 838
E
E B
S
R
R R
|
|
+ +
= = =
+ +
+ +


3, Cho s
mh nh hnh :






31














Bi gii:

a. Transistor c mc theo cch cc ngun chung SC Source Common. Mh nh thin
kiu phn cc t cp.
b. Nhim v ca cc linh kin trong mch:

G
R : in tr nh thin

D
R : in tr ti cc D

S
R : in tr n nh cc S

3
C : ni t thnh phn xoay chiu

1 2
, C C : t lin lc ly tn hiu vo/ra.
c.
Tm
GS
U :

2
1 1
GS D
D DO GS GSngat
GSngat DO
U I
I I U U
U I
| | | |
= =
| |
| |
\ . \ .


32

200
( 4) 1 36
2
GS
U V
| |
= =
|
|
\ .

Tm
S
R :

3
36
. 180
200.10
GS
GS D S S
D
U
U I R R
I

= = = = O


4. Trnh by v s mc cc gc CB ca transistor lng cc trong cc mch khuh i c
im ca cch mc ny.

S mc gc chung:
mch mc cc gc chung m t trong hnh 1. Trong s mch c:
+ E
E
, E
C
l ngun cung cp mt chiu cho tranzito loi P-N-P trong mch.
+ R
E
- in tr nh thin cho tranzito. R
E
c nhim v lm st bt mt phn in p
ngun E
E
m bo cho tip xc pht c phn cc thun vi in p phn cc U
EB
~ 0,6
V cho tranzito Silic, v U
EB
~ 0,2V cho tranzito Gecmani. ng thi tn hiu vo s h trn R
E

a o tranzito.
+ R
C
- in tr gnh c nhim v to st p thnh phn dng xoay chiu ca tn hiu
a ra mch sau v a in p t m ngun E
C
ln cc gp m bo cho tip xc gp c
phn cc ngc.
+ T in C
1
, C
2
gi l t lin lc c nhim v dn tn hiu vo mch v dn tn hiu ra mch
sau.
33






R
C

C
1
E I
E
I
C
C
2

Mch C Mch
vo U
CB
ra
U
Vo
U
EB
U
Ra
R
E
B I
B

E
E
E
C



Hnh 1: S mc gc chung cho tranzito loi P-N-P

Cc gc B ca tranzito trong s c ni t. Nh y, tn hi a o gia cc pht
v cc gc. Tn hiu ly ra gia cc gp v cc gc nn cc gc B l chn cc chung ca mch vo v mch
ra. - Ta gi l s mc cc gc chung. Trong mch c cc thnh phn dng in
v in p sau:
I
E
gi l ng in trn mch vo. I
C
gi l ng in trn mch ra. U
EB
gi
l in p trn mch vo U
CB
gi l
in p trn mch ra
Mi quan h gia cc dng in v in p trn cc chn cc c m t thng qua cc
h c tuyn tnh. C hai h c tuyn chnh l :
H c tuyn vo: U
EB
= f
1
(U
CB
, I
E
) H
c tuyn ra: I
C
= f
2
(U
CB
, I
E
)


H c tuyn vo:
34
c tuyn vo m t mi quan h gia in p o ng in o nh sa: U
EB
=
f
1
(I
E
) khi U
CB
= const.
Xt trng hp i vi tranzito lng cc Gecmani loi P-N-P. Khi cc gp h th c
tuyn o hnh l c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca tip xc P-N phn cc thun nn ta c:
U
EB
I
E
= I
0
( e
V
T

1)
Ta c ng c tuyn vo m t trong hnh 2.
35




U
EB
(V)

0,6 U
CB
h


0,4
U
CB
= 0V
U
CB
= -10V
0,2 U
CB
= - 20V

0 10 20 30 40 I
E
(mA)



Hnh 2: H c tuyn vo ca tranzito gecmani loi P-N-P.













Khi U
CB
0, c tuyn x dch rt t chng t in p trn cc gp t nh hng n ng in
qua tip xc pht.
36


H c tuyn ra:
c tuyn ra biu th mi quan h gia dng in trn mch cc gp vi in p trn mch
cc gp. Ta c mi quan h sau:
I
C
= f
2
(U
CB
) khi I
E
= const.
Biu th tnh ng in trn cc gp I
C
nh sa: I
C
=
oI
E
+ I
CBo



I
C
(mA)
Vng tch cc
40 I
E5
= 40mA



Vng
dn
30 I
E4
= 30mA
bo 20 I
E3
= 20mA
ha o(I
E3
- I
E2
)
10

oI
E 2


I
CB0
I
E2
= 10mA
I
E1
= 0
0 -2 -4 -6 -8 U
CB
(V)
Vng ngt



Hnh 3: H c tuyn ra ca tranzito gecmani loi P-N-P
trong s mc cc gc chung

+ Khi I
E1
= 0 (khi cc pht h mch): c tuyn ra chnh l c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca
tip xc gp phn cc ngc. Do vy, ng in cc gp I
C
= I
CBo
.
37
+ Khi I
E2
> 0: l khi tip xc pht c phn cc thun th ng in cc gp s l:
I
C
= o I
E2
+ I
CBo

38

Khi U
CB
> 0 trong khi U
EB
> 0 tranzito lm vic ch bo ha nn s c dng in thun
ca tip xc gp chy ngc chiu vi thnh phn dng in thun t cc pht sang (oI
E2
), do
vy, dng in tng qua tip xc gp gim nhanh n 0 v sau tng nhanh nu U
CB
> 0 tng tip
tc.


Cc c im ca s mc cc gc chung:
- Tn hiu vo v tn hi ra ng pha nhau
- Tr khng vo Z
V
nh khong vi ch n i trm m

o
1
30 300
v
Z
S
= ~ O
- Tr khng ra ln
100 1
ra C
Z R K M = = O O
- h s khuh i ng in cc pht
1
C
E
I
I
o = < ( 0, 95 0, 99) o =
Nh y transistor trong s mc cc gc chung khng c khuh i ng in.
H s khuh i in p:

nh nh
o E o o
I
C g g
ra
u
v v v
I Z Z
U
K
U Z Z
A
A
= = ~
A A

H s khuh i in p ph thu o in tr gnh.
Khi Z
gnh
~ Z
ra
th K
u
c tr s khong t i trm vi nghn ln.
- H s khuh i cng sut c th t ti tr s hng trm ln.
- Dng in r I
CBo
nh (khong t vi chc nA n vi A i vi tranzito Silic, v n vi chc A i
vi tranzito Gecmani).
- Tn s lm vic gii hn ao in ng thng ng nh.
mch mc cc gc chung c n nh v nhit cao v tn s lm vic gii hn cao.
Mch thng c dng di tn s lm vic cao nh cc tng dao ng ni ca my thu thanh, cc
39
tng tin khuch i m tn ca my tng m, hoc tng khuch i cng sut y ko.

.

Cu 17:
Cu 18:

Bi gii:

Ta : in p ti cc B transistor:


2
1 2
20
4, 7 2, 5
33 4, 7
cc
B
V
V R V
R R
= = =
+ +


V transistor rmani :

0, 2
BE
V V =

Nn ng ng in ti transistor l:

40

2, 5 0, 2
5,89
0, 39
B BE
E
E
V V
I mA
R

= = =

Tm ng ng in ti C transistor:


50
5, 89 5, 77
1 1 1 50
C
C E
E
I
I I mA
I
| |
| |
= = = =
+ + +


Tm in p
CE
U :

( ) ( )
CE cc C E cc C C E E
U V V V V I R I R = + = +

20 (5, 77.2 5,89.0, 39) 6,16
CE
U V = + =


Bi gii:
41

Ta c:
(1 )
E B C B B B
I I I I I I | | = + = + = +
V:

( ) .
. .
( )
(1 )( )
CC C B C E E CE
CC C E E E CE
CC E C E CE
CC B C E CE
V R I I R I V
V R I R I V
V I R R V
V I R R V |
= + + +
= + +
= + +
= + + +


(1 )( )
CC CE
B
C E
V V
I
R R |

=
+ +


30 6
0, 03
(1 50)(15 0, 33)
B
I mA

= =
+ +


Tm tr s
B
R :
.
CE BE B B
V V R I = +


CE BE
B
B
V V
R
I

=


3
6 0, 6
180
0, 03.10
B
R K

= = O



42
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
CC B C C B B BE E E
cc B C C B B BE B C E
B C E B CC BE C E C
CC BE C E C
B
B C E
V I I R I R V I R
V I I R I R V I I R
R R R I V V R R I
V V R R I
I
R R R
= + + + +
= + + + + +
+ + = +
+
=
+ +
( )
C E B
C B C E
R R dI
dI R R R
+
=
+ +

Tm h s n nh S:

Theo nh lut kicSp ta c:













V V
cc
v V
BE
khng ph thuc vo I
C
v v I
B
nn tnh o hm I
B
theo I
C
ta c:






Theo cng thc tnh h s S ta c:
43
1 1
1 ( ) 1
1 50
10.35
15 0, 33
1 50
180 15 0, 33
B C E
C B C E
S
dI R R
dI R R R
S
| |
| |
+ +
= =
+
+
+ +
+
= =
+
+
+ +

























44








Bi gii:
Tm
2 C
I :


2
2 2 2 E2
E2
. 0, 96.100 96
C
C
I
I I mA
I
o o = = = =

Tm
2 B
I :

2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
(1 )
1
96(1 0, 96)
4
0, 96
C C C
B
B
I I I
I
I mA
o
o
| o
o

= = =

= =

Tm
1 C
I :


1
1 1 1 E1
E1
. 0, 98.4 3, 92
C
C
I
I I mA
I
o o = = = =

Tm
1 B
I :

45

1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1
(1 )
1
3, 92(1 0, 98)
0, 08
0, 98
C C
B
B
B
I I
I
I
I mA
o o
|
o o

= = =

= =

Tm
CE
U :

1 2
3
. ( ).
24 (3, 92 96).10 .120 12
CE CC C C CC C C C
CE
U V I R V I I R
U V

= = +
= + =






Tm /
C B
I I :

1 2
1
3, 92 96
1249
0, 08
C C C
B B
I I I
I I
+ +
= = =


Tm /
C E
I I :
1 2
E2
3, 92 96
0, 9992
100
C C C
E
I I I
I I
+ +
= = =


4. Trnh by v c pht mc chung CE ca tranitor lng cc trong cc mch khuch i v
c im ca cch mc ny.

Bi lm:

46














Hnh 1: mc cc pht chung:

Trong s mch gm c cc phn t sau:
E
E
, E
C
- Ngun in cung cp mt chiu cho tranzito loi P-N-P.
R
B
- in tr nh thin
R
C
- in tr ti
T in C
1
v C
2
l t lin lc.
Cc cu kin ny c nhim v trong mch in tng t nh s mc cc gc chung
Nh vy, tn hiu a vo gia cc gc v cc pht, tn hiu c ly ra t gia cc gp v cc
pht. Do , cc pht l chn cc chung ca mch vo v mch ra v ta c s mc cc pht chung.
Chiu ca cc thnh phn dng in v in p trn cc chn cc cu tranzito c m t hnh 1
Trong s mc pht chung c dng vo l I
B
, dng ra l I
C
, in p vo l U
BE
, in p ra l U
CE
.
47


c im ca s mc cc pht chung:

- Tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra ngc pha nhau
- Tr khng vo nh nhng ln hn so i tr khng vo trong s mc cc gc chung:
Z
vo
= r
BE
= 200 2000O
- Tr khng ra ln nhng nh hn so i tr khng ra trong s mc cc gc chung:
Z
ra
= R
C
// r
CE
= 20KO 100KO
- H s khuh i ng in cc gc l t s gia ng in ra vi ng in vo, ta c:

( ) 1 1
C E
B E
I I
I I
o o
|
o o
= = =


| c tr s t vi chc i trm ln (cn k hiu l h
FE
).

- H s khuch i in p:



K
u
c th t ti tr s t hng ngn chc ngn ln.

- H s khuh i cng sut



K
p
c th c tr s t vi ngn ln n chc ngn ln.
( )
o
//
ra
U C CE
v
U
K S R r
U
A
= =
A
ra
P
vao
P
K
P
=
48

- Dng in r cc gp I
CEo
nh nhng ln hn trong s mc cc gc chung
- Tn s lm vic gii hn tng i cao nhng thp hn so vi s mc cc gc chung v in dung
thng ng ln hn.
- mch mc cc pht chung c s dng rng ri do c h s khuh i |, K
u
, K
p
rt ln.
ng thi mch kh n nh v nhit v c tn s lm vic gii hn kh cao. Ngoi ra, mch c tr
khng vo v tr khng ra khng chnh lch nhiu nn trong vic ghp cc mch vi nhau, ta c th
dng kiu ghp bng in tr v t in (ghp RC) rt n gin trong tnh ton li n gin trong lp
rp v gi thnh r.

Cc c trng v cc tham s trong ch tn hiu nh:

nghin cu mi quan h gia cc dng in v in p trn cc in cc ca tranzito trong s
mc cc pht chung, ta c cc h c tuyn nh sa:
H c tuyn vo: U
BE
= f
1
(U
CE
,I
B
)
H c tuyn ra: I
C
= f
2
(U
CE
,I
B
)


H vo c tuyn tnh









49


Hnh 2-
c tuyn o tnh a transistor Ge loi PNP trong s cc pht chung


c tuyn vo tnh m t mi quan h gia in p vo U
BE
vi ng in voI
B
.
U
BE
= f
1
(I
B
) khi U
CE
= const.
Ta c cng th tnh ng in vo I
B
bng:
I
B
= (1- o)I
E
- I
CBo


V h c tuyn o c m t trong hnh 2

Do dng in I
E
tng theo qui lut hm s m vi in p U
BE
nn dng in cc gc I
B
ng
s tng theo qui lut hm s m vi in p U
BE
. Trn h c tuyn vo ta thy in p U
CE
t nh
hng ln ng in I
B
.

H c tuyn ra tnh:







50






Hnh 3: H c tuyn ra ca transistor Ge loi PNP
vi ngun 10
C
E V v 500
C
R = O

c tuyn ra biu th mi quan h gia dng in trn mch ra I
C
v in p trn mch ra U
CE
. Ta
c hm biu th quan h ny:
I
C
= f (U
CE
)
khi ng invoI
B
=const. V cng thc tnh ng in cc gp l:
I
C
= oI
E
+ I
CBo

Thay gi tr I
E
= I
C
+ I
B
, v bin i biu thc trn, ta c:



Thay
1
o
|
o
=

, v
1
1
1
|
o
= +

ta c cng th tnh ng in cc gp l:

I
C
= |I
B
+ (| + 1)I
CBo


Trong | gi l h s khuh i ng in cc gc (thng c k hiu l h
FE
).
y l biu thc biu th mi quan h gia dng in iu khin v dng in b iu khin
trong s mc cc pht chung.
1
1 1
C B CBo
I I I
o
o o
| | | |
= +
| |

\ . \ .
51

Ta thy dng in I
C
c gi tr cc tiu khi c hai tip xc pht T
E
v tip xc gp T
C
u phn cc
ng, ng in I
B
= - I
CBo
nn I
C
= I
Cbo
v tranzito hot ng trong vng ngt.

Khi I
B
> 0, ng in ra c tnh theo cng thc:
I
C
= I
B
+ (| + 1)I
CBo


Nu tng in p trn mch ra
CE
U ln th c tuyn ra khng nm ngang m hi dc
nghing. Khi gim gi tr in p trn mch ra
CE BE
U U < th tip xc gp T
C
ng c phn cc
thun. Lc ny tranzito lm vic ch bo ha.




Cu 19:
Cu 20: C
Cu 21: A

Chng 6: CU KIN THYRISTO
Cu 1: Cu to ca thyristo: gm 4 lp bn dn P v N sp xp theo kiu P-N-P-N. Ba chn cc c k
hiu bng cc ch A-anot, K- catot v G-cc iu khin. Cc anot ni vi phn bn dn P
1
trc, cn
catot ni vi phn bn dn N
2
sau, cc iu khin thng ni vi phn bn dn P
2
.
Nguyn l hot ng:
+ Khi cc iu khin G h: t in p ngun cung cp U
AK
vo gia anot v catot
phn cc cho SCR v lc ny n c coi nh l mt iot:
Khi phn cc ngc th tip xc T
1
v T
3
phn cc ngc, T
2
phn cc thun nn qua SCR ch c
dng in ngc rt nh. Nu tng U
AK
ln cao n in p nh thng tip xc T
1
v T
3
th y l hin
tng nh thng kiu thc l. Nu xy ra hin tng ny th coi nh SCR hng.
52
Khi phn cc thun th cc tip xc T
1
v T
3
phn cc thun, tip xc T
2
phn cc ngc v SCR
cng ch c dng in ngc rt nh
Nu tng dn in p phn cc thun ln n in p nh thng tip xc T
2
th dng in qua
SCR tng vt. Lc ny c ba tip xc P-N c coi nh phn cc thun, in tr ca chng rt nh lm
cho st p trn SCR gim hn xung.
Nh vy, khi SCR dn in th dng in qua n khng th khng ch c trong SCR m n
c hn ch nh in tr mc mch ngoi.
+ Khi ta a dng in iu khin vo cc iu khin: n c th lm tng h s o m
khng ph thuc vo in p v dng in. Nh vy, dng I
G
c tc dng gia tng ht dn thiu s
cho lp bn dn P
2
cho tip xc T
2
thng sm hn. Ty theo tr s ca dng I
G
m in p nh
thng tip xc T
2
v tr s dng in duy tr I
H
thay i. Khi I
G
c gi tr cng ln th U
B0
cng nh v
I
H
cng nh.
Cu 2: c tuyn Vn-ampe ca SCR: khi SCR dn th d ta ct dng in iu khin I
G
, n vn tip tc
dn in. Khi SCR dn in ta gi n l c khi ng. SCR ch ngng dn khi dng in b gim
xung i mc I
H
hoc in p t ln SCR na chu kz m. Khi SCR ngng dn, mun n hot ng
tr li ta phi kch hot ng cho n.
Cu 3: iu kin SCR dn in: ta dng dng in I
G
hiu ng nh kch khi ng SCR.
Cu 4: Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca triac l: triac l cu kin c ba chn cc nhng dn in hai
chiu. Cc chn cc c gi l cc u ra MT
1
, MT
2
v cc iu khin G. Triac c cu to t 5 lp
bn dn sp xp theo trt t N-P-N-P-N sao cho to ra cu trc nh l hai SCR u song song v ngc
chiu nhau. Vic kch cho triac dn in c th c thc hin bng bn cch nhng thng thng
ngi ta s dng cch nhy nht l MT
2
dng hn MT
1
v cc G dng hn MT
1
hoc MT
2
v cc G
cng hn MT
1
. Khi triac dn in, mun n ngng dn ta phi gim dng in qua n xung i gi
tr dng in duy tr I
H
hoc dng ci ngt in. Vic cho triac ngng dn kh khn hn SCR v n dn
in hai chiu.
Cu 5:
Cu 6: Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca iac: diac l cu kin 4 lp bn dn c hai chn cc A
1
v A
2
.
Cu trc ca iac ging nh triac nhng khng c cc iu khin G nn iac cng dn in hai chiu. Do
khng c cc iu khin nn vic kch m cho iac thc hin bng cch nng cao in p t vo hai cc.
Khi in p ngun t n gi tr U
B0
th iac dn in v in p trn n st xung ch cn 1 n 2 vn
(UV).
Cu 7: Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca UJT: l tranzito ch c mt lp tip xc P-N v ba chn cc l
cc Pht (E), Nn 1 (B
1
). Nguyn l hot ng ca UJT khc hn vi cc tranzito khc. Khi in p t ln
cc pht phi bng hoc ln hn gi tr in p nh (U
P
) th UJT dn in nhng st p trn n gim v
c tuyn Vn-Ampe c on in tr m. Khi dng in t n gi tr I
V
- dng in trng th st p
trn UJT gim n tr s in p trng U
V
, gi tr ny UJT chuyn sang vng in tr dng ca c
tuyn.
53
Cu 8: Cc tham s ca UJT v ng dng:
+ in tr lin nn R
BB
= R
B1
+ R
B2
ty thuc vo loi UJT v nhit .
+ H s thun khit 82 , 0 45 , 0
1
= =
BB
B
R
R
q khng ph thuc nhit . N ph thuc
vo vt liu ch to linh kin.
+ in p nh: l tr s in p t ln cc pht UJT bt u dn.
V U U U U
BB D BB P
7 , 0 = + = q q

+ Dng in nh I
P
l dng in chy qua UJT tng ng vi tr s in p nh U
P
t
ln cc pht E.
+ in p trng V U
V
2 ~ l in p thp nht ni vng in tr m vi vng in tr
dng ca c tuyn.
+ Dng in trng I
V
l tr s dng in tng ng vi in p U
E
= U
V
.
+ in p bo ha U
Ebh
l in p ng vi dng I
E
= 50mA v in p U
BB
=10V.
ng dng: thng dng trong cc mch phng np to xung, trong mch nh thi cc mch bo
ng v quan trng nht l dng kch khi cho n chnh lu Silic c iu khin hot ng.
Cu 9: A
Cu 10: C
Chng 7: VI MCH TCH HP

Cu 1: Vi mch tch hp l mt chp bn dn, trong tch hp cc cu kin in t bn dn trn mt
dy chuyn cng ngh c t ng ha t khu thit k mch n khi cho ra mt cu kin.
Cu 2: Cc cch phn loi vi mch tch hp: ch yu da vo 4 tiu ch:
Da vo kh nng x l d liu vi mch chia lm hai loi: vi mch tuyn tnh v vi mch s.
Da vo cng ngh ch to vi mch chia lm 4 loi: vi mch bn dn, vi mch mng mng, vi mch mng
dy v vi mch lai.
Da vo tranzito c tch hp vi mch chia lm 2 loi: vi mch lng cc, vi mch MOS/CMOS.
Da vo s lng phn t c tch hp vi mch c chia lm 4 loi: SSI, MSI, LSI v VLSI.
Cu 3: Cng ngh Plana: l cng ngh cho php gia cng cc phn t ca mch in t trn b mt ca
mt phin n tinh th bn dn silic. Cng ngh plana l cng ngh kt hp hai qu trnh quang khc v
khuch tn. Sau khi to ra mask ta s tin hnh khuch tn tp cht vo bn dn theo cu hnh ca
mask. Khi ch to tranzito lng cc th s mt n s nhiu nht. Cc iot, in tr, t in cng c
ch to ng thi cng vi qu trnh ch to tranzito.
54
Cu 4: Cng ngh epitaxi-Plana l qu trnh nui cy mt lp n th mng gi l lp epitaxi bn trn
mt tinh th bn dn khc. Sau l qu trnh plana to ra cc cu kin in t trn b mt ca
lp epitaxi trn.

Chng : Cu in uang in t
Cu 1:
C to: LD h th (hay n gi l it pht qang) gm mt lp tip x P-N hai hn anot (A)
atot (K). Anot ni i bn n loi P, atot ni i bn n loi N.
Ngyn l hot ng: Khi LD phn thn, ht n a s khh tn t qa lp tip x P-N,
hng gp nha s ti hp photon pht sinh. T ti hp trong q trnh b x t pht
ny t l i nng in t trong phn bn n P nng l trng trong bn n N. Nh y
tng s photon b x ra n phi gia tng nng ht n thi s trong phn bn n. Cng
a it t l i nng ht n thm o trong phn bn n, o ng pht sng a
LD t l i ng ng in qa it.
Cu 2:
LD tr th kp gm 5 lp bn n t li nng pha tp kh nha to ra lp giam
gi ht n giam gi nh sng.
Ngyn l lm i: Khi phn thn ho it, ht n a s s khh tn qa lp tip x P-N,
hng ti hp i nha pht ra b x hng ngoi.
Cu 3:
H s nhit: nh gi nh hng a nhit ln gi tr in p phn .
S =

i I = onst
Cng st a LD khong t i trm w n i
rng ng m a t li ng ln th nng lng gii phng ra ng ln b x a
pht ra b sng ng ngn.
Cu 4:
C to: gm 2 tm knh t h nha khong 10m. Mt pha trong a 2 tm knh trng mt lp oxit
km (n) trong st lm hai in . Xng qanh bn nh 2 tm knh hn kn, sa ooor
tinh th lng o khong gia 2 tm knh gn kn li. Hai tm nha tnh phn nh sng
n bn ngoi hai tm knh sao ho hnh nh phn hi a mt h th nhn t mt pha nh
gng phn hi.
55
Ngyn l lm i: Khi ha in p t o, thanh LCD khng lm i th nh sng s i qa tm
nha phn th nht, qa ht tinh th lng, qa tm nha phn th hai n gng phn hi
phn hi tr pha ngi qan st thanh LCD khng nhn thy Mt h th trong st. Khi
ngn in p ng p ho thanh LCD tr i a phn t tinh th lng nh hng tho
hng a in trng. Nh y nh sng i qa tm nha phn th nht s b thay i o ht
tinh th b hot ha, o nh sng khng th i qa tm phn th hai phn hi li bng
gng phn hi. Nh th thanh tinh th hi t ng a in trng s b ti i. Vi hai mng l
phn 90
0
ta nn a mt h th trong st nhng h, s, hi ti n. y l mt h th
hot ng h phn hi.
Cu 5;
C tr a Lasr tng t tr LD nhng thm mt h ng hng nh.
Trong lasr, ba q trnh qang in xy ra: q trnh hp th photon, q trnh b x t pht
q trnh b x kh thh. Mn lasr b x th ta phi ng p ho n mt ng in ng
ln hn gi tr ngng no (I
CC
I
CC ngng
). L trng thi o in s xy ra trong lp bn
n. i kin b x lasr l s khh i nh sng thng s hp th qang trong bng
ng hng a it lasr.
Cu 6:
C tham s bn a lasr:
Hi st lng t i phn ngoi x nh s photon b x ra trn i in t-l trng:

ext
=

()

Khong h tn s

Khong h b sng

Trong :n l hit st a t li bn n h to lasr.
Cu 8:
C to: it qang loi P-I-N gm mt lp bn n N
+
nng tp ht ao lm nn, trn ph
mt lp bn n ngyn tnh, ri n bn n loi P
+
nng tp ht ao. n trn mt a lp bn
n P
+
l in ng Anot nh sng th thm nhp o min bn n I. Trn lp bn n P
ph mt lp mng hng phn x qang trnh tn tht nh sng hi o.
Ngyn l hot ng: in p ng p ho it phn ng tho linh kin, y lp I b ngho
hon ton trong st thi gian hot ng a n. Khi nh sng i o lp bn n P
+
, trng hp l
56
tng mi photon s sinh ra trong min P
+
, I hoc N
+
mt p in t l trng. C in t l trng
sinh ra s in trng mnh ht pha in , to a mt ng in mh ngoi trn
ti R
t
th mt in p
ra
.
Cu 9:
C to Lp bn n ngyn tnh I trong it PIN thay bng mt lp bn n P nng tp ht
thp. Nh y min P to thnh min tri l ni sinh ra p in t l trng.
Ngyn l hot ng ging ngyn l hot ng a it PIN.
Cu 10:
C to: 2 loi PNP NPN. a hn : pht , g , gp C. C g l b mt
hi sng o, h to rt mng in tr nh.
Ngyn l hot ng: Ngn to ho tip x pht phn thn tip x gp phn ng. Ti R
t

st bt mt phn in p phn ho tranzito ly tn hi in ra. Khi khng tn hi qang,
trong mh h ng in ti I
C ti
. y l ng in o l trng khh tn t phn pht sang ti
phn g. Khi tn hi qang n phn g s xt hin p in t in l trng. C l trng
s i hyn gp to thnh ng qang in I
Pphot
n in t hn ng pha tip x
pht, kh thh ho s khh tn a ht n ti y ng hn.
Cu 11:
C to: thyrixto qang gm 4 ho 5 lp bn n i 3 ho 4 hn , b i a s trong st
ho tn hi qang i qa. Anot (A) l bn n loi P nng tp ht ao Catot (K) l lp bn
n loi N nng tp ht ao. Cn hai ng bn n N P gia nng tp ht thp.
Ngyn l hot ng: Khi ha hi sng CR, ta t in p ng o anot (
AK
> 0) th CR khng n
in h ng in th khng gianT
2
lan rng. Khi hi sng o CR , o q trnh qang in t s
xt hin i in t l trng mi lm mt ht n trong ng ny tng ln n n ng in
gia anot atot tng. Khi h s hyn ti ng in gia tng n 1 th CR n in.
Cu 12:
ghp qang ng h in gia mh in s kh bit in th kh ln m n tryn
n tn hi gia hng, ng trnh ng t gy nhi trong mh in
C to: gm mt it pht qang (LD), mt linh kin th qang.
Ngyn l lm i: Khi LD phn thn, i ng in thn, LD s pht ra nh sng. nh
sng ny hi tr tip ln kin th qang ho hi gin tip qa si qang n kin
th qang s bin tn hi th qang thnh tn hi in.
57
H s tryn t ng in (CTR): CTR =

Cu 13:
l qang mng mng thit k tryn nh sng trong mt b sng th ho hp
th ho phn x tt b sng kh. l phn x ng tn hao a n thp.
l phn x gm mt tm knh phng, bn trn n nhi lp mng mng ht h in kh nha
lng ng ty tho tnh hn l a b sng. C b l ny th s ng ni tip thnh
hi phn hia thm b sng. Ch nn s ng 2 ho 3 b l.
Cu 14:
C to: CCD l mh t hp ttor qang. CCD ng t M thi mi ttor l mt t in MOS.
Ngyn l hot ng: t in th th, th tr ty tho in p thh ng th h hyn
t in ny sang t in kh.Khi th hnh, trong thi gian th phn, in th sinh ra o
i hp th nh sng khi , in th ny y ra tho xng ng b ta mt tn hi
io ra. Ngay sa khi t mt in th thh hp ln in k tip h in th s
hn, in th y o h . Mi in th 3 in th ging nha. Vi in th V
1
> -
V
2
> - V
3
th in th s h hyn pha bn phi tho h th CCD loi 3 pha.
Cu 15:
= 820nm => E =

= 1,3m => E =

1,52.

J = 0,96 eV
Cu 16:
Cu 17:
Khong h tn s:

Khong h b sng:

=
(

Cu 18: B
Cu 19: B
Cu 20 B
58